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N CONFIDENTIAL NA RD REPORT 4442

PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES RESEARCH

VII FREE FLOWING BASIC LEAD STYPHNATE

19 DECEMBER 1956

*A OF

U. S. NAVAL, ORDNANCE LABORATORYWHITE OAK, MARYLAND

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report 4"2

PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES RESEARCHVII FREE FLOWING BASIC LEAD STYPHRNAE

Prepared by7

FRANCIS TAYLOR, JR.

Approved by: "ChemIistry Division~

ABSTRACT: Following suggestion& of Dr. G. W. C. Taylor,Explosives Research Development Establishment, Waltham Abbey,three modifications of' the beta polymorph of lead *typhnatehave been made by altering the crystal habit by additionof 2-nitroresoroinol. -The three products were extremelyfree flowing, of larger particle sie than the ao woerciallyavailable alpha polymorph, and they compared favorably withthe alpha polymorph on impact sensitivity and thermalstability. The particle size and crystal shape was dependenton the method of preparation, purity of reactants, and the:proportion olf the additive, 2-nitroresorcinol. Photo-miorographs show the shape of the crystal aggregates and thepartiole sise. X-Ray diffraction data is given for the alphaand beta polymorphs. The material is, at present beingevaluated for use in Primer mixes NOL 60 and NOL 130.

EXPLOSIVES RESEARCH DEPARTMENTU. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY

White Oak, Silver Spring , Maryland

±CONFIDENTIAL

5 7 "1 A 15541I .. . J1 . I. ý

CONFIDENTIAL

NAVORD Report "442 19 December 1956

This report is a description of the preparation ofthree modifications of the P-polymorph of basic leadstyphnate performed under Task NO 800-667/A(6OO4/o1040.

The reliability of the work and the validity of theconclusions are the responsibility of the author and ofthe Chemistry Division, Explosives Research Department#of the U. SB Naval Ordnance Laboratory* This report isfor information only.

We W. WILBOURNECaptain, USNCommander

VBy direction

LiC ONFI'DEN TIAL.

CONFIDENTIALNAVOIRD Report L4"2

TABLE OF CONTENTSP ageNo,,

RESULTS AND DCUION g ggegegeu 0... ** 2

BXPBIIINTA.............. ee~e~egee~ee...gg~e~e 3

)Preparati -On of Tan-Yellow Form of P-Bauio LeadStypkina46 (RD1346-A)....*eceeeee..eeee*0*eeOese*eeooo 3

Prepar~atiozi of the Red Form of P-Baaio LeadS t~yphnate (RD1346) .... OOOOO~*...... .o0m..*eeee*6*e.. 4

Preparation of' the'Tan Form of P-Basic LeadS typbna~te (RD1349)..... .. .. *....*...c. 4

C01NCWSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION'S......a.e.*...........*..e 5

TABLE I Interplanor "d" Spaoing for Basic Lead

FIGURE I Basic Lead Styphnvteoate......................ee 7

APPENDIX I Stypbnic o d.e....,.e..ee.o.8

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CONFIDENTIAL"NAVORD Report 4"2

PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES RESEARCHV1I1. FREE FLOWINC BASIC LEAD STfPHNATI

INTRODUCTION

Previovas roseaat ur pi'ian .eplosives in our laboratoryhas oovered f Upqa #Am* 9C. tJ sis, We have investigatedthe salts of; ethylened-nitr• • Jw polymorphs of EM,and derivati'ves 3.IIw tSM1%*d UWazolea. This work hasbeen reportod in rta 300"rs(1(2(3(4(5(60

The Navy at one time relied hAvily on mercury fulminatepriming mixtures for initiator material in many parsaisiomadstab primers and detonators, The fulminate priming mixturesshowed unsatisfactory surveillance characteristics and theiruse was curtailed around 1930 (7). Attempts to replacemercury fulminate with lead azide were not completely satis-factory particularly for electric initiation (7). In anattempt to obtain priming mixtures which would better fulfi'llthe requirements of the Navy, the U. SB Naval OrdnanceLaboratory initiated a task to formulate priming mixtureswhich would best meet specific requirements.

Previous work at Western Cartridge and Remington ArmsCompany showed that both the normal and basic lead salts ofstyphnic acid (2,L,6-trinitroresorcinol) were satisfactorycomponents of .the initiating mixture for a delay detonator(8). The ýead salts of styphnic acid are described in theearly literature. Griess reported the discovery of thebasic salt in 1874 (9) and Herz claimed the first preparationof the normal salt in 1919 (10).

Two primer mixes were developed at the U. B. NavalOrdnance Laboratory which utilized basic lead styphnate>Primermix NOL 60 and NOL 130. The NOL 60 is used in percussionprimers and the NOL 130 in all of the Navy's stab primers anddetonators (7),

The couuercially available basic lead styphnate used inPrimer mixes NOL 60 and NOL'130 is the alpha polymorph. Thesalt is tan-brown in color and all of the particles are lessthan 40 microns in the longest dimension. This is shown bythe photomicrograph in Figure I. The material, which issensitive to static electricity, dusts badly during handling,and clings to weighing scoops and bridges funnel openings.These primer mixes are thus not very adaptable, to automaticloading devices.

Dr. G.+ W. C. Taylor (11) of the Explosives ResearchDevelopment Establishment, Waltham Abbey, has been studyingnormal and basic lead styphnates, paying particular attentiontý their crystal habit and size. Taylor has had considerablesuccess in isolating three modifications of the beta polymorph

1CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report L12

of basic lead styphnate (12). One modification, reddishbrown in color, designated by Taylor as RD1346 will berefer~red to as such throughout the report. Anothermodification, designated RD1346A, consisted of tan ovalshaped crystal aggregates. The third modifioation wasalso tan colored crystals and identified iis RD13149. TheaBritish feel that RD1349 is probably the b1,st form, of basaiclead styphnate to combine good flowing ,eand mixing propertieswith safe handling.

SSULTS AND DISCU•SION

The reddish brown modification, RD1I46, appeared asrounded crystal aggregates with a particle size range of0.05 - 0.10 umm. The size of these crystal aggregates isconsiderably larger than that of commercial basic leadstyphnate available in the United States. RD1346 comparedfavorably on impact sensitivity and thermal, stability withthe alpha polymorph.

Our first attempt to prepare RDI-346A resulted in thealpha polymorph. Taylor attributed this to the purity ofour styphnic acid and the use of too small a quantity ofadditive. On subsequent preparations we were able to isolatethe beta polymorph, but the particle size was smaller and itwas not as free flowing as RD1346. The I11346 A modificationwas the least desirable of the three from our limited experience.

RDI3%9 was readily prepared and its physical propertiescompared favorably with those of RD1346._ Figure I showsphotomicrographs of RDI3,46, D1349 and the alpha polymorph.

The British found that the crystal shape and size ofthe modified beta polymorph are very dependent on the methodof preparation employed, purity of the reactants, and theamount of additive used to modify the crystal growth. Theadditive used was 2-nitroresoroinol. If the same percentageof 2-nitroresorcinol was used in both a 100 g. and 300 g.preparation, the resulting products differed in shape andsize. The amount of additive needed must be determinedexperimentally, and may vary from 0.5 to 4 .0 mole percentbased on styphnio acid. The purity of the styphnic acidalso has a marked effect on crystal size. The Britishrecomiendations for the purity of the styphnic acid used inthe preparation of the beta polymorph of the basic lead saltsare given in Appendix I.

X-Ray diffraction measurements were relied upon todetermine the polymorphic forms isolated from the variouspreparations. The characteristic interplanor spacings are

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CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report "42

listed in Table I for both the alpha and beta polymorphs.

The red polymorph, RD1346, was selected as the materialfor evaluation in the JAN Cycle Test MILe-STD.-304. Thetest vehiole was the Primer Mk 102 Mod 1 loaded with primermix NOL 130. There was no significant difference in sen-sitivity between the test samples and samples made usingthe alpha polymorph both at the beginning and after twenty-eight days of cycling. The results of the complete sur-veillance evaluation will be reported elsewhere by the PuzeDepartment. Static sensitivity measurements already havebeen reported for M1346 and 1RD1349 (13).

EXPERIMN TAL

PREPARATI0N OF TAN-YELLOW FORM OF p-BASIC LEAD STYPHNAT(RDI346-A)

Reagents:

Styphnic acid, m. 175eC2-nitroresorcinolAmmonium hydroxide solution, _6 g/l. NH3Lead acetate solution, 315 g/l. Pb(AC)2.3H2 0

Procedure:

Styphnic acid (200 g, 0.8 mole) and 4.0 g. of 2-nitro-resorcinol were suspended in two liters of distilled waterand stirred mechanically. The mixture was heated to 50eCand then one liter of an ammonium hydroxide solution(56 g/l. NHE) added and the temperature of the clear solutionraised to 680-700C. A solution of 1.94 liters of lead acetate

(315 g/l. Pb(AC) 2 .3H 2 0, 1.6 mole) was added dropwise overa period of forty minutes to the vigorously stirred ammoniumstyphnate solution maintained at 68 -70*C with externalheating. After the addition of the lead aeetate solution wascomplete, the mixture was warmed and stirred an additionalfifteen minutes. The stirrer was stopped and the precipitateallowed to settle for five minutes. The supernatant liquid wasdecanted while hot. The product was'washed three times withthree liters of distilled water by stirring for three minutesand then allowing the solid to settle for five minutes beforedecantlng. After the third wash the product was washed intoa wide mouth bottle and stored water wet.

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CONFIDENTIALNAVOMD Report "442

PBEPARATION OF TH RED F0RK OF p-BASIC LEAD STYPHNATE

(RD13.6)

Reagonts:

Styphnic acid, m* 175°02-Nitrore m ore uinsSodium hydroxide solution, 84.2 g/l. MaOHLead nitrate solution 275 g/l. Pb(N03) 2

Prosedure:

To a stirred suspension of 103 g (0.4 mole) of styphnioacid in 1.5 liters of distilled water was added a solution of760 ml of sodium hydroxide (84.2 g/l. NaOH, 1.6 mole) dilutedwith 740 ml of distilled water, and 1.0 g of 2-nitroresorcinoloThe clear rod solution was filtered and added dropwise over aperiod of ninety minutes to a stirred solution of one literof lead nitrate (275 g/l. Pb(N03 )2 0.8 mole) diluted with1.65 liters of distilled water and heated at 68e-70*Co Thetemperature was maintained at 680-70o0 and the reaction mixturestirred an additional ten minutes after the addition of thesodium styphnate was completed. The stirrer was stopped ,andthe precipitate allowed to settle for two minutes. Thesupernatant liquid was decanted hot and the product washedthree times with three liters of distilled water, allowingthree minutes stirring and two minutes setiling time per wash*The product was washed into a wide mouth bottle and storedunder water.

PPARATION OF THE TAN FORM C p-BASIC lEAD STYPHNAM

(RD1349)

Reagents:

Styphnic acid, m. 175eC2-Nitrore soroinolAmmonium hydroxide solution 56 g/l. NH3Lead acetate solution, 315 g/l. Pb(AC) 2 .3H20

Procedure:

Styphnic acid (153 g, 0.6 mole) and 3.0 g of 2-nitro-resorcinol were suspended, in 2925 liters of distilled waterand stirred vigorously. The mixture was wanned to 50*C andthen 750 ml of ammonium hydroxide solution (56 gil. NH3 ,

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CONFIDENTIALNAVOR) Report LI442

2.4.5 mole) added and the temperature of the clear solutionraised to 680-70o0 and stirred for five minutes. A solutionOfl 1.45 liters of lead acetate (315 g/l. Pb(AC) 2 .3H 2 0,1.2 mole) to which was added, 300 ml of aemonium hydroxide(56 g/l. NH3) was added dropwise over a period of thirty-fiveminutes to the stirred ammonium styphnate solution heatedat 68e-70ec. The temperature was maintained and stirringoontinued an additional fifteen minutes, then the solid wasallowed to settle for five.mi•nutes. The supernatant liquidwas deoanted while hot and the precipitate washed three timeswith three liters of distilled water, stirred three minutes,and a five minute settling period allowed per wash. Theproduct was washed into a wide mouth bottle and stored underwater*

CONCLWSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Three modifications of the beta polymorph of basic leadstyphnate can be prepared on a 1100 and -300 gram scale, andthe quality of the products duplicated in repeated lots,We are not equipped to make the material on a larger scaleat the present. Prepar,&ion on a ten pound scale, as normallydone by the British, should offer no difficulty, althoughsame experimentation may be needed to, establish the operatingdetails.,

ACKNIYWL MWtI(PNTB

The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of'Dr. G. W. C. Taylor who kindly supplied us with completelaboratory directions for the preparation of the threemodifications of the beja polymorph. He also wishes toacknowledge the assistuae of Dr. J. M. Rosen for the photo-micrographs and Dr, J.ft. Holden for the X-ray crystallographicdata.

5CONJFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report "442

TABLE I

INTERPLANOR "d" SPACING FOR BASIC LEAD STYPHNATES*

Alpha Polymorph Beta Polymorph

Intensi ty Ae d* Inteno ` t -----

B' 9. 00 5 8.07W2 8.12 W 6.6262W 7.33 M 5.76W 5.96 W 5.12

-4 4.51

W 4.05 W 3.86W 3.91 M 3.64M 3.71 M 3.23S 340 M 3.05SW 2387.00W` 2.72 W` 2.75WD4 2.93 S 2.56W' 2.60 M :NWD 2WM 2.37 W`2w w.W` 2.20 W`W 2,08 MW .1.94 w 2.12M 1.79 M 2.07W 1473 W 2.01WD 1.62 W 1.94

8 1.88'w 1.84

M ý1.80

1 S - Strong Intensity2. W - Weak Intensity3. M - Medium Intensity4. WD - Weak Diffuse Intensity

* Data obtained by powder film technique using a cameraof 114.6 mm in diameter. Angles of diffraction, 2 9, weremeasured from the film and converted to the interplanar "d"spacings, but uncorrected for film shrinkage.

6CONFIDENTIAL

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NAVORD REPORT 4442

FIG. I BASIC LEAD STYPHNATEMODIFIED p POLYMORPH X2O0 RD 1346'p's

C,, i,MODIFIEDt POLYMORPH x O00 RD 1349

444

ALPHA POLYMORPH X200 COMMERCIAL GRADE

S7-FDE 4 TI

v .- 'S, dP

' * 9 - up d

,bb t I

* , -S• al/

CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report 4"2

APPENDIX I

STYPHNIC ACID

For use in the manufacture of .xplQsive Compoaitions

3Secification to govern suPgly and inrxieotim

270 ADrovgd 15,12.hl9a

is M 'UU The StypkmLo Acid must coamply in every respectof this specification.

2. •CRIPTIOWe The material must consist essentially ofthe 21416 t rinitro derivative of resoroinol C6H.lt3(ON)g.2j4t6(N02 )3 ,0 It must be in the form of a uniform yellowpowder, free from gritty particles, visible impuritiesand foreign matters Por the purpose of storage and fortransport in bulk, the material imut be uniformly wet tedto contain not less than 20 per cent and not more than25 per cent of water, calculated on the wet material.

3. EXAMIN.AIOK. Samples taken from any portion of thes l m comply with the following requirements:-j

(a) General. The material must be in accordance with

the requirements of para. 2 above.

(b) Water Content

(i) of the wetted material. The water content ofIffie wettd =aMrliaI e etermined as loss inweight when dried in the boiling water oven,must comply with the requirements at 2 above.

(ii) of the material without added water. heiwater content as determined by t ie procedureof entraiment distillation, Dean and-Starkmethod, using dry benzene-as solvent, mustnot exceed 5.0 per cent.-

(c) Styphnic Acid. Content. The Styphnic Acid contentcalculated on the material free from moisture mustbe not-less than 98.0 per cent.

(d) Melting Point. The melting point of the material,ground to a fine powder and thoroughly dried invaouo, must be not lower than 1750C and not higherthan 178"0.

(e) Matter Insoluble in benzene.

(i) The total matter insoluble in dry oenzenea I

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CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report 4W2

doter ined as described in the Appendix mustnot exceed 0.25 per_,cent.

(ii) The residue on ignition of the insolublematter must not exceed 0.1-per cent.

(iii) The ignited residue must be wholly capableof passing a No. 240 British Standard Sieve*.

(f) Chlorides. The material free from added watermust not contain chlorides, calculated as sodiumchloride (NaCi) in excess of 005 per cent*

(g) Sulphateao The material free from added watersmust not contain sulphate., calculated as sodiumsulphate (Na2g04) in excess of 0.1 per cent.

(h) Nitrates. The material must be free from nitrates.A

4. PACKING AN) MARKING OF PACKAGES. The Styphnic Acid is tobe supplled in sound, clean, approved, lead free packages

.. containing an approved quantity.6

In no part of the package shall the amount of leadcompounds calculated as metallic lead exceed 0,%01

* The package constituting a consigment must each bemarked with-- a description of the contents, the appropriatecontract number, a distinctive lot number, a consecutivepackage number, the tare wei ht of the package, the netweight of Styphnic Acid (Wet), the net weight of StyphnicAoid (Dry), the date of supply, the contractor's name orrecognised trade mark* The paint or other material usedfor marking and also the paint for the packages-, whenrequired, must be of good quality to the satisfaction ofthe inspecting officer, and must not contain lead or leadc6spounds calculated as metallic lead together exceeding0.2 per cent. *The inclusion of any foreign matter orimpurities in any of the packages will render the wholeconsigmnent liable to rejection. P

5. INSPECTION. The Styphnic Acid and the packages in whichit is contained will be subject to inspection by, andfinal approval of, the Inspecting Officer.

Samples of the material and of the packages may betaken from any portion of a consignment.

SBritish Standard (B.S.) Sieve (s) mentioned above is/arethe Fine Mesh Normal Test Sieve (s) governed by British StandardSpecification No. 410-1%3 (obtainable from the British StandardsInstitution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.l).

IF9CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report 4442

The weight of dry material in a consignment will be

dotermined on the baiis of the average moisture contentof the samples taken frcm the cases comprising the con-signmrent,

If, on examination, any sample be found not to confozmto this spooitlcationp the whole oonsigmsent may .be reJected.All samples are to be supplied free of charge.

S /:

The foregoing provisians shall apply equally to primecontractors and to any sub-contractors.

Grind a portion of the thoroughly mixed sample and passthe ground material three times through a No* 36 B.S. sieve toensure homogeneity of the resulting product. Dry the groundmaterial, spread in a layer 0.5 to 1 centimetre Ln depth overfreshly dried silioa gel to constant weight.

Dissolve 5 grams of the dried and blended sample in 200 mleof dry benzene on a boiling water bath# and stand the beaker,not exposed to steam, on the bath'for half-an-hour to allow theinsoluble matter to settle ' Decant the supernatent liquidthrough a tared asbestos-padded gooch-crucible oA wash theinsoluble matter in the beaker by dooeantation wth hotbenzoneoWash the crucible with hot bensene, dry and weight. Let thedifference in weight be Nal gramsp

Dissolve the residue in the beaker in a minimum quantityof hot water, and wash completely into a taxed light glass dish.Bvaporate to dryness on a water-bath. Dry for one hour at1009C and reweigho Let the difference in weight be 'bh grams.

The percentage insoluble matter 20(a + b).

10CONFIDEN TIAL

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CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report 44"2

I

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Taylor, F. Jr., NAVORD Report 2251, "Salts of Ethylene-dinitramine", November 1951.

2. Taylor, F. Jr., NAVORD Report 2265, "The Polymarphsof HMX", December 19510

3. Taylor, F. Jr., NAVORD Report 2307, "57ftki•--7 awExamination of.5-Amino-l,2,3,4-Thiafriazol and btheMetal Salts of 3,5-Dinitro%-l,2,4-Trisaole", Doeeater1951.

4. Taylor, F. Jr., NAVORD Report 2468, "PreliminaryReport on Methyl-5-Nitrotetrazole, 5-Trinitroethyl-aminotetramole, and the Metal Salts of 5-Nitrotetrazole",June 1952.

5. Wintermoyer, J. P., NAVORD Report 2496, "PreliminaryInvestigation of the Purification and Control of theCrystal Growth of Silver-5-Nitrotetrazole", June 1952.

6. Taylor, F. Jr., NAVORD Report 2800,"5,5'-Hydrazo-tetrazole and the Metal Salts of 5-Nitrotetrazole",March 1953.

7. Ward, E. F. and Graff, G. V., NOLM 10389, "Development'of Improved Priming Mixtures for Percussion Primers",Augvat 1949.

Historical Report on Delay Detonator for the C.P.T.-142-P.D. Fuse, Western Cartrid&y Company.

9. Griess, P.j, Vol.oL of Ber. 1224 (1874)10. Herz, E,., U. S Patent l, 443, 328 (l919),

11, Taylor, G.w.C. and White, J. R., ERM Reporý 3/R/.5,5vSeptember 1955. Il

12. Private ocamunication with G.We.C Taylor, eport inProgress.

13. Menichelli, V. Jo, NAVORD Rqport 4376, "A ComparativeStudy of the Static Spark Sensitivity of Several Forms ofBasic Lead Styphnate and Priming Mixtures ContainingZirconium Metal and Zirconium Hydride". November 1956.

11CONFIDENiI AL

CONFIDENTIALNAVORD Report W4442

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