AD Booklet Final

Thrust Areas forTransformation of Aspirational Districts in India

Health,Education

andLivelihoods

Joe W., Rajpal S., Kumar R., Rudra S., Agrawal S., Kim R & Subramanian S.V. Health, Education and Livelihoods: Thrust Areas for Transformation of Aspirational Districts in India. Tata Trusts: Mumbai. India.

We would like to gratefully acknowledge the Tata Trusts in supporting the production of this publication.

All views expressed by the authors are personal and may not necessarily reflect the views of the Tata Trusts or their respective institutions.

Contents1. The Aspirational Districts Programme 4

2. Reducing Neonatal Mortality 8

3. Accelerating Stunting Reductions 12

4. Female Secondary Schooling 16

5. Poverty Reduction 20

6. Strategic Prerequisite 24

7. Summary and Conclusion 29

3

Aspira�onal Districts of India(115 Districts)

4

The Aspirational Districts Programme

We are living in an era of immense possibilities which in turn creates opportunities. We need to identify existing aspirations in the districts and channelise them to create a ripple effect for transforming Aspirational Districts. The development of every village of these 115 districts is vital to our commitment to social justice.

A New India by 2022: The Motivation

• India ranks 130 out of 189 countries in the Human Development Index 2018 • High inequali�es in health, educa�on and income distribu�on• Substan�al inter-state and inter-district heterogenei�es in social welfare

Concerted efforts to address developmental needs and priori�es of most backward districts is instrumental for a quick transforma�on of these districts as well as the na�on as a whole. 115 aspira�onal districts have been iden�fied through a transparent criterion based on composite index comprising of 49 key performance indicators pertaining Health & Nutri�on, Educa�on, Agriculture & Water Resources, Financial Inclusion & Skill Development, and Basic Infrastructure.

Convergence, Collabora�on and Compe��on are the three broad contours of the aspira�onal districts programme that also calls for a spirit of mass movement to accelerate socioeconomic development in these backward districts. The Aspira�onal Districts Programme aligns with the Government’s vision of “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas” for upli�ment of living standards of the people through inclusive developmental policies and programmes.

- Prime Minister Narendra Modi

Convergence (Central andState Schemes)

MassMovement

Competition & CooperativeFederalism

Collaboration(Central and State-level

Prabhari Officers andDistrict Collectors)

Progress and Paradox

High Economic GrowthPost liberaliza�on, par�cularly since the 2000s, India is experiencing high average growth rate of above 7% per annum

High Institutional BirthsFollowing the launch of the Na�onal Rural Health Mission (NRHM), ins�tu�onal births have increased two-fold from 39% in 2006 to 79% in 2016

High Female LiteracyAs per Census of India 2011, 77% females in the age group of 20-24 are literates; and about 69% have completed primary educa�on

High Share of Youth Population65% of India’s popula�on is aged below 35 years and every second India is aged 25 years or below

High Service Sector ContributionsOver half of India’s GDP comes from the Service Sector (54%) whereas agriculture accounts for less than one-fi�h share

Poor Nutritional StatusIndia’s stun�ng prevalence is very high (38% in 2016) and has reduced by only about 1 percentage point per annum in the last decade

Poor Neonatal SurvivalProgress in reducing neonatal mortality is slow (39 in 2006 to 30 in 2016) and several states (such as U�ar Pradesh: 48 in 2006 to 45 in 2016) are experiencing stagna�on in NMR reduc�ons

Poor Female MatriculationThe sociocultural and economic outlook is apparent through high drop outs in female (20-24 years) from primary schooling (69%) to matricula�on (40%)

Poor Human Capital While school enrolments are around 97%, but it is worrisome that only less than half of the children in Std V can read Std II level text.

Poor Economic DiversificationIn contrast, over half of the workforce is engaged in agriculture. Bulk of the workers are in the unorganized sectors and female labour force par�cipa�on in undergoing social and structural changes

5

Partnerships to Support Thrust Activity

6

CentralGovt

Scheme

StateGovt

Scheme

Assistancefrom

Local Fundsand

CSR Funds

• Understanding the theory of change• Iden�fying gaps and challenges• Enabling convergence of all relevant central and state schemes• Engaging the community and the people• Fostering inter-sectoral collabora�ons and partnerships

Focus on thrust areas by

• Systema�c monitoring of programme indicators• Regular assessments and rankings• Iden�fica�on of best prac�ces• Scaling up of cost-effec�ve interven�ons

Evidence-based decision making as a corner stone

• Thrust on aggrega�ng assistance at the district level• Convergence of exis�ng central and state government schemes at the district level an important source• Funds and other resources made available by the private sector under the CSR ini�a�ve • Technical support from developmental partners and organiza�ons

Funding for the programme

7

0 520 1,040260 Km

1 cm = 186 km

NMR Be�er 20Remaining DistrictsBo�om 20

N

Aspirational Districts:Better 20 Rankings

Aspirational Districts:Bottom 20 Rankings

1.Wayanad (5.0)2.Mamit (5.0)3.Ramanathapuram (5.5)4.Chandel (8.8)5.Khun� (10.7)6.Dhalai (10.7)7.Washim (12.3)8.Purbi singhbhum (12.4)9.Yadgir (12.4)10.Lohardaga (13.3)11.Hailakandi (40.2)12.Simdega (41.1)13.Sonbhadra (41.2)14.Dohad (41.8)15.Mewat (42.0)16.Chitrakoot (42.3)17.Chatra (42.7)18.Jamui (43.8)19.Sitamarhi (45.0)20.Bastar (45.4)

115.U�ar bastar kanker (70.2)114.Dakshin bastar dantewada (67.3)113.Bahraich (63.8)112.West district (61.3)111.Purnia (57.0)110.Rayagada (56.2)109.Korba (55.9)108.Dumka (55.2)107.Shrawas� (53.7)106.Chamba (53.4)105.Gaya (52.6)104.Araria (50.4)103.Siddharth nagar (50.3)102.Kandhamal (50.2)101.Balrampur (49.4)100.Garhwa (48.8)99.Sirohi (48.7)98.Ka�har (48.6)97.Nabarangapur (47.2)96.Bijapur (46.6)

72.Banka (36.7)73.Jaisalmer (36.7)74.Rajgarh (36.9)75.Raichur (37.3)76.Gajapa� (37.3)77.Mahasamund (37.5)78.Karauli (37.6)79.Guna (37.8)80.Dhenkanal (38.0)81.Dakshin dinajpur (39.1)82.Khagaria (39.1)83.Godda (39.3)84.Kiphire (39.5)85.Y.S.R. (40.0)86.Hailakandi (40.2)87.Simdega (41.1)88.Sonbhadra (41.2)89.Dohad (41.8)90.Mewat (42.0)91.Chitrakoot (42.3)92.Chatra (42.7)93.Jamui (43.8)94.Sitamarhi (45.0)95.Bastar (45.4)

21.Gadchiroli (22.5)22.Birbhum (23.1)23.Pakur (23.1)24.Maldah (23.6)25.Kupwara (23.7)26.Visakhapatnam (23.8)27.Latehar (24.1)28.Singrauli (24.2)29.Ribhoi (24.3)30.Virudhunagar (24.9)31.Barpeta (25.0)32.Chandauli (25.4)33.Murshidabad (25.5)34.Khandwa (east nimar) (25.5)35.Goalpara (25.7)36.Nandurbar (25.7)37.Gumla (26.3)38.Bokaro (26.6)39.Baran (26.7)40.Kalahandi (27.3)41.Adilabad (27.4)42.Ranchi (27.6)43.Udham singh nagar (27.9)44.Koraput (28.0)45.Damoh (28.7)46.Ramgarh (28.7)47.Fatehpur (29.8)48.Udalguri (30.1)49.Nawada (31.5)50.Aurangabad (31.5)51.Firozpur (31.6)52.Vidisha (31.8)53.Nuapada (31.9)54.Moga (31.9)55.Chhatarpur (32.7)56.Malkangiri (33.1)57.Hazaribagh (33.1)58.Darrang (33.2)59.Begusarai (33.3)60.Palamu (33.4)61.Giridih (34.0)62.Balangir (34.2)63.Rajnandgaon (34.3)64.Lohit (34.8)65.Hardwar (35.1)66.Narayanpur (35.3)67.Muzaffarpur (35.4)68.Sheikhpura (35.5)69.Sahibganj (36.0)70.Barwani (36.3)71.Pashchimi singhbhum (36.5)

Remaining Districts(NMR)

8

NMR across Aspira�onal Districts• In 2016, the NMR for Aspira�onal Districts is es�mated to be 35 per 1,000 live births

• It ranges from 5 per 1,000 live births in Wayanad to a maximum of 70 per 1,000 live births in U�ar Bastar Kanker

• More than half of the Aspira�onal Districts have NMR greater than the na�onal average

Reducing Neonatal Mortality Rate: A Health System Priority

025

5075

100

Neo

nata

l Mor

talit

y R

ate

Viz

iana

gara

mY

.S.R

.An

dhra

Pra

desh

Lohi

tAr

unac

hal P

rade

shD

hubr

iH

aila

kand

iAs

sam

Naw

ada

Pur

nia

Biha

rR

ajna

ndga

onU

ttar

Bas

tar

Kan

ker

Chha

�sg

arh

Nar

mad

aD

ohad

Guja

rat

Mew

atHa

ryan

aC

ham

baHi

mac

hal P

rade

shB

aram

ula

Kup

war

aJa

mm

u an

d Ka

shm

irK

hunt

iD

umka

Jhar

khan

dY

adgi

rR

aich

urKa

rnat

aka

Way

anad

Kera

laS

ingr

auli

Gun

aM

adhy

a pr

ades

hW

ashi

mN

andu

rbar

Mah

aras

htra

Cha

ndel

Man

ipur

Rib

hoi

Meg

hala

yaM

amit

Mizo

ram

Kip

hire

Nag

alan

dK

alah

andi

Ray

agad

aO

dish

aF

irozp

urM

oga

Punj

abD

haul

pur

Siro

hiRa

jast

han

Wes

t dis

tric

tSi

kkim

Ram

anat

hapu

ram

Viru

dhun

agar

Tam

il N

adu

Dha

lai

Trip

ura

Cha

ndau

liB

ahra

ich

U�

ar P

rade

shU

dham

Sin

gh N

agar

Har

dwar

U�

arak

hand

Nad

iaD

aksh

in D

inaj

pur

Wes

t Ben

gal

War

anga

lA

dila

bad

Tela

ngan

a

Neonatal Mortality Rate in India

• In 2016, the NMR for India is es�mated to be 30 per 1,000 live births

• It shows a slow decline from 39 per 1,000 live births in 2006

• U�ar Pradesh has the highest NMR of 45 per 1,000 live births

• U�ar Pradesh experiences a stagna�on in NMR reduc�on. In 2006, the NMR was 48 per 1,000 live births

• Kerala has the lowest NMR of 4 per 1,000 live births

9

Socioeconomic and Demographic Correlates ofNeonatal Mortality

02

46

810

Odd

s Ra�

o

Mat

erna

l Mat

ricul

a�on

ICDS

Ben

efits

- M

othe

r

Ins�

tu�o

nal B

irth

Mat

erna

l Ana

emia

Impr

oved

San

ita�o

n Fa

cilit

y

Bo�

om 4

0% W

ealth

Qui

n�le

Clea

n Co

okin

g Fu

el

Brea

s�ed

With

in O

ne H

our

Iodi

zed

Salt

Low

BM

I

Girl

Child

Mar

riage

4+ A

NC

Visit

s

Birt

h O

rder

> 4

Birt

h O

rder

= 1

Low

Birt

h W

eigh

t

Twin

Birt

h

Shor

t Mat

erna

l Hei

ght

Risk of neonatal death can be reduced with effective andcomprehensive pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and delivery care,

particularly high-risk pregnancy cases including twins.

Note: Based on Logis�c regression es�mates, NFHS 2015-16

10

Causes of Neonatal Deaths

Specific Policies and Programmes

Areas for Priority Actions

• Na�onal Health Mission• Janani Suraksha Yojana Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) at the community level and F-IMNCI at health facili�es (2007)• Navjat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (NSSK) (2009)• Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) (2011)• Facility Based Newborn Care (FBNC) (2011)• Home Based Newborn Care (HBNC) (2011)• Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) (2013)

• Delaying age at 1st pregnancy, par�cularly teenage pregnancy• Training ANMs as SBA and ANC providers• Improving nutri�onal health and micronutrient deficiency• Screening and management of high-risk pregnancies• Dedicated MCH wing• Newborn Care Corners (NBCC) and Sick and Newborn Care Unit (SNCU)• Community awareness• Environmental health and infec�on reduc�ons

Preterm

Birth asphyxia

OtherMalformations

Diarrhea

Pneumonia

Sepsis

35% 15%

20%3% 9% 2%

16%

Source: Based on Figure 4 in India Newborn Ac�on Plan, Government of India.

11

N


Remaining Districts(Stunting)

1.Ramanathapuram (22.8)2.Nadia (23.8)3.Khammam (25.6)4.Dhenkanal (25.8)5.Warangal (26.5)6.Wayanad (27.2)7.Firozpur (27.4)8.Lohit (27.6)9.Moga (29.0)10.Baramula (29.5)11.Chamba (29.6)12.Visakhapatnam (29.6)13.Virudhunagar (30.9)14.Mamit (31.2)15.Kupwara (31.6)16.Dhalai (32.2)17.Gadchiroli (32.2)18.Baksa (32.4)19.Gajapa� (32.6)20.Korba (33.3)

21.Singrauli (33.5)22.Dakshin dinajpur (35.2)23.Y.S.R. (35.4)24.Chandel (35.8)25.U�ar bastar kanker (36.3)26.Kalahandi (36.6)27.Jaisalmer (37.2)28.Vizianagaram (37.2)29.Raichur (37.5)30.Hailakandi (37.9)31.Nuapada (38.0)32.Kandhamal (38.1)33.Maldah (38.1)34.Adilabad (38.2)35.Udham singh nagar (38.6)36.Udalguri (38.8)37.Ramgarh (38.9)38.Hardwar (39.1)39.Purbi singhbhum (39.5)40.Rajgarh (39.5)41.Baran (39.9)42.Bokaro (40.0)43.Simdega (40.1)44.Khun� (40.3)45.Koraput (40.3)46.Washim (40.4)47.Birbhum (40.4)48.Ranchi (40.9)49.Vidisha (41.3)50.Barpeta (41.3)51.Lohardaga (41.4)52.West district (41.6)53.Kiphire (41.6)54.Bastar (41.8)55.Sirohi (41.8)56.Chhatarpur (42.1)57.Osmanabad (42.4)58.Goalpara (42.7)59.Guna (42.9)60.Murshidabad (42.9)61.Khandwa (east nimar) (43.1)62.Chandauli (43.1)63.Dumka (43.2)64.Dohad (43.4)65.Darrang (43.5)66.Damoh (43.8)67.Mahasamund (44.0)68.Latehar (44.0)69.Rayagada (44.1)70.Begusarai (44.2)71.Dakshin bastar dantew (44.4)


0 520 1,040260 Km

1 cm = 186 km

STUNTINGBe�er 20Remaining DistrictsBo�om 20

115.Bahraich (65.2)114.Balrampur (63.4)113.Shrawas� (63.0)112.Pashchimi singhbhum (59.7)111.Siddharth nagar (57.9)110.Sitamarhi (56.8)109.Yadgir (54.8)108.Dhaulpur (54.7)107.Godda (54.0)106.Gaya (52.9)105.Pakur (52.6)104.Ribhoi (52.5)103.Purnia (52.3)102.Mewat (52.1)101.Fatehpur (52.0)100.Barwani (51.7)99.Sahibganj (50.9)98.Chitrakoot (50.7)97.Banka (49.9)96.Khagaria (49.9)

72.Balangir (44.8)73.Nabarangapur (45.0)74.Karauli (45.1)75.Sonbhadra (45.4)76.Palamu (45.6)77.Malkangiri (46.0)78.Jamui (46.1)79.Garhwa (46.2)80.Sheikhpura (46.6)81.Gumla (46.6)82.Giridih (46.7)83.Dhubri (47.3)84.Nandurbar (47.4)85.Aurangabad (47.6)86.Muzaffarpur (47.8)87.Bijapur (47.9)88.Narmada (48.4)89.Narayanpur (48.6)90.Araria (49.0)91.Hazaribagh (49.0)92.Nawada (49.0)93.Ka�har (49.3)94.Rajnandgaon (49.3)95.Chatra (49.7)

12

Accelerating Stunting Reductions

Stun�ng across Aspira�onal Districts• In 2016, the prevalence across Aspira�onal Districts is 44%

• It ranges from 23% in Ramanathapuram (Tamil Nadu) to 65% in Bahraich (U�ar Pradesh)

• Across aspira�onal districts, the prevalence is 46% and 48% among scheduled tribe and schedule caste households, respec�vely

Stun�ng Prevalence in India • In 2016, 38% of children aged below 5 years are stunted

• It shows a slow decline from 48% in 2006

• Bihar has highest stun�ng prevalence of 48%

• Goa and Kerala have the lowest prevalence of 20%

• The prevalence is 51% among the poorest households

Vis

akha

patn

amV

izia

naga

ram

Andh

ra P

rade

sh

020

4060

80C

hild

Stu

ntin

g P

reva

lenc

e (%

)

Lohi

tAr

unac

hal P

rade

shB

aksa

Dhu

bri

Assa

mB

egus

arai

Sita

mar

hiBi

har

Kor

baR

ajna

ndga

onCh

ha�

sgar

hD

ohad

Nar

mad

aGu

jara

tM

ewat

Hary

ana

Cha

mba

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

Bar

amul

aK

upw

ara

Jam

mu

and

Kash

mir

Ram

garh

Pas

hchi

mi S

ingh

bhum

Jhar

khan

dR

aich

urY

adgi

rKa

rnat

aka

Way

anad

Kera

laS

ingr

auli

Bar

wan

iM

adhy

a pr

ades

hG

adch

iroli

Nan

durb

arM

ahar

asht

raC

hand

elM

anip

urR

ibho

iM

egha

laya

Mam

itM

izora

mK

iphi

reN

agal

and

Dhe

nkan

alM

alka

ngiri

Odi

sha

Firo

zpur

Mog

aPu

njab

Jais

alm

erD

haul

pur

Raja

stha

nW

est d

istr

ict

Sikk

imR

aman

atha

pura

mV

irudh

unag

arTa

mil

Nad

uD

hala

iTr

ipur

aC

hand

auli

Bah

raic

hU

�ar

Pra

desh

Udh

am S

ingh

Nag

arH

ardw

arU

�ar

akha

ndN

adia

Mur

shid

abad

Wes

t Ben

gal

Kha

mm

amA

dila

bad

Tela

ngan

a

Ranking of stunting correlates vis-à-vis populationattributable risk

Note: Based on PAR analysis, NFHS 2015-16

-50

510

Popu

la�o

n A�

ribut

able

Risk

(%)

ICDS

Ben

efits

- M

othe

r

Dew

orm

ing

Safe

Sto

ol D

ispos

al

No

Coug

h In

fec�

ons

Brea

s�ee

d W

ithin

One

Hou

r

No

Diar

rhea

Iodi

zed

Salt

Vita

min

A S

uppl

emen

ta�o

n

Full

Imm

uniza

�on

Clea

n Co

okin

g Fu

el

ICDS

Ben

efits

- Ch

ild

Ins�

tu�o

nal D

eliv

ery

No

Girl

Child

Mar

riage

No

Mat

erna

l Ana

emia

Birt

h-O

rder

< 3

Full

Diet

ary

dive

rsity

Low

Wom

en B

MI

Low

Birt

h W

eigh

t

100+

IFA

Tabl

ets

No

Poor

Mat

erna

l Hei

ght >

145

cm

4+ A

NC

Visit

s

Mat

erna

l Mat

ricul

a�on

Impr

oved

San

ita�o

n Fa

cilit

y

13

Improvements in maternal education and householdendowments including sanitation can accelerate reductions

in stunting prevalence

Short MaternalStature

HouseholdPoverty

Low MaternalBMI

No MaternalEducation

Poor DietaryIntake

14


Top 5 Correlates of Stunting


• POSHAN Abhiyaan • Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)• Take Home Ra�ons (THR)• Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)• Nutri�on Rehabilita�on Centre (NRC)• Public Distribu�on System (PDS)• Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS)

• Enhanced quality and quan�ty of dietary intake of children• Nutri�onal health in a life-course perspec�ve • Improving convergence of nutri�on-related developmental programmes• Access to safe water and sanita�on• Community awareness• Environmental health and infec�on reduc�ons

15

N


Remaining Districts(Female Mat.)

1.Wayanad (36.4)2.Chamba (29.7)3.Moga (28.7)4.Ranchi (28.4)5.Chandauli (26.6)6.Virudhunagar (26.4)7.Purbi singhbhum (26.3)8.Ramanathapuram (25.3)9.Chandel (24.9)10.Udham singh nagar (24.3)11.Y.S.R. (23.8)12.Warangal (23.4)13.Ramgarh (23.0)14.Firozpur (21.8)15.Washim (20.8)16.Visakhapatnam (20.6)17.Sonbhadra (20.6)18.Hardwar (20.1)19.Bokaro (20.1)20.Fatehpur (19.9)

21.West district (19.9)22.Baramula (19.6)23.Khammam (19.3)24.U�ar bastar kanker (19.0)25.Hazaribagh (18.5)26.Lohardaga (18.0)27.Korba (17.6)28.Osmanabad (17.5)29.Rajnandgaon (17.0)30.Vizianagaram (16.7)31.Gadchiroli (16.4)32.Gumla (15.4)33.Dhenkanal (15.4)34.Raichur (15.4)35.Dohad (15.1)36.Adilabad (15.1)37.Nandurbar (14.9)38.Nawada (14.8)39.Chitrakoot (14.5)40.Aurangabad (14.5)41.Darrang (14.3)42.Barpeta (14.3)43.Kupwara (14.2)44.Gaya (14.0)45.Palamu (13.7)46.Khun� (13.6)47.Dhaulpur (13.5)48.Simdega (13.3)49.Baksa (13.2)50.Muzaffarpur (13.0)51.Goalpara (12.4)52.Nadia (12.3)53.Sheikhpura (12.2)54.Begusarai (12.1)55.Narmada (12.0)56.Siddharth nagar (11.7)57.Pashchimi singhbhum (11.5)58.Udalguri (11.5)59.Singrauli (11.3)60.Yadgir (11.3)61.Murshidabad (11.1)62.Narayanpur (11.1)63.Baran (11.1)64.Karauli (11.1)65.Hailakandi (11.0)66.Khagaria (10.9)67.Bastar (10.8)68.Dakshin dinajpur (10.8)69.Mahasamund (10.5)70.Chatra (10.5)71.Lohit (10.5)


0 520 1,040260 Km

1 cm = 186 km

FEMALE SECONDARYBe�er 20Remaining DistrictsBo�om 20

115.Jaisalmer (4.3)114.Malkangiri (4.5)113.Nabarangapur (4.6)112.Shrawas� (5.1)111.Pakur (5.1)110.Dhalai (5.5)109.Sitamarhi (5.7)108.Rayagada (5.8)107.Nuapada (6.0)106.Koraput (6.1)105.Mewat (6.6)104.Maldah (6.6)103.Araria (6.6)102.Vidisha (6.9)101.Kalahandi (7.3)100.Balrampur (7.5)99.Jamui (7.7)98.Sahibganj (7.7)97.Kandhamal (7.8)96.Gajapa� (8.1)

72.Latehar (10.2)73.Guna (10.2)74.Dakshin bastar dantew (10.1)75.Barwani (10.1)76.Dhubri (10.0)77.Rajgarh (9.9)78.Mamit (9.9)79.Banka (9.8)80.Godda (9.6)81.Damoh (9.6)82.Khandwa (east nimar) (9.6)83.Giridih (9.3)84.Kiphire (9.3)85.Bahraich (9.2)86.Chhatarpur (9.1)87.Bijapur (9.0)88.Balangir (8.7)89.Garhwa (8.6)90.Purnia (8.4)91.Sirohi (8.3)92.Birbhum (8.2)93.Ka�har (8.2)94.Ribhoi (8.1)95.Dumka (8.1)

16

Female Secondary Schooling

Female Secondary Schooling across Aspira�onal Districts• About 60 percent of females across aspira�onal districts have completed secondary educa�on.

• Across aspira�onal districts, female matricula�on is es�mated to be significantly higher for urban areas (74.4 percent) than rural areas (52.4 percent).

• Propor�on of females comple�ng secondary educa�on is es�mated to be lowest in Jaisalmer (4.3 percent) and highest in Wayanad (36.4 percent).

Female Secondary Schooling in India • In 2016, 52% females in the age group 20-24 years have completed more than 10 years of schooling

• However, there are glaring rural-urban differen�als as well as wide dispari�es between SC-ST households and others

• Female educa�on and poverty status are strongly correlated

020

4060

Fem

ales

Com

plet

ed S

econ

dary

Edu

catio

n (%

)

Viz

iana

gara

mY

.S.R

.An

dhra

Pra

desh

Lohi

tAr

unac

hal P

rade

shD

hubr

iD

arra

ngAs

sam

Sita

mar

hiN

awad

aBi

har

Bija

pur

Utta

r B

asta

r K

anke

rCh

ha�

sgar

hN

arm

ada

Doh

adGu

jara

tM

ewat

Hary

ana

Cha

mba

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

Kup

war

aB

aram

ula

Jam

mu

and

Kash

mir

Pak

urR

anch

iJh

arkh

and

Yad

gir

Rai

chur

Karn

atak

aW

ayan

adKe

rala

Vid

isha

Sin

grau

liM

adhy

a pr

ades

hN

andu

rbar

Was

him

Mah

aras

htra

Cha

ndel

Man

ipur

Rib

hoi

Meg

hala

yaM

amit

Mizo

ram

Kip

hire

Nag

alan

dM

alka

ngiri

Dhe

nkan

alO

dish

aF

irozp

urM

oga

Punj

abJa

isal

mer

Dha

ulpu

rRa

jast

han

Wes

t dis

tric

tSi

kkim

Ram

anat

hapu

ram

Viru

dhun

agar

Tam

il N

adu

Dha

lai

Trip

ura

Shr

awas

tiC

hand

auli

U�

ar P

rade

shH

ardw

arU

dham

Sin

gh N

agar

U�

arak

hand

Mal

dah

Nad

iaW

est B

enga

lA

dila

bad

War

anga

lTe

lang

ana

17

Distribution of Villages by Distance to Schools, India,Census 2011

Distance

Within Village

> 5 Kms.

5-10 Kms.

>10 Kms.

Primary (%)

85.10

10.77

3.51

0.62

Secondary (%)

13.38

33.10

33.29

20.24

SeniorSecondary (%)

4.94

19.59

31.84

43.63

College (%)

0.89

5.79

18.64

74.67

18

• Samagra Shiksha• Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS)• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA)• Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Yojana• Rashtriya Ucchatar Shiksha Abhiyan• Scholarships and fellowships for higher educa�on

Age No Schooling Less than5 years

5 to 7years

8 to 9years

10 to 11years

12 or moreyears

Female

Male

13

5.9

4.8

4.6

13.7

12.3

16.3

16.9

13.5

14.1

38.6

46The gender gap is visible at both extremes; no schooling and 12+ schooling

Gender Gap


• Strengthening village infrastructure – roads, schools and transport• Community awareness on schooling • Scholarships and opportuni�es for higher educa�on• Social environment for safe and secure schooling and high schooling• Jobs and Recruitments with a distribu�onal focus


19

N


Remaining Districts(Poorest)

1.Moga (0.4)2.West district (0.5)3.Firozpur (1.1)4.Y.S.R. (2.3)5.Baramula (2.4)6.Wayanad (2.6)7.Chamba (4.1)8.Hardwar (6.0)9.Udham singh nagar (6.7)10.Ramanathapuram (7.0)11.Virudhunagar (7.0)12.Kupwara (8.3)13.Khammam (8.6)14.Vizianagaram (8.9)15.Visakhapatnam (10.3)16.Warangal (11.7)17.Kiphire (14.7)18.Nadia (14.8)19.Raichur (15.1)20.Chandel (16.4)

115.Simdega (77.2)114.Latehar (77.0)113.Shrawas� (74.7)112.Pashchimi singhbhum (74.2)111.Araria (73.6)110.Dumka (73.5)109.Garhwa (72.1)108.Nabarangapur (71.3)107.Khun� (71.1)106.Gumla (68.9)105.Pakur (68.3)104.Bahraich (68.0)103.Dakshin bastar dantew (66.7)102.Ka�har (66.4)101.Chatra (66.1)100.Sitamarhi (66.0)99.Banka (64.8)98.Chitrakoot (64.0)97.Purnia (63.7)96.Narayanpur (63.7)

21.Yadgir (18.6)22.Washim (18.7)23.Adilabad (19.2)24.Rajnandgaon (19.5)25.Mewat (19.5)26.Osmanabad (19.5)27.Ribhoi (20.9)28.Baksa (21.5)29.Mamit (21.5)30.Ramgarh (21.8)31.Udalguri (22.7)32.Dhaulpur (23.4)33.Baran (24.0)34.Dhalai (25.2)35.Gadchiroli (25.5)36.Karauli (25.9)37.Sirohi (25.9)38.Murshidabad (26.0)39.Hazaribagh (26.9)40.Khandwa (east nimar) (27.2)41.Narmada (27.6)42.Bokaro (28.2)43.Jaisalmer (28.3)44.Goalpara (29.1)45.Rajgarh (29.1)46.Maldah (29.3)47.Barpeta (30.1)48.Guna (30.8)49.Ranchi (30.9)50.Darrang (30.9)51.Dakshin dinajpur (30.9)52.Lohit (31.5)53.Dhenkanal (32.8)54.Purbi singhbhum (34.3)55.Korba (35.1)56.Hailakandi (35.9)57.Mahasamund (36.7)58.U�ar bastar kanker (36.7)59.Sheikhpura (37.2)60.Siddharth nagar (37.3)61.Gajapa� (39.1)62.Chandauli (40.0)63.Giridih (42.1)64.Dhubri (42.4)65.Birbhum (42.7)66.Vidisha (42.8)67.Balangir (44.0)68.Aurangabad (45.2)69.Barwani (45.8)70.Chhatarpur (46.8)71.Dohad (47.3)


0 520 1,040260 Km

1 cm = 186 km

POORESTBe�er 20Remaining DistrictsBo�om 20

72.Damoh (47.4)73.Nawada (48.3)74.Muzaffarpur (48.6)75.Gaya (49.9)76.Rayagada (50.3)77.Nandurbar (51.3)78.Begusarai (52.2)79.Fatehpur (52.6)80.Sonbhadra (52.6)81.Nuapada (52.9)82.Balrampur (55.9)83.Khagaria (56.4)84.Bijapur (57.0)85.Kandhamal (57.4)86.Sahibganj (57.6)87.Malkangiri (60.1)88.Godda (60.2)89.Kalahandi (60.4)90.Koraput (60.6)91.Singrauli (60.9)92.Bastar (61.0)93.Jamui (62.2)94.Palamu (62.6)95.Lohardaga (63.7)

20

Poverty Reduction

Assets and Ameni�es of Poorest Households• Overall, about 43% of households in aspira�onal districts fall in bo�om 20% of wealth bracket.

• A clear and substan�al rural-urban wealth differen�al can be observed across aspira�onal districts as propor�on of households in bo�om wealth quin�le is about 49% in rural areas and just 11% in urban areas.

• Among aspira�onal districts, Simdega (77%) is es�mated to have highest propor�on of households in bo�om wealth quin�le, whereas Moga has lowest propor�on of households (less than 1%).

The NFHS data shows increased concentra�on ofasset-depriva�on in Bihar as every secondhousehold in Bihar is part of the lowest wealth quin�le

There is huge rich - poor gaps in access to basichousehold ameni�es including electricity,pucca houses, clean cooking fuel and accessto safe sanita�on facili�es

025

5075

100

Low

est W

ealth

Qui

ntile

Y.S

.R.

Vis

akha

patn

amAn

dhra

Pra

desh

Lohi

tAr

unac

hal P

rade

shB

aksa

Dhu

bri

Assa

mS

heik

hpur

aA

raria

Biha

rR

ajna

ndga

onD

aksh

in B

asta

r D

ante

wad

aCh

ha�

sgar

hN

arm

ada

Doh

adGu

jara

tM

ewat

Hary

ana

Cha

mba

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

Bar

amul

aK

upw

ara

Jam

mu

and

Kash

mir

Ram

garh

Sim

dega

Jhar

khan

dR

aich

urY

adgi

rKa

rnat

aka

Way

anad

Kera

laK

hand

wa

(Eas

t Nim

ar)

Sin

grau

liM

adhy

a pr

ades

hW

ashi

mN

andu

rbar

Mah

aras

htra

Cha

ndel

Man

ipur

Rib

hoi

Meg

hala

yaM

amit

Mizo

ram

Kip

hire

Nag

alan

dD

henk

anal

Nab

aran

gapu

rO

dish

aM

oga

Firo

zpur

Punj

abD

haul

pur

Jais

alm

erRa

jast

han

Wes

t dis

tric

tSi

kkim

Ram

anat

hapu

ram

Viru

dhun

agar

Tam

il N

adu

Dha

lai

Trip

ura

Sid

dhar

th N

agar

Shr

awas

tiU

�ar

Pra

desh

Har

dwar

Udh

am S

ingh

Nag

arU

�ar

akha

ndN

adia

Birb

hum

Wes

t Ben

gal

Kha

mm

amA

dila

bad

Tela

ngan

a

Skill development is a prerequisite for transforminglivelihoods of the poor, particularly in the rural areas

Science Professionals

General Managers

Office Clerks

Other Associate Professionals

Customer Services Clerks

Life Science and Health Associate Profes

Teaching Professionals

Legislators and Senior Officials

Science Associate Professionals

Life Science and Health Professionals

Teaching Associate Professionals

Corporate Managers

Other Professionals

Machine Operators and Assemblers

Drivers and Mobile-Plant Operators

Metal, Machinery and Related Trades Workers

Models, Sales Persons and Demostrators

Sta�onary Plant and Related Operators

Personal and Protec�ve Service Workers

Market Oriented Skilled Agricultural and Fishery Workers

Sales and Services Elementary Occupa�ons

Other Cra� and Related Trades Workers

Extrac�on and Building Trades Workers

Precision, Handicra�, Prin�ng and Related Trades Workers

Subsistence Agricultural and Fishery Workers

Mining, Construc�on, Manufacturing and Transport Labourers

Agricultural, Fishery and Related Labourers

0.3

1.8

2.3

3.0

3.8

3.8

4.2

4.3

4.3

4.5

7.0

9.5

10.6

10.9

11.6

13.9

14.4

14.8

17.3

21.7

22.6

24.3

24.7

27.8

29.5

34.6

39.8

21

Other OccupationalGroups, 24

Extraction andBuilding

Trades Workers, 7

Mining, Construction,Manufacturing and

Transport Labourers, 13

Agricultural, Fishery andRelated Labourers, 29

Market Oriented SkilledAgricultural and Fishery

Workers, 27

22

Share in Poverty – Occupational Groups



• Mahatma Gandhi Na�onal Rural Employment Guarantee Act• Public Distribu�on System• Na�onal Rural Livelihood Mission • Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana• Na�onal Old-Age Pension Secheme• Integrated Rural Development Programme

• Skill development of agriculture, fishery and subsistence sectors• Market linkages for agricultural products• Higher educa�on opportuni�es• Strengthening ICT and financial inclusion for economic ac�vi�es

523

Source:Livemint ePaper - India lives inher villages, not districts- 18 Apr 2018

24

Strategic Prerequisite

Need to acknowledge limitations of one size fit all

Each district has unique geography, economy, culture,demographics, and natural endowments

All available knowledge and inputs can be brought togetherthrough convergence

Deep understanding of equity issues

Can be cost-effective

WhyPrecisionTargeting

Priority Areas

Strengthening villageinfrastructure for

health and education

School

Electricity and roadconnectivity for social

and economic linkages

Prioritizing investmentsto reduce intra-district

developmental imbalances

Focus on last mile connectivity forbasic household amenities

and services

Supply chain strengtheningfor health services

A Geo-Spatial Illustration of Village-Level Developmental Indicators: Case of Mewat, Haryana

All villages should have access toIntegrated Child Development Services(ICDS)within the village; but some don’t

0 9 184.5 Km

1 cm = 3 km

Nutri�onal Centres-ICDS

Within Village

Distance 0 to 5 Km

Distance 5 to 10 Km

Distance 10+ Km

N

25



0 9 184.5 Km

1 cm = 3 km

CHC Distance

Within Village

Distance 0 to 5 Km

Distance 5 to 10 Km

Distance 10+ Km

N

26

Households in Central Mewat will have totravel distances for Community Health Centres(CHC)


N

0 9 184.5 Km

1 cm = 3 km

Agricultural LabourLess than 25.0 %

25.1 % - 75.0 %

More than 75.1 %

27


High Agricultural labor implies high possibleincidence of poverty



N

0 9 184.5 Km

1 cm = 3 km

Town Distance

Town Area

Distance 0 to 5 Km

Distance 5 to 10 Km

Distance 10+ Km

28

Important to improve transportinfrastructure in central Mewat


Summary and Conclusion

The health, nutri�on, educa�on and economic outcomes across the aspira�onal districts is muchworse than the na�onal average. Much needs to be accomplished across the aspira�onal districtsto accelerate progress in human development.

Health system strengthening is a vital area for stakeholder engagements. A large burden ofneonatal mortality signifies the need for improving the quality of health care services and relatedhealth and nutri�on interven�ons for improving maternal and child health in aspira�onaldistricts.

Female literacy has gained sociocultural acceptance but much needs to be accomplished bysuppor�ng greater uptake of higher educa�on by females and thereby bridging gender gaps inincome, educa�on and employment.

Poverty is both an outcome as well as a determinant of various other outcomes. Economic well-being is entangled with the nature of the occupa�on whereby agrarian economy, par�cularly theunskilled laborer in agricultural and other informal occupa�ons, manage with bare minimumsubsistence. Livelihood transforma�on by skill development and produc�vity enhancement is theway forward.

Geo-spa�al informa�on, par�cularly at the sub-district and village-level, can be cri�cal toleverage the nature and magnitude of the problem at district level as well as discuss the solu�onsand priori�es across the spectrum of policymaking.

Human development should begin from our villages. Increasing integra�on of the rural economywith the mainstream ac�vi�es can accelerate social and economic progress. However, greaterinvestments are warranted for augmen�ng the human capital stock and expanding avenues forproduc�ve engagements in agriculture and allied ac�vi�es.

29

The futureof India

lies in itsvillages

- M. K. Gandhi

30

AD Booklet Final

Documents

Transcript of AD Booklet Final