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Analytical Solutions and a Little LagniappeThe 59th Annual Symposium of the Analysis DivisionBaton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; 4th – 8th May 2014

Session / Paper No.An Adaptable Analyzer for

Routine Industrial Applications

Ryan Graham, Nathaniel Peterson, Nick Stylianos

Applied Analytics, Inc.


Slide 2

Introduction

• Absorbance spectroscopy a mainstay in industrial process monitoring

• Cross interfering species can occur in most common industrial processes

• Dispersive technology = adaptability during cross interference

• Advantages proven in three case studies:– Beer Brewing– Natural Gas Distribution– Sales Gas


Slide 3

Dispersive vs. Non-Dispersive


Slide 4

Dispersive Advantages

• Diode array allows for analysis in complete UV-VIS region (200-800nm)– Multi-component analysis

• Adaptability– Cross interference of species– Upset process conditions

• Such advantages prevent analyzer failure due to unforeseen complications


Slide 5

Beer’s Law

• Correlates concentration of a species through absorbance data:

A = absorbance

e = extinction coefficient

b = path length

c = concentration

• When assuming multiple components, a system of equations is generated


Slide 6

Beer’s Law


Slide 7

Beer Brewing

• Beer bottles purged with CO2

– Remove air / prevent oxidation

• CO2 recovered / reused from fermentation (Green Focus)

• H2S byproduct of fermentation process

• H2S monitored in CO2 process stream after scrubbing


Slide 8

H2S in CO2 Stream

216 226 236 246 256 2660

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

H2S

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

(AU

)


Slide 9

Beer Brewing

• Scrubbers utilized to remove H2S

• Oftentimes, inefficiency in scrubbers yield additional unforeseen byproducts– Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS)

• Dispersive technology allows for adaptability of calibration to include both H2S and DMS alike– Multicomponent analysis


Slide 10

H2S and DMS in CO2 Stream

216 226 236 246 256 2660

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

H2S

DMS

DMS and H2S

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

(AU

)


Slide 11

Sampling System

• SCS for multiple stream analysis

• Electric/automated valve actuation

• Optimization of flow rate and backpressure

• Limited maintenance


Slide 12

Natural Gas Distribution

• Natural gas “odorized” for olfactory leak detection– Mercaptan (RSH)

• Safety concerns for both over and under-odorized gas

• Absorbance spectroscopy vs. “sniff testing”


Slide 13

RSH in Natural Gas

210 220 230 240 250 2600

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

RSH

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

(AU

)


Slide 14

Natural Gas Distribution

• Processing plants purify natural gas of any non-hydrocarbon species– Namely H2S

• Very low levels of H2S can go untreated during natural gas processing

• An analyzer built for multi-component analysis can monitor both:– Protect analysis during upset conditions– Prevent/combat cross interference with RSH


Slide 15

RSH and H2S

205 207 209 211 213 215 217 2190

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

H2S

RSH

Process

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

(Au)


Slide 16

Stream Analysis

• SCS for natural gas process stream

• Pressure and temperature compensation

• Automatic zero sequence

• Temperature control


Slide 17

Sales Gas

• Sales gas purified from natural gas processing

• Amine treatment of sour gas to remove aromatic hydrocarbons– Benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc– “BTEX”

• Unexpected occurrences of benzene can affect analysis of non-dispersive detection


Slide 18

Benzene

206 216 226 236 246 256 266 276 2860

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

(Au)


Slide 19

Sales Gas Impurities

• Aromatics (namely benzene) maintain a large absorbance in the UV region, as do:– H2S

– RSH

• Benzene effectively saturates most common regions of H2S and RSH absorbance

• Dispersive technology allows for optimization of analysis for precise measurement

• Calibration correction for wavelength regions


Slide 20

H2S and Benzene in Sales Gas

210 220 230 240 250 260 2700

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7 H2SProcess Gas

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

(AU

)


Slide 21

H2S and Benzene in Sales Gas

218 223 228 233 238 243 2480

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

H2SProcess Gas

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

(AU

)


Slide 22

Stream Analysis

• SCS for two sales gas process streams

• Simultaneous online measurement

• Benzene compensation


Slide 23

Conclusions

• Advantages to monitoring multiple wavelengths simultaneously:– Multi-component analysis– Prevent cross-interference– Adaptability during upset conditions

• Dispersive technology maintains trustable integrity of analyzer

• Trusted to overcome common analysis complications


Slide 24

Questions

?

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