Acute Bronchitis...the One

8/3/2019 Acute Bronchitis...the One

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Introduction

Children are often affected of this disease because their immune

system is not yet fully developed. It usually started with simple colds

followed by irritating cough and fever. If these signs and symptoms sound

familiar, this may implies bronchitis, an inflammation of the large breathing

tubes (airways) that are called bronchi, which causes fever, cough, sore

throat, wheezing and increased production of mucus,. There are several

different types of bronchitis, the two most common are acute and chronic.

Acute bronchitis is the inflammation of mucous membranes of the bronchial

tubes. Initially, it affects the nose, sinuses, and throat and then spreads to

the lungs. It usually follows the common cold or other viral infections in the

upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis, allergies, or those with enlarged

tonsils and adenoids.

Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infectious agents such as bacteria

or viruses. It may also be caused by physical or chemical agents - dusts,allergens, strong fumes, and those from chemical cleaning compounds, or

tobacco smoke. In children, the most common cause of bronchitis is a virus,

although in children over 6 years of age, it can be caused by bacteria. Most

cases of acute bronchitis disappear within a few days without lasting effects

and coughs may linger three weeks or more, acute bronchitis is usually a

mild condition. Though usually mild, it may result to a more serious health

problem such as asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema and pneumonia

that needs attention. This only signifies that simple disease will result to a

more severe condition if not given proper intervention and immediate

medical action.


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Significance of the Study

This study will give us knowledge of what acute bronchitis is, its cause,

signs and symptoms, medical treatment and nursing interventions. This

focuses more on rendering care to infants inflicted with such disease whose

main goal is to alleviate the pain and other discomforts the patient is

experiencing.

Moreover this will serve as baseline reference for students and health

personnel for further studies.


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IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY

a. Nursing Education

Students will have a basic knowledge about acute bronchitis its

signs and symptoms, etiology and the nursing intervention they can give

whenever they encountered such condition. Furthermore it can be used as areference in giving health teachings to individuals, family and community for

prevention and curative purposes.

b. Nursing Practice

The goal of nursing care is to restore optimal respiratory

function. As the main function of nurses it entails effectiveness in endowing

care to clients. The interventions rendered

are specifically intended for patients with acute bronchitis however some

practices can also be given to patients with chronic bronchitis or with

pneumonia. Basically this case study will give health care providers a quick

but concise view about a patient who has such disease and the procedures

he/she had undergone. Nevertheless some clinical or medical

recommendations applied may not be carried out to some clients because

each individuals manifestation of signs and symptoms varies depending on

the severity of the condition and the appropriate medication needed.


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c. Nursing Research

This can be used as a reference for those who want to have a

basic knowledge about acute bronchitis and the interventions they could

render. The contents of this study are based on the actual intervention given

by the nursing students and the rapport that has been established to the

patient and to the patients mother to the extent that this may serve as

guidelines for future evaluation.

CONCLUSUION

Acute bronchitis has been the primary concern of health care providers

in terms of upper respiratory tract infections and diseases because this may

predispose to a more complicated condition such as chronic bronchitis,

pneumonia and emphysema. Information dissemination regarding about

bronchitis should be accentuated because it usually started with a common

colds and cough which parents tend to neglect subsequently the symptoms

prolonged and may later diagnosed to have bronchitis.

This study emphasizes the nursing interventions to be given to

patients with such condition by following the appropriate procedures and

orders and providing precise and proper nursing care will eventually leads to

improve coping mechanism and restoration of health.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Medical-Surgical NursingProf. Josie Quiambao-Udan, RN, MANEducational Publishing House 2002

2. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 10th EditionTortora Grabonsk 2003

3. 3. Nurses Pocket Guide 9th EditionMarillyn E. DoengelF.A. Davis Company 2004

4. 4. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 7th EditionEllaine N. MariebPearson Education South Asia Ptl Ltd. Inc 2004

5. 5. Drug Hand Book 26th EditionLippincott Williams and Wilkins 2006

6. www. Mayoclinic.com


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7. http://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/bronchitis/2#complications

8. http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic288.htm#section~bibliography

Palawan State UniversityCollege of Nursing & Health Sciences

December 4, 2006

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements in

RLE Clinical ExposurePediatricWard

A PATIENTS CASE STUDY

Acute Bronchitis
http://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/bronchitis/2#complicationshttp://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic288.htm#section~bibliographyhttp://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/bronchitis/2#complicationshttp://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic288.htm#section~bibliography


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Submitted to:

Mrs. Marichelle delos Santos

Submitted by:

Anne Grace T. Garcia

Bsn-iii blk.2

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE BRONCHITIS

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the part of the respiratorysystem that leads into the lungs. Acute bronchitis has a sudden onset and usually appearsafter a respiratory infection, such as a cold, and can be caused by either a virus or bacteria.

The infection inflames the bronchial tubes, which causes symptoms such as fever, cough,sore throat, wheezing, and the production of thick yellow mucus. If acute bronchitis occursbecause of a bacterial infection antibiotics are given for the treatment. Otherwise if theinfection is viral medications can only be given to alleviate the symptoms.


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Inflammation

Release of either of the followingHistamine, Bradykinin, prostaglandin, serotonin

Increase capillary permeabilityFliud /cellular exudation

Bronchospasm

Bronchoconstriction

Edema of the mucous membrane

Hypersecretion of mucus

Narrowing of the arterial walls

Increase work of breathing

Dyspnea

Diaphoresis

Flaring of alae nasi

Wheezing

Slow shallow respiration

Retention of CO2 (air trapping)

Persistent cough and colds

Acute Bronchitis

SYMPTOMATOLOGY

o Lower throat paino Fevero Chillso Productive cougho Muscle and back paino Rhonchi, wheezing and crackles on auscultationo Dyspneao Use of accessory muscleso Cyanosiso

Cough that produces mucus; if yellow-green in color, you are morelikely to have a bacterial infectiono Fatigueo Rhinorrhea or nasal congestion
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm


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USUAL CAUSE OF BRONCHITIS

Bronchitis occurs most often during the cold and flu season, usually coupledwith an upper respiratory infection.

Several viruses cause bronchitis, including influenza A and B, which wecommonly call "the flu."

A number of bacteria are known to cause bronchitis, such asMycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes so-called walking pneumonia,Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilusinfluenzae,

Bronchitis also can occur when you inhale irritating fumes or dusts.Chemical solvents and smoke, including tobacco smoke, have beenlinked to acute bronchitis.

People at increased risk both of getting bronchitis and of having moresevere symptoms include the elderly, those with weakened immunesystems, smokers, and anyone with repeated exposure to lungirritants.

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK OF AN INFANT

Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

Stage of Development Age Span Nursing ImplicationStage 6: Inventions of new

means

18 to 24 months Interprets the

environment bymental image.

Uses make- believe

and pretend play.
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Freuds Stages of Development

Psychosexual Stage Characteristics Nursing

ImplicationInfant Anal Stage: 1 to 3 yrs.old Anus and bladder

are the sources of

(sensual

satisfaction, self-

control)

Major conflict:

Toilet training

Controllingand expelling

feces provide

pleasure and

sense ofcontrol.

Toilet training

should be apleasurable

experience.

Erikson Stages of Development

Developmental Task Nursing Implication

Infant Is to form a sense of trust

versus mistrust. Child learnsto be loved and be loved.

Provide a primary care

giver. Provide experiencesthat add to security, such as

soft sounds and touch.

Provide visual stimulation

for active childinvolvement.

Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

Prereligious Stage Nursing Implication

Infant Infants have little concept of any motivating force beyond

that of their parents. They

learn that when they do certainactions parents give affectionand approval. The

development of trust is very

important in moraldevelopment because infants

who develop a sound sense of

trust can better develop a

Child needs help todetermine what right actions

are.


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spiritual orientation in future

years.

Havighursts Age Periods and Developmental Tasks

Infancy and Early Childhood

1. Learning to walk.2. Learning to take solid foods.

3. Learning to talk.

4. Learning to control the elimination of body wastes.5. Learning sex differences and sexual modesty.

6. Achieving psychological stability.

7. Forming simple concepts of social and physical reality.8. Learning to relate emotionally to parents, siblings and other people.

9. Learning to distinguish right from wrong and developing a conscience.

N U R S I N G H I S T O R Y

INFORMATION DATA

Name of Patient: J.U.E.

Sex: Male

Age 10 months

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Abanico Rd., Zone 5 Brgy. San Pedro P.P.C.

Birthday: January 27, 2006


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Parents Name:

o Mother: N. U

o Father: J.A.E

Accompanied by: N.U. Relationship: Mother

Complaints upon Admission: Fever and convulsion

Admitting Physician: Dr.Javarez

Date/Time of AdmissionNovember 26, 2006/ 2:05 am

PERSONAL DATA AND SOCIAL HISTORY

A. Family History

The patients parents are both alive and apparently well. Hisfather is a fisherman while her mother is a plain housewife. Bothparents are high school undergraduates. The family has no othersource of income. He is the 3rd child in the broad of 3 yet he is the onlychild who is alive. Two other siblings died after the caesarianoperation.

B. Living Conditions

The family is living in a two room house made of light materials.There are 3 persons staying in the house including the parents and thepatient.

C. NUTRITION

The usual time of breakfast is 7:00am; he drinks milk at 11:30 anddrinks milk at 6:00 pm which serve as lunch and supper.. The usual snack inbetween meals is biscuit. The usual amount of water intake per day is 1000

ml. Her mother gives him milk before he goes to bed or whenever necessary.He drinks formula milk with 3 scoops of Bona prepared in 8ml of luke warmwater. The patient usually consume 3 tablespoon of rice every meal. He likesinstant noodles and dislikes lugaw.

D. SLEEPING PATTERNS

The patient normally sleeps around 5:00 in the afternoon andwakes up around 4:00 in the morning. The mother verbalized that herchild prefers side-lying position when sleeping. She usually takes a napat 12:00 pm.


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E. ELIMINATION PATTERNS

Frequency of bowel movement is 3 times a day and the usualtime of defecation is around 8:00 am. Frequency of urination is 6 to 10times a day and appears to be yellow amber.

F. PHYSICAL HYGIENE

The patient takes a bath twice daily and shampoos his hair.

G. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

Water source is from refilling stations and drinking water isstored in water jag. They have their own water sealed toilet. Plasticbags are used to dispose their garbage which is regularly collected by

the city garbage collector.

MEDICAL HISTORY

* All family members have no previous accidents and operations.There is no heredofamilial disease noted in the maternal side while inthe paternal side is goiter. There are no communicable diseases notedin the family.

. Past Health History

A. Birth History:Pre-natal- Patient was born to a G3 P0, 27 year old mother withregular check up in the Abanico health center with completeTetanus Toxoid. Negated occurrence of any illness during theentire course of pregnancy. Mother is a non-smoker and non-alcohol drinker.

B. Natal and Neo-natal- Patient was delivered full term throughcaesarean section with spontaneous cry and vigorous activity,attended by a physician in the Ospital ng Palawan. Aseptic cordcare was done and vital signs were taken and recorded.Meconium and first urine was noted during the first 24 hours oflife. No jaundice, pallor and cyanosis noted during neonatalperiod.

C. Feeding History: Patient was given formula milk during the firsthours of life and seldom breastfeeds until 3 months. At 4 months,exclusive formula milk. At 9 months, cerelac was given. Negated

any food allergies as well as food dislikes.


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D. Growth and Development:

a. 4 months old- social smileb. 9months- crawled on bed

- able to sit

- crawl

Occasionally inflicted with cough, colds and fever, paracetamoland non-pharmacologic interventions such as bed rest and massageoffered relief. Patient has no history of accidents, injuries andoperation. Patient has no allergy to foods and drugs. Immunizationswere complete

Present Health History:

Condition started a day PTA, with fever, pale appearance, coldsand with unproductive cough. At 7:00 in the evening the patientconvulsion, cooling measure, the ice pack relief the patient. At 1:45 amrecurrence of the above symptoms prompted them to seek medicalhelp, hence admitted.


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Physical Examination

General surveyTemp. 36.9HR 136 BPMRR 38 CPM

Skin The patient has a fair complexion and good skin turgor afterpinching. Upon inspection

the skin appears non-cyanotic, no jaundice, with rashes in theantecubital portion of the arms and popliteal parts of the legs bothright and left and no lesions noted.

Hair He has a short, black and straight hair which is evenly distributedacross the scalp. Hairtexture is smooth and silky. Scalp is free from flakes with no signs of

nits and lice noted.

Nail Short, clean and negative pallor are observed in the nails with goodcapillary refill.

Head The patients head and face are symmetrical. No lesions, masses,tenderness and swelling noted

after palpation.

Eyes Eyes are oval shape and symmetrical with pink palpebralconjunctiva. No scaling,

erythema and discharges noted. Sclerae is white and clear and theiris is slightly brown.

Ears Has minimal cerumen and symmetrical in shape and size. Nopresence of lesions, masses and tenderness. With good hearing onboth ears.

Nose The nose is patent with discharge and septum is at the midline. No

tenderness ofsinuses noted.

Mouth and throat The lips is moist, pale without masses or ulcerationsobserved. Tongue is at

the midline covered with papillae, symmetrical in size andshape without

lesions. Tonsils are not enlarged which implies noinflammation.

Neck The trachea is at the midline and the thyroid is not enlarged after

palpation. All areas ofneck was inspected for masses and unusual swelling, no masses

and swelling noted.cervical nodes are not palpable.

Chest and Lungs


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The posterior thorax is symmetrical and no bulges or retractionsduring respiration.

No masses or tenderness noted and the chest movement issymmetrical. Stridor and wheezing sound was heard.

HeartLud dub sounds are heard with heart rate of 136 BPM.

AbdomenGeneral contour of the abdomen was observed, the patient has slightlydistended abdomen because of flatulence. No scars and skin rashesseen and no masses noted. With an active bowel sounds of 25 perminute.

Back and Spine - Spine is at midline, no masses, bulging and abnormaldeviations noted.

Urinary Negative hematuria, incontinence, dribbling and burning sensationduring voiding.

Genital Not seen, patient was wearing a diaper. The mother verbalizedthat patient has no rashes or any features of deviation from normal.

Anal No presence of scars and sores in the anal region as verbalized by themother.

Extremities The extremities are symmetrical without gross deformities.

Discharge Plan

Name of Patient: J.U.EAge: 10 months oldDate/Time of Admission: November 26, 2006/2:05 amAttending Physician: Dra. Javarez

Medical Management upon Admission

Rationale1. v/s taken and recorded To determine if

the client ismedically stable.

A. MedicationsAmpicillin; 250 mg. q6 hours IV Treatment of infections due

to susceptible organisms,e.g. respiratory tractinfection, UTI, gonorrhea,enteric infection, meningitisand septicemia.

Opigesic; Supp .125 mg. Symptomatic relief of feverassociated with commonchildhood infections, relief ofminor pains.

Cefixime;Oral drops 2.5 ml q3 hours Treatment of acutebronchitis, bronchiectasis


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with infection, secondaryinfections of chronic resptract diseases andpneumonia.

D5.3Nacl; 50 ugtts/min. To maintain fluid balance andelectrolytes.

Paracetamol; q 4 hours Symptomatic relief of painand fever..

Relief of headache, toothache, myagliasAnalgesic and antipyretic for patients hypersensitivity to aspirin.

B. Instructed mother to do TSB whenevertemperature is elevated. To control sudden elevation

of temperature which maytrigger convulsion

Home Health Teaching

Medications:.

1. Advise to take vitamins which do not have To increaseresistance againstadverse reactions. infection.

2. Instructed mother to give the complete prescribed To determine theeffectiveness of the

course of antibiotics. prescribed drug.

Exercise/ Activities:

1. Encouraged breathing exercise To promote

lung expansion and clearing.

2. Instructed mother to walked with the child To strengthenthe childs muscles and

with both arms are being hold.to prevent circulatory stasis.

Treatment:

1. Have enough sleep and rest. To hasten recovery and topromote growth .

2. Instructed mother to keep the patient away from Tobacco smokemay trigger difficulty of

exposure to secondhand smoke and other lung irritants. breathing.


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3. Provide a well ventilated environment. To promote good breathingprocess thus

helps relieve coughs andloosens mucus in theairways.

4. Health teaching on the increase fluid intake. To maintain hydrationof the client and formobilization of the retainedsecretions out of the bronchi.

5. Emphasize that medical check up is necessary. To monitor thechanges in the childs health.

6. Position patient in semi-fowlers. Client in this position allows

the gravityto pull the diaphragmdownward, permitting chestexpansion and lungventilation.

7. Accentuated the need to maintain cleanliness To avoid indoorpollutants such as dust

of the home environment. and other allergensfrom pets.

8. Do not incinerate garbage in the house and This may irritatethe linings of the

eliminate or reduce the use of household pesticides respiratory tractstarting from the nares

and irritating chemical substances. which can precipitateto obstructed

airway.

10. Do not take cough medications in excessive Because ofadverse side effects.

amounts. When a cough medicine does

not act asexpected, consult your

physician.

11. Encourage mother to avoid the child contact To preventcross- infection.

with people with upper respiratory infections.

Hygiene:


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1. Take a bath daily To promotesense of well-being.

2. Instruct other members of the family To prevent cross- infection.

to wash hands before touching the infant.

Spiritual:

1. Pray to God to bestow your family with good healthTo be strongspiritually and

and be safe always. Thank Jesus for the blessings to immense faithto God.

you received and about to receive.`

Diet/ Nutrition:

1. Limit the milk intake from 8ml to 4ml Formula milk maycause rapid increase ofweight depending on

the contents since thechild is

obese.

2. Increase water intake. To regulate bodytemperature

and fluid balance andprevent

dehydration

3. Encourage mother to give nutritious foods. To promote growth anddevelopment and

facilitate a fastrecovery.

4. When introducing a new food, give it one at a To identify if there isan allergic

time and in a small frequent feeding. response.

5. Encourage mother to administer vitamin supplement (vit. C) Toincrease bodys resistance

against infection.


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REVIEW OF SYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and

communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mentalactivity including thought, learning, and memory. Together with theendocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for regulating andmaintaining homeostasis.

The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped togetheras three general, overlapping functions:

o Sensoryo Integrativeo Motor

Sensory input is converted into electrical signals called nerve impulses

that are transmitted to the brain. There the signals are broughttogether to create sensations, to produce thoughts, or to add tomemory; Decisions are made each moment based on the sensoryinput. This is integration. Based on the sensory input and integration,the nervous system responds by sending signals to muscles, causingthem to contract, or to glands, causing them to produce secretions.


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Function of the Respiratory System in relation to the NervousSystem

Respiratory system provides oxygen needed for normal neuralactivity; disposes of carbon dioxide.

Medullary and pons centers regulate respiratory rate/depth; stretchreceptors in lungs and chemoreceptors in large arteries providefeedback.

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the blood-vascular orsimply the circulatory system.It consists of :

a. the heart- which is a muscular pumping organ, andb. a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.

The heart is the pump responsible for maintaining adequate circulationof oxygenated blood around the vascular network of the body. It is afour-chamber pump, with the right side receiving deoxygenated bloodfrom the body at low presure and pumping it to the lungs (thepulmonary circulation) and the left side receiving oxygenated bloodfrom the lungs and pumping it at high pressure around the body (thesystemic circulation).


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The vital role of the cardiovascular system in maintaining homeostasisdepends on the continuous and controlled movement of blood throughthe thousands of miles of capillaries that permeate every tissue andreach every cell in the body.

Nutrients and other essential materials pass from capillary blood into

fluids surrounding the cells as waste products are removed.

Function of the Respiratory System in relation to the CirculatorySystem:

Respiratory system provides oxygen; disposes of carbon dioxide;carbon dioxide present in blood as HCO3 and H2CO3 contributes toblood buffering.

Blood transports respiratory gases.

The respiratory system carries out gas exchange; loads oxygen andunloads carbon dioxideFrom the blood; respiratory pump aids venous return.

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM


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The endocrine system, along with the nervous system, functions in theregulation of body activities. The nervous system acts through electricalimpulses and neurotransmitters to cause muscle contraction and glandular

secretion. The effect is of short duration, measured in seconds, and localized.The endocrine system acts through chemical messengers called hormonesthat influence growth, development, and metabolic activities. The action ofthe endocrine system is measured in minutes, hours, or weeks and is moregeneralized than the action of the nervous system.

Function of the Respiratory System in relation to the EndocrineSystem:

Respiratory system provides oxygen; disposes of carbon dioxide;converting enzyme in lungs converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Epinephrine influences ventilation (dilates the bronchioles);testosterone promotes laryngeal enlargement in pubertal males.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

]

The digestive system includes the digestive tract and its accessoryorgans, which process food into molecules that can be absorbed andutilized by the cells of the body. Food is broken down, bit by bit, untilthe molecules are small enough to be absorbed and the wasteproducts are eliminated.
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The digestive tract, also called the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal(GI) tract, consists of a long continuous tube that extends from themouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus,stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue and teeth are

accessory structures located in the mouth. The salivary glands, liver,gallbladder, and pancreas are major accessory organs that have a rolein digestion. These organs secrete fluids into the digestive tract.

Digestive system provides nutrients for energy metabolism, growthand repair.

Function of the Respiratory System in relation to the digestiveSystem:

Respiratory system provides oxygen; disposes of carbon dioxideproduced by digestive organs.

Digestive system provides nutrients needed by respiratory system.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


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Humans need a continuous supply of oxygen for cellular respiration,and they must get rid of excess carbon dioxide, the poisonous wasteproduct of this process. Gas exchange supports the supports thiscellular respiration by constantly supplying oxygen and removingcarbon dioxide.

The respiratory system works with the circulatory system to providethis oxygen and to remove the waste products of metabolism. It alsohelps to regulate pH of the blood.


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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The lymphatic system has three primary functions.

1. It returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood. Of the fluid that leaves

the capillary, about 90 percent is returned. The 10 percent that does notreturn becomes part of the interstitial fluid that surrounds the tissue cells.

2. The second function of the lymphatic system is the absorption of fatsand fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and the subsequenttransport of these substances to the venous circulation.

The mucosa that lines the small intestine is covered with fingerlikeprojections called villi. There are blood capillaries and special lymphcapillaries, called lacteals, in the center of each villus. The blood capillariesabsorb most nutrients, but the fats and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed

by the lacteals. The lymph in the lacteals has a milky appearance due to itshigh fat content and is called chyle.

3. The defense against invading microorganisms and disease. Lymphnodes and other lymphatic organs filter the lymph to removemicroorganisms and other foreign particles. Lymphatic organs containlymphocytes that destroy invading organisms.

Function of the Respiratory System with relation to the Lymphaticsystem:

The lungs provide oxygen needed by lymphoid/immune cells andeliminate carbon dioxide; the pharynx houses some lymphoidorgans (tonsils); the respiratory pump aids lymph flow.

Lymphatic system helps to maintain blood volume required forrespiratory gas transport; immune system protects respiratoryorgans from bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses, and cancer.
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The lymphatic vessels pick up leaked fluid and proteins fromrespiratory organs; immune cells protect respiratory organs fromspecific pathogens; lymphocytes populate the tonsils; plasma

cells in the respiratory mucosa secrete IgA to prevent pathogeninvasion of deeper tissues.,THE URINARY SYSTEM

The renal artery brings blood from the heart to the kidneys. A rich bed of tinyarteries--capillaries--filters that blood. As blood runs through the capillaries,waste products get separated out, then flushed out in your urine. The cleaned-up blood flows out of the kidneys through the renal vein and back to the heart.

The urinary system arranges your body's garbage disposal, flushing

out waste through the medium of urine, which it produces andexcretes. To take care of processing, the kidneys filter foreign matterout of the blood, and ureters transport urine from the kidneys to thebladder. The bladder keeps the urine in temporary storage until youare ready to pass it along via the canal called the urethra


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Function of the Respiratory System in relation to the UrinarySystem:

Respiratory system provides oxygen required by kidney cells;disposes of carbon dioxide; cells in the lungs convert angiotensin I

to angiotensin II.

Kidneys dispose of metabolic wastes of respiratory system organs(other than carbon dioxide).

Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyteand acid-base balance of blood.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

The integumentary system, formed by the skin, hair, nails,and associated glands, enwraps the body. It is the most visible organsystem and one of the most complexes. Diverse in both form andfunctionfrom delicate eyelashes to the thick skin of the soles.

The integumentary system protects the body from the outsideworld and its many harmful substances.

It utilizes the Sun's rays while at the same time shielding thebody from their damaging effects.

It helps to regulate body temperature, serves as a minorexcretory organ, and makes the inner body aware of its outerenvironment through sensory receptors.


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It is absolutely essential to life. It protects, nourishes, insulates,and cushions. Without it, an individual would be attackedimmediately by bacteria and die from heat and water loss.

Function of the Respiratory System in relation to the Urinary

System:

Respiratory system furnishes oxygen to skin cells and removes carbondioxide via gas exchangeWith blood.

Skin protects respiratory system organs by forming surface barriers.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Bones provide a rigid frame work, known as the skeleton, that supportand protect the soft organs of the body.

Bones work together with muscles as simple mechanical lever systemsto produce body movement.


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Bones contain more calcium than any other organ. The intercellularmatrix of bone contains large amounts of calcium salts, the mostimportant being calcium phosphate..

Hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells, mostly takes place in thered marrow of the bones.

Function of the Respiratory System in relation to skeletal system

Respiratory system provides oxygen; disposes of carbon dioxide.

Bones enclose and protect lungs and bronchi.

.THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers.Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, where attached tobones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement.Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
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Function of the Respiratory System in relation to the SkeletalSystem:

Respiratory system provides oxygen needed for muscle activity;disposes of carbon dioxide.

Activity of the diaphragm and intercostals muscles produce volumechanges necessary for breathing; regular exercise increasesrespiratory efficiency.

Muscular exercise increases respiratory capacity

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM


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The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure survival of thespecies.

Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has fourfunctions:

o To produce egg and sperm cells.o To transport and sustain these cells.o To nurture the developing offspring.o To produce hormones.

Function of the Respiratory System in relation to the reproductiveorgan

Respiratory system provides oxygen; disposes of carbon dioxide.

Anatomy & Physiology of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system is situated in the thorax, and is responsible forgaseous exchange between the circulatory system and the outside world. Airis taken in via the upper airways (the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx)through the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) andinto the small bronchioles and alveoli within the lung tissue. The lungs are

divided into lobes; the left lung is composed of the upperlobe, the lower lobeand the lingula (a small remnant next to the apex of the heart), the rightlung is composed of the upper, the middle and the lower lobes.

The Human Respiratory System


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The Nose -Usually air will enter the respiratory system through the nostrils.The nostrils then lead to open spaces in the nose called the nasal passages.The nasal passages serve as a moistener, a filter, and to warm up the airbefore it reaches the lungs. The hair existing within the nostrils preventsvarious foreign particles from entering. Different air passageways and the

nasal passages are covered with a mucous membrane. Many of the cellswhich produce the cells that make up the membrane contain cilia. Otherssecrete a type a sticky fluid called mucus. The mucus and cilia collect dust,bacteria, and other particles in the air. The mucus also helps in moisteningthe air. Under the mucous membrane there are a large number ofcapillaries. The blood within these capillaries helps to warm the air as itpasses through the nose. The nose serves three purposes. It warms, filters,and moistens the air before it reaches the lungs. You will obviously losethese special advantages if you breathe through your mouth.

Pharynx and Larynx - Air travels from the nasal passages to the pharynx,

or more commonly known as the throat. When the air leaves the pharynx itpasses into the larynx, or the voice box. The voice box is constructed mainlyof cartilage, which is a flexible connective tissue. The vocal chords are twopairs of membranes that are stretched across the inside of the larynx. Asthe air is expired, the vocal chords vibrate. Humans can control thevibrations of the vocal chords, which enables us to make sounds. Food andliquids are blocked from entering the opening of the larynx by the epiglottisto prevent people from choking during swallowing.

Trachea - The larynx goes directly into the trachea or the windpipe. Thetrachea is a tube approximately 12 centimeters in length and 2.5

centimeters wide. The trachea is kept open by rings of cartilage within itswalls. Similar to the nasal passages, the trachea is covered with a ciliatedmucous membrane. Usually the cilia move mucus and trapped foreignmatter to the pharynx.

Bronchi - Around the center of the chest, the trachea divides into twocartilage-ringed tubes called bronchi. Also, this section of the respiratorysystem is lined with ciliated cells. The bronchi enter the lungs and spreadinto a treelike fashion into smaller tubes called bronchial tubes.

Bronchioles - The bronchial tubes divide and then subdivide. By doing this

their walls become thinner and have less and less cartilage. Eventually, theybecome a tiny group of tubes called bronchioles.

Alveoli - Each bronchiole ends in a tiny air chamber that looks like a bunchof grapes. Each chamber contains many cup-shaped cavities known asalveoli. The walls of the alveoli, which are only about one cell thick, are therespiratory surface. They are thin, moist, and are surrounded by severalnumbers of capillaries. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide betweenblood and air occurs through these walls. The estimation is that lungscontain about 300 million alveoli. Their total surface area would be about 70square meters. That is 40 times the surface area of the skin. Smoking

makes it difficult for oxygen to be taken through the alveoli. When thecigarette smoke is inhaled, about one-third of the particles will remain withinthe alveoli. There are too many particles from smoking or from othersources of air pollution which can damage the walls in the alveoli. Thiscauses a certain tissue to form. This tissue reduces the working area of therespiratory surface and leads to the disease called emphysema.


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Mechanics of Breathing

Respiration is the sequence of events that results in the exchange ofoxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells.Every 3 to 5 seconds, nerve impulses stimulate the breathing process, orventilation, which moves air through a series of passages into and out of thelungs. After this, there is an exchange of gases between the lungs and theblood. This is called external respiration. The blood transports the gases toand from the tissue cells. The exchange of gases between the blood andtissue cells is internal respiration. Finally, the cells utilize the oxygen for theirspecific activities. This is cellular metabolism, or cellular respiration.Together these activities constitute respiration.

To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, movingthe ribcage up and out. The diaphragm moves down at the same time,creating negative pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to thethoracic wall by thepleural membranes, and so expand outwards aswell. This creates negative pressure within the lungs, and so air rushesin through the upper and lower airways.

Expiration is mainly due to the natural elasticity of the lungs, whichtend to collapse if they are not held against the thoracic wall. This is

the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural space(pneumothorax).


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Acute Bronchitis...the One

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