Acute Bronchitis
description
Transcript of Acute Bronchitis
ACUTE BRONCHITISDr. Bintang YM Sinaga, SpP
Levels of competence
Standar Kompetensi Dokter , Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia, 2006
Introduction
The Lungs
Definition
Infection of the lower respiratory tract
Generally follows an upper respiratory tract infection
From viral or bacterial infection Airways become inflamed; irritated Mucus production increases(CDC, Centre for Deseases Control and Prevention))
Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis usually comes on quickly and gets better after several weeks.
Bronchoscopic examination
What causes acute bronchitis?• Acute bronchitis occurs most often due to a viral
infection that causes the inner lining of the bronchial tubes to become inflamed and undergo
the changes that occur with any inflammation in the body. Common viruses include the rhinovirus,
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza and the parainfluenza virus.
• Bacteria in rare cases can also cause bronchitis (a few examples include, Mycoplasma,
Pneumococcus, Klebsiella, Haemophilus.• Chemical irritants for example, tobacco smoke,
gastric reflux, solvents can
There are two types of bronchitis:
Acute bronchitis is caused in most cases over 90% by a viral infection and may begin after develop a cold or sore throat. Bronchitis usually begins with a dry cough. After a few days it progresses to a productive cough, which may be accompanied by fever, fatigue, and headache. The cough may last up to several weeks. If not treated acute bronchitis can progress to pneumonia.
Chronic bronchitis is caused in most cases by exposure to tobacco smoke or other irritants. As a result, the airways produce lots of mucus. Inflammation and extra mucus reduce air flow and cause severe coughing and spitting up of phlegm. Phlegm production and inflammation over many years may lead to permanent lung damage and cause disability or even death.
Signs and Symptoms of Bronchitis•Cough that produces mucus (may be without mucus the first few days)
•Soreness in the chest •Fatigue
•Mild headache •Mild body aches
•Low-grade fever (less than 40°C) •Watery eyes•Sore throat
Assessment
Fever Tachypnea Mild dyspnea Pleuritic chest pain (possible) Cough with clear to purulent sputum
production Diffuse rhonchi and crackles
Diagnostic Evaluation
Chest x-ray -rule out pneumonia Films show no evidence of lung
infiltrates
Pharmacologic Interventions
1. Bronchodilators Reduce brochospasm Promote sputum expectoration
2. Oral antibiotics if needed3. Symptom management for fever
and cough
Therapeutic Intervention
Chest physiotheraphy to mobilize secretions
Hydration to liquefy secretions
Nursing Interventions
1. Encourage mobilization of secretion Ambulation Coughing exercises Deep breathing exercises
2. Adequate fluid intake To liquefy secretions Prevent dehydration caused by
fever and tachypnea
Nursing Interventions
3. Encourage rest4. Avoid bronchial irritants 5. Eat nutritious foods to facilitate
recovery 6. Instruct patient to comply taking medications
Complications of acute bronchitis• Acute bronchitis usually resolves spontaneously (about 2-3 weeks) with supportive care. If wheezing and shortness of breath occurs the patient should
seek medical care.• In patients who have underlying lung conditions, the
inflammation can cause lung tissue to function improperly.
• Pneumonia or infection of the lung tissue itself may develop.
Acute Bronchitis at a Glance• Acute bronchitis describes an infection and inflammation of the
breathing tubes leading to cough and occasional wheezing.• Treatment is supportive keeping fever under control and the
patient well hydrated.• Wheezing is often treated with inhaled short acting
bronchodilator, either by puffer (HFA) or nebulizer.• Steroid medication may be used short term to help decrease the
inflammation within the bronchial tubes.• Patients with underlying lung diseases such as asthma or COPD
may be at greater risk of developing acute bronchitis.• Antibiotics are not commonly prescribed for acute bronchitis but
may be prescribed if specifically indicated.
TERIMA KASIH