ECTOPARASITICIDES

EXTERNAL ANTIPARASITICS

Prepared by : Mujahid Abbas Roll no: 89

Riphah college of veterinary sciences Lahore

ECTOPARASITICIDES

• The drugs which are used on animals to control mites, fleas, ticks, and flies, and on the premise to control flies and other insects, and on feedstuffs.

Factors

• Sprays, dips, and shampoos are suitable when conditions are above freezing.

• Pour-ons and dusts can be used when temperature is below freezing.

• Oil sprays should be applied to the hair coat but not to the skin, in order to avoid systemic absorption.

•

Types

• Organophosphates (OPs).• Carbamates• Chlorinated hydrocarbons• Insect development inhibitors (IDIs)• Insect growth regulators• Botanicals• Macrocyclic lactones

organophosphate

organophosphate or phosphate ester is the general name for esters of phosphoric acid

Most common, and most toxic insecticides applied to animals topically or administered

orally• The OP insecticides inhibit ACh breakdown by

inhibiting ChE irreversibly

Organophosphates Insecticides

Common names

Trade names Chemical names

Acephate Acephate®, Orthene®,

O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoroamidothioate

Diazinon Diazinon® O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos®, Govern®,Lorsban®

O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate

carbamate

• Carbamate is an organic compound derived from carbamic acid (NH2COOH).

• Used in the treatment of Ectoparasites in small animals

• Mostly in powder , shampoo , and collar formulations

• Act by inhibiting ChE via carbamylation

Common names

Trade names Chemical names

Thiodicarb Larvin® Dimethyl N,N-(thiobis(methylimino)carbonyloxy)bis (ethanimidothioate)

Carbofuran Furadan® 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate

Fenoxycarb Award® and Logic®

Ethyl [2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl] carbamate

Carbamate Insecticides

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

• Chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT, methoxychlor) are very effective synthetic insecticides

• Methoxychlor, in powders and sprays, is to kill fleas, ticks, flies and mosquitoes

• They prevent the closure of Na+ channels, leading to an increase in intracellular Na+ concentrations.

• They increase [Ca2+] by inhibiting the uptake of Ca2+ into the endoplasmic reticulum.

Common name

Trade names*

Chemical name

Dicofol Kelthane® 4,4’-dichloro-alpha (trichloromethyl) benzhydrol

Methoxychlor Methoxycide®, Marlate

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4- methoxyphenyl) ethane

Endosulfan

Phaser®, Thiodan®

6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide

chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.

Insect development inhibitors (IDIs)

• Insect development inhibitors (IDIs) are highly lipophilic compounds.

• Inhibit chitin synthesis in larvae and eggs of insects

• Diflubenzuron is used as a feed additive in horses (0.15 mg/kg/day)

• Lufenuron is administered orally in dogs (10 mg/kg) and cats (30 mg/kg) once a month

Insect development inhibitors (IDIs)

Common name

Trade Name Chemical name

Diflubenzuron, DimilinTM N-[[(4-chlorophenyl)amino] carbonyl]-

2,6difluorobenzamide or 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-

difluorobenzoyl)urea

Lufenuron (Program R (RS)-1-[2,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-propoxy)-phenyl]-3-(2,6-

difluorobenzoyl)-urea

Insect growth regulators

• Insect growth regulators mimic the actions of the juvenile hormones of insects.

• Cyromazine is administered orally for 4–6 weeks to control fecal maggots in poultry

• Methoprene and pyriproxyfen are sprayed in households and applied on animals to prevent eggs, pupae, and larvae from developing into adult fleas.

Common name Trade name Function

Fenoxycarb Preclude Juvenile hormone mimic

kinoprene Enstar II/AQ Juvenile hormone mimic

Pyriproxyfen Distance Juvenile hormone mimic

Botanicals

• Rotenone (Durakyl R , Ear Miticide R , etc.)• An alkaloid derived from the root of the derris plant.• Inhibits cellular respiratory metabolism• Rotenone is used to kill fleas, lice, ticks, and mites. It has

fast “knockdown” action on all arthropods, with little persistence.

• Rotenone is also used to kill unwanted fish in ponds and lakes.

Botanicals

• Pyrethroids• Alkaloids of pyrethrum, • Pyrethroids increase excitability of ectoparasite

neurons by prolonging the opening of Na+ channels, thereby causing arthropod paralysis

• Most commonly used ectoparasiticides due to their rapid “knockdown” effect with little residual activity and safety

• Allethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, and resmethrin are commen drug of this group

Macrocyclic lactones

• Effective against most e.g. grubs, mites, lice, ticks, and flies.

• kill adults and larvae , interrupt feeding, molting, and hatching of eggs.

• Ivermectin used For Sarcoptic mange, at 0.2 mg/kg; 2 doses, 2 weeks apart to have an effective control over this infestation

• Include ivermictin ,salmectin ,most commen used in vet practice

• Agri-Mectin Equine Paste Dewormer 1.87% [Ivermectin]

• Ivermax Drench for Sheep [Ivermectin]• AmTech Phoenectin Injection for Cattle and

Swine [Ivermectin]• Ivermax Equine Oral Drench [Ivermectin]• AmTech Phoenectin Liquid for Horses

[Ivermectin]

Drugs name

• Iver-On [Ivermectin]• Iversol Liquid for Horses [Ivermectin]• AmTech Phoenectin Pour-On [Ivermectin]• Ivomec Drench for Sheep [Ivermectin]• Bimectin Pour-On [Ivermectin]• Ivomec Injection [Ivermectin]• Comectrin Injection for Cattle and Swine

[Ivermectin]• Ivomec 1% Injection for

Some other drugs

• Amitraz (Mitaban R , Taktic R ,etc.) is a formamidine insecticide for use on dogs, pigs, and cattle.

• Insect nicotinic receptor agonists• Preparations. Imidacloprid (Advantage R ),

dinotefuran (Vectra 3D R ), nitenpyram (Capstar R ), and spinosad (Comfortis R ). All of them, except spinosad, Imidacloprid is used topically (5–10 mg/kg) once a month