Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of ... · PDF fileHistory and...
Transcript of Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of ... · PDF fileHistory and...
DEVELOPED BY MAILE E. CHOWGrade Level(s): 9-12Subject(s): English/Language Arts, Journalism, Social StudiesCemetery Connection: Normandy American Cemetery
Lorraine American Cemetery Henri-Chapelle American Cemetery Ardennes American Cemetery
Fallen Hero Connection: No specific connection
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens
Guiding question: How can we reconcile the larger events of World War II in Northern Europe with the more personal stories and experiences of those who reported on it firsthand?
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 1
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
OverviewIn this lesson students will use ABMC and other available resources to research and gather information regarding World War II news correspondents who made significant con-tributions to the field of journalism during the war. Students will read and listen to historical news items (articles, cartoons, photographs, radio broadcasts, etc.) from the time period and analyze and interpret them. Following this research, students will write a multi-genre research paper, based on the histori-cal facts of their correspondent’s experience. Follow up will include a written editorial, wherein students will take a posi-tion on a current war, and write commentary for publication in the school newspaper’s op/ed page regarding the risks undertaken by journalists who cover war.
Historical ContextWar correspondents have existed as long as journalism. However, as World War II began, new technology made it possible for news of the war to be communicated in increasingly modern ways, for the time. War correspondents of World War II were courageous, often controversial men and women who communicated the chaos and brutality of the battlefield to their fellow citizens on the homefront. Their experiences offer a fresh and compelling perspective on World War II, and raise questions about the rights and responsibilities of a free press in times of war. This lesson will delve into the history of those who served their country in a journalistic capacity during the war. There are 11 civilian war correspondents buried in American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries abroad, including Brittany American Cemetery, Cambridge American Cemetery, Epinal American Cemetery, Florence American Cemetery, Henri-Chapelle American Cemetery, Manila American Cemetery, Normandy American Cemetery, and Rome-Sicily American Cemetery.
ObjectivesAt the conclusion of this lesson, students will be able to
• Understand, interpret, and synthesize information about the role of journalism in World War II;
• Write in a variety of genres on the topic; and
• Make conscious decisions about what information should be presented to the reader.
“World War II was the first well-documented conflict. This war saw greater press
coverage and more advanced technology in the fields of
film and photography which led to a rich trove of primary
documents and artifacts. These documents, and the brave
reporters who fought and died to create them, are the impetus
for my lesson plan.”—Maile E. Chow
Chow teaches at the Mid-Pacific Institute in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 2
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Standards Connections
Connections to Common Core CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.11-12.2.A Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
CCSS.ELA- Literacy.W.11-12.2.B Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most signifi-cant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other informa-tion and examples appropriate to the audience’s knowledge of the topic.
CCSS.ELA- Literacy.W.11-12.2.C Use appropriate and varied transitions and syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.
CCSS.ELA- Literacy.W.11-12.2.D Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary, and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-8.2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or second-ary source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
Connections to C3 Framework D2.His.1.6-8 Analyze connections among events and developments in broader historical contexts.
D2.His.6.6-8 Analyze how people’s perspectives influenced what information is available in the historical sources they created.
D2.His.6.9-12 Analyze the ways in which the perspectives of those writing history shaped the history that they produced.
D2.His.4.9-12 Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.
D2.His.11.9-12 Critique the usefulness of historical sources for a specific historical inquiry based on their maker, date, place of origin, intended audience, and purpose.
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 3
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Documents Used ★ indicates an ABMC source
Primary Sources Art and editorial cartoons by Ugo Giannini and Bill MauldinPBShttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/photo-gallery/warletters-cartoons/
Assorted World War II Radio BroadcastsOld Radio Worldhttp://www.oldradioworld.com/shows/World_War_II_News_Broadcasts.php
Bill Mauldin: Beyond Willie and JoeLibrary of Congresshttp://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/mauldin/mauldin-atwar.html
“I Can Hear it Now” with Edward R. MurrowYouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7ge1S1syNY
Radio Broadcasts by Edward R. MurrowInternet Archivehttps://archive.org/details/EdwardR.Murrow-LondonBlitz1940
Richard C. Hottelet on D-Day Radio BroadcastYouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8xkQ05VT_k
Robert Trout and others on D-Day Radio BroadcastYouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PcZ1qO8DsE
World War II Cartoonshttp://ww2cartoons.org
Secondary SourcesAbout America: Edward R. MurrowU.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Information Programshttp://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/media/pdf/books/murrow.pdf
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 4
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Cloud, Stanley and Lynne Olson. The Murrow Boys, Pioneers on the Front Lines of Broadcast Journalism. New York: Mariner Books, 1997.
Letters Film ★American Battle Monuments Commission https://www.abmc.gov/multimedia/videos/letters
Mauldin, Bill. Up Front. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
National World War II Museum, New Orleans, Louisianahttp://nationalww2museum.org
Normandy American Cemetery Visitors Brochure ★American Battle Monuments Commissionhttp://www.abmc.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Normandy_Booklet_4-8-2014_508.pdf
The Normandy Campaign Interactive ★American Battle Monuments Commissionhttp://www.abmc.gov/sites/default/files/interactive/interactive_files/normandy/index.html
OK, Let’s Go Film ★American Battle Monuments Commission https://www.abmc.gov/multimedia/videos/ok-lets-go
Pyle, Ernie. Brave Men. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001.
Reporting World War II: American Journalism 1938-1946. New York: Library of America, 2001.
Romano, Tom. 2000. Blending Genre, Altering Style: Writing Multigenre Papers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Search ABMC Burials and Memorializations ★American Battle Monuments Commissionhttps://www.abmc.gov/search-abmc-burials-and-memorializations
World War II Interactive Timeline ★American Battle Monuments Commissionhttp://www.abmc.gov/sites/default/files/interactive/interactive_files/WW2/index.html
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 5
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Materials• Murrow’s Boys Handout
• Multi-Genre Research Paper Handout
• Multi-Genre Research Paper Rubric
• Paper, pens, colored pencils, etc., to create art projects in the multi-genre form
• Internet access for student research
Lesson Preparation• Copy the list of reporters in the “Murrow’s Boys” group. Share information with class as an
introduction to this lesson.
• Collect audio recording of World War II radio broadcast to play for class.
• Print one copy of the Multi-Genre Explanation Handout and Rubric for each student.
ProcedureActivity One: Introduce the concept of embedded journalism (45-60 minutes)
• Embedded journalism is the practice of placing journalists within and under the control of one side’s military during an armed conflict. Embedded reporters and photographers are attached to a specific military unit and permitted to accompany troops into combat zones.
• Discuss the “Murrow’s Boys” with students
◦ Play recordings of radio broadcasts created by the “Murrow’s Boys”
◦ Richard C. Hottelet on D-Day
◦ Robert Trout and others on D-Day
Activity Two: Multi-Genre Project Introduction (45-60 minutes)• A multi-genre research paper is a collection of pieces written in a variety of genres, informed
by a student’s research on a particular subject that presents one or more perspectives on a research question. A primary goal of such a paper is to “experiment” with genres to represent key learnings and understandings.
• In the multi-genre research project, the student completes research as if completing a traditional research paper: collecting information and recording it, synthesizing the information and then presenting it through writing. Instead of the single, extended prose piece of the traditional research paper, however, the multi-genre paper consists of a number of creative
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 6
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
pieces—poetry, journal entries, news articles, lists, artwork, graphics, one-act plays, comic books, and etc. It is imaginative writing based on fact.
• Unlike the research conducted for a traditional paper, research for a multi-genre paper often does not begin with a working thesis. Rather, the multi-genre researcher begins with an interest and discovers a unifying element along the way. This emergent theme often suggests a thread with which the writer may create cohesion among the separate pieces of writing.
• Students will complete a multi-genre project with information regarding one of the journalists in the “Murrow’s Boys” group.
Assessment Materials• Following completion of the multi-genre project (which can be completed inside or outside of
class at teacher’s discretion), students will write an editorial piece for publication in the school newspaper. This written piece will encourage students to take a stand on a current or historical conflict, commenting on a correspondent’s responsibility to report from the field, actions of valor, and risks undertaken.
• Students can assess themselves and teachers can evaluate the project using this rubric.
• Teachers can check multi-genre projects and observe and note student participation and accomplishment in group discussion.
Methods for Extension• Older or advanced students may choose to include more genres, or more in-depth information
about the conflicts discussed.
• Students can pair a print journalist with a radio journalist and compare how the two covered the same event.
• The American Battle Monuments Commission maintains U.S. military cemeteries overseas. These cemeteries are permanent memorials to the fallen, but it is important that students know the stories of those who rest here. To learn more about the stories of some of the men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice, visit www.abmceducation.org/understandingsacrifice/abmc-sites.
Adaptations• Teachers can simplify the requirements of this project to make it more accessible to younger
learners. Younger students can be assigned genres (such as one poem, one news article and one graphic element), rather than being allowed to choose their own genres.
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
“Murrow’s Boys”• Edward R. Murrow - covered the Blitz in London and the European Theater during World War II
for CBS News; hired a team of foreign correspondents for CBS News who became known as “Murrow’s Boys”
• William L. Shirer - hired in August 1937, working from Berlin, Vienna, and Geneva
• Thomas Grandin - hired spring 1939 to cover Paris
• Larry LeSueur - hired late in the summer of 1939 to cover Rheims, France
• Eric Sevareid - hired in the summer of 1939 to cover Paris
• Mary Marvin Breckinridge - hired in fall 1939 covering Northern Europe
• Cecil Brown - hired February 1940 to cover Italy
• Winston Burdett - hired by Betty Wason in spring 1940 to replace Wason and to cover Scandinavia
• Howard K. Smith - hired in spring of 1941
• Charles Collingwood - hired in the winter 1941 to replace Eric Sevareid in Paris
• William Downs - hired in September 1942 to cover Moscow
• Richard C. Hottelet - the last of the Murrow Boys, hired in 1944 to cover the invasion of Normandy
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
The Reporters of World War II: A Multi-Genre Research PaperA multi-genre research paper is a collection of pieces written in a variety of genres that is based on research and presents one or more perspectives on a research question. A pri-mary goal of such a paper is to “experiment” with genres to represent key learnings and understandings.
Multi-genre writing promotes active learning on the part of the student for several reasons:
• Students make conscious decisions about the genres they choose;
• Students explain why they chose a particular genre; and
• Students incorporate research findings and information in a creative way.
In the multi-genre research project, you will complete the research as if completing a tradi-tional research paper: collecting information and recording it, synthesizing the information and then presenting it through writing. Instead of the single, extended prose piece of the traditional research paper, however, the multi-genre paper consists of a number of creative pieces—poetry, journal entries, news articles, lists, artwork, graphics, one-act plays, comic books, etc. It is imaginative writing based on fact.
Unlike the research conducted for a traditional paper, research for a multi-genre paper often does not begin with a working thesis. Rather, the multi-genre researcher begins with an interest and discovers a unifying element along the way. This emergent theme often suggests a thread with which the writer may create cohesion among the separate pieces of writing.
Project SpecificsYou will complete a multi-genre project with information regarding one of the journal-ists in the “Murrow’s Boys” group or a journalist who covered the events of the Normandy Invasion. This project will contain the following:
• a title page with the war correspondent’s name, date of birth/death, dates of his/her life, and photograph of the correspondent.
• a table of contents
• a map delineating war zone and general location where the correspondent was assigned
• a collage page of five headlines (with dates and sources identified) from this specific time period
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
• a two-page factual summary of war correspondent’s contributions to the field of journalism, describing the particular risks undertaken in this specific assignment, the dedication and accuracy the correspondent showed, and the outcome of his/her efforts (if the information was accurately relayed; where or in what publication the dispatches were published, edited, withheld or censored).
• three examples of multi-genre writing of the student’s choice. This could include creative journaling, poetry, reports from the field, interviews with soldiers, editorial cartoons, etc.
• a brief one-page biography or timeline indicating major events in the war correspondent’s journalistic career.
• a one-page self-assessment that addresses the following:
◦ What surprised you during the process of writing your Multi-Genre paper?
◦ What aspect of this paper would you like advice on?
◦ What did you learn about writing in different genres as a way of inquiring into your topic and communicating what you know?
◦ Describe the strongest and weakest parts of your paper and explain why you categorize those parts as strongest/weakest.
◦ What grade do you feel you deserve on this paper and why?
Wrap-UpFollowing completion of the multi-genre project, you will each write an editorial piece, for publication in the school newspaper. This written piece will encourage you to take a stand on a current or historical conflict, commenting on a correspondent’s responsibility to report from the field, actions of valor and risks undertaken.
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Rubric
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Multi-Genre Research Paper Rubric
Holistic impact of the paper
Advanced Knocks me off my feet, bowls me over, so informative and emotionally moving is the paper. There is evidence of original thinking, depth, specificity of detail, delights of language or insight. This multi-genre paper has excellent writing that includes attention to a pleasing visage of the page, action verbs, varied sentence length, effective word choice, skilled placement of information, strong leads and endings, visual and other sensory imagery. Research is interesting, surprising, and cleverly and creatively incorporated into the paper with properly formatted in‐text citations (multiple sources are used for the informational pieces). Paper is at least 2000 words.
Highlyproficient
A good paper. I am upbeat because of some of the solid moves the writer pays attention to that are mentioned above. I learn things about the topic. While the paper didn’t blow me away, I am happy with its competent execution. Research is good; there may be some problems with in‐text citations.
Proficient This paper is complete but the writing did not make use of those qualities that make writing sing. There is a feeling of middle of the road about it. There are likely problems with in‐text citations.
Basic This is a below average paper. The writing shows almost few of the skills mentioned above. Some pieces seem careless, as if written hastily and never revised. Content shows little depth or insight. More telling than showing. In‐text citations are incorrect or not present
Emerging Project seems careless. Some or all pieces contain plagiarized information. No resources are cited in the paper. An insult to turn in, an insult to the teacher, to the disciplined, creative act of writing, and to your own mind.
*Rubric adapted from Tom Romano’s work
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Rubric
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Required ElementsAdvanced Proficient Basic Emerging Not present
The paper contains an original, illustrative title and Table of Contents
Original, surprising, piques a reader’s interest, imaginative, maybe a subtitle
Functional, some imagination
Title simply names the subject
Title dull, something like “WWII Multi-Genre Paper”
Title missing
Paper contains map delineating war zone and general location correspondent was assigned
Map is clear and definitive, outlines areas well
Functional map Map simply shows general area
Map unclear Map missing
Collage of headlines from time period
Headlines are thoughtful and thought-provoking, clear research invested in finding them
Functional, some imagination
Headlines are unrelated to time period, seem cobbled together
Headlines dull or completely unrelated to project
Headlines missing
Two-page factual summary of war correspondent’s contributions to the field of journalism
Reader wants to read on, so compelling and interesting is the relevant information and voice. Sets the reader up well for what is ahead.
Discusses the importance of your topic, how it was chosen, and includes a thesis statement that gives the paper direction
Provides useful information, not too brief or too long. May be missing some of the elements
Provides little useful information, is too long or too brief
Absent or so brief that it may as well be absent
Copy Editing Contains few errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling
Contains more than a few errors but meaning is not seriously affected
Contains enough errors to make reader wonder if the writer proofread carefully.
Contains errors to the point of confusion
Contains many errors to the point of distraction
Fact‐based genre #1 (at least 400 words)
Vivid, interesting information. Adds insight and depth to the overall paper, is well written with active verbs, specificity, and few wasted words. Several resources are cited throughout the text so the information flows naturally
Interesting, though not particularly vivid writing. More research needed
Little interesting information. Writing could be tightened and sharpened
Rambling, unfocused, fuzzy focus, ho‐hum writing
No in‐text citations present.
Absent or plagiarized (some or all of the piece obviously plagiarized from one or more sources)
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Rubric
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
Advanced Proficient Basic Emerging Not present
Fact‐based genre #2 (at least 400 words)
Vivid, interesting information. Adds insight and depth to the overall paper, is well written with active verbs, specificity, and few wasted words. Several resources are cited throughout the text so the information flows naturally
Interesting, though not particularly vivid writing. More research needed
Little interesting information. Writing could be tightened and sharpened
Rambling, unfocused, fuzzy focus, ho‐hum writing
No in‐text citations present.
Absent or plagiarized (some or all of the piece obviously plagiarized from one or more sources)
Fact‐based genre #3 (at least 400 words)
Vivid, interesting information. Adds insight and depth to the overall paper, is well written with active verbs, specificity, and few wasted words. Several resources are cited throughout the text so the information flows naturally
Interesting, though not particularly vivid writing. More research needed
Little interesting information. Writing could be tightened and sharpened
Rambling, unfocused, fuzzy focus, ho‐hum writing
No in‐text citations present.
Absent or plagiarized (some or all of the piece obviously plagiarized from one or more sources)
Works Cited Complete with at least eight properly formatted sources, listed in alphabetical order
May contain seven sources. Possibly one or two minor errors with formatting
May contain five or six sources. Brief, incomplete, bibliographic style inconsistent
May contain three or four sources. Brief, incomplete, bibliographic style inconsistent
not submitted
Self-assessment Thorough, detailed answers to all of the questions
Thorough, detailed answers to all of the questions
Self‐assessment needs to be more detailed
Self‐assessment rambles or is off-task
not submitted
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
About America: Edward R. Murrow
EDWA
RD R
. A
BO
UT
A
ME
RI
CA
JOU
RN
ALI
SM
AT
ITS
BES
T
MUR
ROW
1
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s:
Fron
t cov
er: ©
CBS
New
s A
rchi
vePa
ge
1: C
BS, I
nc.
, AP/
WW
P.2:
top
left
& ri
ght
, Dig
ital C
olle
ctio
ns a
nd
Arc
hive
s,
Tuft
s U
nive
rsit
y; b
otto
m, A
P/W
WP.
4: L
ouis
Lan
zan
o, A
P/W
WP.
5
: lef
t, N
orth
Win
d P
ictu
re A
rchi
ves;
rig
ht, T
im R
oske
, AP/
WW
P.7:
Dig
ital C
olle
ctio
ns a
nd
Arc
hive
s, T
ufts
U
nive
rsit
y.8:
top
left
, U.S
. Inf
orm
atio
n A
gen
cy, A
P/W
WP;
rig
ht, A
P/W
WP;
bot
tom
left
, Dig
ital C
olle
ctio
ns
and
Arc
hive
s, T
ufts
Uni
vers
ity.
10:
Dig
ital C
olle
ctio
ns a
nd
Arc
hive
s, T
ufts
U
nive
rsit
y.11
: le
ft, L
ibra
ry o
f Am
eric
an B
road
cast
ing
,
Uni
vers
ity
of M
aryl
and
; rig
ht, D
igita
l C
olle
ctio
ns a
nd
Arc
hive
s, T
ufts
Uni
vers
ity.
12:
Joe
Barr
entin
e, A
P/W
WP.
13:
Dig
ital C
olle
ctio
ns a
nd
Arc
hive
s,
Tuft
s U
nive
rsit
y.14
: to
p, T
ime
Life
Pic
ture
s/G
etty
Imag
es;
bot
tom
, AP/
WW
P. Ex
ecut
ive
Edito
r: G
eorg
e C
lack
Man
agin
g E
dito
r: M
ildre
d S
olá
Nee
lyA
rt D
irect
or/D
esig
n:
Min
-Ch
ih Y
aoC
ontr
ibut
ing
ed
itors
: C
hri
s La
rso
n,
Ch
and
ley
McD
on
ald
Phot
o Re
sear
ch:
An
n M
on
roe
Jaco
bs
Refe
ren
ce S
pec
ialis
t: A
nit
a N
. Gre
en
TA
BL
E O
F C
ON
TE
NT
S
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w: A
Lif
e...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....1
Free
dom
’s W
atch
dog:
The
Pre
ss in
the
U.S
......
......
......
......
......
......
.4
Mur
row
: Fou
nder
of A
mer
ican
Bro
adca
st J
ourn
alis
m...
......
......
.....7
Har
ness
ing
“New
” M
edia
for
Qua
lity
Rep
orti
ng...
......
......
......
....1
0
“See
It N
ow”:
Mur
row
vs.
McC
arth
y...
......
......
......
......
......
......
....1
3
Mur
row
’s L
egac
y...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....1
6
Bib
liog
raph
y....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
17
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
About America: Edward R. Murrow
1
On
a co
ol S
epte
mbe
r ev
enin
g so
mew
here
in
Am
eric
a in
194
0, a
fa
mil
y ga
ther
s ar
ound
a v
acuu
m-
tube
rad
io. A
s so
meo
ne a
djus
ts
the
tuni
ng k
nob,
a d
isti
nct a
nd
seri
ous
voic
e cu
ts th
roug
h th
e ai
rwav
es: “
Thi
s …
is L
ondo
n.”
And
so
begi
ns a
riv
etin
g fi
rst-
hand
acc
ount
of
the
infa
mou
s “L
ondo
n B
litz
,” th
e w
hole
sale
bo
mbi
ng o
f th
at c
ity
by th
e G
erm
an a
ir f
orce
in W
orld
War
II
. Beh
ind
the
mic
roph
one,
sit
ting
at
op a
Lon
don
roof
top
thou
sand
s of
mil
es f
rom
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es,
sits
a y
oung
jour
nali
st, E
dwar
d R
. Mur
row
. Wit
h th
is a
nd o
ther
w
arti
me
broa
dcas
ts, M
urro
w
wou
ld s
pear
head
the
use
of r
adio
-ba
sed
repo
rtin
g an
d al
mos
t sin
gle-
hand
edly
cre
ate
the
conc
ept o
f “b
road
cast
jour
nali
sm.”
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w’s
rep
utat
ion
as o
ne o
f A
mer
ica’
s m
ost
cele
brat
ed jo
urna
list
s en
dure
s lo
ng
afte
r hi
s li
fe w
as e
nded
by
lung
ca
ncer
at t
he a
ge o
f 57
. Mur
row
w
ould
bri
ng to
Am
eric
an r
adio
li
sten
ers
— a
nd la
ter
tele
visi
on
view
ers
— c
ompe
llin
g st
orie
s th
at
wou
ld c
ome
aliv
e th
roug
h w
ords
an
d pi
ctur
es; h
e w
ould
des
crib
e th
e ho
rror
s of
war
bot
h on
and
off
th
e ba
ttle
fiel
d; h
e w
ould
cha
llen
ge
a po
wer
ful m
embe
r of
the
U.S
. C
ongr
ess
in th
e m
idst
of
the
“Red
S
care
” of
the
1950
s; a
nd, n
ear
the
end
of h
is li
fe, h
e w
ould
be
call
ed
on b
y th
e pr
esid
ent o
f th
e U
nite
d St
ates
to le
ad th
e na
tion
’s e
ffor
t to
“tel
l Am
eric
a’s
stor
y to
the
wor
ld.”
Fro
m P
ole
cat
Cre
ek to
Lo
nd
on
Bor
n in
190
8 in
Pol
ecat
Cre
ek,
Nor
th C
arol
ina,
Mur
row
was
ra
ised
in a
fam
ily
of f
arm
ers
who
w
ere
Qua
kers
— a
Chr
isti
an
reli
giou
s de
nom
inat
ion
form
ally
kn
own
as th
e R
elig
ious
Soc
iety
of F
rien
ds. W
hen
he w
as a
boy
, th
e fa
mil
y m
oved
to W
ashi
ngto
n St
ate,
whe
re h
e gr
ew u
p an
d ev
entu
ally
att
ende
d W
ashi
ngto
n St
ate
Col
lege
, whe
re h
e m
ajor
ed in
sp
eech
. He
mov
ed a
fter
gra
duat
ion
in 1
930
to N
ew Y
ork
Cit
y to
run
th
e na
tion
al o
ffice
of
the
Nat
iona
l
Edw
ard
R. M
urr
ow b
road
cast
s el
ecti
on
res
ult
s fo
r C
BS-
TV
on
ele
ctio
n
nig
ht,
Nov
emb
er 7
, 195
6. M
urr
ow, b
orn
in a
fam
ily o
f po
or
farm
ers,
ro
se
to b
eco
me
on
e o
f th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s’ m
ost
fam
ou
s jo
urn
alis
ts.
By
MA
RK
BET
KA
ED
WA
RD
R. M
UR
RO
W:
A L
IFE
3
“ It h
as a
lway
s se
emed
to m
e th
e re
al a
rt in
this
bus
ines
s is
not
so
muc
h
mov
ing
info
rmat
ion
or
gui
dan
ce o
r p
olic
y fiv
e or
10,
000
mile
s. T
hat
is a
n
elec
tron
ic p
rob
lem
. Th
e re
al a
rt is
to m
ove
it th
e la
st th
ree
feet
in
face
to fa
ce c
onve
rsat
ion
.”
— E
dwar
d R.
Mur
row
, ABC
TV
’s “I
ssue
s an
d A
nsw
ers,
” A
ugus
t 4, 1
963
Pres
iden
t Jo
hn
F. K
enn
edy
(cen
ter)
wel
com
es
Mu
rrow
, Mu
rrow
’s s
on
C
har
les
Cas
ey, a
nd
his
w
ife,
Jan
et, o
n th
e d
ay
the
CB
S b
road
cast
er w
as
swo
rn in
as
hea
d o
f th
e U
.S. I
nfo
rmat
ion
Ag
ency
.
2
This
was
Mu
rrow
’s p
ort
rait
as
a m
emb
er o
f th
e 19
30 g
rad
uat
ing
cla
ss o
f Was
hin
gto
n
Stat
e C
olle
ge.
Mu
rrow
, lef
t, w
on
the
1956
Em
my
for
Bes
t New
s C
om
men
tary
. Wit
h h
im a
re
fello
w w
inn
ers
Nan
ette
Fa
bra
y, S
id C
aesa
r, a
nd
Ph
il Si
lver
s. In
ad
dit
ion
to n
ine
Emm
ys fo
r h
is b
road
cast
ing
ac
hie
vem
ents
, Mu
rrow
re
ceiv
ed th
e Pr
esid
enti
al
Med
al o
f Fre
edo
m in
196
4.
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
3
Stud
ent F
eder
atio
n of
Am
eric
a. I
n 19
32, h
e be
cam
e as
sist
ant d
irec
tor
of th
e In
stit
ute
for
Inte
rnat
iona
l E
duca
tion
, a n
onpr
ofit g
roup
that
or
gani
zed
stud
ent c
onfe
renc
es
arou
nd th
e w
orld
. He
mar
ried
Ja
net H
unti
ngto
n B
rew
ster
in 1
934
and
they
had
one
son
. In
1935
, the
C
olum
bia
Bro
adca
stin
g C
ompa
ny
(CB
S)
hire
d hi
m a
s di
rect
or o
f “t
alks
and
edu
cati
on.”
In 1
937,
CB
S d
ecid
ed to
sen
d M
urro
w to
Eur
ope
to m
onit
or th
e in
crea
sing
tens
ion
on th
e E
urop
ean
cont
inen
t. A
s w
ar lo
omed
, Mur
row
sa
w th
e ne
ed to
ass
embl
e a
cadr
e of
qua
lifi
ed r
epor
ters
to c
over
th
e st
orie
s as
they
unf
olde
d —
a
grou
p fo
reve
r kn
own
as “
Mur
row
’s
Boy
s.”
Whe
n W
orld
War
II
brok
e ou
t in
1939
, Mur
row
and
his
“bo
ys”
wer
e re
ady
to r
epor
t on
the
bigg
est
stor
y th
e w
orld
had
kno
wn.
War
: A F
irst
-Han
d A
cco
un
t
The
bro
adca
sts
Mur
row
mad
e fr
om th
ose
roof
tops
in L
ondo
n du
ring
the
ragi
ng a
ir b
attle
s w
ould
m
ake
his
nam
e an
d hi
s vo
ice
wel
l kn
own
back
in A
mer
ica.
Mur
row
br
ough
t jou
rnal
ism
to n
ew h
eigh
ts
whe
n he
rod
e al
ong
wit
h U
.S. fl
yers
on
sev
eral
bom
bing
mis
sion
s ov
er
Eur
ope,
ris
king
his
life
to g
ive
Am
eric
an li
sten
ers
a be
tter
sen
se
of w
hat t
he w
ar w
as r
eall
y li
ke a
nd
how
U.S
. sol
dier
s w
ere
figh
ting
it.
But
it w
as f
rom
the
Buc
henw
ald
conc
entr
atio
n ca
mp
in G
erm
any
whe
re h
e pa
inte
d hi
s da
rkes
t pi
ctur
e, o
f th
e un
spea
kabl
e ho
rror
of
mur
der
on a
n in
dust
rial
sca
le:
The
re w
ere
two
row
s of
bod
ies
stac
ked
up li
ke c
ordw
ood.
The
y w
ere
thin
and
ver
y w
hite
. …
Som
e of
the
bodi
es w
ere
terr
ibly
br
uise
d, th
ough
ther
e se
emed
to
be
litt
le fl
esh
to b
ruis
e. S
ome
had
been
sho
t thr
ough
the
head
, but
they
ble
d bu
t lit
tle.
All
ex
cept
tw
o w
ere
nake
d. I
tri
ed
to c
ount
them
as
best
as
I co
uld
and
arri
ved
at th
e co
nclu
sion
th
at a
ll th
at w
as m
orta
l of m
ore
than
500
men
and
boy
s la
y th
ere
in t
wo
neat
pil
es.
Yea
rs la
ter,
in a
tal
k pu
blis
hed
by N
iem
an R
epor
ts, M
urro
w’s
fr
iend
and
pro
duce
r at
CB
S F
red
W. F
rien
dly,
rec
alle
d th
e 24
-m
inut
e ac
coun
t fro
m th
e li
bera
ted
Naz
i cam
p: “
Mur
row
… f
ollo
ws
the
Thi
rd A
rmy
into
Buc
henw
ald,
se
es w
hat y
ou k
now
was
see
n th
ere,
w
as p
rofo
undl
y m
oved
, dep
ress
ed,
ange
red.
His
ang
er w
as h
is g
reat
est
wea
pon,
but
he
knew
how
to
cont
rol i
t. …
No
adje
ctiv
es, I
don
’t
thin
k I
ever
hea
rd h
im u
se a
n ad
ject
ive.
Peo
ple
pile
d up
like
cor
ds
of w
ood,
10
deep
, and
the
smel
l. W
itho
ut s
ayin
g th
at h
e vo
mit
ed,
you
knew
that
he
had.
… T
here
was
a
qual
ity
in M
urro
w a
nd in
tens
ity
of p
urpo
se, a
con
scio
usne
ss h
e w
as
an A
mer
ican
con
scie
nce.
”
Mu
rro
w a
nd
th
e G
reat
T
V B
road
cast
s
Aft
er th
e w
ar, M
urro
w c
ame
back
to
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, w
orki
ng w
ith
Frie
ndly
in h
is r
adio
pro
gram
, “H
ear
It N
ow.”
In
1954
, thi
s pr
o-
gram
bec
ame
the
TV
new
s an
d pu
blic
aff
airs
pro
gram
“Se
e It
Now
.”
In o
ne c
ase
Mur
row
use
d hi
s pr
ogra
m to
hig
hlig
ht a
nd d
ispu
te
the
U.S
. Air
For
ce’s
195
3 de
cisi
on
to d
ism
iss
from
ser
vice
an
offi
cer
who
se r
elat
ives
wer
e su
spec
ted
of s
ympa
thie
s to
Com
mun
ist
ideo
logy
or
orga
niza
tion
s. T
he A
ir
Forc
e w
ould
eve
ntua
lly
reve
rse
its
deci
sion
. “S
ee I
t Now
,” o
f co
urse
, als
o w
as th
e ve
hicl
e fo
r M
urro
w’s
gre
ates
t con
fron
tati
on,
whe
re h
e ch
alle
nged
Wis
cons
in
Sen
ator
Jos
eph
McC
arth
y. (
See
ar
ticl
e on
pag
e 13
.) A
noth
er
Mur
row
pro
gram
, “C
BS
Rep
orts
,”
aire
d “H
arve
st o
f Sh
ame,
” a
repo
rt c
riti
cal o
f th
e tr
eatm
ent
of m
igra
nt w
orke
rs in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. T
hese
and
oth
er p
rogr
ams
earn
ed h
im s
ever
al E
mm
ys, t
he
U.S
. aw
ards
for
out
stan
ding
TV
ac
hiev
emen
ts.
Cal
l to
Du
ty: P
ub
lic
Dip
lom
acy
and
th
e “L
ast T
hre
e Fe
et”
Aft
er C
BS
, wea
ry o
f co
ntro
vers
y,
canc
elle
d “S
ee I
t Now
,” M
urro
w
grew
incr
easi
ngly
dis
illu
sion
ed
wit
h th
e m
ediu
m. H
e co
ntin
ued
at
CB
S u
ntil
196
1, w
hen
Pre
side
nt
John
F. K
enne
dy a
ppoi
nted
him
he
ad o
f th
e U
.S. I
nfor
mat
ion
Age
ncy
(USI
A).
Sin
ce 1
953,
USI
A,
the
U.S
. gov
ernm
ent a
genc
y w
ag-
ing
the
“war
of
idea
s” a
gain
st th
e S
ovie
t Uni
on, h
ad b
een
char
ged
wit
h “t
elli
ng A
mer
ica’
s st
ory
to
the
wor
ld”
thro
ugh
educ
atio
nal
exch
ange
s, b
ooks
and
pub
lica
tion
s,
radi
o br
oadc
asts
thro
ugh
the
Voi
ce
of A
mer
ica,
and
libr
arie
s an
d in
form
atio
n ce
nter
s ru
n by
U.S
. E
mba
ssie
s ar
ound
the
wor
ld.
Mur
row
’s g
oal w
as to
mak
e th
e ag
ency
mor
e re
sult
s-or
ient
ed,
and
he w
orke
d ha
rd t
ryin
g to
rei
nvig
orat
e U
SIA
, sec
ure
adeq
uate
fun
ding
fro
m C
ongr
ess,
an
d tr
ansf
orm
its
offi
cers
in
to “
pers
uade
rs”
as w
ell a
s di
ssem
inat
ors
of in
form
atio
n.
Mur
row
’s te
nure
at t
he h
elm
of
USI
A c
oinc
ided
wit
h im
port
ant
even
ts o
f th
e ea
rly
1960
s: S
ovie
t re
sum
ptio
n of
nuc
lear
test
ing,
th
e C
uban
mis
sile
cri
sis,
and
the
Ken
nedy
ass
assi
nati
on. N
ot lo
ng
afte
r K
enne
dy’s
dea
th, M
urro
w,
ill f
ollo
win
g ca
ncer
sur
gery
, lef
t U
SIA
. He
died
in N
ew Y
ork,
on
Apr
il 2
7, 1
965.
Mar
k Be
tka
is a
staff
writ
er in
the
Bure
au o
f Int
erna
tiona
l Inf
orm
atio
n Pr
ogra
ms o
f the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f St
ate.
45
Whe
n E
dwar
d R
. Mur
row
, in
his
land
mar
k br
oadc
ast,
high
ligh
ted
noto
riou
s pe
rson
al a
ttac
ks b
y S
enat
or J
osep
h M
cCar
thy,
the
vete
ran
CB
S n
ewsm
an w
as a
ddin
g hi
s ow
n vo
ice
to t
wo
cent
urie
s of
Am
eric
an t
radi
tion
uph
oldi
ng
free
dom
of
the
pres
s. M
cCar
thy’
s in
quir
ies
agai
nst p
eopl
e su
spec
ted
of b
eing
Com
mun
ists
or
supp
orti
ng
Com
mun
ism
— c
alle
d “w
itch
hu
nts”
by
oppo
nent
s —
wer
e co
ntri
buti
ng to
an
atm
osph
ere
of f
ear
and
to w
hat M
urro
w a
nd
othe
rs f
elt w
as a
ser
ious
thre
at
to c
heri
shed
civ
il li
bert
ies.
(S
ee
arti
cle
on p
age
13).
The
Pre
ced
ent
and
th
e La
w
Pro
tect
ing
a F
ree
Pre
ss
The
Joh
n Pe
ter
Zen
ger
case
of
1735
se
t the
pre
cede
nt f
or A
mer
ican
pr
ess
free
dom
as
a w
atch
dog
agai
nst o
ppre
ssiv
e go
vern
men
t. In
the
case
, a C
olon
ial j
ury
brok
e w
ith
the
Eng
lish
lega
l tra
diti
on,
whi
ch o
utla
wed
as
“sed
itio
us
libe
l” a
ll p
ubli
shed
cri
tici
sm o
f th
e go
vern
men
t — in
clud
ing
true
an
d ac
cura
te c
riti
cism
— th
at
mig
ht c
ause
pub
lic
unre
st. T
he
jury
dec
ided
that
Zen
ger,
a p
rint
er,
coul
d no
t be
guil
ty o
f se
diti
on
beca
use
his
new
spap
er’s
cri
tici
sm
of th
e B
riti
sh g
over
nmen
t was
, in
fact
, tru
e. T
his
find
ing
esta
blis
hed
trut
h as
a le
gal d
efen
se f
or c
harg
es
of li
bel,
and
wou
ld e
vent
uall
y be
com
e pa
rt o
f th
e fo
unda
tion
of
U.S
. lib
el la
w.
The
Am
eric
an R
evol
utio
nary
W
ar w
as t
rigg
ered
in
no s
mal
l par
t by
the
Stam
p A
ct o
f 17
65, i
nten
ded
to t
ax i
ndep
ende
nt n
ewsp
aper
s ou
t of
exis
tenc
e. I
n an
era
whe
n ne
ws
trav
eled
no
fast
er th
an h
orse
s co
uld
run
or s
hips
cou
ld s
ail,
whe
n op
inio
ns c
ould
be
broa
dcas
t onl
y as
loud
as
a m
an c
ould
sho
ut,
new
spap
ers
wer
e th
e pr
imar
y w
ay
for
revo
luti
onar
ies
and
roya
list
s to
get
thei
r m
essa
ges
to a
wid
er
audi
ence
.“C
ongr
ess
shal
l mak
e no
la
w …
abr
idgi
ng th
e fr
eedo
m
of s
peec
h, o
r of
the
pres
s.”
The
Firs
t Am
endm
ent o
f th
e U
.S.
Con
stit
utio
n (1
791)
, ele
gant
in
its
sim
plic
ity,
ens
hrin
ed o
ne
of th
e m
ost b
asic
bel
iefs
of
the
nati
on: t
he i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f th
e pr
ess
in n
urtu
ring
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent.
To th
is d
ay, i
n th
e U
nite
d St
ates
and
in
all o
ther
fr
ee a
nd d
emoc
rati
c na
tion
s,
thes
e co
nvic
tion
s co
ntin
ue to
ap
ply:
a f
ree
and
inde
pend
ent
pres
s pr
ovid
es p
eopl
e w
ith
the
info
rmat
ion
they
nee
d to
pla
y an
ac
tive
rol
e in
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nd
life
of
thei
r co
untr
y, a
nd p
eopl
e m
ust h
ave
the
free
dom
to s
peak
th
eir
min
d an
d to
pub
lish
cri
tici
sm
of th
eir
gove
rnm
ent.
FR
EE
DO
M’S
WAT
CH
DO
G:
TH
E
PR
ESS
IN
TH
E U
.S.
By
Vin
ce C
raw
ley
Ori
gin
al ra
dio
scr
ipts
wri
tten
by
Mu
rrow
an
d n
ewsp
aper
clip
pin
gs
abo
ut h
im fo
rm p
art o
f th
e Ed
war
d R
. Mu
rrow
Cen
ter
colle
ctio
n
at T
uft
s U
niv
ersi
ty.
About America: Edward R. Murrow
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
45
The
Fir
st A
men
dmen
t its
elf
was
the
resu
lt of
a le
ngth
y po
liti
cal d
ebat
e co
nduc
ted
thro
ugh
new
spap
ers,
and
its
auth
ors
knew
ex
actl
y w
hat k
ind
of f
reed
om th
ey
wer
e le
ttin
g lo
ose.
The
pre
ss o
f th
eir
day
was
hig
hly
opin
iona
ted,
pa
rtis
an, a
nd fi
lled
wit
h vi
ciou
s pe
rson
al a
ttac
ks.
Poli
tica
l Po
lari
zati
on
, Fro
m
Was
hin
gto
n to
Lin
coln
“He
that
is n
ot f
or u
s is
aga
inst
us
,” b
anne
red
the
Gaz
ette
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, b
acki
ng th
e go
vern
men
t of
the
firs
t pre
side
nt,
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
(178
9-9
7).
The
Gaz
ette
pro
clai
med
that
its
mis
sion
was
to o
ppos
e th
e “r
agin
g
mad
ness
” of
thos
e w
ho c
riti
cize
d ad
min
istr
atio
n po
lici
es, i
nclu
ding
“p
olit
icia
ns”
such
as
Tho
mas
Je
ffer
son.
The
opp
osit
ion
prin
ted
live
ly
new
spap
ers
of it
s ow
n, w
riti
ng
that
Pre
side
nt W
ashi
ngto
n w
as
“rev
elin
g in
neo
-mon
arch
ical
ce
rem
ony”
and
acc
usin
g hi
m
of “
inco
mpe
tent
sol
dier
ing,
”
“ W
e p
rocl
aim
our
selv
es —
as
ind
eed
we
are
— th
e d
efen
der
s of
free
dom
ab
road
. …B
ut w
e ca
nn
ot d
efen
d fr
eed
om a
bro
ad b
y
des
erti
ng
it a
t hom
e.”
— E
dwar
d R.
Mur
row
, CBS
TV
’s “S
ee It
Now
,” M
arch
9, 1
954
This
han
d-c
olo
red
hal
f-to
ne
dep
icts
pro
min
ent
Co
lon
ial l
awye
r A
nd
rew
Ham
ilto
n’s
def
ense
of p
rin
ter
Joh
n P
eter
Zen
ger
in 1
735.
In th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s, te
levi
sio
n n
etw
ork
s ow
ned
by
AB
C,
CB
S, a
nd
NB
C b
egan
reg
ula
r o
per
atio
n in
194
8. T
he
net
wo
rks
con
tro
lled
ab
ou
t 90
per
cen
t of t
ho
se w
atch
ing
te
levi
sio
n fo
r se
vera
l dec
ades
aft
er th
at, b
ut h
ave
lost
au
die
nce
sh
are
to n
ewer
tech
no
log
ies
— in
clu
din
g th
e In
tern
et —
in th
e p
ast 2
0 ye
ars.
67
acco
rdin
g to
Uni
vers
ity
of C
hica
go
Firs
t Am
endm
ent l
aw p
rofe
ssor
G
eoff
rey
R. S
tone
, who
se 2
004
book
Per
ilou
s T
imes
det
ails
the
hist
ory
of A
mer
ican
fre
e sp
eech
in
tim
e of
war
.T
hom
as J
effe
rson
str
ongl
y su
ppor
ted
pres
s fr
eedo
m, b
ut
he a
lso
had
few
kin
d w
ords
for
th
e ne
wsp
aper
s th
emse
lves
and
re
peat
edly
cal
led
for
pres
s re
form
s an
d ba
lanc
ed r
epor
ting
. “W
ere
it le
ft to
me
to d
ecid
e w
heth
er
we
shou
ld h
ave
a go
vern
men
t w
itho
ut n
ewsp
aper
s or
new
spap
ers
wit
hout
a g
over
nmen
t,” J
effe
rson
on
ce w
rote
, “I
shou
ld n
ot h
esit
ate
a m
omen
t to
pref
er th
e la
tter
.”
Yet
, he
also
sai
d, “
I de
plor
e …
th
e pu
trid
sta
te i
nto
whi
ch o
ur
new
spap
ers
have
pas
sed
and
the
mal
igni
ty, t
he v
ulga
rity
, and
m
enda
ciou
s sp
irit
of th
ose
who
w
rite
for
them
.”D
ecad
es la
ter,
pol
itic
al
pola
riza
tion
dur
ing
the
Civ
il
War
res
ulte
d in
a b
arra
ge o
f pr
ess
crit
icis
m a
gain
st P
resi
dent
A
brah
am L
inco
ln. I
n 18
63,
an e
dito
rial
in
the
Chi
cago
T
imes
sai
d U
nion
sol
dier
s w
ere
“ind
igna
nt a
t the
im
beci
lity
that
ha
s de
vote
d th
em to
sla
ught
er f
or
purp
oses
wit
h w
hich
they
hav
e no
sym
path
y.”
Whe
n an
ang
ry
Uni
on g
ener
al c
lose
d do
wn
the
new
spap
er, L
inco
ln o
rder
ed
it re
open
ed.
The
Go
vern
men
t an
d t
he
Pre
ss
U.S
. law
tw
ice
has
soug
ht f
orm
ally
to
lim
it fr
eedo
m o
f th
e pr
ess.
T
he S
edit
ion
Act
of
1798
was
pa
ssed
dur
ing
the
pres
iden
cy o
f Jo
hn A
dam
s, w
hen
the
nati
on
was
on
the
brin
k of
war
wit
h Fr
ance
. It w
as a
imed
at o
ppos
itio
n ne
wsp
aper
s bu
t had
a b
uilt
-in
exp
irat
ion
date
that
ela
psed
w
hen
Jeff
erso
n w
as e
lect
ed
in 1
800.
Pas
sed
duri
ng W
orld
War
I, t
he S
edit
ion
Act
of
1918
pr
ohib
ited
“fa
lse,
sca
ndal
ous,
and
m
alic
ious
wri
ting
” ag
ains
t the
U
.S. g
over
nmen
t or
Con
gres
s.
The
act
was
rep
eale
d in
192
1. A
n ac
com
pany
ing
law
, the
Esp
iona
ge
Act
of
1917
, rem
ains
in
forc
e an
d m
akes
it il
lega
l to
inte
rfer
e w
ith
the
arm
ed f
orce
s or
to a
id
an e
nem
y of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
Dur
ing
Wor
ld W
ar I
, the
U.S
. po
stm
aste
r ge
nera
l int
erpr
eted
th
e pr
ovis
ion
broa
dly
to p
rohi
bit
anti
-war
new
spap
ers
from
bei
ng
deli
vere
d th
roug
h th
e m
ail.
In 1
971,
dur
ing
the
Vie
tnam
W
ar, t
he U
.S. g
over
nmen
t obt
aine
d on
nat
iona
l sec
urit
y gr
ound
s a
fede
ral c
ourt
ord
er to
hal
t the
N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es f
rom
its
ongo
ing
publ
icat
ion
of th
e P
enta
gon
Pap
ers.
The
se d
ocum
ents
, pr
epar
ed b
y th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Def
ense
, ana
lyze
d th
e hi
stor
y of
U.S
. inv
olve
men
t in
Vie
tnam
an
d ha
d be
en c
lass
ified
as
top
secr
et. W
hen
the
Was
hing
ton
Pos
t th
en b
egan
pub
lish
ing
the
sam
e m
ater
ial,
a ju
dge
in a
dif
fere
nt
fede
ral d
istr
ict r
efus
ed to
hal
t the
ir
publ
icat
ion.
Wit
hin
days
the
case
re
ache
d th
e Su
prem
e C
ourt
, whi
ch
rule
d in
fav
or o
f th
e ne
wsp
aper
s.
The
Cou
rt f
ound
that
the
Firs
t A
men
dmen
t’s g
uara
ntee
of
free
sp
eech
mea
nt th
at th
e go
vern
men
t co
uld
not e
xerc
ise
“pri
or r
estr
aint
” on
the
cont
ent n
ewsp
aper
s ch
ose
to p
ubli
sh.
Toda
y, w
hile
gov
ernm
ent
offi
cial
s so
met
imes
see
k to
pre
vent
se
nsit
ive
info
rmat
ion
from
bei
ng
disc
over
ed b
y th
e pr
ess,
ther
e ar
e no
lega
l res
trai
nts
on n
ewsp
aper
s or
bro
adca
ster
s on
nat
iona
l se
curi
ty g
roun
ds. F
orei
gn v
isit
ors
ofte
n ar
e su
rpri
sed
to d
isco
ver
that
mor
e th
an 1
00 a
ccre
dite
d jo
urna
list
s fr
eely
roa
m th
e co
rrid
ors
of th
e Pe
ntag
on i
n se
arch
of
new
s, u
nesc
orte
d ev
en i
n ti
me
of w
ar.
Mod
ern
broa
dcas
t jou
rnal
ism
be
gan
in th
e 19
20s
and
1930
s an
d ca
me
of a
ge i
n th
e 19
50s,
w
hen
tele
visi
on b
egan
to t
ake
over
fro
m p
rint
ed p
aper
s as
the
prim
ary
sour
ce o
f ne
ws
for
mos
t A
mer
ican
s. G
over
nmen
t bro
adca
st
lice
nses
at t
hat t
ime
requ
ired
fai
r an
d ba
lanc
ed r
epor
ting
thro
ugh
the
so-c
alle
d Fa
irne
ss D
octr
ine.
M
urro
w’s
Mar
ch 9
, 195
4, r
epor
t on
McC
arth
y ca
rrie
d su
ch i
mpa
ct
beca
use
it br
oke
the
stan
dard
fo
rmat
of
tell
ing
both
sid
es o
f a
stor
y in
the
sam
e br
oadc
ast a
nd
inst
ead
high
ligh
ted
McC
arth
y’s
tact
ics.
McC
arth
y re
spon
ded
at a
la
ter
date
on
the
Mur
row
pro
gram
. T
hose
who
saw
it th
ough
t he
look
ed il
l at e
ase
and
did
not
help
his
cau
se. T
he b
road
cast
al
so d
ispl
ayed
the
new
pow
er o
f te
levi
sion
. Man
y ne
wsp
aper
s ha
d be
en r
epor
ting
and
que
stio
ning
M
cCar
thy’
s ta
ctic
s, b
ut it
was
M
urro
w’s
“S
ee I
t Now
” M
arch
9
broa
dcas
t tha
t bro
ught
McC
arth
y’s
acti
ons
into
Am
eric
a’s
livi
ng
room
s.
“It i
s w
ell t
o re
mem
ber
that
fr
eedo
m th
roug
h th
e pr
ess
is th
e th
ing
that
com
es fi
rst,”
Mur
row
to
ld th
e N
ew Y
ork
Her
ald
Trib
une
in 1
958,
str
essi
ng h
is
own
beli
ef i
n a
grea
t dem
ocra
tic
inst
itut
ion.
“M
ost o
f us
pro
babl
y fe
el w
e co
uldn
’t b
e fr
ee w
itho
ut
new
spap
ers,
and
that
is th
e re
al
reas
on w
e w
ant t
he n
ewsp
aper
s to
be
fre
e.”
Vinc
e Cr
awle
y is
a st
aff w
riter
in th
e Bu
reau
of I
nter
natio
nal I
nfor
mat
ion
Prog
ram
s of t
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Stat
e.
About America: Edward R. Murrow
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
67
On
the
day
Ed
Mur
row
di
ed, E
ric
Sev
arei
d (C
BS
co
rres
pond
ent a
nd o
ne o
f “M
urro
w’s
Boy
s”)
eulo
gize
d hi
s ol
d fr
iend
and
col
leag
ue o
n “T
he
CB
S E
veni
ng N
ews.
” S
evar
eid
said
of
Mur
row
, “H
e w
as a
sho
otin
g st
ar a
nd w
e sh
all n
ot s
ee h
is li
ke
agai
n.”
It w
as b
oth
a tr
ibut
e an
d a
safe
pre
dict
ion.
The
fou
nder
onl
y pa
sses
by
once
. Mur
row
’s a
ccom
plis
hmen
ts
can’
t be
dupl
icat
ed b
ecau
se h
e w
as w
riti
ng o
n a
blan
k pa
ge. O
n a
sing
le d
ay in
193
8 he
pio
neer
ed
the
over
seas
net
wor
k re
port
ing
staf
f an
d th
e ro
undu
p ne
ws
form
at w
hile
rei
nven
ting
him
self
, tr
ansf
orm
ing
a ju
nior
exe
cuti
ve
into
a f
orei
gn c
orre
spon
dent
. T
hen
in 1
951,
he
mov
ed te
levi
sion
be
yond
its
func
tion
as
a he
adli
ne
serv
ice
and
esta
blis
hed
it as
an
ori
gina
l new
s so
urce
, not
a
med
ium
that
mer
ely
dupl
icat
ed
stor
ies
cull
ed f
rom
new
spap
ers.
H
e al
so g
ave
broa
dcas
t jou
rnal
ism
a
set o
f st
anda
rds
that
mat
ched
th
ose
of th
e be
st n
ewsp
aper
s in
te
rms
of w
hat s
tori
es to
cov
er
and
how
to c
over
them
. Fro
m
two
plat
form
s of
sho
w b
usin
ess
he c
arve
d ou
t spa
ce f
or s
erio
us
inve
stig
atio
n an
d di
scus
sion
of
publ
ic a
ffai
rs. A
ltho
ugh
he k
new
ho
w to
ent
erta
in, a
s sh
own
by th
e su
cces
s of
“Pe
rson
to P
erso
n” (
his
tele
visi
on s
how
fea
turi
ng c
eleb
rity
in
terv
iew
s), h
e w
as a
dam
ant a
bout
ke
epin
g en
tert
ainm
ent o
ut o
f br
oadc
ast j
ourn
alis
m.
If S
evar
eid
mea
nt w
e w
ould
no
t see
the
like
of
Mur
row
the
indi
vidu
al, h
is p
redi
ctio
n st
ill
hold
s. W
e al
l kno
w p
eopl
e w
ho
poss
ess
one
or m
ore
of M
urro
w’s
qu
alit
ies,
but
no
one
has
them
al
l to
the
degr
ee h
e di
d. H
e w
as
the
embo
dim
ent o
f th
e A
mer
ican
D
ream
. Bor
n am
ong
the
hard
-sc
rabb
le d
irt f
arm
ers
of P
olec
at
Cre
ek, N
orth
Car
olin
a, a
nd r
aise
d am
ong
the
mig
rant
labo
rers
and
lu
mbe
rjac
ks o
f ru
ral W
ashi
ngto
n,
he n
ever
lost
his
wor
king
-cla
ss
MU
RR
OW
: F
OU
ND
ER
OF
AM
ER
ICA
N
BR
OA
DC
AST
JO
UR
NA
LIS
M
By
Bob
Ed
war
ds
“See
It N
ow,”
in th
e p
erso
n o
f Mu
rrow
, to
ok
to th
e tr
ench
es in
195
3 to
in
terv
iew
U.S
. Mar
ines
fig
hti
ng
the
Ko
rean
War
.
9
“Th
is is
Lon
don
.”
— E
dwar
d R.
Mur
row
, beg
inni
ng in
194
0, th
e op
enin
g of
CBS
radi
o b
road
cast
s fr
om L
ondo
n
“Goo
d n
ight
, an
d g
ood
luck
.”
— E
dwar
d R.
Mur
row
, beg
inni
ng in
194
0, th
e cl
osin
g of
CBS
radi
o b
road
cast
s fr
om L
ondo
n
Mu
rrow
’s v
oic
e b
rou
gh
t th
e h
avo
c cr
eate
d b
y th
e G
erm
an B
litz
in
Lon
do
n to
Am
eric
an li
vin
g r
oo
ms
du
rin
g th
e fi
rst s
tag
es o
f Wo
rld
War
II.
Her
e, c
hild
ren
sit
nex
t to
the
rem
ain
s o
f th
eir
ho
me.
8
“Th
is is
Lo
nd
on”
cir
ca 1
940,
a c
ity
un
der
sie
ge,
an
d M
urr
ow w
as th
ere
to
chro
nic
le it
s st
rug
gle
ag
ain
st th
e N
azis
.
Mu
rrow
rea
ds
a sc
rip
t d
uri
ng
the
era
of t
he
gre
at d
ocu
men
tari
es
on
“Se
e It
Now
” an
d
“CB
S R
epo
rts.”
About America: Edward R. Murrow
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
9
valu
es. A
ltho
ugh
com
fort
able
in
the
com
pany
of
jani
tors
and
di
plom
ats,
he
coul
d al
so b
e sh
y an
d aw
kwar
d, s
omet
imes
eve
n w
ith
clos
e as
soci
ates
. Una
ble
to
mak
e sm
all t
alk
and
unw
illi
ng
to f
ake
it, h
e fe
lt no
gui
lt ab
out
subj
ecti
ng p
eopl
e to
long
si
lenc
es. H
e kn
ew a
wid
e ra
nge
of r
emar
kabl
e pe
ople
, gav
e aw
ay
a gr
eat d
eal o
f m
oney
, and
fou
nd
jobs
for
doz
ens
of a
cqua
inta
nces
, ye
t bel
ieve
d he
had
no
real
fri
ends
.M
urro
w w
as a
goo
d m
anag
er,
lead
ing
by e
xam
ple
rath
er th
an b
y m
eeti
ngs
and
mem
os, a
nd h
e w
as
a ne
ar-fl
awle
ss ju
dge
of t
alen
t. H
e w
as s
mar
t but
not
bri
llia
nt,
his
min
d w
orki
ng s
kill
full
y li
ke
the
deba
ter
he w
as in
col
lege
. H
is s
crip
ts p
rese
nted
his
cas
e in
an
ord
erly
, law
yerl
ike
man
ner.
Edu
cati
on w
as h
is fi
rst p
rofe
ssio
n an
d he
tru
ly w
as a
teac
her,
eve
r an
xiou
s to
lear
n so
met
hing
new
an
d to
pas
s it
on in
wha
t he
call
ed
the
bigg
est c
lass
room
in th
e w
orld
. H
e ha
d a
mor
al c
ode
root
ed in
po
puli
sm a
nd ju
stic
e, t
akin
g th
e si
de o
f th
e un
derd
og a
nd t
akin
g th
e st
arch
out
of
the
stuf
fed
shir
ts.
Mos
t of
all,
Mur
row
was
ab
solu
tely
fea
rles
s. H
is f
avor
ite
com
men
tato
r, E
lmer
Dav
is, u
sed
to s
ay, “
Don
’t le
t the
b —
sca
re
you.
” N
othi
ng s
care
d M
urro
w
— n
ot b
ombs
, dic
tato
rs, g
ener
als,
m
embe
rs o
f C
ongr
ess,
spo
nsor
s,
corp
orat
e ex
ecut
ives
, or
Jose
ph
McC
arth
y. M
urro
w c
ould
not
be
mus
cled
, bul
lied
, bou
ght,
corr
upte
d, o
r in
tim
idat
ed. H
e co
uld,
how
ever
, be
flaw
ed in
ju
dgm
ent,
as h
e w
as w
ith
Fran
k St
anto
n (C
BS
, Inc
. pre
side
nt).
It
was
con
veni
ent f
or M
urro
w to
se
e St
anto
n as
the
enem
y of
the
new
s. S
ix y
ears
aft
er M
urro
w’s
de
ath
Stan
ton
risk
ed a
pri
son
sent
ence
for
con
tem
pt b
y re
fusi
ng
to g
ive
a co
ngre
ssio
nal c
omm
itte
e ou
ttak
es f
rom
a “
CB
S R
epor
ts”
docu
men
tary
cal
led
“The
Sel
ling
of
the
Pent
agon
.” E
ven
Mur
row
w
ould
hav
e ha
d to
con
cede
th
at S
tant
on w
as a
cha
mpi
on o
f jo
urna
lism
that
day
.T
he r
eal r
easo
n w
e’ll
not
se
e M
urro
w’s
like
aga
in is
that
ev
eryt
hing
that
all
owed
Mur
row
to
be
Mur
row
has
cha
nged
dr
amat
ical
ly. M
urro
w b
enefi
ted
from
bei
ng th
e st
anda
rd to
w
hom
all
who
fol
low
sho
uld
be
com
pare
d. W
hen
you’
re th
e “fi
rst”
at
som
ethi
ng y
ou g
et to
wri
te a
lot
of y
our
own
rule
s. …
It’s
dif
ficu
lt to
imag
ine
Mur
row
la
stin
g ve
ry lo
ng in
bro
adca
st
jour
nali
sm to
day
beca
use
his
prog
ram
s w
ould
be
requ
ired
to
mak
e m
oney
. Non
broa
dcas
ters
ac
quir
ed th
e ne
twor
ks in
the
1980
s w
hen
the
FCC
(Fe
dera
l C
omm
unic
atio
ns C
omm
issi
on)
no
long
er m
anda
ted
publ
ic s
ervi
ce
prog
ram
min
g. T
he n
ew o
wne
rs,
prin
cipa
lly
conc
erne
d w
ith
profi
ts
and
shar
e pr
ices
, ord
ered
the
netw
ork
new
s di
visi
ons
to b
e pr
ofita
ble.
The
y sa
w n
o re
ason
w
hy th
e ne
ws
divi
sion
sho
uld
not
be a
pro
fit c
ente
r, ju
st li
ke th
e m
ovie
stu
dio,
pub
lish
ing
hous
e,
or o
ther
pro
pert
ies
they
ow
ned.
W
hen
new
s ha
s to
mak
e m
oney
, th
e su
bsta
nce,
cha
ract
er, a
nd lo
ok
of th
e ne
ws
chan
ges.
In
the
publ
ic
serv
ice
era,
the
netw
orks
pro
duce
d do
cum
enta
ries
. In
the
profi
t era
, do
cum
enta
ries
hav
e be
en r
epla
ced
by m
agaz
ine
prog
ram
s he
avy
on
crim
e, it
ems
abou
t cel
ebri
ties
, fee
l-go
od f
eatu
res,
and
the
late
st t
rend
y di
seas
e. T
hese
pro
gram
s ha
ve
to c
ompe
te w
ith
ente
rtai
nmen
t pr
ogra
ms
in p
rim
e ti
me.
The
onl
y w
ay a
new
s pr
ogra
m c
an c
ompe
te
in p
rim
e ti
me
is to
bec
ome
an
ente
rtai
nmen
t pro
gram
. …T
he f
act i
s th
at w
e ha
d M
urro
w
whe
n w
e ne
eded
him
mos
t —
at t
he b
egin
ning
of
broa
dcas
t jo
urna
lism
, bef
ore
ther
e w
as a
corr
upti
ng r
equi
rem
ent t
hat n
ews
mak
e m
oney
. The
pro
fess
ion
look
s so
bad
toda
y, in
par
t, be
caus
e M
urro
w s
et th
e st
anda
rd s
o hi
gh a
t it
s bi
rth.
We
see
a bi
t of
his
lega
cy
ever
y ti
me
ther
e is
an
impo
rtan
t st
ory
and
broa
dcas
t jou
rnal
ism
fu
ncti
ons
as it
’s s
uppo
sed
to. I
t’s
impo
rtan
t to
rem
embe
r th
at o
nce
upon
a ti
me
we
turn
ed to
rad
io
and
tele
visi
on to
ent
erta
in u
s an
d no
thin
g m
ore.
If
we
expe
ct th
e br
oadc
ast m
edia
to in
form
us,
ed
ucat
e us
, and
enl
ight
en u
s, it
’s
beca
use
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w le
d us
to
bel
ieve
that
they
wou
ld.
Broa
dcas
t jou
rnal
ist B
ob E
dwar
ds
host
s “Th
e Bo
b Ed
war
ds S
how
” on
XM
Sate
llite
Rad
io. H
e w
as th
e po
pula
r ho
st o
f Nat
iona
l Pub
lic R
adio
’s fla
gshi
p pr
ogra
m, “
Mor
ning
Edi
tion,
” for
25
year
s, b
egin
ning
in it
s deb
ut y
ear o
f 19
79. T
he se
gmen
t abo
ve is
exc
erpt
ed
with
per
mis
sion
of t
he p
ublis
her J
ohn
Wile
y &
Son
s, In
c., f
rom
Edw
ard
R.
Mur
row
and
the
Birt
h of
Bro
adca
st
Jour
nalis
m. C
opyr
ight
©20
04 b
y Bo
b Ed
war
ds. T
his b
ook
is a
vaila
ble
at a
ll bo
okst
ores
, onl
ine
book
selle
rs
and
from
the
Wile
y w
eb si
te a
t w
ww
.wile
y.co
m, o
r cal
l 1-8
00-C
ALL
-W
ILEY
.
1011
If E
dwar
d M
urro
w w
ere
aliv
e to
day,
how
wou
ld
he h
arne
ss th
e In
tern
et to
pr
oduc
e gr
ound
brea
king
qua
lity
jo
urna
lism
? W
e ca
nnot
ans
wer
that
qu
esti
on, b
ut w
e ca
n lo
ok to
how
M
urro
w r
evol
utio
nize
d th
e ne
w
med
ia o
f hi
s ti
me:
firs
t rad
io, a
nd
then
tele
visi
on.
Whe
n M
urro
w jo
ined
CB
S
in 1
935,
net
wor
k ra
dio
new
s di
d no
t exi
st a
side
fro
m w
ire
repo
rts
read
by
a st
udio
ann
ounc
er
and
occa
sion
al e
vent
cov
erag
e.
But
by
the
end
of th
e de
cade
, M
urro
w h
ad a
ssem
bled
a te
am o
f co
rres
pond
ents
who
use
d ra
dio
as
it ha
d ne
ver
been
use
d be
fore
to
brin
g th
e dr
amat
ic e
vent
s le
adin
g to
war
in
Eur
ope
into
Am
eric
an
hom
es. I
n th
e w
ords
of
form
er
CB
S a
ncho
r D
an R
athe
r, M
urro
w
and
the
top
-not
ch t
alen
t he
hire
d —
kno
wn
as “
Mur
row
’s B
oys”
—
“inv
ente
d br
oadc
ast j
ourn
alis
m.”
The
cat
alys
t tha
t cre
ated
CB
S
Rad
io N
ews
was
the
Ans
chlu
ss,
Hitl
er’s
ann
exat
ion
of A
ustr
ia i
n 19
38, a
ccor
ding
to th
e M
useu
m
of B
road
cast
Com
mun
icat
ions
. M
urro
w —
alo
ng w
ith
Wil
liam
Sh
irer
— s
pear
head
ed th
e “E
urop
ean
New
s R
ound
up”
(lat
er “
Wor
ld N
ews
Rou
ndup
”),
a br
oadc
ast f
eatu
ring
CB
S
corr
espo
nden
ts f
rom
all
ove
r th
e co
ntin
ent.
The
ir r
epor
ts w
ere
deli
vere
d li
ve to
the
audi
ence
bac
k ho
me
via
shor
t wav
e.
“It n
ot o
nly
had
mul
tipl
e po
ints
of
ori
gin,
it a
lso
had
incl
uded
bot
h re
port
ing
and
anal
ysis
of
brea
king
ne
ws,
and
was
bot
h a
jour
nali
stic
an
d a
tech
nolo
gica
l bre
akth
roug
h fo
r br
oadc
asti
ng,”
acc
ordi
ng to
B
ob E
dwar
ds, a
utho
r of
a b
ook
on M
urro
w. W
hen
Wor
ld W
ar I
I er
upte
d in
Eur
ope
in 1
939,
Mur
row
pr
ovid
ed li
ve r
adio
cov
erag
e fr
om
Eng
land
of
the
Lon
don
Bli
tz. H
is
sign
-on,
“T
his
is L
ondo
n,”
beca
me
lege
ndar
y.In
the
earl
y 19
50s,
Mur
row
m
oved
to te
levi
sion
, the
n em
ergi
ng
as th
e do
min
ant m
ediu
m.
Rat
her
than
con
cent
rati
ng o
n ge
nera
l new
s co
vera
ge, h
owev
er,
Mur
row
pio
neer
ed te
levi
sion
do
cum
enta
ries
. The
pro
gram
s he
an
chor
ed a
re s
till
rem
embe
red
toda
y fo
r th
eir
inno
vati
on a
nd
qual
ity
and
are
prom
inen
tly
cite
d in
the
hist
orie
s of
U.S
. bro
adca
st
jour
nali
sm. T
hey
wer
e:“S
ee I
t Now
” (1
951-
57).
The
fi
rst t
elev
isio
n ne
ws
mag
azin
e.
It s
et th
e st
anda
rd f
or t
ackl
ing
cont
rove
rsia
l top
ics
in d
epth
. Mos
t fa
mou
s fo
r th
e M
cCar
thyi
sm
HA
RN
ESS
ING
“N
EW
” M
ED
IA F
OR
Q
UA
LIT
Y R
EP
OR
TIN
G
By
Dav
id P
itts
Form
er P
resi
den
t Har
ry S
Tru
man
(lef
t) ta
lked
to M
urr
ow in
195
7 o
n th
e p
op
ula
r TV
pro
gra
m “
Pers
on
to P
erso
n.”
About America: Edward R. Murrow
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
1011
prog
ram
(se
e pa
ge 1
3), t
he s
erie
s al
so d
ealt
wit
h ot
her
toug
h is
sues
of
the
tim
e, s
uch
as r
acia
l se
greg
atio
n an
d th
e li
nk b
etw
een
lung
can
cer
and
ciga
rett
es. T
he
prem
ier
broa
dcas
t fea
ture
d th
e fi
rst,
live
sim
ulta
neou
s tr
ansm
issi
on f
rom
the
Eas
t and
W
est c
oast
s of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
“Per
son
To P
erso
n” (1
953
-61)
. In
this
ser
ies,
Mur
row
— in
the
stud
io —
vis
ited
cel
ebri
ties
and
ne
wsm
aker
s in
thei
r ow
n ho
mes
th
roug
h a
rem
ote
hook
up. T
he
prog
ram
fea
ture
d gu
ests
as
vari
ed
as m
ovie
sta
r M
aril
yn M
onro
e,
form
er P
resi
dent
Har
ry T
rum
an,
and
auth
or J
ohn
Stei
nbec
k. T
his
was
the
firs
t tim
e th
at te
chno
logy
w
as r
egul
arly
use
d in
this
way
and
it
capt
ivat
ed v
iew
ers.
“Sm
all W
orld
” (1
958
-59)
. T
his
prog
ram
was
tru
ly a
head
of
its
tim
e: a
glo
bal h
ooku
p br
ingi
ng to
geth
er th
inke
rs a
nd
new
smak
ers
from
aro
und
the
wor
ld i
n an
unr
ehea
rsed
dis
cuss
ion
” Jus
t on
ce in
a w
hile
let u
s ex
alt t
he
imp
orta
nce
of
idea
s an
d in
form
atio
n.”
— E
dwar
d R.
Mur
row
, sp
eech
to th
e Ra
dio
and
Tele
visi
on N
ews
Dire
ctor
s A
ssoc
iatio
n,
O
ctob
er 1
5, 1
958
A s
cen
e fr
om
“H
arve
st o
f Sh
ame,
” th
e co
ntr
over
sial
d
ocu
men
tary
ab
ou
t mig
ran
t ag
ricu
ltu
ral w
ork
ers
that
the
New
Yor
k Ti
mes
cal
led
a “m
uck
raki
ng
mas
terp
iece
.”
A “
See
It N
ow”
bro
adca
st te
am fo
llow
ed o
per
a si
ng
er M
aria
n A
nd
erso
n in
195
7 o
n a
thre
e-m
on
th
go
od
will
tou
r o
f So
uth
east
Asi
a fo
r a
pro
gra
m
nar
rate
d b
y M
urr
ow.
1213
mod
erat
ed b
y M
urro
w. I
t was
pr
oduc
ed th
roug
h tr
anso
cean
ic
phon
e co
nver
sati
ons
mat
ched
to
sim
ulta
neou
s fi
lmin
g.“C
BS
Rep
orts
” (1
960
-197
1 an
d ir
regu
larl
y). M
urro
w p
ione
ered
the
hard
-hit
ting
, sin
gle-
subj
ect,
one-
hour
doc
umen
tary
that
bec
ame
a st
aple
of
earl
y ne
twor
k te
levi
sion
. O
ne o
f hi
s br
oadc
asts
abo
ut th
e pl
ight
of
mig
rant
far
m w
orke
rs
— “
Har
vest
of
Sham
e” —
sti
ll
is s
how
n to
day
in jo
urna
lism
sc
hool
s as
a b
rill
iant
exa
mpl
e of
in
vest
igat
ive
wor
k on
TV
. A
s th
ese
exam
ples
indi
cate
, M
urro
w w
as a
n in
nova
tor,
but
he
als
o kn
ew h
e w
as w
orki
ng
in a
com
mer
cial
med
ium
that
requ
ired
a la
rge
audi
ence
. He
was
alw
ays
sear
chin
g fo
r ne
w
tech
niqu
es to
gra
b an
d ho
ld th
e pu
blic
’s a
tten
tion
. Mur
row
wou
ld
have
reg
arde
d th
e na
rrow
cast
ing
of to
day
mad
e po
ssib
le b
y ca
ble,
sat
elli
te, t
he I
nter
net,
and
port
able
dev
ices
as
an im
men
se
oppo
rtun
ity.
Mur
row
’s le
gacy
as
a m
edia
in
nova
tor
does
not
ful
ly e
xpla
in
his
uniq
ue s
tatu
s in
Am
eric
an
broa
dcas
t jou
rnal
ism
. Mos
t exp
erts
st
ress
thre
e ot
her
qual
itie
s th
at
stil
l mat
ter
in m
edia
, whe
ther
ol
d or
new
, pri
nt, b
road
cast
, or
narr
owca
st —
or
even
a b
log:
his
w
illi
ngne
ss to
tak
e a
stan
d so
lo
ng a
s it
was
gro
unde
d in
sol
id
repo
rtin
g; h
is u
nsw
ervi
ng b
elie
f in
a f
ree
pres
s de
dica
ted
to s
erio
us
jour
nali
sm; a
nd h
is b
elie
f th
at
wor
ds m
atte
r w
heth
er o
r no
t the
y ar
e ac
com
pani
ed b
y pi
ctur
es.
Dav
id P
itts i
s a jo
urna
list w
ho h
as
writ
ten
for m
ajor
U.S
. new
spap
ers,
in
clud
ing
the
Was
hing
ton
Post
and
th
e C
hris
tian
Scie
nce
Mon
itor.
H
e al
so w
orke
d in
radi
o ne
ws.
Stu
den
ts h
ead
to c
lass
at t
he
Edw
ard
R. M
urr
ow S
cho
ol o
f Co
mm
un
icat
ion
, W
ash
ing
ton
Sta
te U
niv
ersi
ty.
About America: Edward R. Murrow
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
1213
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w m
ay
not h
ave
scor
ed th
e fi
rst
blow
aga
inst
Jos
eph
McC
arth
y, b
ut h
e la
nded
a
deci
sive
one
. For
that
, he
alw
ays
wil
l be
link
ed in
extr
icab
ly w
ith
the
Wis
cons
in s
enat
or, a
nd
rem
embe
red
by A
mer
ican
s as
a
cham
pion
of
libe
rty.
Opp
osin
g C
omm
unis
m
whi
le m
aint
aini
ng f
unda
men
tal
poli
tica
l lib
erti
es p
osed
ser
ious
ch
alle
nges
in C
old
War
Am
eric
a.
The
re w
ere
Am
eric
ans
who
wer
e m
embe
rs o
r su
ppor
ters
of
the
Com
mun
ist P
arty
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, w
hich
ow
ed it
s po
liti
cal
alle
gian
ce to
the
Sov
iet U
nion
an
d no
t to
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. B
ut
ther
e w
ere
othe
r A
mer
ican
s fa
lsel
y ch
arge
d w
ith
bein
g C
omm
unis
t su
ppor
ters
or
sym
path
izer
s,
and
wro
ngly
acc
used
of
trea
son
agai
nst t
he U
nite
d St
ates
. The
U.S
. go
vern
men
t and
oth
er in
stit
utio
ns
— f
rom
em
ploy
ers
to u
nive
rsit
ies
— f
ound
it d
iffi
cult
at ti
mes
to
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
thos
e w
ho
wer
e re
al th
reat
s to
the
nati
on a
nd
thos
e w
ho w
ere
inno
cent
. Jo
seph
McC
arth
y, th
e ju
nior
U
.S. s
enat
or f
rom
Wis
cons
in,
seiz
ed u
pon
the
publ
ic m
ood
to
laun
ch a
ser
ies
of in
quir
ies
thro
ugh
publ
ic S
enat
e co
mm
itte
e he
arin
gs
abou
t pos
sibl
e C
omm
unis
t in
filt
rati
on o
f pr
omin
ent A
mer
ican
in
stit
utio
ns, p
arti
cula
rly
the
gove
rnm
ent,
the
mil
itar
y, a
nd th
e m
edia
. Ind
ivid
uals
sus
pect
ed o
f
Com
mun
ist t
ies
wer
e ca
lled
bef
ore
his
subc
omm
itte
e, a
ggre
ssiv
ely
ques
tion
ed a
bout
thei
r in
volv
emen
t in
the
Com
mun
ist P
arty
, and
pr
essu
red
to n
ame
Com
mun
ists
. W
hile
the
arch
ives
of
the
form
er
Sov
iet U
nion
and
U.S
. int
erce
pts
of S
ovie
t spy
com
mun
icat
ions
la
ter
prov
ed s
ome
mea
sure
of
infi
ltra
tion
, McC
arth
y’s
ofte
n sa
vage
eff
orts
rui
ned
care
ers
and
dam
aged
live
s. A
lway
s a
cont
rove
rsia
l figu
re, M
cCar
thy
enjo
yed
cons
ider
able
pop
ular
ity
for
a ti
me.
Eve
ntua
lly,
thou
gh, h
is
cam
paig
n ef
fect
ivel
y di
scre
dite
d th
e an
ti-C
omm
unis
t inv
esti
gati
ons
amon
g m
any
Am
eric
ans.
“SE
E I
T N
OW
”:
MU
RR
OW
VS.
MC
CA
RT
HY
By
Mic
hae
l Jay
Fri
edm
an
Rad
io d
ays:
Mu
rrow
(cen
ter)
an
d h
is C
BS
pro
du
cer,
Fre
d W
. Fri
end
ly, r
igh
t,
mad
e th
e ju
mp
fro
m ra
dio
to te
levi
sio
n a
nd
po
pu
lari
zed
the
new
s d
ocu
men
tary
form
at.
15
“We
mu
st n
ot c
onfu
se d
isse
nt w
ith
dis
loya
lty.
We
mu
st re
mem
ber
alw
ays
that
acc
usa
tion
is n
ot p
roof
an
d th
at c
onvi
ctio
n d
epen
ds
up
on e
vid
ence
and
du
e p
roce
ss o
f law
.
— E
dwar
d R.
Mur
row
, CBS
TV
’s “S
ee It
Now
” p
rogr
am o
n Se
nato
r Joe
McC
arth
y,
M
arch
9, 1
954
Left
to r
igh
t: i
nves
tig
ato
r Fr
anci
s C
arr,
Sen
ato
r Jo
sep
h M
cCar
thy,
an
d L
awye
r R
oy C
oh
n d
uri
ng
th
e M
ay 1
, 195
4, A
rmy-
McC
arth
y h
eari
ng
s, s
par
ked
by
conv
olu
ted
ch
arg
es b
rou
gh
t by
the
sen
ato
r ag
ain
st th
e U
.S. A
rmy.
Tel
evis
ion
cov
erag
e o
f th
e ev
ent h
elp
ed s
pee
d M
cCar
thy’
s d
own
fall.
14
Sen
ato
r M
cCar
thy
po
ints
to a
map
hea
ded
“Co
mm
un
ist P
arty
org
aniz
atio
n in
the
USA
, Fe
b. 9
, 195
0,”
du
rin
g te
stim
ony
Ju
ne
9, 1
954.
About America: Edward R. Murrow
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
15
Mur
row
was
him
self
an
anti
-C
omm
unis
t but
a M
cCar
thy
skep
tic.
As
earl
y as
195
0, M
urro
w
obse
rved
on
the
air
that
“th
e w
eigh
t of
the
publ
ic te
stim
ony
has
tend
ed to
sho
w th
at s
o fa
r, S
enat
or
McC
arth
y’s
char
ges
are
unpr
oven
.”
Unp
rove
n or
not
, tho
se c
harg
es
cont
inue
d, a
nd th
ey c
ontr
ibut
ed
to a
n at
mos
pher
e in
whi
ch m
any
fear
ed M
cCar
thy
and
his
Sen
ate
inve
stig
atio
ns s
ubco
mm
itte
e.
On
Mar
ch 9
, 195
4, M
urro
w, t
hen
the
mos
t res
pect
ed jo
urna
list
in
Am
eric
a, e
ngag
ed in
a to
ugh
expo
sé o
f th
e se
nato
r an
d hi
s ta
ctic
s.
Gra
dual
ly, M
urro
w’s
fea
r th
at
McC
arth
y po
sed
a re
al th
reat
to
civ
il li
bert
ies
deve
lope
d in
to
a de
term
inat
ion
to u
se h
is T
V
docu
men
tary
ser
ies
“See
It N
ow”
agai
nst t
he s
enat
or. A
t tha
t tim
e,
U.S
. bro
adca
ster
s w
ere
cove
red
by th
e “F
airn
ess
Doc
trin
e,”
whi
ch
requ
ired
bro
adca
st li
cens
ees
to
pres
ent c
onte
ntio
us is
sues
in
an h
ones
t, eq
ual,
and
bala
nced
m
anne
r an
d to
aff
ord
pers
ons
or g
roup
s cr
itic
ized
dur
ing
such
a
broa
dcas
t the
opp
ortu
nity
to
resp
ond
on th
e ai
r. M
urro
w a
nd h
is
prod
ucer
, Fre
d Fr
iend
ly, p
repa
red
a ha
lf-h
our
prog
ram
foc
used
onl
y on
McC
arth
y an
d hi
s ta
ctic
s. T
hey
unde
rsto
od th
at th
e C
BS
net
wor
k w
ould
aff
ord
the
sena
tor
a ha
lf-
hour
of
prim
e ti
me
— in
a s
epar
ate
broa
dcas
t — to
reb
ut M
urro
w.
The
y al
so r
eali
zed
that
McC
arth
y li
kely
wou
ld la
unch
a p
erso
nal
atta
ck o
n M
urro
w h
imse
lf.
Eve
n so
, Mur
row
und
erst
ood
that
on
tele
visi
on a
ski
lled
jo
urna
list
and
his
tech
nolo
gy-
savv
y te
am o
f ed
itor
s, w
rite
rs, a
nd
prod
ucer
s en
joye
d re
al a
dvan
tage
s.
The
y co
uld
sele
ct th
e le
ast
flat
teri
ng v
ideo
cli
ps, j
uxta
pose
M
cCar
thy’
s m
any
cont
radi
ctor
y st
atem
ents
and
cha
rges
, and
ge
nera
lly
empl
oy th
eir
skil
ls
to p
ortr
ay th
e se
nato
r in
an
unfl
atte
ring
ligh
t. M
urro
w f
eare
d th
at le
ss s
crup
ulou
s jo
urna
list
s m
ight
abu
se th
ese
tech
niqu
es, b
ut
he b
elie
ved
that
McC
arth
y po
sed
an im
med
iate
thre
at a
nd th
at th
e A
mer
ican
peo
ple,
whe
n co
nfro
nted
w
ith
the
trut
h, w
ould
rep
udia
te
McC
arth
y.M
urro
w’s
ow
n br
oadc
ast
feat
ured
exc
erpt
s fr
om th
e se
nato
r’s
own
spee
ches
in
ters
pers
ed w
ith
Mur
row
’s
com
men
ts, w
hich
poi
nted
out
co
ntra
dict
ions
and
def
tly t
urne
d M
cCar
thy’
s w
ords
aga
inst
him
. N
icho
las
Lem
ann,
dea
n of
the
Col
umbi
a U
nive
rsit
y G
radu
ate
Sch
ool o
f Jo
urna
lism
, des
crib
ed
Mur
row
’s d
emea
nor
as “
a m
agni
fice
nt c
ontr
olle
d fu
ry,
hand
som
e an
d co
mpo
sed
— a
n at
titu
de a
ll th
e m
ore
effe
ctiv
e be
caus
e th
e pu
blic
kne
w th
at h
e co
uld
be g
enia
l and
eas
ygoi
ng o
n-
cam
era.
” M
urro
w’s
wor
ds r
eflec
ted
that
con
trol
led
fury
:[T
]he
line
bet
wee
n in
vest
igat
ing
and
pers
ecut
ing
is a
ver
y fin
e on
e an
d th
e ju
nior
sen
ator
fr
om W
isco
nsin
has
ste
pped
ov
er it
rep
eate
dly.
… W
e m
ust r
emem
ber
alw
ays
that
ac
cusa
tion
is n
ot p
roof
and
th
at c
onvi
ctio
n de
pend
s up
on
evid
ence
and
due
pro
cess
of
law
. We
will
not
wal
k in
fe
ar, o
ne o
f ano
ther
. We
will
no
t be
driv
en b
y fe
ar in
to a
n ag
e of
unr
easo
n. …
(W
)e a
re
not d
esce
nded
fro
m fe
arfu
l m
en—
not
fro
m m
en w
ho fe
ared
to
wri
te, t
o sp
eak,
to a
ssoc
iate
, an
d to
def
end
caus
es th
at w
ere,
fo
r th
e m
omen
t, un
popu
lar.
Thi
s is
no
tim
e fo
r m
en w
ho o
ppos
e Se
nato
r M
cCar
thy’
s m
etho
ds to
ke
ep s
ilen
t. …
Whe
n th
e br
oadc
ast e
nded
, C
BS
was
floo
ded
wit
h te
legr
ams,
te
leph
one
call
s, a
nd le
tter
s.
The
y ra
n 15
to 1
in M
urro
w’s
favo
r. B
y co
ntra
st, M
cCar
thy’
s eq
ual-
tim
e br
oadc
ast p
rove
d di
sast
rous
. He
was
obv
ious
ly
unco
mfo
rtab
le in
the
tele
visi
on
stud
io, a
nd, a
s M
urro
w s
ugge
sted
, pr
one
to fl
ingi
ng w
ild
char
ges,
ca
llin
g M
urro
w “
the
lead
er o
f th
e ja
ckal
pac
k.”
Mil
lion
s of
A
mer
ican
s w
atch
ing
at h
ome
had
seen
eno
ugh.
McC
arth
y’s
poli
tica
l infl
uenc
e ra
pidl
y eb
bed.
O
n D
ecem
ber
2, 1
954,
the
U.S
. Sen
ate
form
ally
ado
pted
a
reso
luti
on c
ensu
ring
— f
orm
ally
re
prim
andi
ng —
McC
arth
y fo
r co
nduc
t unb
ecom
ing
to a
sen
ator
.
Mic
hael
Jay
Frie
dman
is a
staff
w
riter
in th
e Bu
reau
of I
nter
natio
nal
Info
rmat
ion
Prog
ram
s of t
he U
.S.
Dep
artm
ent o
f Sta
te.
1617
Com
mit
tee
of C
once
rned
Jou
rnal
ists
http
://www.jo
urna
lism
.org
/who
/ccj/d
efau
lt.as
p
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w A
war
d fo
r B
est T
V I
nter
pret
atio
n or
Doc
umen
tary
on
Fore
ign
Aff
airs
, CB
S,
Ove
rsea
s P
ress
Clu
b of
Am
eric
aht
tp://
www.opco
fam
erica.or
g/o
pc_
awards
/archive
/by
award/award_m
urro
w.php
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w A
war
d fo
r E
xcel
lenc
e in
Pub
lic
Dip
lom
acy,
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f St
ate/
The
Fle
tche
r S
choo
lht
tp://
fletche
r.tuf
ts.edu
/mur
row/ind
ex.htm
l
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w A
war
d fo
r O
utst
andi
ng
Con
trib
utio
ns to
Pub
lic
Rad
io, C
orpo
rati
on f
or
Pub
lic
Bro
adca
stin
ght
tp://
www.cpb.or
g/abou
tpb/awards
/mur
row/
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w A
war
ds, R
adio
-Tel
evis
ion
New
s D
irec
tors
Ass
ocia
tion
http
://www.rt
nda.or
g/asfi
/ind
ex.asp
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w P
rogr
am f
or J
ourn
alis
ts,
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f St
ate
http
://www.state.gov
/r/p
a/prs/p
s/20
06/6
3799
.htm
The
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w C
ente
r of
Pub
lic
Dip
lom
acy,
T
he F
letc
her
Sch
ool,
Tuft
s U
nive
rsit
yht
tp://
fletche
r.tuf
ts.edu
/mur
row/ind
ex.htm
l
Mur
row
Sch
ool o
f C
omm
unic
atio
n, W
ashi
ngto
n St
ate
Uni
vers
ity
http
://m
urro
w.w
su.edu
/infl
uenc
e.ht
ml
Rep
orte
r’s
Com
mit
tee
for
Free
dom
of
the
Pre
ssht
tp://
www.rc
fp.org
/
The
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Sta
te a
ssum
es n
o re
spon
sibi
lity
for t
he c
onte
nt a
nd a
vaila
bilit
y of
the
reso
urce
s fro
m o
ther
ag
enci
es a
nd o
rgan
izat
ions
list
ed a
bove
. All
Inte
rnet
link
s w
ere
activ
e as
of S
prin
g 20
06.
MU
RR
OW
’S L
EG
AC
Y
Edw
ard
R. M
urr
ow’s
ard
ent
bel
ief
in A
mer
ican
dem
ocra
cy, h
is c
oura
ge a
nd p
erse
vera
nce
in s
earc
hin
g fo
r an
d re
por
ting
the
tru
th, a
nd h
is d
edic
atio
n to
jou
rnal
ism
as
an e
ssen
tial
tool
in t
he d
emoc
rati
c p
olit
ical
pro
cess
sti
ll a
re c
heri
shed
and
nu
rtu
red
by m
any
inst
itut
ions
. The
se v
alue
s ar
e al
so r
eflec
ted
in a
war
ds
and
prog
ram
s th
at h
onor
th
is g
reat
rep
orte
r
thro
ugho
ut t
he U
nit
ed S
tate
s an
d ov
erse
as. T
he f
ollo
win
g li
st is
jus
t a
sam
ple
of M
urr
ow’s
lega
cy,
and
of t
he e
stee
m t
hat
his
nam
e st
ill h
as t
oday
am
ong
man
y.
About America: Edward R. Murrow
Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts
ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
1617
Clo
ud, S
tanl
ey a
nd L
ynne
Ols
on.
The
Mur
row
Boy
s. B
osto
n, M
A:
Hou
ghto
n M
iffl
in C
o., 1
996.
Coh
en-A
lmag
or, R
apha
el. T
he
Scop
e of
Tol
eran
ce:
Stud
ies
on
the
Cos
ts o
f Fre
e E
xpre
ssio
n an
d F
reed
om o
f the
Pre
ss. N
ew Y
ork,
N
Y: R
outle
dgeC
urzo
n, 2
005.
DeF
leur
, Loi
s B
. and
Bet
ty H
. W
infi
eld,
eds
. The
Edw
ard
R.
Mur
row
Her
itag
e: C
halle
nge
for
the
Fut
ure.
Am
es, I
O: I
owa
Stat
e U
nive
rsit
y P
ress
, 198
6.
Edw
ards
, Bob
. Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w
and
the
Bir
th o
f Bro
adca
st
Jour
nali
sm. H
obok
en, N
J: W
iley
, 20
04.
Edg
erto
n, G
ary.
“T
he M
urro
w
Leg
end
as M
etap
hor:
The
C
reat
ion,
App
ropr
iati
on, a
nd
Use
fuln
ess
of E
dwar
d R
. Mur
row
’s
Lif
e St
ory.
” Jo
urna
l of A
mer
ican
C
ultu
re v
. 15,
no.
1 (
Spr
ing
1992
):
pp. 7
5-9
1.
Fair
lie,
Hen
ry. “
Mur
row
: His
Lif
e an
d T
imes
.” T
he N
ew R
epub
lic,
v.
195
, (A
ugus
t 4, 1
986)
: pp.
33(
4).
Frie
ndly
, Fre
d. D
ue to
C
ircu
mst
ance
s B
eyon
d O
ur
Con
trol
. New
Yor
k, N
Y: V
inta
ge
Boo
ks, 1
967.
Gro
ssm
an, L
awre
nce
K. “
Mur
row
S
aid
It A
ll in
195
8.”
Col
umbi
a Jo
urna
lism
Rev
iew
, v. 4
1 (M
ay-
June
200
2): p
. 53.
Ken
dric
k, A
lexa
nder
. Pri
me
Tim
e:
The
Life
of E
dwar
d R
. Mur
row
. B
osto
n, M
A: L
ittle
, Bro
wn,
196
9.
Lem
ann,
Nic
hola
s. “
The
Mur
row
D
octr
ine.
” T
he N
ew Y
orke
r, v.
81,
no
. 44
(Jan
uary
23,
200
6): p
p. 3
8-
43.
Lic
hell
o, R
ober
t. E
dwar
d R
. M
urro
w, B
road
cast
er o
f Cou
rage
. C
harl
otte
svil
le, N
ew Y
ork,
NY
: S
amH
ar P
ress
, 197
1.
Neu
hart
h, A
llen
H. “
The
Sta
te o
f N
ews
Stan
dard
s To
day
Com
pare
d W
ith
Tho
se in
the
‘Gol
den
Age
.’”
Edi
tor
and
Pub
lish
er, v
. 127
, no.
9
(Feb
ruar
y 26
, 199
4): p
p. 5
4(2)
.
Pers
ico,
Jos
eph
E. E
dwar
d R
. M
urro
w:
An
Am
eric
an O
rigi
nal.
New
Yor
k, N
Y: M
cGra
w-H
ill,
1988
.
Rat
her,
Dan
. “C
all I
t Cou
rage
; A
ct o
n Y
our
Kno
wle
dge.
” V
ital
Sp
eech
es o
f the
Day
, v. 6
0, n
o. 3
(N
ovem
ber
15, 1
993)
: pp.
78(
4).
Sm
ith,
Rob
ert F
rank
lin.
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w:
The
War
Yea
rs.
Kal
amaz
oo, M
I: N
ew I
ssue
s P
ress
, 19
78.
Spe
rber
, A.M
. Mur
row
: H
is
Life
and
Tim
es. N
ew Y
ork,
NY
: Fr
eund
lich
, 198
6.
Wal
d, M
alvi
n. “
Shoo
tout
at t
he
Bev
erly
Hil
ls C
orra
l: E
dwar
d R
. Mur
row
ver
sus
Hol
lyw
ood.
” Jo
urna
l of P
opul
ar F
ilm
and
Te
levi
sion
, v. 1
9, n
o. 3
(Fa
ll
1991
): p
p. 1
38(3
).
WEB
SIT
ES
Edw
ard
R. M
urro
w o
n A
mer
ican
M
aste
rs, P
BS
http
://www.pbs
.org
/wne
t/am
erican
mas
ters/d
atab
ase/
mur
row_e
.htm
l
Mur
row
on
Pre
ss a
nd th
e Pe
ople
http
://www.w
gbh.or
g/
artic
le?ite
m_id=27
0645
2
Mus
eum
of
Bro
adca
st
Com
mun
icat
ions
, Edw
ard
R.
Mur
row
http
://www.m
useu
m.tv
/archive
s/et
v/M/h
tmlM
/mur
rowed
war/
mur
rowed
war.htm
Rad
io N
ews:
Mur
row
aud
io c
lips
http
://www.otr.com
/mur
row.htm
l
The
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Sta
te a
ssum
es
no re
spon
sibi
lity
for t
he c
onte
nt a
nd
avai
labi
lity
of th
e re
sour
ces f
rom
oth
er
agen
cies
and
org
aniz
atio
ns li
sted
ab
ove.
All
Inte
rnet
link
s wer
e ac
tive
as
of S
prin
g 20
06.
BIB
LIO
GR
AP
HY
U. S
. DEP
AR
TMEN
T O
F ST
ATE
Bu
reau
of I
nter
nat
ion
al In
form
atio
n P
rog
ram
shttp://usinfo.state.gov/
About America: Edward R. Murrow