Activity Coefficients Ideal solution: x i, c i Raoult’s Law Chemical Potential Equilibrium...
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![Page 1: Activity Coefficients Ideal solution: x i, c i Raoult’s Law Chemical Potential Equilibrium constant N 2(g) + 2 O 2(g) 2 NO 2(g)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b297f8b9ab0599986bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Activity Coefficients
Ideal solution: xi , ci
oi
Lii pxp Raoult’s Law
Chemical Potential
iii
ioii
cRT
xRT
ln
ln
Equilibrium constant
222
22
222
22
ON
NOc
ON
NOx cc
cKxx
xK
N2(g) + 2 O2(g) 2 NO2(g)
![Page 2: Activity Coefficients Ideal solution: x i, c i Raoult’s Law Chemical Potential Equilibrium constant N 2(g) + 2 O 2(g) 2 NO 2(g)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b297f8b9ab0599986bf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Activity Coefficients
Real solution: Deviation from ideality due
- Interaction (attraction) A-A ≠ attraction A-B
- Interaction (attraction) B-B ≠ attraction A-B
- DHmix ≠ 0: Ep(AB) ≠ Ep(A)+Ep (B)
- VM(A) ≠ VM(B) : DVmix ≠ 0
A(l) + B(l) AB(l)
Ionic atmosphere: electrostatic interaction between the ions
![Page 3: Activity Coefficients Ideal solution: x i, c i Raoult’s Law Chemical Potential Equilibrium constant N 2(g) + 2 O 2(g) 2 NO 2(g)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b297f8b9ab0599986bf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Activity Coefficientsoi
Lii
oi
Lii pxfpap Raoult’s Law
Chemical Potential
iiiiii
iioii
oii
cRTaRT
xfRTaRT
lnln
lnln
Equilibrium constant
222
22'
222
22
ON
NOa
ON
NOa aa
aKaa
aK
N2(g) + 2 O2(g) 2 NO2(g)
iii
iii
caxfa
11
i
if
Idealif
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Activity Coefficients-Very difficult to calculate- composition/concentration dependent-Debye and Hückel: activity coefficient of ions in solution-Only electrostatic effects were considered-Point charges (zero volume)-The deviation from ideality that ionic atmosphere formation causes was attempted to calculate
Debye-Hückel Limiting Law: DHLL
IBzii2
10log
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Debye-Hückel Limiting Law
IBzii2
10log Given: 0.10 M Na3PO4 aqueous solution at 25oC:
i
ii zcI 2
21
MI
zczcIPOPONaNa
60.031.013.02121
22
2234
34
212151.0 LmolB
Na
34PO
Impossible to determine experimentally
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Na
34PO
Impossible to determine experimentally
Mean activity coefficient: ±
:
: 13443 3
4
GeneralIn
PONaforPONa
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IBzzIBzzIBz
IBz
IBz
IBzIBz
zzorzz
IBzIBz
22
22
22
2222
2222
22
log
11
log
log
logloglogloglogloglog
![Page 8: Activity Coefficients Ideal solution: x i, c i Raoult’s Law Chemical Potential Equilibrium constant N 2(g) + 2 O 2(g) 2 NO 2(g)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b297f8b9ab0599986bf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Satisfactory only
at low
concentrations
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One Modification: Ions are not point charges
IBIBzi
i '1log
2
10
Limited application
ICIBIBzi
i .'1
log2
10
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