Activity 21_ppt Phylum Mollusca

Activity 21: Activity 21: Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

Activity 21: Activity 21: Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

Second largest phylum in the animal Second largest phylum in the animal kingdomkingdom– Microscopic to macroscopicMicroscopic to macroscopic– Slow to active organismsSlow to active organisms– Terrestrial, freshwater, or marine Terrestrial, freshwater, or marine

environmentsenvironments Microscopic to macroscopicMicroscopic to macroscopic Have different modes of nutritionHave different modes of nutrition Occur in a wide variety of Occur in a wide variety of

environmentsenvironments

Second largest phylum in the animal Second largest phylum in the animal kingdomkingdom– Microscopic to macroscopicMicroscopic to macroscopic– Slow to active organismsSlow to active organisms– Terrestrial, freshwater, or marine Terrestrial, freshwater, or marine

environmentsenvironments Microscopic to macroscopicMicroscopic to macroscopic Have different modes of nutritionHave different modes of nutrition Occur in a wide variety of Occur in a wide variety of

environmentsenvironments

GENERAL BODY PLANGENERAL BODY PLANGENERAL BODY PLANGENERAL BODY PLAN

HeadHead Ventrally located muscular footVentrally located muscular foot Dorsally located visceral massDorsally located visceral mass Mantle / pallium – for shell/spicule Mantle / pallium – for shell/spicule

secretionsecretion Radula (except for bivalves)Radula (except for bivalves) Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract Gonads in visceral massGonads in visceral mass Monoecious or dioeciousMonoecious or dioecious

HeadHead Ventrally located muscular footVentrally located muscular foot Dorsally located visceral massDorsally located visceral mass Mantle / pallium – for shell/spicule Mantle / pallium – for shell/spicule

secretionsecretion Radula (except for bivalves)Radula (except for bivalves) Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract Gonads in visceral massGonads in visceral mass Monoecious or dioeciousMonoecious or dioecious

Subphylum Conchifera – Subphylum Conchifera – with 1 shell; (-) with 1 shell; (-) spiculesspicules– Class GastropodaClass Gastropoda– Class BivalviaClass Bivalvia– Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda– Class ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda– Class MonoplacophoraClass Monoplacophora

Subphylum Aculifera – Subphylum Aculifera – with multiple shell with multiple shell plates; (+) spiculesplates; (+) spicules– Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora– Class AplacophoraClass Aplacophora

Subphylum Conchifera – Subphylum Conchifera – with 1 shell; (-) with 1 shell; (-) spiculesspicules– Class GastropodaClass Gastropoda– Class BivalviaClass Bivalvia– Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda– Class ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda– Class MonoplacophoraClass Monoplacophora

Subphylum Aculifera – Subphylum Aculifera – with multiple shell with multiple shell plates; (+) spiculesplates; (+) spicules– Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora– Class AplacophoraClass Aplacophora

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

Class GastropodaClass GastropodaClass GastropodaClass Gastropoda Members usually Members usually

sluggish and sluggish and sedentarysedentary

Mostly with Mostly with asymmetrical bodiesasymmetrical bodies

Most with single, Most with single, conical and spiral shellconical and spiral shell– May be reduced or May be reduced or

absent (e.g. nudibranch)absent (e.g. nudibranch) (+) Cephalic tentacles(+) Cephalic tentacles Simple eyesSimple eyes RadulaRadula JawsJaws Large, prominent footLarge, prominent foot

Members usually Members usually sluggish and sluggish and sedentarysedentary

Mostly with Mostly with asymmetrical bodiesasymmetrical bodies

Most with single, Most with single, conical and spiral shellconical and spiral shell– May be reduced or May be reduced or

absent (e.g. nudibranch)absent (e.g. nudibranch) (+) Cephalic tentacles(+) Cephalic tentacles Simple eyesSimple eyes RadulaRadula JawsJaws Large, prominent footLarge, prominent foot

eyespots

tentacles

jaws

RADULARADULARADULARADULA

toothed chitinous toothed chitinous ribbon in the ribbon in the mouth of most mouth of most mollusksmollusks

used for cutting used for cutting and chewing food and chewing food before it enters the before it enters the esophagusesophagus

It is present in all It is present in all molluscs except molluscs except bivalves bivalves

toothed chitinous toothed chitinous ribbon in the ribbon in the mouth of most mouth of most mollusksmollusks

used for cutting used for cutting and chewing food and chewing food before it enters the before it enters the esophagusesophagus

It is present in all It is present in all molluscs except molluscs except bivalves bivalves

Pila (freshwater kuhol) – Pila (freshwater kuhol) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;

Class GastropodaClass Gastropoda

Pila (freshwater kuhol) – Pila (freshwater kuhol) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


Shell made of CaCO3

Haliotis (abalone) – Haliotis (abalone) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


Haliotis (abalone) – Haliotis (abalone) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


Turbo (turban snail) – Turbo (turban snail) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


Turbo (turban snail) – Turbo (turban snail) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


•Torsion•Whorl•Spire

•Torsion•Whorl•Spire

Cypraea (cowries) – Cypraea (cowries) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


Cypraea (cowries) – Cypraea (cowries) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;

Class GastropodaClass GastropodaShell uncoiled

NudibranchNudibranchsoft-bodied snailssoft-bodied snailsNudibranchNudibranchsoft-bodied snailssoft-bodied snails

Spanish shawlSpanish shawl

Sea slug

rhinophores

gills

Class Bivalvia / Class Bivalvia / PelecypodaPelecypoda


Shells have 2 lateral valvesShells have 2 lateral valves Elastic ligamentElastic ligament Body is enclosed by a 2-lobed mantleBody is enclosed by a 2-lobed mantle

Shells have 2 lateral valvesShells have 2 lateral valves Elastic ligamentElastic ligament Body is enclosed by a 2-lobed mantleBody is enclosed by a 2-lobed mantle

(elevation)



hatchet shaped foot in burrowershatchet shaped foot in burrowers Head lacks eyes, radula and tentaclesHead lacks eyes, radula and tentacles

hatchet shaped foot in burrowershatchet shaped foot in burrowers Head lacks eyes, radula and tentaclesHead lacks eyes, radula and tentacles

Tridacna (giant clam) - Tridacna (giant clam) - Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;

Class BivalviaClass Bivalvia

Tridacna (giant clam) - Tridacna (giant clam) - Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


Spondylus (scallop) - Spondylus (scallop) - Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


Spondylus (scallop) - Spondylus (scallop) - Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


S. versicolor

S. princeps

Chlamys (scallop) – Chlamys (scallop) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


Chlamys (scallop) – Chlamys (scallop) – Subphylum Conchifera; Subphylum Conchifera;


C. islandicus

C. swifti

Perna (mussel) – Perna (mussel) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Perna (mussel) – Perna (mussel) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


P. veridis

Crassostrea (oyster) – Crassostrea (oyster) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Crassostrea (oyster) – Crassostrea (oyster) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Pacific oysters

Atlantic oyster

Anodonta (freshwater clam) – Anodonta (freshwater clam) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Anodonta (freshwater clam) – Anodonta (freshwater clam) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


A. suborbiculata A. anatina

Class CephalopodaClass CephalopodaClass CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda

Free-swimmingFree-swimming Fast movingFast moving Active carnivoresActive carnivores Elongated bodyElongated body Skeleton may be Skeleton may be external, internal or external, internal or absentabsent Foot developed into prehensile arms Foot developed into prehensile arms

or tentaclesor tentacles

Free-swimmingFree-swimming Fast movingFast moving Active carnivoresActive carnivores Elongated bodyElongated body Skeleton may be Skeleton may be external, internal or external, internal or absentabsent Foot developed into prehensile arms Foot developed into prehensile arms

or tentaclesor tentacles

Octopus arm

Class CephalopodaClass CephalopodaClass CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda

Well-defined head Well-defined head Complex eyesComplex eyes Brain in Brain in

cartilaginous cartilaginous craniumcranium

(+) radula(+) radula Beak-like jawsBeak-like jaws Tentacles Tentacles

surrounding surrounding mouthmouth

Well-defined head Well-defined head Complex eyesComplex eyes Brain in Brain in

cartilaginous cartilaginous craniumcranium

(+) radula(+) radula Beak-like jawsBeak-like jaws Tentacles Tentacles

surrounding surrounding mouthmouth

Loligo (squid) – Loligo (squid) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;

Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda

8 arms and 2 tentacles8 arms and 2 tentacles

mantle

siphon

ctenidia

Sepia (cuttlefish) – Sepia (cuttlefish) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Octopus (octopus) – Octopus (octopus) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Octopus (octopus) – Octopus (octopus) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Nautilus (nautiloid) – Nautilus (nautiloid) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Nautilus (nautiloid) – Nautilus (nautiloid) – Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;


Class ScaphopodaClass ScaphopodaClass ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda

Burrowing and sedentaryBurrowing and sedentary Shell in one pieceShell in one piece Shell opens on both sidesShell opens on both sides With modified conical footWith modified conical foot Head is reduced or absentHead is reduced or absent No eyesNo eyes With radula, jaws and thin tentaclesWith radula, jaws and thin tentacles

Burrowing and sedentaryBurrowing and sedentary Shell in one pieceShell in one piece Shell opens on both sidesShell opens on both sides With modified conical footWith modified conical foot Head is reduced or absentHead is reduced or absent No eyesNo eyes With radula, jaws and thin tentaclesWith radula, jaws and thin tentacles

Dentalium (Elephant’s tusk Dentalium (Elephant’s tusk shell) shell)

Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;Class ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda

Dentalium (Elephant’s tusk Dentalium (Elephant’s tusk shell) shell)

Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;Class ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda

shellshellanterior

posterior

Class MonoplacophoraClass MonoplacophoraClass MonoplacophoraClass Monoplacophora

Bilaterally symmetricalBilaterally symmetrical Have a dorsal, single, dome- or cap-Have a dorsal, single, dome- or cap-

shaped shellshaped shell Has a broad, flattened footHas a broad, flattened foot Includes many fossil speciesIncludes many fossil species

Bilaterally symmetricalBilaterally symmetrical Have a dorsal, single, dome- or cap-Have a dorsal, single, dome- or cap-

shaped shellshaped shell Has a broad, flattened footHas a broad, flattened foot Includes many fossil speciesIncludes many fossil species

Neopilina –Neopilina –Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;Class MonoplacophoraClass Monoplacophora

Neopilina –Neopilina –Subphylum Conchifera;Subphylum Conchifera;Class MonoplacophoraClass Monoplacophora

N. galatheae

Class PolyplacophoraClass PolyplacophoraClass PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora

Include marine chitonsInclude marine chitons Bodies elongated and dorsoventrally Bodies elongated and dorsoventrally

flattenedflattened Shell divided into:Shell divided into:

– 7 or 8 overlapping plates7 or 8 overlapping plates– Flat, creeping footFlat, creeping foot

Head reducedHead reduced No eyesNo eyes Well defined mouth with radulaWell defined mouth with radula

Include marine chitonsInclude marine chitons Bodies elongated and dorsoventrally Bodies elongated and dorsoventrally

flattenedflattened Shell divided into:Shell divided into:

– 7 or 8 overlapping plates7 or 8 overlapping plates– Flat, creeping footFlat, creeping foot

Head reducedHead reduced No eyesNo eyes Well defined mouth with radulaWell defined mouth with radula

Chiton –Chiton –Subphylum Aculifera;Subphylum Aculifera;Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora

Chiton –Chiton –Subphylum Aculifera;Subphylum Aculifera;Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora

C. glaucus

8 calcareous plates

girdle

Muscular foot

Acanthozostera –Acanthozostera –Subphylum Aculifera;Subphylum Aculifera;Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora

Acanthozostera –Acanthozostera –Subphylum Aculifera;Subphylum Aculifera;Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora

A. gemmata

Class AplacophoraClass AplacophoraClass AplacophoraClass Aplacophora

Worm-like molluscs called Worm-like molluscs called SOLENOGASTERSSOLENOGASTERS

With oblong, cylindrical to vermiform With oblong, cylindrical to vermiform bodiesbodies

No shellNo shell Lack a well-defined headLack a well-defined head Radula and jaws sometimes presentRadula and jaws sometimes present

Worm-like molluscs called Worm-like molluscs called SOLENOGASTERSSOLENOGASTERS

With oblong, cylindrical to vermiform With oblong, cylindrical to vermiform bodiesbodies

No shellNo shell Lack a well-defined headLack a well-defined head Radula and jaws sometimes presentRadula and jaws sometimes present

Neomenia –Neomenia –Subphylum Aculifera;Subphylum Aculifera;

Class AplacophoraClass Aplacophora

Neomenia –Neomenia –Subphylum Aculifera;Subphylum Aculifera;


N. yamamotoi

Chaetoderma –Chaetoderma –Subphylum Aculifera;Subphylum Aculifera;


Chaetoderma –Chaetoderma –Subphylum Aculifera;Subphylum Aculifera;


C. japonicum

View the following View the following slides:slides:

View the following View the following slides:slides:

Helix/ Pila/ Haliotsis/ Cypraea/ TurboHelix/ Pila/ Haliotsis/ Cypraea/ Turbo Perna/ AnodontaPerna/ Anodonta Loligo/ SepiaLoligo/ Sepia Dentalium/ ChitonDentalium/ Chiton

Helix/ Pila/ Haliotsis/ Cypraea/ TurboHelix/ Pila/ Haliotsis/ Cypraea/ Turbo Perna/ AnodontaPerna/ Anodonta Loligo/ SepiaLoligo/ Sepia Dentalium/ ChitonDentalium/ Chiton

Fin.Fin.Merci.Merci.

Fin.Fin.Merci.Merci.

Activity 21_ppt Phylum Mollusca

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