Strasbourg, le 18 Avril 2012 AP/CAT (2012) 06

ACCORD EUROPEEN ET MEDITERRANEEN SUR LES RISQUES MAJEURS (EUR-OPA)

EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEEN

MAJOR HAZARDS AGREEMENT (EUR-OPA)

RESEAU DES CENTRES EURO-MEDITERRANEENS SPECIALISES DE L'ACCORD EUR-OPA RISQUES MAJEURS

Activités proposées dans le cadre de la subvention annuelle en 2011 (Provisoire)

NETWORK OF SPECIALISED EURO-MEDITERRANEAN CENTRES OF THE EUR-OPA MAJOR HAZARDS AGREEMENT

Activities carried out within the framework of the annual grant in 2011

(Draft)

www.coe.int/europarisks

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TABLE DES MATIERES / CONTENTS

ALGERIA / ALGÉRIE 4

CRSTRA - CENTRE EURO-MEDITERRANEEN DE RECHERCHE SICENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE REGIONS ARIDES/

EURO-MEDITERRANEAN CENTER ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH IN ARID ZONES (BISKRA) 4

ARMENIA / ARMENIE 6

ECTR - EUROPEAN INTERREGIONAL EDUCATIONAL CENTRE FOR TRAINING RESCUERS / CENTRE EUROPEEN DE

FORMATION INTER-REGIONALE POUR LES SAUVETEURS (YEREVAN) 6

BELGIUM /BELGIQUE 9

ISPU - HIGHER INSTITUTE OF EMERGENCY PLANNING / INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DE PLANIFICATION D'URGENCE

(FLORIVAL) 9

BULGARIA / BULGARIE 12

ECRP - EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR RISK PREVENTION / CENTRE EUROPEEN POUR LA PREVENTION DES RISQUES

(SOFIA) 12

CYPRUS /CHYPRE 15

BE-SAFE-NET – EUROPEAN CENTER FOR DISASTER AWARENESS THROUGH INTERNET / CENTRE EUROPEEN

POUR LA SENSIBILISATION AUX DESASTRES A TRAVERS INTERNET (NICOSIA) 15

FRANCE 16

CERG - EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR SEISMIC AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL HAZARDS / CENTRE EUROPEEN SUR LES

RISQUES GEOMORPHOLOGIQUES (STRASBOURG) 16 CSEM – CENTRE SISMOLOGIQUE EURO-MEDITERRANEEN / EUROPEAN MEDITERRANEAN SEISMOLOGICAL

CENTRE, (BRUYERES-LE-CHATEL) 20

GEORGIA /GEORGIE 28

GHHD - EUROPEAN CENTRE ON GEODYNAMICAL RISKS OF HIGH DAMS / CENTRE EUROPEEN SUR LES RISQUES

GEODYNAMIQUES LIES AUX GRANDS BARRAGES (TBILISI) 28

GREECE / GRECE 30

ECPFE - EUROPEAN CENTRE ON PREVENTION AND FORECASTING OF EARTHQUAKES / CENTRE EUROPEEN SUR

LA PREVENTION ET LA PREVISION DES TREMBLEMENTS DE TERRE (ATHENS) 30

LUXEMBURG / LUXEMBOURG 31

ECGS - EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR GEODYNAMICS AND SEISMOLOGY / CENTRE EUROPEEN DE GEODYNAMIQUE ET

DE SISMOLOGIE (WALFERDANGE) 31

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MALTA / MALTE 42

ICOD - EURO-MEDITERRANEAN CENTRE ON INSULAR COASTAL DYNAMICS / CENTRE EUROPEEN DE LA

DYNAMIQUE COTIERE INSULAIRE (LA VALETTA) 42

MOLDOVA 43

ECMNR - EUROPEAN CENTER FOR MITIGATION OF NATURAL RISKS / CENTRE POUR LA REDUCTION DES

RISQUES NATURELS (CHISINAU) 43

MOROCCO / MAROC 48

CEPRIS – EURO-MEDITERRANEAN CENTER FOR EVALUATION AND PREVENTION OF SEISMIC RISK / CENTRE

EURO-MEDITERRANEEN SUR L’EVALUATION ET LA PREVENTION DU RISQUE SISMIQUE (RABAT) 48

PORTUGAL 55

CERU - EUROPEAN CENTER ON URBAN RISKS / CENTRE EUROPEEN SUR LES RISQUES URBAINS (LISBON) 55 ECBR - EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS / CENTRE EUROPEEN POUR LA

REHABILITATION DES BATIMENTS, (BUCHAREST) 56

RUSSIAN FEDERATION/FEDERATION DE RUSSIE 60

ECNTRM- EUROPEAN CENTRE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL AND

TECHNOLOGICAL MAJOR HAZARDS (MOSCOW), / CENTRE EUROPEEN DES NOUVELLES TECHNOLOGIES POUR LA

GESTION DES RISQUES NATURELS ET TECHNOLOGIQUES MAJEURS (MOSCOU) 60

SAN MARINO / SAINT-MARIN 63

CEMEC - EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISASTER MEDICINE / CENTRE EUROPEEN POUR LA MEDECINE DES

CATASTROPHES (SAN MARINO) 63

TURKEY / TURQUIE 64

AFEM - EUROPEAN NATURAL DISASTERS TRAINING CENTRE / CENTRE EUROPEEN DE FORMATION SUR LES

RISQUES NATURELS (ANKARA) 64

UKRAINE 66

TESEC - EUROPEAN CENTRE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SAFETY / CENTRE EUROPEEN DE SECURITE TECHNOLOGIQUE

(KIEV) 66

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ALGERIA / ALGÉRIE CRSTRA - Centre Euro-Méditerranéen de recherche sicentifique et technique régions arides/ Euro-Mediterranean Center on scientific and technical research in arid zones

(Biskra) Au CRSTRA l’année 2011 fût marquée par une intense activité scientifique tant du point de vue exécution de programmes de recherche que des manifestations scientifiques.

I- Activités de Recherche

Il s’agit de programmes de recherche pluridisciplinaires qui couvrent 20 projets (FNR) lancés en 2009 et 11 autres (projets PNR) soumis par les chercheurs du centre dans le cadre des programmes nationaux de recherche lancés en 2011 par le Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (via la DGRSDT). Les problématiques prises en charge à travers ces projets peuvent être résumées comme suit : La problématique de l’eau:

− L’économie de la ressource hydrique : à travers le pilotage des irrigations et la valorisation des eaux non conventionnelles (eaux usées, eaux saumâtres et eau géothermales)

− Les risques liés à l’eau (inondations, remontée)

− Le risque Désertification en milieu steppique à travers le suivi de la dynamique floristique au niveau de stations observatoires et les possibilités de réhabilitations de zones dégradées.

− Le risque ensablement en milieu Saharien à travers l’étude de la dynamique des sables mobiles et la mise au point de techniques de lutte en intégrant les savoirs faire locaux.

− L’étude, la valorisation et la préservation de la biodiversité des espèces cultivées (ex. palmiers

dattier) et ou spontanées (arganier), les espèces animales locales et/ou adaptées à ces milieux (camelin, ovin . . .) ainsi que celles utilisées comme indicateurs par rapport aux changements climatiques tel que les oiseaux des zones humides en régions arides.

− Des études socio-économiques notamment en milieu rural. II- Organisation de rencontres scientifiques thématiques :

Activités menées dans le cadre de l’Accord

• Atelier « Veille phénologique sur les espèces stratégiques et patrimoniales » Conformément aux recommandations émanant de l’atelier « Sécheresse et stratégies d’adaptation » tenu en 2010 avec la contribution de l’Accord, un atelier visant la mise au point d’une méthodologie de suivi et d’étude de l’impact des changements climatiques sur les écosystèmes Oasiens pour lesquelles une forte vulnérabilité a été soulignée lors de l’atelier sécheresse. A cet effet, des scientifiques et des agriculteurs de différentes Oasis ont travaillé côté à côté durant 2 jours (sous forme d’ateliers et de tables rondes) pour identifier les indices des changements climatiques et les paramètres à suivre selon un transect Sud-Nord. Le renseignement de fiches de suivi élaborées sera lancé en Janvier 2012 à travers des exploitations agricoles identifiées comme représentatives. Il s’agit d’un suivi en milieu oasien sur le long terme pour le développement de système d’alerte et de stratégie d’adaptation face aux changements climatiques.

• Atelier international «Utilisation Et La Valorisation Des Ressources En Eau Pour Le

Développement Durable Des Ecosystèmes Arides » Cette rencontre a regroupé des personnes ressources du domaine de l’eau, du climat, de l’agriculture, de l’environnement, des politiques. . . Elle a permis de faire le point sur les connaissances concernant la gestion de la ressource hydrique dans ce contexte de changements climatiques ainsi que pour les risques liés à l’eau (sécheresse, inondation, . . .), et d’identifier des domaines de collaboration entre le CRSTRA et des institutions nationales et internationales et notamment dans le domaine des risques majeurs. (Recherche, Formation, . . .)

Le Bilan des deux ateliers s a été transmis au secrétariat de l’Accord dés leur tenu.

1- Semaine Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et du Développement Technologique :

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Il s’agit d’une rencontre nationale programmée annuellement par la Direction générale de la recherche (DGRSDT)/Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieure tutelle du CRSTRA Elle a pour objectif :

− La vulgarisation de la recherche au niveau du grand public

− Le développement de partenariat recherche -> secteur socio-économique

− Diffusion des résultats valorisables

Dans ce cadre, le CRSTRA organise des portes ouvertes au niveau de ses structures, ses laboratoires ses sites de démonstrations, projection de film de sensibilisation, des visites guidées et des conférences/débats sur les problématiques environnementales en général et les risques majeurs en particuliers. En 2011, les conférences données traitent :

− La biodiversité dans le contexte des changements climatiques,

− Les risques majeurs omniprésents dans les régions arides (sécheresse, désertification et ensablement)

Au cours de ces journées, des éditions du Centre (ouvrages, revues, CDROM, fiches techniques) sont largement diffusées. Le CRSTRA a participé à la journée mondiale de l’alimentation, de la désertification, de l’environnement ainsi qu’aux différents salons organisés à l’échelle nationale qui sont en relation avec ses missions.

III- Activités dans le cadre du groupe de travail du réseau méditerranéen

− A la demande du Secrétaire Exécutif de l’Accord EUROPA, Risques Majeurs et sur la base de

notre contribution au groupe de travail « Implication des autorités locales dans la gestion des catastrophes et des risques majeurs », le CRSTRA a présenté une conférence sur la gestion des risques majeurs/cas de l’Algérie avec une analyse plus fine apportant de nouveaux éléments concernant la gestion des risques majeurs en Algérie.

− Dans le cadre de ses activités à l’échelle locale et avec le souci de développer plus de synergie

entre la recherche et les responsables de la gestion des catastrophes (Autorités locales, hommes de terrain) :

− Aussi lors de la journée organisée sur la thématique les risques majeurs et les changements climatiques organisée par les autorités locales et la protection civile, le CRSTRA a présenté les résultats d’un projet de recherche sur le risque inondation en régions arides cas de la zone de

DOUCEN (Wilaya de Biskra), une zone de plus en plus confrontée à ce risque en raison de facteurs naturels mais ceux d’origines anthropiques (urbanisation, extension des surfaces agricoles). Le travail a été fort apprécié par les autorités locales et l’auditoire.

A cette occasion nous avons informé sur toutes les activités que le centre mène dans le cadre de l’Accord Euro-méditerranéen et notamment celui du groupe de travail « Implication des autorités locales dans la gestion des catastrophes » et donné un aperçu sur l’analyse comparative. IV- Publication et Edition dans le cadre des activités avec l’Accord :

− Le CRSTRA a édité les travaux de l’Atelier International de formation sur les risques majeurs et les

catastrophes naturelles tenu en 2009 duquel ont bénéficiées différents partenaires impliqués dans la gestion de crise/liés aux risques majeurs (la protection civile, les hydrauliciens, les scientifiques, les forestiers. . . ) dont des exemplaires ont été transmis au bureau de l’Accord à Paris le 22 Novembre 2011. Une plus large diffusion du document est en cours aussi bien à l’échelle Nationale qu’internationale et ce en raison de son utilité (différents risques traités avec des études de cas

précis).

− Par ailleurs, à la demande des responsables de l’Accord, nous avons contribué au projet de livret par la célébration du 25ème anniversaire par un article illustré : « Préparer nos enfants aux risques majeurs, c’est les protéger », domaines que nous jugeons prioritaires pouvant contribuer à l’atténuation de l’impact des risques et catastrophes.

A travers l’ensemble de ses activités le CRSTRA œuvre en continu vers un objectif majeur « la promotion du développement durable et l’atténuation des efforts liés aux risques qui menacent les écosystèmes et la stabilité des populations ».

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ARMENIA / ARMENIE ECTR - European Interregional Educational Centre for Training Rescuers / Centre Européen de Formation Inter-Régionale pour les Sauveteurs (Yerevan) ECRM. in fulfilling its 2011 activities, followed the priorities for action in the field of disaster risk reduction in the European and Mediterranean space, set under political resolutions and recommendations adopted in the 12-th Ministerial Session of the Council of Europe's European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement, in particular, those set in the Medium Term Plan (2011 2015) as well as the priorities set by other coordinating bodies of the Agreement. 1. Development and introduction into live some basic provisions of the Recommendation:"Informing the population about radiological risks "(AP/CAT (2011) 14) Adopted at the 61st Meeting of the Committee of Permanent Correspondents of the European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement. EUR-OPA (29-30 September 2011, Yerevan, Armenia), ECRM addressed that topic by preparing a document on "Some aspects of ensuring energy safety and security and development of nuclear power in Armenia: the lessons of Fukushima". Its outcomes were presented at the Conference "The Fukushima nuclear accident: Is it another Chernobyl?" held in San Marino on July 8, 2011. The paper was based on a substantial survey, carried out by ECRM :" Basic venues in a search for the solution to ensuring energetic safety in the Republic of Armenia within the framework of a global energetic safety system". During the preparation of the paper, some consultation with the leading specialists from the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia were held. Jointly with the Director of the European Centre on Technological Safety (Kyiv, Ukraine), the ECRM Director participated in the 1-st Meeting for the joint Project:" Nuclear Hazard. Chernobyl and Fukushima: Lessons for public Awareness", in Paris on 4 November, 2011 held by the EUR-OPA Agreement. 2. "Preparing proposals on creating and providing functioning of the National Platform of Armenia on disaster risk reduction and its further integration into the European network of National Platforms" 1. Necessity of creation of the National Platform 2. Concept of creation and functioning of the Platform 2.1. Organizational aspects of the creation of the Platform 2.2. Instructional structure and some aspects of mandates of the Platform 2.3. Composition and structure of a platform, organization and order of functioning, sources of

funding 2.4. Vision and strategy of acting 2.5. Long-term and current Plans for action Proposals were based on previous documents related to National Platforms on disaster risk reduction and presented to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Armenia: ► “A National Platform on disaster risk reduction- as an effective tool in reducing vulnerability of a society against natural, man-made, ecological, and other disasters and enhancing the sustainahility of functioning of the Republic of Armenia” (2009) ► “Building and strengthening National Platform on disaster risk reduction as an effective tool for establishing bi-, multilateral and regional cooperation (the case of Armenia)” (2010) The later was the basis of the presentation by the Minister of Emergency Situations at the 12th Ministerial Session of the European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (28 September 2010, St Petersburg. 3. "Development of additional materials, aimed to raise awareness and improve preparedness to disasters and their pilot adoption in schools and in other educational institutions" The surveys addressing this area were conducted within the following activities: N.5: "Developing and instituting the "Safe life activities basis in extreme situations" manual for experimental leaching in the schools and other educational establishments of Armenia". A final variant of the Methodology for teaching the course: "Safe live activity basis", assigned for the secondary schools’ teachers was prepared. N.6: "Program of developing and instituting special tests for school administration, teachers and students" parents to assess safety of schools and other educational establishments".

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The tests and special recommendations for ensuring safely with an aim to be further used in a chosen pilot school in case of natural or man- made disasters and also in the case of a terrorist attack on the school or at a threat of such an attack were developed. N.7: "Extreme Psychology" A final variant of the "Extreme psychology" brochure was created. N.8: "A program of creating a Memorandum First aid pocket book". A variant of a "Memorandum first aid pocket book " was created with an aim to he discussed and further published, drawn on feedback from discussions, comments and recommendations offered by relevant specialists. N.9: "A program of creating, improving and editing the "First aid manual" underlying the organization of training on it". The result of a survey is a preparation of a "First aid Manual". 4. "National and Municipal Campaigns on informing and warning the population about emergencies at central and municipal levels: basis for a regional early warning system for Southern Caucasian countries and neighboring states in trans-frontier emergencies" Surveys, carried out within Activity N 4 (Coordinated Program) in November 2011, which detailed results were submitted to the EUR-OPA Secretariat in November 2011. Within 2006-2010 this work was carried out in line with the priorities for action in the field of disaster risk reduction in the European and Mediterranean space set under the resolutions of the leading authorities of the "Agreement", in particular those responding to the priorities for action set by the "Medium- Term Plan 2007-2011". In general the 2011 specific objectives have been: ► Development and submitting of the upgraded final variant in English of a "Manual on preparedness and rules of behavior for people with disabilities if an earthquake is real or seems imminent ( the priorities for action )", which preliminary variant was created in 2020 and submitted to the EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement 's Secretariat ► Development of information materials assigned for specialized educational institutions, where the people with disabilities, especially children, are provided care. 1. The polishing of the preliminary variant of the Manual (created in 2010) were focused on expansion and enlargement of a Section "Plan for a specialized institution, where the people with disabilities, especially children, are provided care " This section's contents underwent substation modification, actually it has been replaced with a new one. This section includes methodological instructions and particular proposals for developing more and better concretized information- teaching materials, based on the previously created universal brochure assigned for three categories of people with disabilities, by factoring the specifics of the specialized educational and other types institutions, where children with disabilities are administered care, through highlighting the more detailed relevant specific sections. In order to identify some methodological approaches and venues applied while developing the above information-teaching materials, there were analyzed the specifics of it particular specialized teaching-rehabilitation institution on providing care to the children with disabilities, with an aim to reveal the existence of the typical specific features, called to promote the successful development of such materials, as well as to improve the preparedness of the institution personnel to carry out preventive measures to reduce risks and the preparedness of the children themselves to act adequate in a case of a disaster, when warned about an imminent threat. The Republican Children's Rehabilitation Centre" in the Yerevan city, Armenia has been chosen as an institution that best meets these criteria. When choosing this Centre, it was taken into account some of its main activities, targeted at: ► restoration of the lost functions of the children with an aim to integrate them into society; ► administration of rehabilitation treatment drawn on "a team method" approach, when a team is assembled from rehabilitation physicians varying in specialization and including psychologists, the teachers, rehabilitation nurse, as well as a children themselves and their family members; ► scientific-methodological nature of a Centre in comparison to other similar institutions in Armenia; ► provision of rehabilitation treatment in the Centre apart to Armenian children also to children-patients from countries such as Georgia, Russia and Ukraine; ► education-treatment Programs in the Centre in collaboration with rehabilitation centers from Switzerland, France, Poland, Germany and the USA. The brief analyses have been summarized in the section:" Plan for a specialized institution where people with disabilities, especially children, are cared " of the brochure under consideration. Therein is given a summary with references to some specifics of a particular specialized educational and other types institutions for the children with disabilities that provide them treatment that need to be analyzed and considered while developing more concretized information-teaching materials, based on the previously created and updated universal brochure.

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In this way, the universal "Manual on preparedness and rules of behavior for people with disabilities, especially children, if an earthquake is real or seems imminent ( the priorities for action )", updated in 2011, can serve as a useful and very necessary informational-educational material, aimed to improve the preparedness to an earthquake hazard assigned for administration and personnel of specialized educational and other types institutions, where the children with disabilities are given treatment, as well to prepare the children themselves and their family members to act adequate in case of a disaster. Moreover, owing to methodological instructions and particular proposals, developed and inserted into the "Manual" in 2011, it can serve a base for the development of more concretized informational- educational materials, assigned for the above specialized institutions alongside with the''drawing of some Plans for action aimed at preparation of administration and personnel of such institutions to a likely earthquake . The analytical and methodological materials elaborated by ECRM in 2011 serve a good base for the development in 2012 under support the EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement’s Secretariat of more and better detailed educational information materials assigned for the specialized institutions where the people with disabilities are provided care with the involvement of the highly qualified health care providers and teaching staff from the "Republican Children's Rehabilitation Centre"in the Yerevan city, by given the specifies of this institutions, in terms of, its potential to resolve the disaster risk reduction related issues, analyzed and briefly set forth in the mentioned section in this brochure. The issue of seeking some financial support, that will enable the engagement of the health care providers and teaching staff from the "Republican Children’s Rehabilitation Centre" into the development of the above mentioned more concretized informational-educational material, is likely to be resolved positively, as the Yerevan office of UNICEF (the United Nation's Children Fund), proposed by the Disaster Medicine Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Armenia, has already made in its financial plans a provision of some funds to be allocated for the development of the above informational-educational materials, assigned for the specialized educational and other types institutions, where the children with disabilities are provided treatment. Proceeding from the stated above, we presented to the EUR-OPA Secretariat simultaneously with the "Activity Report for 2011 Coordinated Programs" ► the updated 2011 variant of a "Manual an preparedness and behavior rules for people with disabilities, if an earthquake is real or seems imminent (the priorities for action) " and also ► under separate cover, a selected from the "Manual" newly created in 2011 broader section : "Plan for a specialized institution, where the people with disabilities, especially children are provided care".

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BELGIUM /BELGIQUE ISPU - Higher Institute of Emergency Planning / Institut Supérieur de Planification d'Urgence (Florival) La démarche de l'Institut Supérieur de Planification d’Urgence (ISPU) s'articule autour de 4 axes:

1.) La recherche et le développement 2.) Le partage d’informations et les formations 3.) Le développement d’outils, tels les Guides de planification d’urgence 4.) La mise en place d’un réseau d’experts

Elle consiste à professionnaliser l'approche de la planification et de la gestion de situations d'urgence en acquérant de l'expertise en la matière et en la mettant à disposition des acteurs de la gestion de crise. L’échange d’informations et d’expertise avec les pays étrangers fait également partie de cette démarche. Elle s'accompagne de l'indispensable analyse des risques et des vulnérabilités - menée par le Centre gouvernemental de Coordination et de Crise dont fait partie l'ISPU, en ce compris au niveau transfrontalier. L’arrêté royal du 16 février 2006 sur la planification d’urgence organisant les tâches des autorités locales, l’ISPU a eu à cœur de développer ces dernières années des outils et de clarifier les principes de la planification d’urgence pour les fonctionnaires planification d’urgence locaux. Sa démarche au niveau international vise également en partie les autorités locales (Etude sur le rôle des autorités locales et régionales (Conseil de l’Europe – EUR-OPA, identification des difficultés transfrontalières au niveau local (Benelux)…) La Recherche La démarche de recherche de l'ISPU consiste à faire appel aux équipes de chercheurs universitaires pour répondre à des questions essentielles en matière de planification et de gestion de situations d'urgence.

En 2011, l’ISPU a organisé et accompagné deux projets de recherche :

• « L’opportunité et les modalités de la création d’un conseil de recherche indépendant en matière de sécurité en Belgique ». Recherche menée par la Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)

• “Analyse et opérationnalisation de la problématique du confinement et de la mise à l’abri en Belgique”. Université de Liège

Les Formations L'ISPU identifie les offres de formations pour les mettre à disposition des acteurs de la gestion de crise et les complète par des journées de (in)formation qu'il organise. Il développe également sa propre expertise en participant comme orateur ou simplement comme participant à des colloques ou des formations en Belgique et à l'étranger. La démarche consiste à mettre l’ISPU en rapport avec d’autres écoles belges ou étrangères afin d’établir les synergies utiles en matière de formation autour des risques ou de gestion de crise (KCCE : Centre de connaissances pour les services d’incendie et de protection civile, Ecoles du Feu, Ecole royale militaire, Universités, HCFDC (Haut Comité français à la défense civile)….) Formation en 2011 Rédaction d’un catalogue des formations existantes en matière de planification d’urgence et de gestion de crises en Belgique. Ce catalogue sera prochainement disponible sur le site du Centre de Crise fédéral : http://www.crisis.ibz.be/

1. Journées d'information et de formations

a. Journées organisées par l'ISPU

• Plateforme de concertation pour les fonctionnaires de planification d’urgence des Gouverneurs (10/02/2011, 10/06/2011, 21/10/2011)

• Journée d’information sur la sûreté des chemins de fer destinée aux partenaires fédéraux et aux acteurs des cellules provinciales de sécurité (22/02/2011)

• Simulation média Tihange 2012 (28/03/2011)

• Workshop sur les zones d’intervention nucléaire de la région de Doel (23/05/2011)

• Journée d’information sur l’explosion de gaz à Liège destinée à nos partenaires fédéraux et aux acteurs des cellules provinciales de sécurité (06/06/2011)

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• Workshop - Atelier sur les zones d’intervention nucléaire de la région de Chooz (15/06/2011)

• Workshop sur les zones d’intervention nucléaire de la région de Fleurus (17/06/2011)

• Workshop sur les zones d’intervention nucléaire de la région de Mol/Dessel (28/06/2011)

• Session d’information et distribution des guides de planification d’urgence locale pour les Bourgmestres de la province de Liège (14/09/2011)

• Lessons Learned sur les inondations et les conditions hivernales de 2011 destinées aux partenaires fédéraux et aux acteurs des cellules provinciales de sécurité (16/11/2011)

• Atelier sur le rôle des autorités locales concernant la planification d’urgence et la gestion de crise dans le cadre d’EUR-OPA (21-22/11/2011)

• Session d’information pour les intervenants dans l’exercice SCK.CEN (Mol/Dessel) (9/12/2011)

b. Journées auxquelles l'ISPU a participé • Afin d’acquérir de l’expertise (comme participant) :

o Formation sur les « Risques infectieux » (organisée par le HCFDC Paris) - Novembre 2011 o Formation sur la « Planification d’urgence externe » (organisée par la firme BASF Anvers)

– Mars 2011 o Formation sur l’« Organisation des exercices » (organisée par le groupe d’exercices

provincial de la province d’Anvers) – Septembre 2011 • Afin de mettre son expertise à disposition (comme orateur):

• Formation de planification d’urgence et de gestion de crise pour les agents opérationnels de la Protection Civile qui souhaitent être centraliste (NL : 10/01/2011)

• Formation de planification d’urgence et de gestion de crise pour les agents opérationnels de la Protection Civile qui souhaitent être centraliste (FR : 14/01/2011)

• Collaboration à la journée d’échange belgo-néerlandaise concernant la communication de crise pour la discipline 5 des gouverneurs (21/01/2011)

• Formation sur le plan nucléaire et la cellule d’évaluation dans le cadre de la formation des collaborateurs d’Electrabel (25/01/2011)

• Contribution à un cours sur les systèmes et la mécanique appliquée, bref CESAME, de l’Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve : cours sur la planification d’urgence et missions du Centre de Crise (10/02/2011)

• Contribution à la formation Coordinateur de crise (pour la société Iwecom et la Haute Ecole Zuyd) : Planification d’urgence et gestion de crise en Belgique et la catastrophe de Buizingen (31/03/2011)

• Formation de gestion de crise pour les pompiers (FR : 05/04/2011) • Membre d’un panel lors d’un séminaire multidisciplinaire “Enquête sur un accident de

train” – formation postuniversitaire de Sciences Légales (05/04/2011) • Contribution à un cours sur les systèmes et la mécanique appliquée, bref CESAME, de

l’Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve : description du Centre de Crise et de son rôle (02/05/2011)

• Contribution à Planicom (Maître de conférence à l’Université de Liège). Formation pour les fonctionnaires de planification d’urgence et les intervenants : le rôle du Centre de Crise et la phase fédérale (06/05/2011)

• Formation de gestion de crise destinée aux pompiers. Communication de crise (07/06/2011)

• Workshop sur la planification d’urgence et la gestion de crise dans le cadre de la coopération belgo-néerlandaise dans le cadre du Traité d’Helsinki

• Présentation des guides de planification d’urgence pour les Bourgmestres de la province d’Anvers (28/09/2011)

• Formation CBRN pour la Défense (10/10/2011) • Présentation du Centre de Crise destinée aux Bourgmestres de la province du Luxembourg

(19/12/2011) • Présentation du Centre de Crise pour les étudiants de la Haute Ecole KATHO (17/11/2011) • Journée de retour sur la gestion de situation de crise (22/11/2011) • Journée de retour sur la gestion de situation de crise à l’école de pompiers de Bruxelles

(08/12/2011) Exercices en 2011 L’arrêté royal du 16 février 2006 sur la planification d’urgence demandant aux Gouverneurs et aux Bourgmestres d’organiser des exercices (au-delà des obligations européennes en matière d’exercices nucléaires et chimiques (Seveso)), l’ISPU développe une méthodologie d’exercices et un échange d’expériences et d’expertise.

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En 2011, les actions suivantes ont été entreprises : - Rédaction d’un calendrier global des exercices organisés par l’Intérieur au niveau fédéral et par les

Gouverneurs de province ; ce calendrier comporte également des documents utiles (scénarii, rapports d’évaluation…) ;

- Développement d’une plateforme internet pour la mise à disposition de ces informations pour tous les Gouverneurs de province ;

- Poursuite du développement de la méthodologie d’exercices : o Développement de la méthode d’évaluation de l’exercice sur base d’une expérience qui

s’est professionnalisée ces dernières années ; o Développement de fiches de fonction ; o Développement d’une méthodologie pour un exercice de table, en ce compris la fiche de

fonction pour le modérateur ; � Avec test de cette méthodologie lors d’un exercice inondations (volet provincial

1organisé dans les provinces de Liège et Limbourg (inondations sur la Meuse le 23 11 2011)).

Cette démarche accompagne l’important programme d’exercices réalisé par le CGCCR. La méthodologie d’exercices se nourrit à son tour des expériences de participations aux exercices dont la méthode est évaluée. Citons notamment en 2011 :

- 18 01 2011 : participation à l’exercice de la Centrale nucléaire de Gravelines (France) - 02 et 03 02 2011 : participation à l’exercice nucléaire européen ECURIE - 12 et 13 10 2011 : participation à l’exercice de la Centrale nucléaire de Borssele (pays-Bas) - 19 au 26 10 2011 : participation à l’exercice CMX de l’OTAN - 23 11 2011 : organisation, accompagnement et participation à l’exercice Inondations (volet local) - 15 12 2011 : organisation, accompagnement et participation à l’exercice méthodologiquement

accompagné du Centre d’Etudes nucléaires de Mol (SCK-CEN) L’important programme d’exercices nucléaires sera petit à petit complété par les exercices des autres Plans nationaux d’urgence en cours d’opérationnalisation. 2. Les Guides

L'ISPU développe les Guides de la Planification d'Urgence, à l'attention des fonctionnaires chargés de la Planification d'Urgence auprès des autorités locales (Gouverneurs et Bourgmestres). Ils sont largement distribués dans les communes et auprès des services d’intervention des cellules de sécurité des Gouverneurs (pompiers, médecins, policiers, agents opérationnels de la sécurité civile, communicateurs) et expliqués lors de diverses séances d'(in)formation. Le Guide Planification d’urgence locale rédigé en 2010 et publié fin 2010 a été diffusé et présenté aux autorités locales en 2011 et a déjà connu une deuxième édition. Les questions encore à régler ont été identifiées et feront l’objet d’une mise à jour du Guide. En 2011, le Guide de la planification d’urgence pour les Risques industriels majeurs (dits Seveso) a été en partie rédigé. Le Réseau d'experts Le domaine de la gestion des risques est pluridisciplinaire et demande régulièrement une expertise pointue. Le Centre de Crise axe son action autour de trois démarches:

- un appel ponctuel ou continu à des experts publics ou privés (dans les domaines des risques nucléaires, chimiques, MGM…).

- une identification des équipes de recherche dans les universités et les centres de recherche qui consacrent (une partie de) leurs activités aux thèmes traités par le Centre de Crise.

- Au fil des expériences, l’identification de personnes de référence dans différents domaines (secteurs public et privé).

En 2011, l’ISPU a actualisé la base de données d’experts dans différents domaines liés à l’identification et la gestion des risques et des situations d’urgence, mise en place en 2010.

1 Le volet fédéral (sur base des demandes des Gouverneurs identifiées lors de l’exercice local) sera testé en mai 2012.

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BULGARIA / BULGARIE ECRP - European Centre for Risk Prevention / Centre européen pour la prévention des Risques (Sofia) In the course of 2011 the European Center for Risk Prevention (ECRP), Sofia, implemented its activities on the basis of the approved annual program and the medium-term plan 2011-2015 of the European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreemant (EUR-OPA). In practice it was the first year of the Medium Term Plan 2011-2015 and the beginning of realization of recommendation of “Decision on the use of the operative budget of the European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement” (AP/CAT(2011)25) but the approved program for 2011 of the Center was elaborated under the former rules. 2011 was a passing year to the requirement of the new planning and the way of working of the agreement which were published in August and September.

PRIORITIES FOR 2011

1. Regional safety center; 2. The Danube river projects:

a. -“River Danube-culture heritage in floods”. b. -Portal DRACE.

3. Applying for EU projects; 4. Joint work with the New Bulgarian University; 5. Participation in the „Be-Safe-Net” project; 6. Negotiation for joint projects with another centers.

The Scientific Council of the Centre decided that on the first place it shall continue the activities done in cooperation with other network centers. On second place, it shall continue the elaboration of the projects which are specific and important for Bulgaria and which are in accordance with the Middle Term Plan. On third place together with other centers to candidate for European Union projects which have the same priorities with the Middle term plan. RESULTS OBTAINED DURING 2011

The work of the center was implemented during the continuous reforms in Bulgaria, occurring in the sphere of crisis management. As of January 1st 2012 the government decided to unite the management of the Fire Service and the Civil Protection Service in a single Directorate named “Fire Service and Civil Protection” at the Ministry of Interior, with the fire service having a command role. The director of the new directorate is the director of the former Fire Service. On December 16th 2011 a meeting was held with the Director of the new “Fire Service and Civil Protection” Directorate, where support was confirmed for the implementation of the future work of the European Center. The realization of a joint project was also agreed to be implemented in 2012, namely:” Forest Fires risks and school children awareness: Prevention and reactions in case of fires”. This topic was suggested for joint realization in 2012-2013 together with the center at Chisinau /Moldova/. With the above said commenced the implementation of the requirements of “Decision on the use of the operative budget of the European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement/EUR-OPA/”. With regard to the realization of the above project the Center also gained the support of the Forestry Agency at the Ministry of Agriculture. It was agreed to implement the pilot project in one of the forestry specialization schools at the said Agency.

In correspondence with the 2011 programme, the following works were implemented:

1.USING INFORMATION TO SAVE LIVES AND HELP VICTIMS 1.1. “Regional Safety Center” project

The European Center held numerous meetings and organized a work meeting for the realization of this project. Meetings were held at the Ministry of Defense and with the participation of their expert a proposal was developed, to be presented to the European Commission, the office of Mrs. Kristalina Georgieva. During the month of March a meeting was held with a representative of her cabinet, where their support

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was confirmed as well as the seeking of new options for the future realization of this project. The consequences of the climate change render the idea for the establishment of a regional safety center even more urgent. The main assignment of the Regional Centers for security is to fight with the forest fires. It is supposed that the center will has the following structure, Module for satellite observation, fire module, aero fire module /helicopters Mi 14 The project is related with with existing European Warning and EXTREMUM systems. The project will be developed only if it is supported by the European Commission in 2012. For this reason the project was not proposed as a joint project in 2013.

1.2. Balkan conference: „Safety Strategies and Policies”

The conference was organized by the European Centre for Risk Prevention/ECRP/ and the New Bulgarian University /Risk and Safety Research Center/. The main idea behind the conference was to examine the risk management problems in connection with the large reform in that sphere in Bulgaria. The Conference decided that the Balkan Safety Forum and the European Risk Prevention Center /jointly/, to exercise the role of Commission of the National Crisis Management Platform in the future. This decision was taken since so far this role was attributed to a state institution, which is plainly impossible on the basis of the idea that such organizations are founded on. A state institution can hardly be critical of another state institution, particularly in the crisis management sphere.

2.USING KNOWLEDGE TO REDUCE VULNERABILITY 2.1 River Danube – Culture heritage in flood” Project.

This project is the sequence of “Danube, river of all – care of everybody “/ DRACE/, implemented by the European Center in the course of the last few years. Within the scope of the project during the month of March 2011 was held a work meeting with the participation of experts from the Danube Management and Maintenance Agency and experts from the Universities. At the end a decision was taken at that meeting that the European Center should join the group of countries /Armenia, Georgia, Moldova/, who are applying for projects according the “join Operative Program – Black Sea Basin 2007-2013”. Within the scope of these projects the Center is assigned to work on the risk prevention problems. Since the European Center is located in Sofia and is not on the territory of the Black Sea basin /application requirements /, the said center will be participating as a subcontractor. The realization of such a project would also assist the further continuation of the Danube river project, which is the main idea behind it. For the said purpose the European Center has independently, as well as jointly, together with the New Bulgarian University, entered in the preparation and the presentation of two proposals before the European Commission:

- First project: A Black Sea European Studies Institute For Economical, Industrial and Social Sustainable Development”;

- Second project: anagement, prevention and modernization of the cultural tourism in the Black Sea region, concentrating on areas protected by UNESCO”.

Tourism is very important for the Bulgarian economy. Prevention of the cultural heritage at hazards is very important too since this heritage is at the base of the cultural tourism. Protection of the cultural heritage and prevention of the tourists against hazards are the main priorities of the projects. The results will be known in 2012. During the joint work for the preparation of the above proposals, the capabilities of Armenia, Moldova and Georgia were specified, as well as their participation in the Regional Safety Center project brought forward by the European Center in Sofia. 2.2 Improvement of the DRACE Portal With regard to the application for the above said projects and the possibility for the future development of the Danube river project, and within the scope of the Black Sea Operative Program it was established that it would be more appropriate to continue the maintenance of the Danube river Portal. Two work meetings were held with experts and the further improvement and maintenance of the portal were assigned. 2.3 Producing the “Safety” magazine, with a chapter on risk management. The first copy of the magazine was developed in New Bulgarian University/NBU/ but due to the economic crisis for now it can not be printed. Despite the difficulties, the idea is good and there is interest in the universities. For the first time in Bulgaria that magazine can give the risk problem researchers to present their work. The opportunity is given to both young scientists and students are given the opportunity. The European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement /EUR-OPA / is presented in the first edition.

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3. PLACING PEOPLE AT THE HEART OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 3.1 Participation in the “Be-Safe-Net” project In the course of the year the European Center received a lot of criticism regarding the development of the flood module. This imposed the complete rework of the module to match the school target group he will be used by. Currently all texts have a completely edited, the module’s structure has been changed, while keeping the basic questionnaire. Definitions compliant with the European Directives for flood problems were used. Till the end of February the work on the computer animation on the theme will be completed. 3.2 Bachelor and master programs developed through the New Bulgarian University– Risk and Safety Study Center. In the course of the last two years the interest in these problems among the students is noticeably rising. The bachelor and the master programs had academic courses included in the sphere of risk assessment and management. Since 2011 a PhD program was established. A PhD thesis in the university safety was developed in that year.

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CYPRUS /CHYPRE BE-SAFE-NET – European Center for Disaster Awareness through Internet / Centre Européen pour la Sensibilisation aux Désastres à travers Internet (Nicosia)

During June, a meeting took place in Paris in order to evaluate the existing material of the website and prepare the website for IESO (International Earth Science Olympiad) 2011. During September, the BESAFENET was presented to the participants of IESO. IESO, was founded as one of the major activities of the IGEO (International Geoscience Education Organization). The aims of IGEO are to promote Geoscience education at all international levels, to encourage and develop the public awareness of Geoscience, especially among young people and to work on the improvement of the quality of Geoscience education all over the world. The IESO is an annual competition for secondary school students. At the meeting in Ukraine during November, was decided the launching of the official website at the EUR-OPA 25th Anniversary, in April 2012. For the promotion of the website, it was agreed that: a) In the short term i.e. for the launching, Editorial board to design a leaflet, b) In the Medium term, the editorial board and the secretarial to design a set of Posters for distribution to Ministries of Education / Civil Protection departments for subsequent circulation in secondary schools, and c) In the long-term, the Editorial Board suggests the setting up of an ‘on-line based Olympiad’ which will test the knowledge gained from the BeSafeNet website. The board agreed that the content of the medium and long term strategies for the promotion of the website will be included in the BeSafeNet Programme for the next two years.

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FRANCE CERG - European Centre for Seismic and Geomorphological Hazards / Centre Européen sur les Risques Géomorphologiques (Strasbourg)

Development of the booklet “Nuclear hazard. Basic knowledge” In his Statement for International Conference “Twenty-five Years after Chernobyl Accident. Safety for the Future”, (Kyiv, April 20-22, 2011), the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said: “To many, nuclear energy looks to be a relatively clean and logical choice in an era of increasing resource scarcity. Yet the record requires us to ask painful questions: have we correctly calculated its risks and costs? Are we doing all we can to keep the world's people safe? …Looking to the future, we need international standards for construction, agreed guarantees of public safety, full transparency and information-sharing, among others. … Let us make that the enduring legacy of Chernobyl.” In that line, both the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe Thorbjørn Jagland and the UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova pointed out in their Statements at the conference that people have right to be better informed and protected against the nuclear hazard. The public perception of Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents clearly shows the insufficient information of people on radiation hazards attributed to radionuclides releases. The iodine doses received in Europe from the Fukushima release were minimal (less than 1/1000 of the exposure from natural radionuclides) yet population in many European cities felt threatened and were not ready to trust the official information provided by national authorities or experts. After Chernobyl and Fukushima emergencies, experience shows that increasingly people only trust information they can actually understand. Thus it is important to provide them with meaningful information about nuclear hazard and build their own capacity to analyse risk. The conclusions adopted of the International Conference “Twenty-five Years after Chernobyl Accident. Safety for the Future” state that : “… The activity aimed at better awareness and knowledge of population on the nature of radiation hazards and protective actions in case of an accident should be improved. This work should be implemented directly to the public and via teachers, doctors and other population groups who will be able to disseminate this knowledge. The international collaboration on all aspects of better radiological protection of people should be strengthening.” Following that line of thought, the EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement of the Council of Europe has proposed to develop a new publication on “Basic Knowledge on Nuclear Hazard : the lessons from Chernobyl and Fukushima”. The idea is to provide ex-ante more accurate information of population on radiological hazard as the best way to protect them in case of disaster. The aim of this book is: present trusted basic knowledge on nuclear hazard in such a way to interest different groups of people (journalists, decision makers, students, …). The draft of the Booklet has been developed on the basis of 25 years experience lecturing for different categories of people: students, emergency workers, medical doctors, teachers and general public from Chernobyl contaminated area. The draft of Booklet has been presented 22.08.2011 on Seminar “Sustainable development for Chornobyl-affected areas” , organized by ICRIN/UNDP, University of Oxford and NaUKMA with the support of UNV and the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. The draft of Booklet has been presented on Scientific meeting: “The Fukushima nuclear accident: is it another Chernobyl ??” organized by San-Marino National Authority, CEMEC, Italian Association for Medical Radiation Protection. The draft of Booklet has been presented on International Earth Science Olympiad -IESO 2011 5-14 Sep. 2011, Modena – Italy organized by Italian Ministry of Education, Local Organizing Committee IESO 2011, Department of Earth Science University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. The draft of Booklet has been presented on First meeting for the joint project « Nuclear Hazard. Chernobyl and Fukushima – Lessons for Public Awareness » Office of the Council of Europe, Friday, 4 November 2011 Moreover, the system provides positioning and communication tools in order to benefit from the use of mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), Tablet-PCs, and Global Positioning System (GPS). In this way, information can be shared directly on the field, allowing the personnel involved in emergency to be continuously in touch in a simple and effective way (fig. 2). Once applied and tested, the system is able to cope with disaster preparedness and response activities providing:

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• operational steps (composed by procedures, actions, and rules organized in a workflow) to be sequentially executed according to the set of laws in force at a national, regional, and local level;

• instructions to be followed for the completion of each action; • documents to be drawn up during or after each crisis phase; • list of people (individually or aggregated in agencies, companies, squads, etc.) responsible for each

time-step activity; • resources really available for coping with each phase of the emergency; • the tools to transfer procedures and data to people in charge of managing the crisis phase. Dissemination of project results: Three different types of dissemination activities have been performed: - towards final users, targeted to improve their technical skills in system management. Several multi-step and multi-participant seminars, expert exchanges, workshops have been promoted in Valtellina di Tirano in order to make the system intuitive and user-friendly enough towards people not really accustomed to managing GIS, DSS, and ICT in their daily tasks; - towards general public, by specific public education programs in schools and public meetings that can help citizens to protect themselves more efficiently. In this way, people who may be threatened by a disaster may learn in advance what to expect and how to react, increasing personal and community resilience; - towards scientific community, by scientific reports and papers. - Frigerio, S., Sterlacchini, S., Puissant, A., Malet, J.-P., Wehrle, M., Guiter, G., 2010. Integration of a GIS-based Decision Support System in the context of French civil defence. The La Valette case study in the South Alps.. In: Malet, J.-P., Glade, T., Casagli, N. (Eds): Proceedings of the International Conference 'Mountain Risks: Bringing Science to Society', Florence, 24-26th November 2010 - Sterlacchini, S., Blahut, J., Frigerio, S., 2011. From risk assessment to disaster preparedness and response at a regional scale. In: Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 13, EGU2011-10766, 2011, Vienna, 03 - 08 Aprile 2011. - Frigerio, S., Sterlacchini, S., Malet J-P., Glade T., 2011. Emergency management support with geo-information technology. A common methodology in different European contexts. In: Proceedings of Georisque “Plan Communal de Sauvegarde”, 7eme Edition. Montpellier (Fr), 25-26 Janvier 2011. - Frigerio, S., Sterlacchini, S., Malet, J.-P., Glade, T., 2011. Emergency Management Support with Geo-Information Technology. A common methodology in different European contexts. Abstract submitted at Workshop Géorisque “Plans communaux de sauvegarde: expériences, outils, premiers bilans », Montpellier, 25-26 janvier 2011. - Savi, S., De Amicis, M., Frigerio, S., Sironi, S.,Sterlacchini, S., 2009. Utilizzo delle tecniche GIS e di Sistemi di Supporto alle Decisioni (DSS) nell’analisi dei rischi idrogeologici nella gestione delle emergenze in tempo reale. Rendiconti online Soc. Geol. It., 8 (2009), 133-135. - Sterlacchini, S., Frigerio S., 2012. Disaster preparedness and response activities: an integrated GIS, DSS, and ICT-based system. Natural Hazards (Under review). Landslide susceptibility mapping in Portugal (2011-2012) Local coordinator: Dr Jose Luis Zezere, University of Lisbon Global objective: Following the work already done in the framework of the CERG Project ‘Landslide susceptibility mapping at the European scale’, this proposal aims to develop and apply heuristic and statistic models for the landslide susceptibility assessment at the national level. Since 1900, Portugal was affected by several destructive natural disasters of geomorphologic origin. In the framework of the Portuguese funded project ‘DISASTER - GIS database on hydro-geomorphologic disasters in Portugal: a tool for environmental management and emergency planning (PTDC/CS-GEO/103231/2008)’, 181 landslides that produced death, injured, evacuated or homeless people were inventoried based on archive investigation. This landslide database will be further improved and included in a GIS to be used as the dependent variable for the national landslide susceptibility assessment. We assume that landslides that generated personal damages in the past may be a representative sample of slope instability processes occurring at the national scale. The landslide susceptibility map will be constructed at the 1:500,000 scale based on a set of mappable predisposing landslide factors (e.g. slope angle and aspect, lithology, soil, vegetation cover and land use) using heuristic methods (e.g. multicriteria analysis) and statistic methods (e.g. Information Value, Likelihood Ratio). The landslide inventory will be used for weighting the landslide predisposing factors and to validate the obtained landslide predictive models.

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Results obtained in 2011 The basic information on past landslides that occurred in Portugal is disperse and incomplete, and and this is a short coming for the implementation of effective disaster mitigation measures, particularly when it is expectable an increase of frequency, magnitude, dimension and complexity of the hydro-geomorphologic phenomena resulting from climate change. The reported results account for the period 1900-2006. The annual distribution of landslide events allows us to identify three periods with high frequency of disastrous landslides: period 1 – from 1908 to 1913; period 2 – from 1935 to 1969; period 3 – form 2000 to 2001. The majority (58%) of the landslide events that produce deaths, injured people, missing people, evacuated and homeless occurred during the 2nd period. Most of these events occurred in the fall and winter months (maximum occurrence in January-February-March). Dissemination of project results: Meneses, B.; Zêzere, J.L. (2011) – Modelação e validação da susceptibilidade a movimentos de vertente no município de Tarouca. VIII Congresso da Geografia Portuguesa, Repensar a Geografia para Novos Desafios, Comunicações, APG, Lisboa, 6 p. Pereira, S.; Zêzere, J.L.; Bateira, C. (2011) – Avaliação da perigosidade a deslizamentos superficiais translacionais em Santa Marta de Penaguião (Vale do Douro). VIII Congresso da Geografia Portuguesa, Repensar a Geografia para Novos Desafios, Comunicações, APG, Lisboa, 6 p. Piedade, A.; Zêzere, J.L.; Henriques, C.; Sevinate Pinto, P.; Pereira, S.; Melo, R. (2011) - Assessment and validation of landslide susceptibility in different geomorphological environments in Portugal. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 13, EGU2011-4742-1, 2011, EGU General Assembly 2011. Piedade, A.; Zêzere, J.L.; Melo, R.; Henriques, C.; Pinto, P.S.; Pereira, S. (2011) – Avaliação e validação da susceptibilidade à ocorrência de deslizamentos em diferentes contextos geomorfológicos em Portugal continental. VIII Congresso da Geografia Portuguesa, Repensar a Geografia para Novos Desafios, Comunicações, APG, Lisboa, 6 p. Vaz, T.; Zêzere, J.L. (2011) - Landslides induced by seismic events in Portugal mainland: identification and characterization. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 13, EGU2011-4802, 2011, EGU General Assembly 2011. An update on multi-hazard risk assessments (2011) Local coordinator: Prof. Dr. Thomas Glade (Vice-President of CERG), Geomorphic Systems and Risk Research, University of Vienna, Austria Global objective This activity is build up on the results obtained on the Multi-hazard and risk assessment course held in 2006 in Bonn, Germany. This course highlighted the different initiatives on multi-hazard and risk approaches and used the different experts in the respective filed to report on their contribution. This project aims now to update the available information. In recent years, numerous initiatives have been implemented (e.g. by the World Bank, UN, FEMA, etc.) and various approaches to address the multi-hazard risk assessments exist. It is the principle objective, to summarize the different techniques and methods and to disseminate the findings to the international community. Results obtained in 2011: The activity on updating information on multi-hazard assessments continued throughout the year 2011. The scientific network was further established and consolidated. The topic on multi-hazard risk assessment was presented during various conferences as well as on national and international scientific workshops. During the CERG meeting in Rome 2011, the gained results have been presented to the CERG community. The presentation has been made available to the CERG community.

Dissemination of project results: Glade T.: MultiRISK Platform - A web-based GIS application for multi-hazards and natural risks.- Beijing, China – 01. September Glade T.: Landslides in a multi-hazard context - A web-based GIS application for multi-hazards and natural risks.- Chengdu, China, 25. November Glade T., von Elverfeldt K. & Kappes M. (2011): Multi-Hazards and Multi-Risks - A review on existing approaches.- Presentation given at the C.E.R.G.: General Assembly - 05.10.2011 Rome, Italy Glade T. & Kappes M: Geographische Katastrophenforschung: Stand und zukünftige Herausforderungen - StartClim: BOKU - Vienna, Austria, 29. April Kappes M. & Glade R.: Landslides in a multi-hazard context.- In: Margottini C., Canuti P. & Sassa K. (Eds.): Abstracts.- Second World Landslide Forum, Rome (Italy) 03.-09. October

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Kappes M., Gruber K., Frigerio S. & Glade T.: MultiRISK - a tool for coherent multi-hazard risk analyses.- In: European Geoscience Union (Eds.): Abstracts.- VII. General Assembly, Vienna (Austria) 03.-08. April Applicability of Fibre Optic cables for landslide early warning systems (2011-2012) Local coordinator Dr. Thom Bogaard, Ass. Prof, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. Global objective New possibilities of distributed monitoring of relevant parameters for landslide understanding and early warning are available, and among them the distributed monitoring of temperature and strain by fibre optic cables. Nevertheless, the operative implementation and performance testing of such techniques in the field has not still been evaluated in a quantitative approach based on both literature review and field experiments. The general concept behind the use of fibre optics for distributed sensing is to observe the conditions found at a particular distance along the fibre from the instrument by virtue of the time of travel of light in the fibre. Measured properties in FO are strain, acoustics and temperature with very high spatial and temporal resolution. Although monitoring using Fibre Optic Cables and Optical Lasers exists since several decades, applications in earth and engineering science has been lacking. However, the use of Fibre optic cable is currently rapidly increasing as in landslide studies as well. The multi-variable measurements in FO, their very high spatial and temporal resolution and possible long distances (up to several kilometres of FO cable can be used) and limited post-processing seem to make them well applicable for long-term monitoring of landslides and man-made structures. Therefore, this project aims to assess the applicability and limitations of FO sensors in the field of early warning system (EWS). In particular, the project will tackle the following points: 1. Identification of sensors and sensing system for different EWS; 2. Deployment of sensor and system; 3. Testing of the system; 4. Implementation of algorithms for data interpretation; 5. Embedding intelligence in the sensor system. Focus will be on the use of all physical variables that can be obtained using FO, such as strain, temperature and acoustic signals Results obtained in 2011 Monitoring and quantification of ground water recharge processes and consequently the triggering of slope movements is a key aspect for the improvement rainfall-induced landslide hazard analyses. Steele-Dunne et al. (2010) showed the possibility to derive soil moisture information in the soil using Distributed Temperature Sensing using Fibre Optic cable and daily (day-night) temperature variations. This, however, was performed in a homogeneous sand dune in the Netherlands. We, therefore, extended the method to show the potential of high resolution distributed temperature sensing (DTS) for hydrological monitoring of the near surface soil layer conditions in an active, clayey, landslide. The main advantages of using DTS and Fibre Optic cable is the high spatial and temporal resolution that can be obtained (every 1m and 1 minute). We performed qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil temperature data collected during several field campaigns in the black marls mudslide of Super-Sauze (France). Measurements of soil temperature response to daily radiation cycle were used to estimate spatial and temporal variation in soil thermal parameters. The main focus of this research was to detect the spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture conditions through monitoring of soil thermal parameters. The relationship between estimated apparent diffusivity and measured soil moisture content showed interesting and promising results when accounting for spatial heterogeneity of soil characteristics

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CSEM – Centre Sismologique Euro-Méditerranéen / European Mediterranean Seismological Centre, (Bruyères-le-Chatel)

RAPID EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION AND CITIZEN SEISMOLOGY

In 2011, the EMSC has moved towards the diversification of data dissemination channels by integrating the social networks and the mobile website. Since April 1st, the detections of felt earthquakes via surges of web traffic are published on Twitter (@LastQuake). 57 felt earthquakes have been detected with a median time of 96 seconds. More than 1,000 followers (users) have subscribed to this service.

A new EMSC website for mobile devices has been online since April 2011. It aims at simplifying the access to the seismological information for mobile users (Figure 1). For instance, the mobile users can report their experience by selecting a thumbnail that describes the effects of the earthquake rather than filling a questionnaire.

Averages of 1.5 million people have visited EMSC websites per month (including classic and mobile websites) in 2011. This represents a 45% increase in one year and we observe an increasing proportion of visitors from outside the Euro-Med region (25% in 2011). In December 2011, the EMSC has proposed to its Members a prototype notification service on earthquake effects based on surges of web traffic, on the collection rate of macroseismic questionnaires and on the a priori qualitative impact of the earthquake, determined via EQIA (Earthquake Qualitative Impact Assessment). This service aims at giving quick heads-up on widely felt and/or significant earthquakes. Members’ feedback will help us improve this service and make it evolve.

The number of earthquakes published on the EMSC website in 2011 has increased by 40% compared to 2010, with 27,533 earthquakes published (75 per day on average). Even if one discards the numerous aftershocks consecutive to both March 11th M9.0 Japan and October 23rd M7.2 Eastern Turkey earthquakes, which explains most of this increase, the average number of published earthquakes increased by 10%. In terms of performances, the real time earthquake information services have carrying on improving in 2011. The Earthquake Notification Service has remained fully operational thanks to the operational and technical support of the LDG and of the IGN. In 2011, the median dissemination time for Euro-Med events has been of 18 minutes and the operating rate of EMSC website reached 99.9%.

The authoritative location procedure has been operational since November 2010 and has shown very satisfying results. An authoritative location has been available for 17.2% of the earthquakes.

2012 is an important year for the EMSC as we will have to move our IT infrastructure to another building and we will take this opportunity to implement a more robust, more secure and more easy-to–manage infrastructure. In 2012, we also plan to:

• Further develop the authoritative location procedure, by using only close stations for relocation if an authoritative location is obtained after data merging

• Improve and further develop the Twitter service and the prototype notification service on earthquake effects

• Extend of the use of QWIDS/EIDS with other agencies

Finally, the EMSC would like to thank the IGN and the LDG for their constant support with a special thanks to the seismologists on call for their dedicated work. We also remind the reader that the real time services only exist thanks to the real time data kindly provided by the network operators and we take this opportunity to express our warm thanks to them. Introduction The European Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC), hosted by the LDG (Laboratoire de Détection et de Géophysique, Bruyères-le-Châtel, France), is a non-profit scientific international NGO which provides rapid earthquake information in coordination with the national seismological institutes in the Euro-Med region. Currently, 84 seismological institutes are members from 55 countries covering the whole Euro-Med region. The main scientific activities of the EMSC are the real time information services and the production of the Euro-Med Bulletin (Godey et al.; 2007). The real time information services are operated thanks to the operational and technical support of the LDG, by compiling the real time parametric data provided by 64 seismological networks spanning from Iceland to Iran. The EMSC website (http://emsc-csem.org) provides lists of the latest earthquakes as well as additional information including location maps, moment tensors solutions or past regional seismicity. The EMSC also provides information on the current seismic activity through other media like Imode, WAP, RSS feeds, a mobile web site and a Twitter service (since 2011).

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This report presents the status of the 2011 real time activities in terms of data received, published/disseminated earthquake information, performance and success of the different services, and on information collected from the public (via questionnaires, pictures, comment and felt maps). The second part is dedicated to the presentation of the new services opened in 2011: a website for mobile devices, the Twitter service and the notification service on earthquake effects. I. STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF THE REAL TIME SERVICES To assess the status and the performance of the real time services, we present the recent evolutions of the following:

- Operating rate (i.e. the amount of time the EMSC real time services have been operational) - Quantity of data received and number of earthquakes published by the EMSC - Status of the authoritative location procedure implemented in 2010 - Accuracy of the information published and disseminated by the EMSC - EMSC website use rate - In-situ data collected thanks to the earthquakes witnesses

I.1.Operating rate

To determine the operating rate of the real time services, we use the 3 following metrics: • The number of hours that the EMSC has been offline (i.e. website unavailable or not updated) for

maintenance reason or due to technical problems. • After a clear improvement from 2007 to 2009, the operating rate of the EMSC real time services is

now rather stable with 99.9% online period for 2011 (i.e. 0.1% of offline time). • Of the total offline period, how many hours is the EMSC responsible for? (i.e. by excluding the

maintenance and technical problems related to the backbone firewall and/or the hosting building). • Among the 14.9 hours of offline period in 2011, the EMSC has been responsible for 12.3 hours. This

corresponds to technical problems or maintenance intervention. In 2011, the EMSC made a lot of efforts to solve database problems by upgrading the server and optimizing its databases.

• How many hours has the IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Madrid, Spain) been on duty? • In 2011, the IGN has been on duty for a total of 14 hours.

As a reminder, the IGN operates a back-up of the Earthquake Notification Service, when the EMSC is not able to operate it for maintenance reasons for example. When the EMSC website is offline, the real time seismicity is available on IGN website: http://www.01.ign.es/ign/resources/sismologia/www/csem/csem.htm

I.2. Data reception and earthquakes publication

In 2011, the EMSC has received real time parametric data (i.e. source parameters and phase pickings) from 66 data contributors (i.e. seismological networks). Since 2004, the number of messages received has been multiplied by four due to the increasing number of data contributors and the number of seismic stations that provide data in real time. Consequently, the number of worldwide earthquakes published each year on the EMSC website has almost tripled since 2005 with 27,533 earthquakes published in 2011. In 2011, an average of 75 earthquakes is published everyday on the EMSC website. From 2010 to 2011, one can observe an increase of more than 40% for worldwide earthquakes and more than 50% for Euro-Med earthquakes. This is mainly due to the important seismic activity consecutive the M9.0 March 11th Japan earthquake and to the M7.2 October 23rd Eastern Turkey earthquake respectively. Indeed, 75% of the additional worldwide earthquakes are either aftershocks of the M9.0 Japan earthquake or of the M7.2 eastern Turkey earthquake. However, even if one discards the numerous aftershocks consecutive to both March 11th, M9.0 Japan and October 23rd M7.2 Eastern Turkey earthquakes, the average number of published earthquakes increased by 10%. Finally, for the same reasons, the number of moment tensors solutions received has dramatically increased in 2011 (Table 1). This is also partly due to the participation of 3 new contributors:

CPP: Jascha Polet, Cal Poly Pomona, California, USA GeoAZUR: GeoAzur (SCARDEC method), Nice, France GEOFON: Potsdam, Germany

In 2011, 15 agencies have provided quick moment tensors solutions to the EMSC.

I.3. Authorative locations

According to what has been approved during the 2010 EMSC General Assembly, the Authoritative location procedure has been implemented in November 2010. It shows very satisfying results. The idea is based on the principle that the EMSC should not relocate a reliable and accurate location. We consider a location reliable if it is reproducible using the same dataset and we consider a location accurate if it fits geophysical criteria derived from the Ground Truth (GT) criteria of Engdahl et al. (2001)

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and Bondar et al. (2009). These locations present several advantages as they have been independently determined and are based on the geometry of the reporting stations. Since November 2010:

• Among the 32,041 earthquakes, we had an authoritative location for 17.2 % of them; • 98.5% of the GT locations have been automatically reproducible within 15 km by EMSC. The other

cases are explained by large station residuals or station code issues. Before the implementation of this procedure, the EMSC relocated every earthquake for which data from several agencies were available. As a consequence, the number of earthquakes that were not relocated by the EMSC showed a cut-off magnitude of 4.2. Indeed, larger earthquakes were necessarily reported by several agencies and therefore relocated by the EMSC. Since the implementation of this procedure, the EMSC does not relocate an earthquake as soons as an authoritative location is available, even if it is reported by several agencies. As a result, the number of earthquakes not relocated by the EMSC has significantly increased from 2010 to 2011 and does not show any cut-off magnitude anymore.

I.4. Location accuracy and timeliness of the information published and disseminated by the EMSC

In order to assess the accuracy of a location provided by the EMSC, we compare it with the reference location. We consider the reference location, the location provided by the local agency (e.g. the Italian network for an earthquake located in Italy) in its manually revised bulletin for the same earthquake, if available. If not availble, we do not perform any comparison of location. As for the timeliness, we present the evolution, over the last years, in the delay between the earthquake occurrence and the publication of the location of the EMSC website. Only Euro-Med earthquakes are considered because this is where the results are relevant as it is where the EMSC real time information services are focused. We consider separately:

- The preliminary locations: the very first source parameters that are published on the website for a given earthquake (i.e. generally automatic locations)

- The first locations disseminated within the framework of the Earthquake Notification Service (i.e. manual locations disseminated by the seismologist on call) I.4.1. Preliminary information

In terms of time performance, the delay between earthquake occurrence and publication of the preliminary information has continually decreased since 2006 with an average value of 7.6 minutes in 2011 for Euro-Med earthquakes. This improvement is mainly due to the improvement of the speed in which the data contributors provide real time information. Since 2006, the accuracy of the location of the preliminary information has significantly improved

I.4.2. Earthquake Notification Service The EMSC has been operating an Earthquake Notification Service (ENS) for several years. It is a free service (http://www.emsc-csem.org/service/register.php ). It consists in quickly disseminating (within 20-30 after the earthquake occurrence) a email/SMS notification to the users for potentially damaging earthquakes (i.e. M5+ in Europe; M6+ for continental Asia; M7+ worldwide; local thresholds available at : http://www.emsc-csem.org/Images/threshold.jpg). On average, 100-150 messages are disseminated per year by the EMSC.

• Number of users

The total number of users registered to the Earthquake Notification Service has steadily increased since 2004, with a total of 9,667 users on 01/01/2012. This corresponds to an increase of 11.8% in one year.

• Time performances

The median alert triggering time (time elapsed between the earthquake occurrence and the triggering of the alert system) is stabilized since 2008 with a value of 7 minutes (Figure 9). This value is closely linked to the time performances of the data contributors. The median dissemination time (time elapsed between earthquake occurrence and the dissemination of the notification to the registered users), has clearly decreased since 2004, with a median value of 18 minutes for Euro-Med earthquakes in 2011, the same value as in 2010 (Table 2; Figure 10).

• Location accuracy

To assess the location accuracy, we compare, for each earthquake processed by the ENS, the first location that the EMSC disseminated, with the reference location (i.e. the one of the local agency as provided by its revised bulletins). The analysis is performed on 2010 and 2011 because, in 2011, only few reference locations (i.e. revised bulletins) were available at the time this report. A difference with the previous years is now that we have to take the authoritative locations procedure into account. This means that to assess the location accuracy, we have to discard the cases where the location was the one of the authoritative network. Therefore we only consider the cases for which the location has been computed by the EMSC (i.e. when no authoritative location was available).

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As a result, the accuracy of the locations disseminated within the Earthquake Notification Service for Euro-Med earthquakes has remained rather stable with a median value of 9-12 km since 2004 (9.2 km in 2011). In 2010-2011, 87% of the first locations are accurate within 20 km (95% within 30 km). We have 2 cases for which this difference in location exceeds 40 km. But we notice that they both correspond to earthquakes at the Southern border of Greece (Crete and Dodecanese Islands respectively) for which the reference location (i.e. the one of the Greek network) shows a large azimuthal gap (>250°) whereas the gap of EMSC solution is lower than that. Therefore, in such cases, we can not properly assess the accuracy of EMSC location.

• Magnitude accuracy

To assess the magnitude accuracy, we compare, for each earthquake processed by the ENS, the first magnitude that the EMSC disseminated, with the magnitude of the reference location (i.e. the one of the local agency as provided by its revised bulletin). The analysis is performed on 2010 and 2011 because, in 2011, on few reference locations (i.e. revised bulletins) were available at the time this report. As a difference with the location accuracy, we do not discard the cases for which an authoritative location was available. Indeed, we remind the reader that, as no authoritative magnitude has been defined so far, the EMSC keeps on determining the magnitude the same way as before. As a result, 68% of the magnitudes of the first locations show an accuracy of +/-0.1 (87% of +/-0.2; 98% of +/-0.3).

I.4.3. EUR-OPA Alerts In 2011, five of the notifications disseminated by the Earthquake Notification Service were EUR-OPA Alerts. They concern the following earthquakes:

• Crete, Greece: Mw 6.0 on 01/04/2011 at 13:29 UTC • Kuril Islands: Mw 6.1 on 04/08/2011 at 13:51 UTC • Eastern Turkey: Mw 7.2 on 23/10/2011 at 13:19 UTC • Eastern Turkey: Mw 6.0 on 23/10/2011 at 20:45 UTC • South Western Siberia, Russia: Mw 6.6 on 27/12/2011 at 15:21 UTC

II. 5 Web traffic

To measure the traffic on the EMSC website, the same software (StatCounter) has been used since 2004. The average daily traffic on EMSC website has increased by 44.8% from 2010 to 2011. In we consider both the web traffic on the classical website (http://ww.emsc-csem.org) and the one on the mobile website (http://m.emsc.eu) (see §III), we observe an average on 1.5 million unique visitors per month on the website in 2011. Interestingly, we observe an increasing proportion of visitors from outside the Euro-Med region over the last years: 25% in 2011, 13% in 2010 and 8% in 2009. The number of visitors in one day sets a record on March 15th 2011, 4 days after the M9.0 Japan earthquake with 139,737 unique visitors (Figure 13). The previous record has been set after the L’Aquila earthquake in 2009 with 134,276 unique visitors in one day. The daily number of unique visitors has remained higher than 80,000 in the first 14 days following the M9.0 Japan main shock. According to Alexa (www.alexa.com) the access to EMSC website is considered as “Very fast” with an average load time 0.77 seconds in January 2012. This value, which integrates all EMSC web users, whatever their own bandwidth, confirms that the EMSC website has improved its performances over the last years. Indeed, the EMSC has made important efforts to upgrade its web and database infrastructures. In December 2011, old Solaris web servers have been upgraded to two powerful redundant Linux servers. Equally, the Oracle database server has been upgraded and optimized in 2011.

II. 6 Felt maps

As observed previously with the proportion of web visitors from countries outside the Euro-Med region, the felt maps show results for felt earthquakes outside the Euro-Med region. In 2011, 31% of the earthquakes for which a felt map has been made were not Euro-Med earthquakes. A nice example is the one of the M5.8 Virginia earthquake of August 23rd.

II. 7 Usage of other information services

The EMSC provides real time earthquake information through other media including Imode and WAP pages

II. 8 Questionnaires, comments and pictures

II.8.1. Questionnaires collected Since 2004, the number of questionnaires completed by web users has dramatically increased. The change is correlated with the increase in web traffic on the EMSC website and its visibility on the internet and among search engines. In 2011, a total of 3,831 questionnaires have been collected. 715 macroseismic intensity maps have been plotted and the maximum number of questionnaires received for a single earthquake corresponds to the M4.3 earthquake that occurred on German-Netherlands border on 08/09/2011 at 19:02 UTC with 269 questionnaires and 90 comments collected. The total number of questionnaires collected by year has shown important variations since 2008. But it is important to notice that the earthquakes for which the EMSC collects a large number of questionnaires

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generally correspond to widely felt or rare earthquakes in the Euro-Mediterranean region. So this number is closely linked to the seismic activity in the Euro-Med region. As it has been observed previously with the felt maps (§II.6), the number of earthquakes outside the Euro-Med region for which macroseismic intensity maps can be plotted has increased a lot since 2010. In 2011, 25% of the macroseismic intensity maps are for earthquake outside the Euro-Med region. Concerning the languages used by the web users to fill their questionnaires, we see that almost a half of them are filled in English. Other languages like Greek, Italian are also used but in lower proportion.

II.8.2. Comments collected Via the questionnaires, the EMSC collects comments from the eye-witnesses that, if validated, are made available on the website as a list and as an interactive Google Map. In 2011, 1,375 valid comments have been collected via the online questionnaire and 325 other comments have been collected via the mobile website (see §III), for a total of 1,700 questionnaires. The proportion of questionnaires with comments shows a slight increase over the last years. This indicates that witnesses now tend to use this option to express their feeling after having felt an earthquake.

II.8.3. Pictures collected The EMSC also allows eye-witnesses to post their pictures of earthquake damage on the website. This way of providing eye-witness reports is quite popular. This is partly due to the growing number of cell phones with embedded cameras that allow eye-witnesses to easily take and share their pictures. In 2011, we received 67 pictures for 7 earthquakes:

• Mw 4.3 HUNGARY on 29/01/2011 • ML 4.5 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA on 28/04/2011 • Mw 5.1 SPAIN on 11/05/2011 • Mw 5.8 WESTERN TURKEY on 19/05/2011 • ML 4.2 POLAND on 20/08/2011 • mb 6.2 JUJUY, ARGENTINA on 06/10/2011 • Mw 7.2 EASTERN TURKEY on 23/10/2011

II. 9 Special web pages

When an event raises a particular interest and/or produces significant damage, a special web page is created which gathers additional information such as aftershocks distributions, field observations, damage reports, pictures, intensities, moment tensors, preliminary source studies, etc. In 2011, 7 special web pages were opened:

• Mw 6.3 South Island of New Zealand on February 21st 2011 at 11:51 UTC • Mw 9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan, on March 11th 2011 at 05:46 UTC (see below) • Mw 6.0 Crete, Greece on April 1st 2011 at 13:29 UTC • Seismic sequence in Almaty (Kazakhstan) 1-2 May 2011 • Mw 5.1 Lorca, Spain on May 11th 2011 at 16:47 UTC • Earthquake swarm in Western Czech Republic • Mw 7.2 Eastern Turkey on October 23rd 2011 at 10:41 UTC (see below) II.9.1. M9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan on 11/03/2011

2011 has been marked by one of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded worldwide and the most powerful in Japan with a magnitude 9.0 on March 11th at 05:46 UTC (14:46 local time). The earthquake epicentre was located off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Honshu Island, Japan, approximately 100 km off Miyagi at a shallow depth. This earthquake was preceded by a large M7.2 foreshock on March 9th approximately 40 km from the epicentre of the March 11 earthquake. It has been followed by a series of powerful aftershocks, with 31 earthquakes of magnitude larger than 6.0 in three days. A devastating tsunami struck the East coast of Honshu and caused more than 20,000 victims and tremendous damage on the East coast of Japan. The EMSC opened a special web page (http://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake/196/Mw-9-0-off-the-Pacific-coast-of-Tohoku-JapanA-Earthquake-A-on-March-11th-2011-at-05-46-UTC) few hours after the earthquakes and immediately began to gather a lot of information.

II.9.2. M7.2 in Eastern Turkey on 23/10/2011 The Euro-Med region has also been struck by a deadly and destructive earthquake during the autumn 2011. An event of magnitude Mw 7.2 occurred on October 23rd at 10:41 UTC close to the city of Van in Eastern Turkey. The earthquake took place at shallow depth (10km) on the shore of lake Van. It caused more than 600 victims, 1,350 injured and the collapse of 2,000 buildings. It has been largely felt in Turkey and in the neighbouring countries. The city of Ercis has been particularly affected. A long series of aftershocks followed the main quake. Six aftershocks of magnitude greater than 5.0 have been recorded the same day of the main shock. In one month, 2,605 aftershocks with a magnitude spanning from 1.8 to 6.0 have been recorded.

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III. NEW SERVICES FOR SMARTPHONES A website for smartphones (http://m.emsc.eu) has been developed and is online since April 2011. and the EMSC has been collaborating with Ansur, a Norwegian company, who develops Android applications.

III.1. EMSC website for smartphones

The new EMSC website for mobile devices has been online since April 2011. It aims at simplifying the access to the seismological information for mobile users. A person visiting the classical URL of EMSC website (http://www.emsc-csem.org) with a mobile device is automatically redirected to the mobile website which is adapted to the web browsers embedded in mobile devices (Figures 22 to 24). However, it is still possible for the web user to go to the classical website afterwards. The mobile website proposes several quick accesses such as “Latest significant earthquakes” or “Latest earthquakes near you”. For this, when possible, the system uses the user’s location as provided by the smartphone itself (via GPS or triangulation). Otherwise the location is determined via the IP address. As on the classic website, it is possible for earthquake eye witnesses to report their experience. But instead of filling a questionnaire the user just needs to select, among a series of 12 thumbnails describing the effects of the earthquake (based on EMS-98 description), the one which better describes his/her experience. In 2011, an average of 3,084 unique users has visited the mobile website per day. This represents 6.5% of the traffic on the classic website.

III.2. RICHTER Application

RICHTER (Rapid geo-Images for Collaborative Help Targeting Earthquake Response) is an Android application developed by Ansur Technologies in Norway. Its goal is to allow earthquake eye-witnesses to easily and freely share their pictures of damage with the EMSC: http://www.emsc-csem.org/service/sharepics.php. RICHTER can automatically geo- and time- reference the photos that the user takes. Geo-reference can be via built-in GPS when you are outside, or via the mobile networks directly, even many places inside. Once location is automatically determined, it is embedded with exact time into the picture file. After potentially damaging earthquakes, the EMSC now adds a quick access to RICHTER application on its home page in order to attract Android users to use this application and share their pictures with the EMSC. IV. NEW REAL TIME SERVICES

IV.1 Twitter service

The growing use of social networks within the internet community over the last years brought the necessity for an institution as the EMSC to be present on these networks in order to reach other types of audiences. Thanks to a funding of the French Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, the EMSC opened a Twitter account (@LastQuake). This Twitter account is currently used to publish early detection of felt earthquakes via surges of web traffic. Therefore, 2 types of messages are published:

• Unconfirmed felt earthquake in the region derived from the locations of IP addresses of the web visitors who caused the surge (generally within 1 or 2 minutes after the earthquake);

• Confirmed felt earthquake (magnitude, origin time and region) when seismological information are available and confirm that the surge is associated to an earthquake.

Since its implementation on April 1st, 57 earthquakes have been detected via surges of web traffic and published on Twitter, with a median time of 96 seconds.

IV.2 Prototype email service for earthquakes effects

During these last years, the EMSC has developed several tools to quickly detect a widely felt earthquake and assess its effects. An internal notification service has been implemented and has proved its ability to give quick heads-up on widely felt and/or significant earthquakes. Since December 2011, the EMSC proposes this prototype service to EMSC Members in order to assess its performances and the relevance of the disseminated information. Their feedback will help us to improve this service and make it evolve. This prototype notification service is based on 3 types on information:

• Detection of felt earthquake from traffic surge Currently, detections of widely felt earthquakes via surges of web traffic are immediately posted on EMSC website via a moving banner and published on EMSC Twitter account. In case the surge of traffic occurs after the seismological information on the earthquake is available, only the second message will be disseminated.

• Collection rate of macro seismic questionnaires

Some widely felt earthquakes do not generate surges that large enough to be detected but generate a high collection rate of macro seismic questionnaires. In such a case, a notification is sent to the users.

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• Results of qualitative impact assessment Within NERIES-JRA3 project, the EMSC has developed a tool called EQIA (Earthquake Qualitative Impact Assessment) to quickly estimate the qualitative impact of superficial earthquakes (depth<40km) based on its magnitude and on the density of population in the affected region. The goal of EQIA is to quickly detect a potentially damaging earthquake. However, EQIA does not intend to estimate the impact of low impact earthquakes where the damage and casualty are strongly controlled by individual accidents (e.g. collapse of a single building). Since its implementation on November 19th, the EMSC has disseminated 18 messages. CONCLUSIONS

• In 2011, the EMSC has moved towards the diversification of data dissemination channels by integrating the social networks and the mobile website. Since April 1st, the detections of felt earthquakes via surges of web traffic are published on Twitter (@LastQuake). 57 felt earthquakes have been detected with a median time of 96 seconds. More than 1,000 followers (users) have subscribed to this service.

• A new EMSC website for mobile devices has been online since April 2011. It aims at simplifying the access to the seismological information for mobile users. For instance, the mobile users can report their experience by selecting a thumbnail that describes the effects of the earthquake rather than filling a questionnaire.

• An average of 1.5 million people have visited EMSC website per month (including classic and mobile websites) in 2011. This represents a 45% increase in one year.

• Since December 2011, the EMSC proposes to its Members a prototype notification service on earthquake effects based on surges of web traffic, on the collection rate of macroseismic questionnaires and on the a priori qualitative impact of the earthquake, determined via EQIA. This service aims at giving quick heads-up on widely felt and/or significant earthquakes. Members’ feedback will help us to improve this service and make it evolve.

• The number of earthquakes published on the EMSC website in 2011 has increased by 40% compared to 2010, with 27,533 earthquakes published (75 per day on average). Even if one discards the numerous aftershocks consecutive to both March 11th M9.0 Japan and October 23rd M7.2 Eastern Turkey earthquakes, which explains most of this increase, the average number of published earthquakes increased by 10%.

• In terms of performances, the real time earthquake information services have carrying on improving in 2011. The Earthquake Notification Service has remained fully operational thanks to the operational and technical support of the LDG and of the IGN. In 2011, the median dissemination time for Euro-Med events has been of 18 minutes and the operating rate of EMSC website reached 99.9%.

• The authoritative location procedure has been operational since November 2010. An authoritative location has been available for 17.2% of the earthquakes.

PERSPECTIVES

• Move our IT infrastructure to another building and we will take this opportunity to implement a more robust, more secure and more easy-to–manage infrastructure.

• Further develop the authoritative location procedure. Only use close stations for relocation if an authoritative location is obtained after data merging

• Improve and further develop the Twitter service and the prototype notification service on earthquake effects. Improve the readability of the information published. Extend the service to potentially destructive earthquakes, tsunami alerts, maximum extend of the area where the earthquake has been felt (via Questionnaires)

• Extend of the use of QWIDS/EIDS with other agencies REFERENCES Bondár I., Myers S. C., Engdahl E. R., & Bergman E. A. Epicentre accuracy based on seismic network criteria. GJI 2004, Vol. 156 (3), pp. 483-496. Engdahl E. R., Bondar I., Bergman, E., Firbas P. IASPEI Working Group on Reference Events 1999-2001 Activity Report. (2001) Godey S., Bossu R., Guilbert J., Mazet-Roux G. 2007. The Euro-Mediterranean Bulletin: A comprehensive seismological Bulletin at regional scale. Seismological Research Letters 77 (4), 460-474 R. Bossu and P.S. Earle, On the use of the Internet to collect earthquake information; Annals of Geophysics, 54 (6), 2011. doi: 10.4401/ag-5549 R. Bossu, S. Gilles, G. Mazet-Roux. and F. Roussel. Citizen Seismology or How to Involve the Public in Earthquake Response in Comparative Emergency Management: Examining Global and Regional Responses to Disasters. Editors: D. M. Miller and J. Rivera. Auerbach/Taylor and Francis Publishers. Pp. 237-259 2011

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R. Bossu, S. Gilles, G. Mazet-Roux, F. Roussel, L. Frobert and L. Kamb. Flash-sourcing or the Rapid Detection and Characterisation of Earthquake Effects through Website Traffic Analysis. Annals of Geophysics, 54, 6, 2011 ; doi 10.4401/ag-5265

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GEORGIA /GEORGIE

GHHD - European Centre on Geodynamical Risks of High Dams / Centre Européen sur les Risques Géodynamiques liés aux Grands Barrages (Tbilisi)

Activity 1: Development of new methods of geodynamical monitoring at Enguri Dam International Test Area (EDITA)

The geodynamical uninterruptable monitoring of Enguri arch dam in both its foundation and its body was continued in 2011. For the moment there are operating seven American high precision two-coordinate 701-2A model electrolytic tiltmeters produced by Applied Geomechanics .The automatic system for collection and transfer of data were installed in 2010 at seven stations; the system transfers data at any time interval (for the moment –once per 10 minutes) to Tbilisi , observation center of the dam movement and its deformation. From seven points of the dam body tilt data in two directions: normal and parallel to its axis were transferred as well as the temperature values at the observation site area transferred as well to Tbilisi center.

The Laseroptical displacement sensor has been purchased and tested in laboratory; it will replace out of date photo registration system in the strainmeter located in the foundation of the dam on the fault. Digital data will be collected in datalogger and transferred to observation centre. Activity 2: Compilation of monitoring database at Engouri Dam International Test Area (EDITA) The tilt and strain databases are replenished after the processing of the real-time data received telemetrically from Enguri dam in 2011. The daily data from three tiltmeter stations at the dams’ foundation and the hourly data of seven tiltmeter stations located in the body of the dam have been regularly fed into electronic data base. Activity 3: Seismic monitoring at Ingouri Dam International Test Area (EDITA) Seismic network of Enguri Dam The configuration of local seismic network around Enguri reservoir remains the same as was in previous year. Network consists of 4 short period seismic stations: Becho, Khaishi, Chale, Chqvaleri (red triangles on Fig. 6). The satellite connection is used for online data transmission from Chkvaleri station; other three stations are operating in data storage mode. The data from the stations of regional network was used for seismicity analysis as well. The stations of regional network are shown by yellow triangles. Several regional stations are operating in online mode, so in case of the earthquake with M>3 the parameters can be estimated automatically. The SeisCopM3 software package is used for online data processing. The system allows estimating parameters of earthquake and in case of moderate or strong event inform corresponding authorities and organizations in few minutes. The information about seismicity is available on website www.iliauni.seismo.ge. Two strong events occurred this year in the area shown on fig. 7. ML=5.7 event occurred on January 19, 2011 south east to the dam at the distance of 110 km. near town Vani. The earthquake was followed by the sequence of moderate aftershocks. Temporary network was installed immediately after the earthquake. Temporary network is shown by blue triangles. Another strong earthquake ML=5.5 occurred on August 18, 2011 eastern to the dam at the distance of 80 km, near town Ambrolauri.

Activity 4: Methodical aspects of risk assessment (nonlinear analysis of time series, GIS, physical properties of foundation rocks, etc)

Evidence for changes in the dynamics of earth crust tilts caused by the large dam construction and reservoir filling at the Enguri dam international test area (Georgia) The importance of a real time monitoring of large hydrologic edifices is well acknowledged. The authors of this research are involved in the development of a telemetric monitoring and data analysis system at the Enguri high arc dam (where Enguri Dam International Test Area – EDITA is operating in the framework of the Open Partial Agreement on Major Disasters of the Council of Europe) in Western Georgia. The objective of this project is to design appropriate technical hardware and data handling system in order to achieve real-time collection and analysis of data of Enguri high dam tilt. The main purpose is the early detection of

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small incipient changes in order to recognize approaching of future critical deviations from the model-predicted dynamics of the behavior of the dam body under different natural and/or human impacts. With this purpose in the present study we analyzed the time series of hourly tiltmeter data continuously measured for 13 years; 8 years before and 5 years after the filling of the reservoir. According to our results, some quantitative differences in Earth tilt dynamics were detected. Namely, the extent of the complexity of tilt generation increased in the process of hydropower plant and high dam construction as well as during the reservoir filling. At the same time our analysis shows that, at the end of the observation period these transient changes in dynamics of tilt generation diminished and reach the initial values several years after the end of construction and reservoir filling. Thus, we conclude that the dynamics of Earth tilt around the Enguri high dam is characterized by low-dimensionality and that quantitative changes in Earth tilting caused by anthropogenic influence were transient. Even more important is that the observed low-dimensionality in the local Earth crust tilt dynamics at the dam foundation enables to detect and quantitatively assess incipient, supposedly high-dimensional deviations from the background pattern of the dam foundation behavior, which might be caused by different internal and external factors. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that (relatively) small changes of anthropogenic origin are detectable in the dynamics of Earth tilt processes. This is important conclusion because it provides a basis to advance in detecting and evaluating supposedly high-dimensional changes in the Enguri dam behavior caused by multitude of geotechnical processes which are not related to the natural tilting of the Earth crust. Activity 5: Training and education in risk sciences T. Chelidze prepared syllabus for masters “Disaster Risk Reduction” for the Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi Stste University Participation in international conferences: International Symposium "Dams and Reservoirs under Changing Challenges" and ICOLD 79th ANNUAL MEETING, Lucerne, Switzerland, May 29-June 3, 2011 VII Annual International Conference of REC Caucasus “Climate Change Adaptation – Challenge and Opportunity for the Caucasus”, Tbilisi, Georgia, October 12-13, 2011. Publications: T. Chelidze, T. Matcharashvili, V. Abashidze, M. Kalabegishvili. 2011. Real time telemetric monitoring system of large dams (DAMWATCH): the case of the Enguri Dam International Test area. Electronic Proceedings of International Symposium "Dams and Reservoirs under Changing Challenges" and ICOLD 79th ANNUAL MEETING, Lucerne, Switzerland, May 29-June 3, 2011 T. Chelidze, How Reliable are Global and Regional Hazard and Disaster Risk Assessments. Disaster Advances (in press) T. Matcharashvili, T. Chelidze, V. Abashidze, N. Zhukova, E. Mepharidze. 2011. Evidence for changes in the dynamics of Earth crust tilts caused by the large dam construction and reservoir filling at the Enguri dam international test area (Georgia). Nonlinear Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/s11071-010-9930-0 T. Matcharashvili, T. Chelidze, Z. Javakhishvili, N. Jorjiashvili and U. FraPaleo, 2011. Non-extensive statistical analysis of seismicity in the area of Javakhety, Georgia, Computers&Geosciences, doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2010.12.008

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GREECE / GRECE ECPFE - European Centre On Prevention and Forecasting of Earthquakes / Centre Europeen Sur la Prévention et la Prévision des Tremblements de Terre (Athens) 1. Activity No 1 (carried out from 2010) “Implementation of e-learning techniques in the area of earthquake protection tailored for people with special needs” The above activity has been started in 2010 and intergraded during 2011. In the framework of this activity the following were materialized :

a) The translation and edition of a technical booklet, already issued in Greek according to the needs of E.P.P.O., titled : “learning about earthquakes and Protection Measures”.

b) The syntax of the relevant multiple choice questionnaire in Greek and in English. c) The design of the relevant platform for the publishing of the e-learning material. d) The upgrading of the existing website of E.C.P.F.E. in Greek and in English.

2. Activity No 2 “The protection of the integrity of Monuments under Seismic Actions” In the framework of this Activity the following were carried out :

a) A Seminar with title: “The protection of Monuments under Seismic Actions”, took place in

Thessaloniki from 3 to 5 November 2011 co organized by E.C.P.F.E. and E.P.P.O. with great success. In this Seminar distinguished Scientists presented their knowledge in the following critical topics:

i) Vulnerability, Risk Assessment for Monuments ii) Seismic Hazard Assessment iii) Case studies

After the Seminar an in situ visit to three Monuments in Thessalonica took place: Rotunda, Acheiropoitos Church and Saint Anteleimon Church. A lot of young Scientists, Engineers and geologists attended the seminar. b) The syntax of a report titled: “Draft framework regulatory document for structural interventions to

and seismic protection of Monuments”. This repot summarizes the considerable already existing knowledge in the sector of the protection of the integrity of monuments under seismic action as well as of the protection of human life during visiting or residing monuments. The main topics dealt were:

i) Introduction, includes the significance of the seismic resistance of monuments, current difficulties related to the subject.

ii) Part A, includes fundamental Notions as contradicting values, Importance, visit ability and acceptable damage-levels.

iii) Part B, includes the contents of the design of interventions, documentation of the monuments and reliability level of data, as Methods of Structural Analysis, Monuments with masonry structural system, Estimation of the resistance of Critical Regions, selection of Design Seismic Action for the redesign, criteria for the selection of the most appropriate scheme of structural interventions.

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LUXEMBURG / LUXEMBOURG

ECGS - European Centre for Geodynamics and Seismology / Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Sismologie (Walferdange) The year 2011 was marked by a wide range of scientific and outreach activities. The researchers affiliated to ECGS have led and participated in more than ten international research projects in the fields of seismology, surveillance and study of volcanoes and gravimetry.

The year 2011 was highly successful, in particular in terms of scientific publications (7 papers published in peer-reviewed journals in 2011, 1 accepted, 1 under review) and impact in the scientific community, thus further strengthening the visibility and collaborations of ECGS with foreign partner institutions. Besides these research activities, ECGS organized the 96th edition of the Journées Luxembourgeoises de Géodynamique (JLG), which brought together 25 scientists from all over Europe. Dr. Sergei Samsonov, who joined ECGS in late 2010 as a Post-Doctoral fellow, has left ECGS again in August 2011. He has accepted a permanent position at the Canada Center for Remote Sensing. Dr Samsonov has worked on the use of satellite-bases methods for measuring ground deformation with sub-centimeter resolution. This project was funded to the largest extend through the AFR Grant Scheme (Aide à la Formation-Recherche) of the Luxembourg National Research Fund.

OUTREACH ACTIVITIES

The year 2011 was marked by the occurrence of two significant earthquakes: the strong M6.3 earthquake in New Zealand on 22 February 2011, destroying the central business district of the City of Christchurch and causing 181 fatalities, and the giant M9 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, generating a devastating tsunami that killed around 20.000 people and led to the dramatic nuclear accident at the Fukushima power plant.

In response to these events, Adrien Oth was contacted by a large number of journalists, with several interviews appearing on television, radio and in the local newspapers. Furthermore, in order to explain how these events could occur and what their implications are from the scientific point of view, Dr Oth gave a public conference on these earthquakes on 24 March 2011 at the National Museum for Natural History.

Another seismic event that strongly caught the attention of the public in Luxembourg was the M4.2 earthquake that occurred in Nassau (close to Koblenz) on 14 February 2011. This event was also felt widespread in Luxembourg, and again, a range of journalists contacted ECGS regarding this event.

The Belgian RTBF TV has realized a documentary about the Nyiragongo September 2011 scientific expedition. It will be broadcasted next spring on the 3 TV channels (La Première, La Deux, La Trois) in the frame of the Scientific program “Matière Grise”, and later on TV5 World and Euronews. The documentary will also be broadcasted in Luxembourg on Canal DOK at various dates and will be completed by interviews of involved scientists from Luxembourg.

Nicolas d’Oreye provided scientific and logistic contribution to the documentary realized for the French/German TV channel « ARTE » at the occasion of the Nyiragongo September 2011 scientific expedition.

Beyond these outreach activities, ECGS staff led several guided visits to the Walferdange Underground Laboratory of Geodynamics. AWARDS 2011

One major aspect boosting ECGS’s visibility to the general public and showing that the scientific activities are recognized as being of excellent quality was the presentation of the 2011 FNR Award for Outstanding Scientific Publications to Dr Adrien Oth for the article Evaluation and optimization of seismic networks and algorithms for earthquake early warning: the case of Istanbul (Turkey), published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in 2010. The presentation of this award has also entailed several newspaper articles regarding this work.

In addition to the FNR Award 2011 Dr Oth received, Domenico Di Giacomo was awarded the 2011 GJI Student Author Award for the publication Residual analysis of teleseismic P-wave energy magnitude estimates: inter- and intra-station variability by Domenico Di Giacomo, Dino Bindi, Stefano Parolai and Adrien Oth. This publication was one of the outcomes of the project “Development of tools to determine earthquake source parameters” funded by ECGS, in the framework of which Domenico Di Giacomo’s last thesis year at GFZ Potsdam was made possible by ECGS.

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96th JOURNEES LUXEMBOURGEOISES DE GEODYNAMIQUE (JLG) The 96th “Journées Luxembourgeoises de Géodynamique” (JLG) were held at the Hilton Hotel in Luxembourg City from October 24 to 26 2011. The meeting turned out to be very successful, with about 25 participants. The meeting was co-organised by Nicolas d’Oreye and Sergey Samsonov (post-doc at ECGS in 2011), and Adrien Oth. The 96th JLG had three major focus points: advances in space geodesy techniques, insights into volcanic systems and their systematic monitoring, and earthquake ground motions and seismic hazard analysis. Even though the 96th JLG had a smaller number of participants than the 95th edition in 2009, the meeting can nevertheless be regarded as a success. The programme was of excellent quality, with high-profile scientists form all over Europe attending and thus strengthening ECGS’s visibility in the scientific community. As in 2009, the possibility to submit extended abstracts has been given to the participants, which will be published online at the beginning of 2012.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Seismology (A. Oth)

The research activities of this year were mostly related to the continuing work on the vast Japanese strong ground motion datasets, with two papers published on this work in 2011 and data analysis resulting in plans for several further articles. A factor influencing these works lies of course in the occurrence of the M9 giant Tohoku earthquake on 11 March 2011. Furthermore, Dr Oth participated in a field mission to the Nyiragongo Volcano in Congo, acquiring seismic data with three seismic stations that ECGS purchased in 2011. Finally, he was also strongly involved in preparing the deployment of a future permanent seismic network in Luxembourg, and as component of this work, the maintenance and data collection of the temporary network LUXBB (collaboration with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) played an important role.

� Source characteristics of earthquakes in Japan

This activity represents a continuation of the work presented in three published articles (Oth et al., 2010, GRL; Oth et al., 2011a,b, BSSA). In these works, we used spectral inversion to separate source, path and site amplification effects, and the results of these analyses showed for instance strong indications for self-similar earthquake source scaling, elucidating this highly debated topic. Furthermore, we were able to systematically characterize seismic attenuation and site response throughout the entirety of Japan, showing for instance that amplification of up to a factor 100 have to be expected due to near surface site response.

However, the aspect on source physics is a highly complicated issue, and as a follow-up to the GRL paper in 2010, I continued the investigation by adding more events to the database and separating the seismic events into different categories following their source mechanisms as well as analyzing the different aftershock series separately. These investigations showed that there are differences mostly between earthquakes of different source types, but also the stress release of crustal earthquakes varies systematically throughout Japan. A manuscript on these findings is currently under preparation. In this manuscript, I also intend to include the data from the Tohoku aftershock series in 2011, a fact that delayed the preparation of the manuscript.

� Ground motion variability and implications for ground motion prediction equations

In addition to the analyses on source physics described above, Dr Oth worked in close collaboration with Dr. Dino Bindi from the GFZ Potsdam on the analysis of ground motion variability in Japan. In many aspects, the variability of ground motions is still rather poorly understood, while at the same time, it has an enormous impact on seismic hazard assessment, especially if long return periods are considered, as is the case for the design of critical infrastructure. This topic is therefore also of extraordinary importance. The problem was analyzed by performing regressions for ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) on several sub-datasets and separating the different sources of error using random effects methodology. This way, the scientists are able to characterize how much of the observed variability is related to the source, to the site or to the propagation paths.

In addition, they were interested in the question in how far it is possible to extrapolate the predictions of GMPEs to magnitudes outside of the original range of validity. This becomes important in a case such as the Tohoku earthquake. Before this event, no events with such a magnitude were recorded in Japan, and thus any GMPE derived for the region did not include such a magnitude. However, this event showed that one needs to be able to predict ground motions from such events, which inevitably leads to the need for extrapolation. A manuscript on the outcomes of this study is currently under preparation.

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� Structural monitoring of the Adolphe Bridge – Data analysis and publication

In 2011, Dr Oth finalized the data analysis and publication of the results of our structural monitoring experiment that was performed in collaboration with Dr. Matteo Picozzi from GFZ Potsdam in May 2010. The article has been accepted for publication in Advances in Civil Engineering and will be published at the beginning of 2012 in their special issue Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Structures: New Methodologies and Field Applications.

As a brief summary, Dr Oth and Dr Picozzi carried out a short-time experiment with low-cost wireless instruments with the purpose of monitoring the vibration characteristics and dynamic properties of a strategic civil infrastructure, the Adolphe Bridge in Luxembourg City. Such a system, once deployed on the bridge, can continuously calculate important parameters characterizing the bridge’s behaviour in real-time without the necessity of intervening in traffic flow or other disturbing measures. They were able to clearly identify the fundamental modes of resonance as well as several higher modes. Furthermore, using the data provided by such a monitoring system, the deformation patterns of the bridge for each of these modes can be calculated. The outcome of the experiment clearly shows that SHM using such low-cost wireless systems seems to be a good option for such a masonry arch bridge.

� LUXBB & the first steps towards a permanent seismic network in Luxembourg

As outlined in last year’s activity report, a temporary network of six seismic sensors (LUXBB) was installed in Luxembourg, in collaboration with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). While 2010 and the first half of 2011 were still mostly marked by significant technical difficulties, these were solved to a large extent (even though not fully) towards the end of the year and the network is still operating.

At the same time, ECGS has acquired three seismic stations in 2011, and three further stations will be ordered early in 2012. These six new stations will allow for the installation of a permanent seismic network (broadband) to monitor the seismic activity in and around the Luxembourgish territory and this permanent network will piece by piece replace the temporary LUXBB stations.

In parallel to the installation of these six new sensors in 2012, the seismic monitoring system SeisComP3 will be installed at ECGS in order to ensure the real-time acquisition of the data from these stations and monitor the seismic activity. First steps towards this goal were achieved in 2011, with the first installation of the software and a training course in Potsdam end of 2011.

The processing of the LUXBB data has however unfortunately not progressed as far as hoped for in 2011. This is on one hand due to the persisting technical difficulties, but also related to a lack of time and manpower in view of other important projects in 2011 as well. We are confident that with the installation of the new seismic stations, the issues encountered with the LUXBB stations can be fully overcome.

� Field mission to the Nyiragongo Volcano in Congo

Another important and time-consuming aspect of this year’s work was the field mission to the Nyiragongo Volcano in Congo. This mission was a collaborative effort between the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren and ECGS, with the goal to measure various parameters (ground deformation, seismic activity, temperature, gas flux) inside the Nyiragongo crater and on the rim in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the lava lake. Three seismic stations that were recently acquired by ECGS were installed in the field, and the data recorded with these instruments during approximately 10 days of operation will be analysed in the coming months.

� Involvement in other studies

In 2011, several collaborative studies were finalized through publication or still being carried out with colleagues at different institutions. These include a study on macroseismic intensity attenuation relationships in Central Asia (Bindi et al., 2011), a study on teleseismic energy magnitude residuals (Di Giacomo et al., 2011, which is an article resulting from an ECGS financed project and for which the lead author was awarded with the 2011 Student author award of Geophysical Journal International), a study on the aftershock characteristics of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Ameri et al., 2011), a study on attenuation, site effects and earthquake parameters in the Irpinia area (Cantore et al., 2011), and a study on the 2008 Bukavu-Cyangugu earthquake (d’Oreye et al., 2011).

Satellite Radar Interferometry (N. d’Oreye)

Again, most of the research was dedicated to the study and monitoring of the volcano-tectonic area of the Virunga Volcanic Province in Democratic Republic of Congo. This was achieved in the frame of various international projects (SAMAAV, ALOS, GORISK, Vi-X, AdvInSAR…; see details below). Besides the routine processing of satellite radar data and various ground based instruments, the major 2011 achievements may be summarized as follow:

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• Contribution to the study and monitoring of current 2011/12 eruption of Nyamulagira (one paper in prep.).

• Organisation and participation to a major expedition within the active crater of the Nyiragongo volcano. (The goal was to install an innovative Stereographic Time Lapse Camera system to provide the first quantitative and 3D measurements of the active lava lake and its variations. During the 11 days of the mission, various additional scientific instruments (3 broadband seismometers, 2 tiltmeters, 2 Radon sensors, 1 weather station, various CO2 sensors and Thermometers) were temporarily deployed at the summit and within the crater for comparing as much physical and chemical parameters with lava lake level variations. Overall, the expedition required 1,6 ton of material brought to the summit by more than 110 sherpas).

• Carry on the study of the previous eruptions of Nyamulagira in 2006 and 2010 (two papers in prep) and Nyiragongo in 2002 (one paper accepted).

• Follow up of the ground based monitoring networks in Goma (3 field missions). • Set up of the semi-automated processing procedure for the GPS data from the network

installed in the Virunga Volcanic Province using Bernese software. This included the participation to a one-week training course at the University of Berne and a one-week working visit at the University of Madrid.

• Advisor of the AFR postdoctoral fellowship of Sergey Samsonov. • Successful application for another AFR grant for a PhD. The project entitled « NYALHA:

Dynamics of volcanic activity and lava flow hazard of Nyiragongo volcano (North Kivu, DR Congo) studied by means of remote sensing, ground-based monitoring and numerical modelling » received the best ranking from the reviewers and Benoit Smets started working at ECGS in January 2012.

• Contribution to the setup of the GeoObsNet initiative with the Royal Museum for Central Africa (Belgium). GeoObsNet is an international initiative dedicated to improve the study and the assessment of geo-hazards in the densely populated central part of the Lake Tanganyika – Lake Kivu – Lake Albert rift segment. It proposes to setup a network of “GeObservatories” aiming at recording key parameters that must allow a better assessment of the geo-hazards, build a local capacity, and therefore improve the geological risk management at a local and regional scale.

Detailed information about the research projects is given hereafter. � GORISK: The combined use of Ground-Based and Remote Sensing techniques as a tool for volcanic risk

and health impact assessment for the Goma region (North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo)

The GORISK multidisciplinary project is oriented towards the implementation and improvement of ground-based and spaceborne tools for volcanic risk and health impact assessment in the Goma region (North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) were 2 of the most active – though almost unmonitored - volcanoes in Africa threaten about 1Mo people. The main objectives are to provide local interconnected end-users working in the Nyiragongo – Nyamulagira volcanic context with appropriate products and services to assess the volcanic hazards and to mitigate the related risks: the direct risk (essentially related to short-term volcanic crisis and erupted material) and indirect risk (mid- to long-term effects on the environment or/and the population). Though the working conditions are sometimes very difficult and the achievement were endangered by looting, sabotage, plane crash, civil war, insecurity, collapse of the local structures, field inaccessibility…, the experience demonstrated that the huge energy spent over the last years to – among others - set up monitoring networks was worthy. In particular, after the monitoring and the study of the Bukavu-Cyangugu 2008 Earthquake and the Nyamulagira 2006 and 2010 eruptions, the tools and methods developed were once again used at the occasion of the last eruption of the Nyamulagira that started on November 6th 2011 (still on going at the time of writing this report). One scientist from the Nmnh/ECGS and one scientist form the RMCA travelled to Goma in November to assist the Goma Volcano Observatory (GVO) staff. The processing of various satellite data (Radar, thermal, multispectral…) and ground based instruments (permanent geodetic GPS, tiltmeters, CO2) provided invaluable information about the mechanism and progress of the eruption. The current eruption does not threat inhabited areas but its characteristics quickly showed similarities with long-duration eruptions of that volcano, which contrasts with the recent eruptions. GORISK started in 2007 from a project funded by the Belgian Science Policy (Belspo) and Luxembourgish National Research Fund (FNR) and expanded beyond its deadline into a collaborative network of scientists from the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), the National Museum for Natural History of Luxembourg and ECGS (NMNH/ECGS), the University of Luxembourg (UniLu) and the Second University of Naples (UniNap) and three local end-users, the Goma Volcano Observatory (GVO), the Risk Management Unit of UNOPS (UGR/RMU) and the Belgian NGO CEMUBAC. Although the objectives of the original project were completed, significant needs - mainly in terms of resources and training - are still required for a robust, reliable and autonomous monitoring of these volcanoes by local staff and at the international standards level.

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Collaboration: Royal Museum for Central Africa, BELGIUM, European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology & Nat. Museum of Natural Hist., LUXEMBOURG, Université de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Université Libre de Bruxelles, BELGIQUE, Université de Naples, Caserta, ITALY, Lab. Magmas et Volcans. Blaise Pascal Univ., Clermont-Ferrand, France, Volcanological Observatory of Goma, DEM. REP. CONGO, Nations Unies, Programme de Gestion des Risques, ONG Cemubac, BELGIUM. � SAMAAV: InSAR analysis and monitoring of active African volcanoes using ERS and ENVISAT data

This project aims at studying and monitoring the volcanic or volcano-tectonic activity in 4 regions in Africa using satellite radar interferometry (InSAR): the Mt Cameroon, the Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira (DR Congo), the Oldoino Lengai (Tanzania), and Fogo (Cape Verde). Those are amongst the most active volcanoes in Africa although their monitoring was often limited and sometime inexistent. InSAR is known to be an efficient technique for ground deformation monitoring providing that favorable conditions are met. It allows indeed monitoring at low cost remote areas and provides a large amount of measurements points over broad regions. Although the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor operates in all weather conditions and night and days, InSAR suffers from the difficulty to operate in vegetated area, which is very often the case in equatorial regions and especially on high lands and fertile volcanoes. As demonstrated by the SAMAAV project, a possible way to (at least partly) overcome the vegetation-induced decorrelation is to increase the number of SAR acquisitions. This increases the chances of producing interferograms with favorable small temporal and spatial baselines. In the frame of SAMAAV, all possible ENVISAT ASAR data over the above-mentioned targets were systematically programmed and ordered for a given set of Modes, Tracks and Swaths since 2005. The data are processed using a (semi-) automated procedure based on the DORIS InSAR open source software (TU Delft), Mathematica© routines and shell scripts. This mass processing produces thousands of phase interferograms, coherence maps, amplitude images and deformation maps (in cm). The results are available as Sun-Rasters in radar geometry or as geocoded images in conventional GIS format (ENVI© or GMT grid). A web-based tool was developed for visualizing and sharing the rapidly increasing number of Interferograms and related products. That tool also helps to easily discriminate artefacts from deformations, to detect seasonal variations or continuous slow phenomena, or to detect timing errors or frame shifts. Eventually potentially interesting interferograms, identified thanks to this bulk procedure are re-processed using manually fine-tuned parameters and the related phenomena were analysed (e.g. eruptions in Congo and Tanzania, Earthquake in Kivu, atmospheric artefacts in Cape Verde and Cameroon etc…). However, ENVISAT satellite was deorbited in October 2010 resulting in SAR data acquired in unfavourable geometries for interferometry. In 2011, after a period of testing, we identified new satellite’s orbits, tracks and swaths, which allowed acquiring images in geometries favourable enough to produce interferograms spanning no more than 60 days. The automated processing was adapted accordingly and we succeeded to carry on with the systematic monitoring. The monitoring tool was however reinforced with additional images acquired by other satellites such as Radarsat-2 obtained in the frame of special agreement (SOARs) with the Canadian Spatial Agency, while the L-band SAR sensor on board of the Japanese ALOS satellite failed on April 2011. The systematic monitoring is now restricted to the North Kivu area. Collaboration: Royal Museum for Central Africa, BELGIUM, European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology & Nat. Museum of Natural Hist., LUXEMBOURG, Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, CSIC, SPAIN, Lab. Magmas et Volcans. Blaise Pascal Univ., Clermont-Ferrand, France, Univ. of Ghent, BELGIUM, Univ. of Liège, BELGIUM, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal, Volcanological Observatory of Goma, DEM. REP. CONGO, Geological Survey of Tanzania, Dodoma, TANZANIA, Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica de CABO VERDE, Univ. of Buea, CAMEROON, Dar es Salaam Univ., TANZANIA � Vi-X: Study and monitoring of Virunga volcanoes using Tandem-X

The projet, co-funded by Belspo and the Luxembourg NFR, aims at assessing the use of TANDEM-X SAR data to study an active volcanic zone: the Virunga Volcanic Province. The VVP is located in a region that has suffered from recurrent and persistent conflicts, which increase the vulnerability of the population and make difficult an appropriate ground based monitoring system. Thus remote sensing is among the best and the most reliable technique to study its volcanic activity. In a first phase, a TANDEM-X DEM will be produced on the whole Virunga volcanic chain but also along the western and southern border of Lake Kivu, where important seismicity is recorded and influences the volcanic activity. The DEM will be used to study the geomorphology and assist lava flow simulations. The DEM will provide detailed information on geological features such as active tectonic structures and contribute to the reconstruction of the historical eruptive events. The second part aims at monitoring the eruptive activity inside the Nyiragongo main crater using systematic acquisitions of bistatic images and a novel method of split band interferometry. Nyiragongo indeed contains an active lava lake, which rises gradually since the last eruption in 2002. Whether the lava lake fluctuations are related to significant change in activity remains an open question,

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but the rising level is a concern, as a threshold exists over which pressure is too high and involve flank fissuring and lava eruption. Due to a delay in SAR image production by the DLR, most of the project will only start in 2012. In the mean time, the development of the novel method of split band interferometry already started at the Centre Spatial de Liège. Collaboration: Royal Museum for Central Africa, BELGIUM, European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology & Nat. Museum of Natural Hist., LUXEMBOURG, Center Spatial de Liège, BELGIUM � GeObsNet: Great Lakes GeObservatories network, An initiative federating scientific efforts in the field

of geo- and environmental hazards.

International initiative led by the RMCA with the help of Nmnh/ECGS dedicated to improve the study and the assessment of geo-hazards in the densely populated central part of the Lake Tanganyika – Lake Kivu – Lake Albert rift segment. It proposes to setup a network of “GeObservatories” aiming at recording key parameters that must allow a better assessment of the geo-hazards, build a local capacity, and therefore improve the geological risk management at a local and regional scale. The main objectives of these GeObservatories are: - To facilitate through a global approach the study of the past events; this is mandatory to understand the current situation and anticipate on possible future scenario. - To monitor, observe and record the present-day evolution (seismo- tectonic activity for instance) through key-parameters over long and continuous time periods - To serve as focal points devoted to improve research coordination and data centralizing and dissemination - To serve as regional training and information centers for geo-hazards related matters - To foster research in this complex matter, preferring an integrated approach to a succession of single and isolated initiatives - To foster the international scientific community through cooperation and hence the development of local scientific knowledge and excellence Collaboration: Royal Museum for Central Africa, BELGIUM, Nat. Museum of Natural Hist/ECGS, Luxembourg. Involved institutions: Rwanda: Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), Rwanda Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Rwanda Meteorological Service, Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), National University of Rwanda (NUR), Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority (OGMR). Democratic Republic of Congo: Ministry of Scientific Research, Goma Volcano Observatory, Catholic University of Bukavu, University of Goma. Burundi: University of Bujumbura, Institut Géographique du Burundi, Service Météorologique du Burundi, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Scientific Research. Regional: Lake Kivu Basin Authority, Nile Basin Initiative, Communauté Economique des Grands Lacs (CEPGL), Conférence Internationale pour la Région des Grands Lacs (CIRPGL). Other scientific teams directly/potentially involved: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy AES (climate-aerosols), EAWAG (research institute, Switzerland), European Centre of Geodynamics and Seismology, Faculté Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (Belgique), GeoForschungsZentrum (Germany), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Italy), CORUS-RESON - Rungwe Environmental Science Observatory Network, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Rochester Institute of Technology & Center for Imaging Science, University of Liège, University of. Naples, University of Rochester Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences… Satellite Radar Interferometry (S. Samsonov)

� AdvInSAR : Advanced processing methodology for mapping natural and anthropogenic ground deformation in complex environments with Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

The project, supported by an AFR PostDoc Grant, aims at contributing to the development of advanced processing techniques for Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) and apply them to studying ground deformation in Luxembourg, Africa, Canary Islands and other regions worldwide. The methodology for post-processing of DInSAR measurements are based on stacking, Persistent Scatterers and Small Baseline Subset algorithms and are tailored to particular applications by introducing various corrections for reducing atmospheric and residual topographic noises in order to achieve the highest accuracy. Two projects with the Canadian Space Agency (SOARs) were set up to obtain C-band SAR data acquired by the Radarsat-1 and Radarsat-2 satellites over the North Kivu area in Congo. Two more projects were accepted by the DLR (German Space Agency) to acquire X-band SAR data in the frame of the new TanDEM-X

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mission. One focuses on the North Kivu and the other to the Greater Region. Due to a delay in SAR image production by the DLR these images will however only be available in 2012. Finally, another Cathegory-1 project was accepted by the European Space Agency to obtain ERS and ENVISAT C-band SAR data over the Greater Region. The project was supposed to last two years. However, the candidate was offered a permanent position abroad resulting in an early termination of the project. Despite the short duration, the project brought significant results both in terms of methodological development and scientific application in volcano-tectonic area and zones affected by anthropogenic ground deformations. An innovative methodology was developed for integration of multiple InSAR data sets for computation of two or three dimensional time series of deformation. The proposed approach allows combination of all possible air-borne and space-borne SAR data acquired with different acquisition parameters, temporal and spatial sampling and resolution, wave-band and polarization. Produced time series have combined coverage, improved temporal resolution and lower noise level. The methodology was applied to map 2003-2010 ground deformation of the Virunga Volcanic Province. Produced horizontal and vertical time series of ground deformation clearly identify lava compaction areas, long term subsidence of Mt. Nyamulagira and 2004, 2006 and 2010 pre- and co-eruptive deformation. The methodology was also applied to map coal mining related ground subsidence in the Greater Region of Luxembourg along French-German border. For this we processed 167 Synthetic Aperture Radar ERS-1/2 and Envisat images from one ascending and one descending tracks and created over five hundred interferograms that were used for time series analysis. Produced vertical and east-west linear deformation rates show with remarkable precision the region of localized subsidence caused by mining. Time series, plotted for various points located within the subsidence regions allow identifying temporal variability of ground deformation: reversal from subsidence to uplift and acceleration of subsidence on the vertical component and horizontal motion towards the center of the subsidence on the east-west component. Providing that enough SAR data is available, the method opens new opportunities for detecting and locating pre-eruptive signals in the VVP and most probably elsewhere as well as detecting and locating manmade and natural ground deformation signals with high temporal resolution and precision.

Gravimetry (O. Francis)

� Absolute gravity measurement campaign in Antarctica (January 2011)

� Absolute gravity measurement in Membach (Belgium) for the comparison with the absolute gravimeter of Belgium Royal Observatory (July 2011)

� Absolute gravity measurement campaign at Yellowstone as part of a research project supported by ECGS (see below)

� Participation in the European Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters organized by the University of Luxembourg at the Walferdange Underground Laboratory/Observatory for Geodynamics

Metrology (M. Bonatz)

� New Laboratory for Geodynamical Metrology (GeoDynLab) in the Walferdange Underground Laboratory/Observatory for Geodynamics

Permanent observation of the atmospheric air pressure and temperature

A dataset of about 450 days could be achieved in the meantime, comprising minute means of pressure and temperature in parallel and with a resolution of some Microbar and some Millidegrees respectively. The dataset covers more than one annual cycle and allows now for detailed investigations concerning various time dependencies in the observation site. There is evidence for adiabatic effects inside of the mine. Permanent observation of gravity

Unfiltered gravity observations were performed with a short period gravimeter of type Askania GS15. The time constant of the sensor system is less than 1sec why the output signal is practically in phase with the gravity input signal variations, having in mind a reasonable threshold of 0°01 at present. Unfortunately that positive feature leads to the negative feature of a relatively high instrumental noise. However, the analysis of a 394 days data set revealed a remarkable high resolution of the determined tidal parameters (e.g for the lunar tide M2 0.03% in amplitude and 0°015 in phase). The observation scale is so far preliminarily derived from the system of the neighbouring field observatory GeoObOd, about 120km north of Walferdange. A final in-situ calibration will be performed in the course of the coming year. The present accuracy of the measured tidal gravity variations is estimated to be 0.1 to 0.2% and the gravity signal can therefore already now serve as a calibration signal for gravimeters installed in the GeoDynLab, specially for instruments in the state of development. A specific feature of the employed gravimeter GS15 is that its instrumental response to local air pressure variations has been adjusted to the negative mean gravitational atmospheric

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effect; this allows detailed investigations concerning how representative local air pressure is for the time dependent gravitation impact of the atmospheric masses distributed in the effective environment of the station. Figuratively: the gravimeter is more or less working in the hypothetic state of a non-atmosphere. Prediction of local micro-gravimetric noise

A major part of the gravimetric noise in the GeoDynLab is induced by wave breaking along the western coast lines of Europe. The degree of perturbation is a function of the regional sea sate in the North Atlantic. Relevant parameters are: height, direction and period of the arriving waves, topographical and geological structures of the individual coast lines and the regional sea bottom topography in front. The micro-gravimetric noise level varied in the 400 days observation period mentioned before by a factor of 20! The length of the gravimetric dataset allowed for a quantification of the correlation between the regional sea state and the associated gravimetric noise in the GeoDynLab (and self-evidently in the Walferdange mine in total).

Since the quality of high resolution gravimetric experiments and instrumental investigations (e.g. calibration of gravimetric records, determination of instrumental transfer functions etc.) is essentially depending on the current noise level, experiments must be planed and organised according to an expected certain minimum noise level. Once knowing the correlation between sea states und gravimetric noise level a prediction of that noise level is possible on the basis of a reliable sea state prediction model.

An appropriate model is permanently published (“Approved for public access. Distribution is unlimited”) by the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) of the US Navy as part of US Defense Department's principal operational processing center for automated numerical meteorological and oceanographic analyses and predictions. The service comprises current sea state information four times a day as well as current prediction models for periods up to 180 days; of course the significance of the predictions decreases with the length of the prediction time span.

Since September 2010 a sea state data base is ongoing built up containing sea state maps every six hours: Significant Wave Height and Direction, Swell Wave Height and Direction, Wind Wave Height and Direction, Swell Wave Period and Direction, Peak Wave Period and Direction, Wind Wave Period and Direction. It is intended to make the sea state data basis accessible on the homepage of ECGS, section GeoDynLab. Technology, Instrumentation Test measurements revealed that the constructed borehole gravimeter should be modified at the mechanical part of the transducer system. For practical reasons this work will be performed in the GeoObsOd. Furthermore it turned out that for certain metrological investigations mainly concerning spring properties, suspension components and the liquid damping device the instrument is not very appropriate. Therefore a second gravimeter and test device respectively was designed and built and is ready to be installed in the GeoDynLab.

In front of the GeoDynLab for the reason of limited heights inside of the station, a borehole device had been installed, composed of an extremely stable tripod and a 1.7m long cylindrical tube which can be tilted in all direction in order to simulate the metrological situation in a non-vertical borehole. At present the device is prepared to perform high resolution tilt measurements with tectometers formerly constructed by the author.

An older three component Askania magnetometer inside of the GeoDynLab can be reactivated in case of evidence that very local magnetic field variations may affect gravimetric or inclinometric sensors.

Projects supported by ECGS

� Absolute Gravity Measurements in Yellowstone National Park Partner research institute: University of Luxembourg, Dr. Tonie van Dam Duration: 2009-2012 Objectives: Make repeated absolute gravity measurements at four locations located close to permanent GPS receivers in Yellowstone National Park. The objective was to better understand the source of the large uplift rates that have been observed in the Yellowstone caldera since 2004.

Gravity measurements were made once a year at few locations around Lake Yellowstone, the believed location of the observed uplift, strating at the end of summer 2009. By combining the rates of gravity change with the GPS uplift rates, one should be able to help determine whether the ongoing rapid uplift is

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caused by the intrusion of magma into the underlying crust, or by the release of trapped pressurized water and gas, or by some other mechanisms. The results of the project will not only be useful in interpreting the cause of the uplift and what it implies about the near-term future of the Yellowstone volcano, but should also help in understanding the origin of rapid-uplift events in other volcanoes.

2011 Field Survey: In August-September 2011, the absolute gravity observations and GPS positioning at the three locations occupied the previous years were repeated: Old Faithful, Lake and Norris. The scientisits were not allowed to occupy the station in Grant for security reasons. One additional absolute gravity station has been established in Old Faithful inside a building. The new station, which offers better measurement conditions, has been connected with the old one. During this campaign, all stations have also been measured with the A-10 from the National Geodetic Service (NOAA). A backup station has been established in Norris for the future. The protocol from previous years was followed, i.e. Vertical gravity gradients were measured at the new stations using the Scintrex: The same gravity ties with the Utah’s relative gravity network as in 2009 have been remeasured. Absolute measurements have been performed at the TMGO in Boulder Colorado before and after the campaign to control the gravimeter. The survey began 24-August and took 11 days.

� Ground truth in gravity: a null test experiment in the Sahara to validate GRACE

Partner research institute: Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, Dr Jacques Hinderer Planed duration: 2011-2012 The goal of this project is a comparison between models and multi-disciplinary data (surface and space gravity, geodesy, hydrology, and meteorology) in the desert zone in the Sahara (null test zone) where almost no seasonal changes in water storage exist because of the lack of rainfall. This project will also provide an excellent opportunity to check the agreement between the temporal gravity changes derived from GRACE (presently in operation since 2002) space mission and surface gravity observations.

The proposal is based on ground-based measurement in gravity with an absolute gravimeter (FG5) at reference points located in the Sahara in South Algeria. The ground data will be compared to GRACE data using new approaches to generate highly tuned data from the GRACE inter-satellite distances to maximize the time and spatial resolution of the satellite data in this area (Mascons). This project will be the first ground validation of the GRACE mission in a region with very small amplitude signal of hydrological origin.

Observations and measurements (in Walferdange Underground Laboratory for Geodynamics)

� Continuous gravity measurements with supraconducting gravimeter GWR � Continuous rainfall measurements � Gravimetric tide stations with Scintrex spring-gravimeters � Monthly measurements of absolute gravity

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Publications

� Peer-reviewed journal publications (published and in press) Bindi, D., S. Parolai, A. Oth, K. Abdrakhmatov, A. Muraliev and J. Zschau (2011). Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia. Geophys. J. Int., 187(1), 327-337, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Di Giacomo, D., D. Bindi, S. Parolai and A. Oth (2011). Residual analysis of teleseismic P-wave energy magnitude estimates: inter- and intra-station variability. Geophys. J. Int., 185(3), 1444-1454, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05019.x. Ameri, G., A. Oth, M. Pilz, D. Bindi, S. Parolai, L. Luzi, M. Mucciarelli and G. Cultrera (2011). Separation of source and site effects by Generalised Inversion Technique using the near-source aftershock recordings of the 2009 Aquila earthquake. Bull. Earthq. Eng., 9(3), 717-739, doi: 10.1007/s10518-011-9248-4. Oth, A., D. Bindi, S. Parolai and D. Di Giacomo (2011). Spectral analysis of K-NET and KiK-net data in Japan, Part II: On attenuation characteristics, source parameters, and site response of borehole and surface stations. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 101(2), 667-687, doi: 10.1785/0120100135. Oth, A., S. Parolai and D. Bindi (2011). Spectral analysis of K-NET and KiK-net data in Japan, Part I: Database compilation and peculiarities. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 101(2), 652-666, doi: 10.1785/0120100134. Cantore, L., A. Oth, S. Parolai and D. Bindi (2011). Attenuation, source parameters and site effects in the Irpinia-Basilicata region (southern Apennines, Italy). J. Seismol., 15(2), 375-389, doi: 10.1007/s10950-011-9230-2. d’Oreye N., Gonzalez P., Shuler A., Oth A., Bagalwa M., Ekström G., Kavotha D., Kervyn F., Lucas C., Lukaya F., Osodundu E., Wauthier C., Fernandez J., Source parameters of the 2008 Bukavu-Cyangugu earthquake estimated from InSAR and teleseismic data. Geophysical Journal International, vol. 184, Iss. 2, 934-948, 2011 � Publications under review C. Wauthier, , V. Cayol, F. Kervyn and N. d’Oreye, Magma driven extension in an immature continental rift, based on InSAR observations of Nyiragongo volcano eruption in 2002, , J. Geophys. Res. (Accepted) Samsonov S. and d’Oreye N., Multidimensional time series analysis of ground deformation from multiple InSAR data sets applied to Virunga Volcanic Province, J. Geophys. Res. (Under review). � Editor and Reviewer Activity Adrien Oth:

• Guest editor for the special issue “Triggered and Induced Seismicity” under preparation in Journal of Seismology

• Reviewed papers for Nature Geoscience, Geology, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Geophysical Journal International and Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering

Conference & meeting attendance

� Conference presentations, proceedings and abstracts Mayeda, K., A. Oth, L. Malagnini, S.-H. Yoo and W.B. Walter (2011). A source scaling comparison for selected Japanese earthquake sequences. Eos Trans. AGU, 92 (52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract S43C-2268 (poster). Oth, A. (2011). A critical comparison of the source scaling characteristics of individual aftershock sequences in Japan versus nation-wide seismicity. XXV IUGG General Assembly, Melbourne, Australia (oral). Oth, A. and D. Bindi (2011). Insights into the sources of variability of ground motion parameters from regression analysis of KiK-net data in Japan. SSA Annual Meeting, Memphis, USA (oral). Oth, A. (2011). A critical comparison of the source scaling characteristics of individual aftershock sequences in Japan versus nation-wide seismicity. SSA Annual Meeting, Memphis, USA (oral). Oth, A., M. Böse, F. Wenzel, N. Köhler and M. Erdik (2011). Evaluation and optimization of seismic networks for earthquake early warning – the case of Istanbul (Turkey). Geophys. Res. Abs., 13, EGU2011-5077 (oral). Oth, A. and M. Picozzi (2011). Structural monitoring of the Adolphe Bridge (Luxembourg City) using ambient vibrations. 71th annual meeting of the DGG, 21 – 24 February (oral). N. d’Oreye, P.J. González, A. Shuler , A. Oth, L. Bagalwa , G. Ekström, D. Kavotha, F. Kervyn, C. Lucas, F. Lukaya, E. Osodundu, C. Wauthier & J. Fernández, (2011). The 2008 Seismic Crisis In The Southern Kivu Basin (Dr Congo/Rwanda), 23rd Colloquium of African Geology: University of Johannesburg, January 8-14/2011 N. d'Oreye, C. Wauthier, F Kervyn, V. Cayol, A. Shuler, P. González, A. Oth, B. Smets, L. Bagalwa, G. Ekström, D. Kavotha, F. Lukaya, S. Samsonov. The seismo-tectonic context of the Kivu Basin and the associated hazards. “International workshop on the monitoring and development of Lake Kivu gas resources”, Rubavu, Rwanda, 8th to 10th February 2011 F Kervyn, N d’Oreye, D Derauw, B Smets. Vi-X: Study and monitoring of Virunga volcanoes using TanDEM-X. 3rd TanDEM-X Science Team Meeting, February 17-18, 2011. DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

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S. Samsonov, N. d’Oreye, F. Kervyn, P. Matgen R. Colbah, and A. Oth. Polarization phase difference analysis of X- band synthetic aperture radar for mapping ground deformation in densely vegetated environment. 3rd TanDEM-X Science Team Meeting, February 17-18, 2011. DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany S. Samsonov, K. Tiampo, P. Gonzalez, J. Fernandez, and N. d’Oreye. Processing methodology for calculation of ground deformation rates along Hayward fault, northern California, from RADARSAT-2 synthetic aperture radar images acquired during 2008-2011. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 13, EGU2011-3554, 2011 EGU General Assembly, April 3-8, 2011, Vienna, Austria C. Wauthier, V. Cayol, F. Kervyn, and N. d'Oreye. Nyiragongo Volcano 2002 Eruption Constrained by Multibeam InSAR Data. EGU2011-8670, 2011 EGU General Assembly, April 3-8, 2011, Vienna, Austria E. Sansosti, G. Zeni, A. Pepe, G. Solaro, N. d’Oreye, C. Wauthier, F. Kervyn, S. Samsonov, J. Fernàndez, and P. Tizzani. Analysis of tectonic and magmatic activity at Virunga volcanic Province (Congo) revealed by SBAS-DInSAR analysis. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 13, EGU2011-11243, 2011 EGU General Assembly, April 3-8, 2011, Vienna, Austria P. J. González, N. d’Oreye, E. Sansosti, K. F. Tiampo and J. Fernández. Large-Scale Deformation Mapping Over Danakil Depression (Afar, Ethiopia) From Wide-Swath Sar Interferometric Time Series. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (IGARSS) 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 B. Smets, F. Kervyn, N. d’Oreye. NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO (North Kivu, DRC): 3D modelling and monitoring of the main crater. The 96th “Journées Luxembourgeoises de Géodynamique” (JLG), October 24-25-26, 2011, Luxembourg. B. Smets, F. Kervyn, N. d’Oreye. New insights into the geodynamic framework of the western part of the Virunga Volcanic Province. The 96th “Journées Luxembourgeoises de Géodynamique” (JLG), October 24-25-26, 2011, Luxembourg. Sergey V Samsonov and Nicolas d’Oreye. Multidimensional time series analysis of ground deformation from SAR data acquired in various orbital geometries., The 96th “Journées Luxembourgeoises de Géodynamique” (JLG), October 24-25-26, 2011, Luxembourg C. Wauthier, V. Cayol, F. Kervyn and N. d’Oreye. Nyiragongo volcano eruption, 2002, as constrained by multibeam InSAR data. The 96th “Journées Luxembourgeoises de Géodynamique” (JLG), October 24-25-26, 2011, Luxembourg � Meeting attendance Adrien Oth Meeting of Directors of EUR-OPA Major Hazard Agreement specialized centers, 3-4 February 2011, Paris, France 71ste Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft (DGG), 21-24 February 2011, Cologne, Germany General assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU), 3-8 April 2011, Vienna, Austria Annual Meeting of the Seismological Society of America, 12-15 April 2011, Memphis, USA XXV General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), 28 June - 07 July 2011, Melbourne, Australia 96th Journées Luxembourgeoises de Géodynamique (organiser), 24-26 October 2011, Luxembourg SeisComP3 Training Course, 8-11 November 2011, Potsdam, Germany American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2011, 3-10 December 2011, San Francisco, USA

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MALTA / MALTE ICoD - Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics / Centre Européen de

la Dynamique Côtière Insulaire (La Valetta) Meteorological hazards and their impacts in Malta - a review of past, present and projected extreme events The Maltese islands are exposed to a range of meteorological hazards that impact on people, property, infrastructure and the wider environment. Human activities can exacerbate risks associated with these hazards such as the severity of effects. In the coming decades, the effects of climate change is likely to exacerbate the magnitude of some hazards, and it is therefore more important for risk managers to improve systems and techniques for planning for and responding to, natural hazard risks. Planning for hazards can reduce the potential for injury, damage or loss of life or property. This research work will be aimed at informing politicians, hazards analysts, emergency managers, technical specialists, consultants and others involved in meteorologically-related hazard management. In cooperation with Dr. Charles Galdies, current academic at the Institute of earth Systems and ex-Chief Meteorological officer at the Malta Meteorological Office, the project will review meteorological hazards in Malta in terms of current and historical data of extreme meteorological events. The objective of the project is to produce a report reflecting for each identified extreme meteorological event, a meteorological explanation, statistics on meteorological measurements, statistics, documented effects (from newspapers and other sources) and forecasting (where possible) of similar phenomena by looking at local climate trends. BeSafeNet programme Throughout 2011, ICoD participated to a number of project BeSafeNet meetings and contributed, particularly within the sphere of coastal hazards such as sea level rise, hurricanes and storm surges and Tsunamis, to updating and further elaboration of the related web-site.

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MOLDOVA

ECMNR - European Center for Mitigation of Natural Risks / Centre pour la Réduction des risques naturels (Chisinau)

Priorities in 2011

The Activity of European Centre for Mitigation of Natural Risks has been directed to achievement of

the following aims highlighted in: 1. Conclusions made at the Meeting of Directors of Specialized Centres of EUR-OPA Major Hazards

Agreement of February 2-3, 2011, in Paris 2. Medium-term plan for 2011-2015 adopted by the 12th Ministerial Session of the European and

Mediterranean EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement 3. Conclusions made at the Meeting of Permanent Correspondents of EUR-OPA Major Hazards

Agreement These priorities have been realized on the basis of some special activities:

I. EDUCATIONAL

• At school and university levels The guidelines for efficient training of schoolchildren and teachers, which can improve the management of prevention, preparedness and response to disasters, have been further developed. The new educational principles, general objectives and main directions for promoting the culture of hazards prevention have been identified and the competences and capacities necessary in the emergency situations of high risk have been determined.

These issues besides some other issues have become subject matter of significant reports, which have been discussed by the experts of the Service of Civil Protection and Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Inspectorate for Emergency Situations of Brasov County, Romania, by the scientists from the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, by the university staff of the Moldova State University and didactic staff during the Conference titled Identifying the Educational Principles, General Objectives and Main Directions for the Promotion of the Culture of Risk Prevention and Adequate Behavior in Risk Situations.

The conference was held at the assembly hall of the Moldova State University. A large range of problems concerning different aspects of schoolchildren education principles in the sphere of protection against natural calamities have been highlighted during the plenary assembly and at topical workshops. The conference has revealed the timeliness of problems discussed on the basis of topical researches proposed and has supported the activity for continuous improvement of actions for reducing and getting aware of disaster risks by educating and promoting the schoolchildren training, paying special attention to the following educational principles as key elements of future activities:

- orientation of anti-risk education towards the pupil’s personality; - carrying out the educational process within the framework of pupil-teacher cooperation relations; - transparency and appropriate informing of all persons concerned (pupils, parents, didactical staff,

students, etc.) regarding the risks in case of natural calamities; - use of different didactic strategies and technologies concerning formation of adequate behavior at

pupils in case of natural disasters (simulation of emergency situations, role playing, brainstorming, etc.); - formation of automated behavioral capacities: before a calamity, during and after a natural calamity.

The Conference participants have stated that the pupils’ anti-risk education is an important social and human problem both for the Republic of Moldova and world community. The Conference attended by different specialists in this sphere has been aimed at making some suggestions for reducing the disaster risks and rendering methodological assistance in population training and development of skills of forming an adequate behavior in the emergency situations. The popularization of knowledge concerning natural hazards character and making automated the measures of prevention and protection in case of natural calamities with major hazards has been emphasized during these activities. The Conference participants have qualified it as a successful and necessary one and have evaluated the Centre contribution to

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promotion and encouragement of participants’ experience exchange for identifying the best practices for improving the resistance and training ensuring in this sense greater involvement of universities.

• Risk and communication In the course of the round table meeting titled The Promotion of the Culture of Risks Prevention Regarding Natural Hazards and Implementation of Anti-Risk Education Activities in Schools the way, in which the school and university staff perceive the risks as a fundamental condition for improving the prevention, training and response to the risks, has been analyzed. On making out the global objectives a series of psycho-pedagogical principles and requirements concerning formation of basic skills has been taken into account. These skills include elementary notions, methods of protection, safety rules, identification of risks, etc. It has been stated that the basic objectives are those humanitarian, meant for population protection against war actions or disasters for helping to overcome their immediate effects ensuring conditions necessary for survival. As a result of discussions held on the basis of speeches the specialists in the sphere of education have considered it opportune to organize and carry out the educational process in a new way: getting aware of complexity and importance of anti-risk behavior, identifying the resources and experiences available in the educational matters and studying the efficient modern methods of protection in case of natural calamities.

Round-table participants have stressed the importance of the discussed issues, given the fact that the emergency situations in the Republic of Moldova and other localities demonstrate us that a big part of population, including the didactic staff, are showing reduced competence and even ignorance of the rules of security and organization of emergency actions regarding rescue and protection of children in emergency situations. The promotion of knowledge about the character of natural hazards and rendering the methodological support for training the didactic staff and development of skills forming an adequate behavior in risk situations are of great importance nowadays.

The topic of Anti-Risk Education in Case of Natural Calamities aroused the interest of participants of round table organized on December 2-3, 2011. The representatives of public central authorities, pre-school, school, higher education and academic institutions took part in this round table. The total number of participants was 34 persons. The following speeches were made according to the round table agenda: - Conceptual Elements of Natural Hazards Management (speaker: A. Bantuş, Doctor, University Professor ECMNR Director) - The Experience of the Republic of Moldova Accumulated due to the “Codrii 2011” International Training for Protecting the Population Against the Disasters (speaker: Vitali Mutaf, lieutenant-colonel of s/s, Deputy Director of Civil Defense Department) - Arrangement and Performance of Anti-Risk Education Process in a New Way. Problems and Solutions (speaker: Vladimir Guţu, Doctor of Science, University Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Moldova State University) - Risk Prevention Training at School Level (speaker: Kolio P. Kolev, Director of European Center for Risk Prevention, Sofia, Bulgaria) - Civil Defense Training in the Republic of Moldova (speaker: Victor Mîrza, major of s/s, Deputy Director of the Republican Training Center) - Risk Prevention – Training of Trainers (speaker: Dimitar Yonchev, Professor, Director of Center for Security, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria) - Psychological Involvement in the Education Process for Preventing the Consequences of Natural Disasters (speaker: Angela Potâng, Doctor, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of General Psychology) - Promotion of the Culture of Risk Prevention Regarding Natural Hazards and Implementation of Anti-Risk Education Activities in Schools (speaker: Larisa Bantuş, Doctor, Associate Professor) etc.

The exchange of opinions among the representatives of the Service of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations and the scientists of university and academic sphere, i.e. of the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences under the supervision of Vladimir Guţu, Faculty’s Dean, Moldova State University, was especially efficient. During the discussions, exchange of opinions and analysis the following objectives have been proposed and fulfilled:

- Promotion of the culture of risks prevention regarding natural hazards and implementation of anti-risk education activities in schools;

- Promotion of knowledge about the character of natural hazards and rendering the methodological support for training the didactic staff and development of skills forming an adequate behavior in risk situations.

In order to fulfill the objectives some inquiries have been performed stating the implementations and concrete proposals for carrying out the anti-risk education activities in schools and elaborating the education principles in the sphere of protection against natural disasters and promotion of culture of risks

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prevention regarding natural hazards. The opinions of experts of the Department of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations and opinions of scientists in the sphere of pedagogy and psychology have contributed to formulation of the following conclusions:

1. Teaching the anti-stress skills and adequate behavior in case of natural calamities as optional or extracurricular disciplines.

2. Introducing a new module of education in case of emergency situations at the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, MSU, which later can be used in schools for informing and training the children and didactical staff.

3. Introducing the master degree program for Education and Promotion of the Culture of Risks Prevention Regarding Natural Hazards.

4. Cooperation of psychologists with the specialists from the Department of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations for improving the psychological methods of prevention and mitigation of natural disaster consequences.

5. To contribute to simplification of procedure, information exchange among the European states regarding the emergency situations with major risks and culture of risk prevention.

6. To contribute to changing of population attitude and especially of didactic staff towards the necessity of learning and forming the automated behavioral capacities: before a calamity, during and after the natural calamity and combining it with the child-centered education.

7. A more frequent visit of specialists of the Department of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations to educational institutions for holding trainings, drawing competitions, national and international contests, presenting information, arranging exhibitions on the appropriate theme, encouraging the participants.

8. To enhance the control of health education in case of natural calamities in schools. 9. The participants of discussions have come to a conclusion that the introduction of new

disciplines in the school curriculum is not appropriate as the school program is already overloaded, however it is possible to introduce new objectives and form skills in the course of other disciplines, which have something in common with the Health Education, Civil Defense, Fundamentals of Vital Activity Safety, Life Skills and especially at the educational lessons. It is also possible to organize the practical lessons with the participation of Civil Defense Department and regular seminars for didactic staff with the arrangement of simulations.

The round table participants have considered this form of work with the financial support of the Council of Europe of special use, importance and efficiency and have supported unanimously: 1. Elaboration of suggestions for carrying out the training of highly qualified didactic staff for managing the natural risks. 2. Promotion of security rules in case of emergency situations. 3. Elaboration of conceptual components of educational strategy in the sphere of protection against the natural hazards in educational institutions. 4. Elaboration of educational principles in the sphere of protection against the natural hazards with major risks:

• Orientation of anti-risk behavior towards the pupil’s personality. • Carrying out the educational process within the framework of pupil-teacher cooperation relations • Transparency and appropriate informing of all persons concerned (pupils, parents, didactical staff,

students, technical staff) regarding the risks in case of natural calamities. • Use of different strategies and technologies concerning formation of adequate behavior at pupils,

students, didactical and technical staff in case of natural disasters. • Formation of automated behavioral capacities: before a calamity, during and after the natural

calamity. 5. Formation of a conscious attitude towards implementation of already available educational program according to the school curriculum. The round table participants have evaluated the Centre contribution in the spheres highlighted and stated that the European Center for Mitigation of Natural Risks of EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement of Council of Europe should maintain the position of the National Centre of Anti-Risk Science Development and become a true centre of educational leadership; of communication, cooperation, prevention, training and response to major hazards. II. MANAGEMENT The research of Public Authorities Role in Natural and Man-Made Disasters Prevention and Management has been carried out according to the Centre plan of activities. As a result of research the national instruments and mechanisms of natural and man-made disasters prevention and management have been identified and analyzed, the role of public authorities at the central, local and regional level has been also highlighted. We have established that the strategy of national security of the Republic of Moldova has an objective of high

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priority among the measures adopted, i.e. the right to free, independent and democratic life of any country citizen, taking into account the possible emergency situations, considering risks, which can affect freedom, body integrity and human life. In this sense, the central and local public authorities cooperating with the specialized forces are obliged to take permanently concrete and coherent actions for preventing any forms of destructive manifestation of emergency situations before their start, during (as far as possible) and after their termination, for recovering and restoring the normal conditions of social and economic activity performance. As a result hereof the cooperation of public authorities and specialized structures as an important element of prevention activity is an objective necessity, which is based on permanent information exchange, mutual acceptance of adequate solutions and on the concentrated effort for putting into practice the measures of emergency situations prevention. The efficiency of preventive activity can be also determined by the effort, which the public authorities have to make for creating the structures of prevention and proper intervention and of providing with the necessary materials and means corresponding to the type of possible risks identified within the area of their responsibility. We would like to mention that this scientific and practical research is a response to the message of Mr. Ban Ki-Moon, the United Nations Secretary General, made on the International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction on October 14, 2009, when he said the following: “The more we know about the causes and consequences of natural hazards, the more we are able to be better prepared to reduce risks. Bringing the scientific community and policy makers together allows them to contribute to and complement each other's work”. In this context it is necessary to ensure as quickly as possible the formation of a modern legal framework and some improved managerial mechanisms aimed at ensuring in a united and professional way the life safety and protection of population health, environment, important material and cultural values in case of an emergency situation. The idea brought up for scientific discussion by establishing the research basis has been that the treatment of this subject represents a true challenge. The justified grounds in evaluating the complex character of issues subject to research include the variety of hazards, threats and vulnerabilities at the national, regional and global security level, consideration of urgent need of finding some ideas for their reduction and prevention as well as emphasizing the necessity of cooperation both at the national and international levels for ensuring a natural balance and normal state of advantageous human evolution and societies on the equal basis pursuant to the standards and principles of international public law. At the end of the work we have proposed to highlight the main problems, which the European Commission pays attention to, concerning consolidation of ability to respond to disasters basing on the achievements already existing. These actions are the first step on the way to global response for integrating the common efforts of the EU countries and provide the consolidation and creation of synergy among the instruments already existing as well as improvement of their coordination. The research has been discussed during the round table meeting titled The Role of Public Authorities in Promoting the Culture of Hazards Prevention. The specialists of the Service of Civil Protection and Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, of the State Hydrometeorological Service, of the Inspectorate of Emergency Situations of Brasov County, Romania, of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, of the University of European Studies of Moldova, etc., took an active part at the meeting. As a result of holding the scientific-practical seminar named New Recommendations, Strategies and Ideas for Founding and Operating the National Centre for Management in Emergency Situations, after making analysis of speeches and discussions for improving the process of intervention in case of emergency situations, operative management of forces and means of central and local public authorities and for improving the capacity of reacting both at the national and international level it has been proposed and accepted:

- to adopt a law on Disasters and Climatic Risks Management, which provides for foundation of the National Anti-Crisis Centre (National Centre for Management in Emergency Situations) with all necessary operational capacities;

- to create integrated emergency services (creation of a unique intervention service) in case of emergency situations;

- to create an operative subdivision for reacting on emergency situations, for international rescue operations with autonomous operation.

Main achievements of the Centre

1. We have organized the activities for popularizing the knowledge of natural hazards and have rendered methodological assistance in training the population during the meetings organized at different institutions, round tables and seminars organized by the Centre.

2. As a result of activities carried out we have managed to consolidate the scientific potential of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Universities interested in the themes highlighted and the practitioners of the State Hydrometeorological Service, the Service of Civil Protection and Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Territory Improvement and Regional Development, Ministry of Education and other public

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institutions in highlighting the role of public authorities in managing and preventing the natural and man-made disasters and developing complex measures in hazardous situations contributing actively to cooperation and interaction among central and local public authorities, non-governmental organizations and other competent organizations.

3. We have identified the educational principles, general objectives and main directions concerning promotion of culture of risks prevention and modeling an adequate behavior in emergency situations. We have got the didactical staff acquainted with the educational principles in the sphere of protection in case of natural disasters.

4. To achieve these objectives we have studied the experience of other European Union countries in the sphere of natural hazards. We have cooperated with the European Centre for Risks Prevention (ECRP), Sofia, and New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria. The scientific and didactical staff, students of higher and vocational education institutions, as well as specialists in this sphere, has been involved in the activities.

The studies and contests of essays and didactical projects concerning the risk situations and measures of protection have been carried out. A plan of educational activity concerning life safety in case of natural calamities has been elaborated.

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MOROCCO / MAROC

CEPRIS – Euro-Mediterranean Center for Evaluation and Prevention of Seismic Risk / Centre Euro-Méditerranéen sur l’Evaluation et la Prévention du Risque Sismique (Rabat) Surveillance et alerte sismique - 24 heures / 24 – 7 jours/7 activite sismique du territoire national et des zones limitrophes

1. Evénements sismiques enregistrés durant l’année 2011 Durant l’année 2011, le réseau national de surveillance et d’alerte sismique a enregistré 1888 événements sismiques. Ces événements se répartissent en 4 catégories : 230 séismes déterminés enregistrés au moins par 3 stations sismiques ; 219 séismes indéterminés enregistrés par une ou deux stations sismiques ; 331 événements lointains et environ 1107 événements aux activités minières et aux différentes exploitations de carrières.

Evénements Jan. Fév. Mars Avr. Mai Juin Juil. Août Sep. Oct. Nov. Déc. 2011 Evénements Déterminés

19 27 12 22 25 24 19 18 21 14 19 10 230

Evénements Indéterminés

35 26 25 22 04 04 26 19 22 16 08 12 219

Evénements Lointains

24 17 22 25 34 34 28 35 26 38 27 21 331

Activités minières et exploitations de carrières

91 84 107 109 100 100 94 83 86 97 60 96 1107

TOTAL 169 154 166 178 163 162 167 155 155 165 115 139 1888

2. Nombre des événements par intervalle de magnitude pour les séismes déterminés durant l’année 2011 Le réseau national a enregistré 230 événements en 2011 parmi lesquels 121 séismes ont des magnitudes comprises entre 3.0 et 4.0 ; 12 évènements ont des magnitudes comprises entre 4.0 et 5.0 ; 97 événements sismiques ont des magnitudes inférieures à 3.0.

Magnitudes Jan. Fév. Mars Avr. Mai Juin Juil. Août Sep. Oct. Nov. Déc. An 2011 2.0 Mag. < 3.0

10 09 05 09 11 16 09 06 08 06 06 02 97

3.0 Mag. < 4.0

07 17 07 13 10 08 10 12 11 08 12 06 121

4.0 Mag. < 5.0

02 01 00 00 04 00 00 00 02 00 01 02 12

5.0 Mag. < 6.0

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0

TOTAL D’EVENEMENTS/MOIS 19 27 12 22 25 24 19 18 21 14 19 10 230

3. Nombre total des événements par région pour les séismes déterminés durant l’année 2011 Durant l’année 2011, le réseau national de surveillance sismique a enregistré cinquante huit séismes en au large de l’Océan Atlantique, huit séismes en Mer d’Alboran, neuf séismes en Espagne et deux séismes en Algérie. Le réseau national de surveillance sismique a enregistré principalement trente cinq événements sismiques dans la région d’Azilal, treize événements dans la région d’Ouarzazate, dix événements dans la région de Khénifra, huit événements dans les régions de Béni Mellal et d’Errachidia, sept événements dans les régions de Tétouan et de Taroudannt.

4. Sismogrammes des principaux événements déterminés durant l’année 2011 Le réseau national de surveillance sismique a enregistré dix secousses sismiques dans la région d’Azilal de magnitudes allant de 2.6 à 4.3. Le séisme de magnitude 4.3 s’est produit le 14 février 2011 à 06H 02Mn 56.10Sec. Durant le mois de Mai, le réseau national de surveillance sismique a enregistré quatre secousses sismiques au large des côtes de l’Océan Atlantique. Le séisme de magnitude 4.4 s’est produit le 11 Mai 2011 à 23H 23Mn 36.70Sec. Durant le mois de Décembre, le réseau national de surveillance sismique a enregistré une secousse sismique au 26 Décembre 2011 à 04H 33Mn 56.47 Sec., la secousse a été localisée dans la région d’Ouarzazate de magnitude 4.3.

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5- Répartition de la sismicité à travers le territoire national durant l’année 2011 Durant l’année 2011, le réseau national marocain a enregistré des événements plus ou moins importants, à travers les différentes provinces du Maroc et régions limitrophes. A l’Ouest du Maroc, dans l’Océan Atlantique, de nombreuses secousses sismiques sont enregistrées par notre réseau marocain, les magnitudes de ces secousses sont principalement comprises entre 3.0 et 4.0; six secousses ont des magnitudes comprises entre 4.0 et 5.0 à l’échelle de Richter. En Mer d’Alboran, quelques événements sont enregistrés avec des magnitudes comprises entre 3.0 et 4.0. Au Nord du Maroc, le réseau national de surveillance sismique a enregistré des séismes localisés en Espagne avec des magnitudes comprises entre 3.0 et 4.0 ; deux séismes enregistrés ont des magnitudes comprises entre 4.0 et 5.0 A l’Est du Maroc, en l’Algérie, un séisme a été enregistré par le réseau marocain. Ce séisme a une magnitude de 4.3 sur l’échelle de Richter. Dans le domaine du Rif, plusieurs secousses sismiques ont été enregistrées de magnitudes comprises entre 3.0 et 4.0, d'autres secousses ont des magnitudes comprises entre 2.0 et 3.0. Dans le Haut Atlas, le Moyen Atlas et l'Anti Atlas, des événements plus ou moins importants ont été enregistrés localement, la plupart des séismes ont des magnitudes comprises entre 2.0 et 3.0 ; d'autres séismes moins nombreux ont présenté des magnitudes comprises entre 3.0 et 4.0, et deux séismes ont des magnitudes comprises entre 4.0 et 5.0. Au Sahara, le réseau national a enregistré quelques événements de magnitudes comprises entre 2.0 et 4.0. AUSCULTATION SISMIQUE DES GRANDS BARRAGES La Direction des Aménagements Hydrauliques (DAH), du Secrétariat d’Etat auprès du Ministère de l’Energie des Mines, de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, chargé de l’Eau et de l’Environnement a confié à l’ING relevant du CNRST, l’opération d’auscultation sismique des grands barrages. Cette opération consiste en l’entretien et l’exploitation du réseau d’auscultation sismique installé par la Direction des Aménagements Hydrauliques et le CNRST, dans 23 barrages et 2 stations: Chaque année le CNRST est chargé des deux missions suivantes: Mission de l’entretien du réseau sismologique : l'entretien du réseau se fera par des visites préventives et curatives par les équipes techniques du CNRST selon un programme arrêté au préalable conjointement entre la DAH et le CNRST. Au cours de ces visites, les données sismologiques enregistrées par les accélérographes sont collectées. A la suite d'un événement sismologique important, des missions spécifiques devront être effectuées aux barrages situés dans la région affectée, pour la collecte des données. Un rapport semestriel de maintenance sera établi par le CNRST précisant les interventions effectuées sur les équipements sismiques et les actions à entreprendre pour maintenir le réseau en bon état de fonctionnement. Mission d’Exploitation des données, interprétation et production de bulletins et rapports Les données acquises par le CNRST font l'objet de traitement et d'analyse. Cette exploitation donne lieu et des rapports trimestriels et un rapport annuel sur les accélérogrammes, et éventuellement des rapports spéciaux suite à des événements significatifs. Ces rapports spéciaux seront établis à la suite d'événements sismiques significatifs (Magnitude > 5 sur l’échelle de Richter). Ces rapports contiendront outre les caractéristiques détaillées du séisme (date, magnitude, localisation…), les accélérogrammes enregistrés, les spectres et éventuellement la courbe d'atténuation du séisme. CONTRIBUTION DU MAROC AUX EFFORTS REGIONAUX EN MATIERE DE PREVENTION DU RISQUE DE TSUNAMIS Tables rondes sur les Systèmes d’Alerte Tsunamis Depuis le fort séisme et le tsunami catastrophique qui ont frappé le Sud Est asiatique en 2004, les Nations Unies ont confié à l’UNESCO par le biais de sa Commission Océanographique Intergouvernementale (IOC), la mise en place de plusieurs systèmes d’alerte à travers le globe dont l’un concerne l’Atlantique Nord, la Méditerranée et les mers adjacentes (NEAMTWS). Le Maroc, appartenant à cette région, a été affecté dans le passé par plusieurs tsunamis dont le plus important est celui de 1755, tsunami survenu suite à l’occurrence du séisme destructeur dit « de Lisbonne ». A l’époque, plusieurs villes côtières marocaines ont été affectées de Tanger à Agadir. Par le biais du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et de Coopération, le Maroc a été sollicité par l’UNESCO pour apporter sa contribution aux efforts régionaux pour la mise en place d’un système d’alerte tsunami dans la région. Table Ronde du 22 septembre 2011 Deux experts de l’IOC ; Dr. Wolf ULRICH et Mme Francesca SANTORO, ont visité le Maroc du 21 au 23 septembre 2011. L’objet de cette visite est d'informer les Départements marocains concernés des exigences organisationnelles et des infrastructures requises pour la mise en place et le fonctionnement au Maroc d'un

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système d'alerte et de mitigation des tsunamis. Ce dispositif d’alerte contribuera également à l’alerte et la prévention des tsunamis au niveau régional. A l’occasion de la visite d’experts de l’UNESCO, le CNRST a organisé une table ronde le 22 septembre 2011, à laquelle l’ensemble des départements concernés par le risque tsunami ont été invités. Cette table ronde a été présidée par le Directeur des Sciences et le Directeur de la Technologie qui ont intervenu au nom de M. le Secrétaire Général du Ministère de l’Education Nationale, de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Formation des Cadres et de la Recherche Scientifique. Après le mot de bienvenu et l’allocution présentés à l’audience par du Directeur du CNRST, huit présentations Power Point et deux présentations orales ont été présentées et suivies avec intérêts par les présents. A l’issue de ces interventions, les experts de l’IOC/UNESCO ont exprimé leur agréable surprise sur les potentialités, les activités et les efforts consentis par les départements marocains en matière de risque marins. Ils ont suggéré que ces efforts soient coordonnés entre les différents intervenants afin de mettre en place une prévention et une surveillance des risques de tsunamis au profit du Maroc et de la région Nord atlantique et méditerranéenne. Les conclusions de cette table ronde ont portées principalement sur la nécessité pour le Maroc de :

• la nomination du TNC : Tsunami National Contact et qui devra jouer plutôt un rôle politique pour la prise de décisions au nom du pays,

• la nomination du TWFP : Tsunami Warning Focal Point qui se chargera du suivi de l’activité pouvant générer des tsunamis et de donner l’alerte aux autorités en cas de tsunami,

• la mise en place d’un Comité National pour l’Alerte Tsunamis (National Committee for Tsunami Warning).

Quelques semaines plus tard, le CNRST a organisé une seconde table ronde pour poursuivre la réflexion sur ces préoccupations. Table Ronde du 23 Novembre 2011 Après un rappel des principales conclusions de la table ronde du 22 septembre 2011, des précisions ont été données aux participants concernant : 1- le Point Focal d’alerte des Tsunamis (TWFP) qui serait :

la personne ou l’entité à contacter, joignable 7 jours sur 7 et 24 heures sur 24, ou autre point de contact ou adresse officielle, désigné par le gouvernement d'un État membre du groupe intergouvernemental de coordination du système d’alerte rapide aux tsunamis et de mitigation (GIC) pour recevoir et diffuser rapidement les informations relatives à des tsunamis (comme les alertes). Il est donc point focal également auprès du GIC pour l'alerte aux tsunamis (TWFP) ;

• le point focal pour l'alerte aux tsunamis (TWFP) notifie les autorités chargées de faire face aux situations d'urgence (protection civile ou autre organisme désigné pour assumer la responsabilité de la sécurité publique), les caractéristiques du phénomène (séisme et/ou tsunami), conformément aux procédures du Plan d'intervention ;

• le point focal pour l'alerte aux tsunamis reçoit les bulletins/alertes internationaux relatifs aux tsunamis envoyés par les centres d'alerte régionaux.

2- le Contact National Tsunami (TNC) est :

• une Personne désignée par le gouvernement d'un État membre du GIC pour représenter son pays au niveau de la coordination des activités internationales d'alerte et de mitigation des tsunamis ;

• Cette personne est un des principaux acteurs du programme du système national d'alerte aux tsunamis et de mitigation, qui peut réunir les responsables en cas de catastrophe, mobiliser l’aide et coordonner l’intervention ;

• Il peut s’agir du point focal pour l'alerte aux tsunamis, ou d’une personne appartenant à l'organisme national chargé de la gestion des catastrophes, ou membre d'une institution technique ou scientifique, ou de toute autre entité ayant des responsabilités en matière d'alerte aux tsunamis et de mitigation.

Les Principales Missions du Comité National des Tsunamis consistent à planifier et recommander l’exécution des actions suivantes :

1. La prévention des risques de tsunamis (études scientifiques, mesures de prévention telle que la construction d’abris etc.) ;

2. Système d’alerte aux tsunamis : mise en place de l’architecture et des fonctions initiales d’un centre national de veille contre les tsunamis;

3. la réalisation périodique d’évaluations des capacités nationales à faire face aux tsunamis et autres aléas liés aux océans. Ceci étant une action récurrente dans le temps ;

4. Recommandation de mesures d’Intervention à prendre en cas de tsunamis (mesures qui peuvent être intégrées dans les plans de secours, etc.) ;

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5. Elaboration d’un plan de communication adressant les situations avant, pendant et après tsunami.

Discussions et Conclusions Une discussion a suivi cette intervention et le débat a été ouvert par le Directeur du CNRST qui a rappelé l’importance pour la sécurité de notre pays de mettre en place ces organes de prévention et d’alerte contre le risque de tsunamis. Le représentant de la protection civile a signalé l’existence de plusieurs comités nationaux traitant de différentes catastrophes naturelles dans notre pays, comme il a précisé que le Comité National des Tsunamis ne devrait pas s’occuper de l’intervention et des secours lors d’un tsunami, vu qu’il y a d’autres entités chargées de ces missions au niveau national. Le représentant de la Gendarmerie Royale a expliqué que lors d’une catastrophe au niveau national, généralement un poste de commandement regroupant les principaux intervenants est mis en place et coordonne l’intervention et les secours. Le Directeur du Centre a expliqué que ce comité ne se chargerait ni de l’intervention ni des secours, mais qu’il pourrait par contre préconiser des mesures à prendre qui pourraient aider dans l’intervention et l’apport des secours. Les discussions ont porté sur les institutions qui pourraient remplir le rôle de TNC et de TWFP ainsi que les institutions qui constitueraient le Comité National des Tsunamis. Il a été signalé que dans d’autres pays, le contacte national tsunamis (TNC) est rempli par une personnalité en charge de l’une des institutions chargées de coordonner l’intervention au terrain lors d’une catastrophe et qu’un pays pourrait nommer plus d’un TNC. Alors que le rôle du point focal d’alerte au tsunami est généralement attribué à une institution à caractère scientifique chargée de l’alerte sismique. Vu que le Ministère de l’Intérieur coordonne généralement toutes les opérations en relation avec les catastrophes naturelles, l’assistance a préconisé que le CNRST demande à son ministère de tutelle de saisir le Ministère de l’intérieur pour le tenir au courant des résultats des tables rondes tenues le 22 septembre et le 23 novembre 2011 et pour lui proposer de nommer le Contacte National Tsunami (TNC) et le point focal pour l'alerte aux tsunamis (TWFP) ainsi que le Comité National des Tsunamis. Sachant que l’Alerte au tsunami repose principalement sur la détection des événements sismiques, et vu que le CNRST est l’institution chargée par la primature de la surveillance sismique du territoire national, il a été convenu de proposer au Ministère de l’Intérieur que le CNRST soit désigné point focal d’alerte contre les tsunamis (TWFP) au Maroc. Les participants ont également préconisé que le CNRST recommande une liste des institutions qui peuvent figurer dans le Comité National des Tsunamis. Ont été invité à participer à ces tables rondes les institutions suivantes:

• Ministère de l’Education Nationale, de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Formation des cadres et de la Recherche Scientifique :

o Direction des Sciences ; o Direction de la Technologie.

• Direction de la Coopération Culturelle et Scientifique, Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et de la Coopération

• Centre de Veille et de Coordination, Ministère de l’Intérieur • Direction Générale de la Protection Civile • Direction des Ports et du Domaine Public Maritime • Direction de la Météorologie Nationale • Agence Nationale des Ports (ANP) • Agence Nationale de la Conservation Foncière, du Cadastre et de la Cartographie • Etat Major de la Gendarmerie Royale • Etat Major de la Marine Royale • Centre Royale de Télédétection Spatiale (CRTS) • Point focal de la COI au Maroc • Organisation Islamique pour l’Education, les Sciences et la Culture (ISESCO) • Commission Nationale Marocaine pour l’Education, les Sciences et la Culture • Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST) • Institut National de Géophysique relevant du CNRST

UNESCO - ICG/NEAMTWS-VIII 8th session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas: 22 - 24 November 2011, Santander, Spain Dans le cadre de la contribution du CNRST aux efforts nationaux et régionaux en matière de prévention contre les tsunamis. Et suite à l’organisation de la table ronde organisée le 22 septembre 2011, les représentants de l’UNESCO ont encouragé le CNRST à participer les 22, 23 et 24 novembre 2011 à la 8ème

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Session du Groupe de Coordination Intergouvernementale sur les Système d’Alerte Tsunami du Nord Atlantique et la mer Méditerranée, prévue à Santander en Espagne afin de porter à la connaissance de ce Groupe et des pays participants, les efforts de notre pays dans ce domaine. A Cet effet ma candidature a été proposée pour représenter le Centre dans cette importante manifestation. Une inscription à été enregistrée dans le site de l’UNESCO réservé à cette manifestation. Pour permettre cette représentation, le CNRST a pris en charge les frais de transport et de mission. Coopération dans le domaine de l’évaluation de l’aléa tsunamis avec le Portugal Un Chercheur du CNRST a pu réaliser une mission au sein de l’équipe de l’Université de Lisbonne pour :

• se familiariser sur les modèles de propagation disponibles en vue de l’élaboration des cartes d'inondation générées par le déferlement de vagues de tsunamis ;

• d’adopter une classification des bâtiments et de la défense côtière présents dans la zone d'inondation par typologie.

Mission prospective en Suisse durant la période du 9 au 13 mai 2011. Cette mission a concernée : o la participation au sein de la délégation marocaine à la Plate Forme Globale de la Stratégie

Internationale pour la prévention des risques naturels des Nations Unies ; o la participation au sein de la délégation marocaine pour développer des coopérations avec

les différents musées suisses ; o la visite au Centre Sismologique Suisse pour préparer un projet de coopération dans le

domaine de la séismologie, projet de coopération qui sera soutenu par le Gouvernement Fédéral Suisse à travers l’Ambassade de Suisse à Rabat.

Poursuite du renouvellement du nouveau réseau sismiques (Centrale et nouvelles stations sismiques) sont classés «Points Sensibles» par l’Etat Major Général de la Gendarmerie Royale depuis juillet 2011, Ces points sensibles seront visités régulièrement par les membres de la Gendarmerie Royale pour assurer leur sécurité. Réunion du Groupe de Travail de réflexion sur les activités des Centres Spécialisés Le CEPRIS a participé à la réunion de travail, tenue aux bureaux de l’Accord EUR-OPA Risques Majeurs à Paris. Cette réunion avait pour objet les discussions sur les futures activités des centres. Ce ce groupe a proposé d’éliminer complètement la subvention annuelle qui est automatiquement versée à chacun des Centres et de mettre plutôt tout le budget de l’APO dans les programmes proposés par les différents centres. L’idée est que chaque Centre présente périodiquement au Secrétariat exécutif de l’APO un/des projets de programmes à réaliser, soit au niveau national soit en synergie avec d’autres centres. Un comité d’évaluation ferait la sélection et le suivi des réalisations des différents programmes. Prospection de Coopération avec le National Center for Seismic Risk Reduction de Bucharest, Romania A fin de dynamiser la coopération scientifique avec des partenaires européens, le CNRST a invité des experts roumains en séismologie et génie parasismique du « National Institute for Research and Development in Construction, Urbain Planning, and Sustenable Spacial Devlopment » de Bukhrest (Roumanie) pour discuter les possibilités de mener des actions scientifiques conjointes avec cette institution. Les professeurs Ioan Constantin Praum et Elena Simion ont effectué une visite au CNRST et au CEPRIS, pour discuter des opportunités de coopération en matière de réduction du Risque Sismique. Prospection de Coopération avec l’Institut Géologique de la Catalogne : Le 29 juin 2011, le CNRST et le CEPRIS ont accueilli à leur demande, des responsables de l’Institut Géologique de la Catalogne (Espagne) : Il s’agit de Monsieur Antoni Roca (Directeur) et Mme Agnès Llados assistante de Direction. L’objectif de cette visite étant d’explorer ensemble les potentielles collaborations entre les deux institutions dans le domaine de l’évaluation des risques naturels et l’élaboration des documents d’aide à la décision en matière d’utilisation des espaces urbains. First Meeting of Earthquakes and Natural Hazards Experts in the Arab World Rabat – Morocco 14-16/09/2011 Les 14, 15 et 16 septembre 2011, s’est tenue à Rabat, la première Rencontre des Experts Arabes dans le domaine des catastrophes naturelles. Le CNRST a été invité de participer à cette rencontre par la présentation des activités du Maroc dans le domaine de la surveillance et de la prévention du Risque sismique. Cette présentation été aussi l’occasion de présenter la participation du Maroc dans les activités de l’Accord EUR-OPA Risque Majeurs. Participation à la Campagne Océanographique Espagnole : Le CNRST a participé par un doctorant, à la campagne océanographie, GEOMARGEN-I en Golfe de Cadiz qui s’est déroule entre le 15 Octobre au 15 Novembre 2011 sur la marge Marocaine dans le Golfe de Cadis suivi de la demande d’autorisation de travail dans les eaux Marocaines. Cette campagne géophysique a été

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réalisée a bord du bateau de recherche espagnol "Sarmiento de Gamboa". Il s'agit d'une campagne sismique profonde avec le streamer de 3 km (ou 6 km. si possible) ainsi que des sources de grande capacité afin d'assurer une bonne pénétration a niveau corticale. L’idée est de faire un survey à travers des principales structures sismiques de la mer d'Alboran et ensuite faire une coupe depuis le bassin Algérien en Méditerranée jusqu’à la plaine abyssale du Tagus dans l'Atlantique, à travers de le Détroit de Gibraltar et Golfe de Cadiz. GEM North-Africa Kick-off Workshop Seismic Hazard and Risk assessment in North-Africa: Standard earthquake risk and socio-economic impact. Dans le cadre de l’ouverture du Maroc sur les initiatives internationales visant la réduction du risque sismique à travers le monde, l’Institut National de Géophysique (ING) relevant du Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST) en collaboration avec

• Le North African Group of Earthquake and Tsunami Studies; • La Fondation GEM : Global Earthquake Model (Italie) ; • l’Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg (France).

a organisé les 26 et 27 mai 2011 au siège du CNRST à Rabat, une manifestation scientifique intitulée GEM North-Africa Kick-off Workshop: Seismic Hazard and Risk assessment in North-Africa: Standard earthquake risk and socio-economic impact. Cette manifestation a regroupé également un groupe d’experts opérant dans le domaine du risque sismique en Afrique de plusieurs pays africains : l’Algérie, la Tunisie, l’Egypte, le Soudan, l’Afrique du Sud et des pays du Nord de la Méditerranée : Italie, France et Suisse. Ont participé également à cette Mnifestation :

• la Coordonnatrice du North African Group of Earthquake and Tsunami studies ; • le Secrétaire Général de la Fondation GEM « Global Earthquake Model » ; • le représentant du Secrétariat de la Stratégie Internationale pour la Prévention des Catastrophes

Naturelles des Nations Unies ; • les membres du Groupe NAGET au Maroc.

Pour la séance d’ouverture de cette manifestation le CNRST a invité plusieurs départements ministériels opérant dans les domaines de la gestion des Risque :

• Direction de la protection Civile ; • Gendarmerie Royale ; • Forces Armées Royales ; • Ministère de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanisme et l’Aménagement du territoire ; • Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et de la Coopération ; • Ministère de l’Intérieur (Centre de Veille et de Coordination) ; • Ministère de l’Education Nationale, de l’Enseignement Supérieure, de la Formation des Cadres et de

la Recherche Scientifiques ; • Centre Royales de Télédétection Spatiale ; • Département de l’Environnement.

Pour le milieu universitaire, le CNRST opérant en tant qu’opérateur scientifique national a invité des experts universitaires opérant dans le domaine du risque sismique de Rabat, de Kénitra, de Tanger et d’Agadir. Il a également invité les principaux départements ministériels opérant dans le domaine de la gestion des risques naturels. Plus de 60 participants ont assisté à la cérémonie d'ouverture Les principaux objectifs du « GEM North-Africa sont » :

• l’établissement de l’état de l’art dans le domaine de l’évaluation du l’aléa et du risqué sismique dans la région de l’Afrique du Nord ;

• La construction d’un model accessible pour l’évaluation de l’aléa sismique à travaux des composantes globales ;

• La construction une procédure standard pour le calcul du risque sismique et ses conséquences sur les sociétés et l’économie mesurées dans l’espace et dans le temps.

Le Workshop s'est déroulé selon les sessions techniques suivantes:

• Évaluation des risques sismiques en Afrique NE (Présidents: Iben Brahim Aomar et Mustapha Meghraoui) ;

• Évaluation des risques sismiques en Afrique NW (Présidents: Rui Pinho & Mourad Bezzeghoud) ; • Des risques sismiques en Afrique du Nord (Président: Rhomdane Najla & Assia Harbi) ; • Inventaire des données régionales et la vulnérabilité du bâtiment (Président: Benouar Djillali &

Durheim Ray) ; • GEM Openquake et des présentations boîte à outils avec le panneau de discussion (Helen Crowley

& Marco Pagani).

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Publications 2011 ELOUMALA ONANA P. N., TOTO E. A., ZOUHRI L., CHAABANE A., EL MOURAOUAH A. and IBEN BRAHIM A. (2011) : Recent seismicity of Central High Atlas and Ouarzazate basin (Morocco), Bull Eng Geol Environ, DOI 10.1007/s10064-011-0361-z, Sprin9 pages. SpringerLink. DOI: 10.1007/s10064-011-0361-z EL AZREQ, M. A., A. EL HAMMOUMI, A. IBEN BRAHIM, K. GUERAOUI, A. EL MOURAOUAH, A. LBADAOUI, M. KERROUM, M. KASMI, A. BIROUK, K. EL HARROUNI (2011), Seismic Vulnerability of Traditional Earthen Buildings, International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE), Sep. 2011 (Vol. 2 N. 5). SAMMOUDA, M., K. GUERAOUI, M. DRIOUICH, A. EL HAMMOUMI, A. IBEN BRAHIM, (2011), The Variable Porosity Effect on the Natural Convection in a non-Darcy Porous Media, International Review on Modelling and Simulations (Vol. 4 N. 5) - Oct 2011 - Papers (Part C). BIROUK A., EL MOURAOUAH S., KASMI M., IBEN BRAHIM A., EL MOURAOUAH A., TOTO E. A., BEN SOUDA A., TALHAOUI A. (soumis): Spatial distribution of aftershocks of the Al Hoceima 2004 earthquake; Implications for the identification of new active faults. ELOUMALA P. N., IBEN BRAHIM A., EVANS J. R., EL MOURAOUAH A. et CHABANE A. (soumis): Moho Depth and crustal velocity structure beneath the RTC (Morocco) and TAM (Algeria) Station, Form Teleseismic Receiver Functions Analysis. TOTO E. A., EL MOURAOUAH S., EL MILOUDI A., HAFID M., ZOUHRI L., EL MOURAOUAH A., IBEN BRAHIM A., BIROUK A. et KASMI M. (soumis) : New geophysical and gelogical evidence for the present day southernmost active deformation front the Rif thrust and fold belt-and-the oceanic accretionary prism of cadiz : The dhar Doum – Lalla Zahra fault, Northwestern Atlantic Coastal Morocco. BIROUK A., LBADAOUI A., IBEN BRAHIM A., MATIAS L., GEISSLER W. H., EL HAMOUMI A., EL MOURAOUAH A., KOULAKOV I., MONNA S., ZITELLINI N., KASMI M. and TOTO E. A. (soumis): Body waves tomography from OBS-recorded earthquake in the Golf of Cadiz. COMMUNICATIONS 2011

NAIMI K., BENAMMI M., TAHAYT A., HAFID M., EL BASRI M., TOTO E.A., EL MOURAOUAH A., IBEN BRAHIM A. (2011), Etude du risque sismique dans le site d’El Ouatia (Tan Tan, Maroc) : Géologie de surface, Géophysique, Néotectonique et Sismotectonique, 21ème Edition du Colloque International des Bassins Sédimentaires, 27- 30 avril 2011, Fès, Maroc

NAIMI K., BENAMMI M., TAHAYT A., HAFID M., EL BASRI M., TOTO E.A., EL MOURAOUAH A., IBEN BRAHIM A. (2011), Etude du risque sismique dans le site d’El Ouatia (Tan Tan, Maroc) : Géologie de surface, Géophysique, Néotectonique et Sismotectonique, 21ème Edition du Colloque International des Bassins Sédimentaires, 27- 30 avril 2011, Fès, Maroc

IBEN BRAHIM A., EL MOURAOUAH A., EL HAMMOUMI A., TOTO E. A., BIROUK A., KASMI M., HAFID M. and BENAMMI M. (2011): Contribution of Morocco to important regional project on seismic risk assessment, GEM North Africa Kick off Workshop, 26 and 27 May 2011, Rabat, Morocco, p10.

EL HAMMOUMI A., IBEN BRAHIM A., EL HAROUNI Kh, BIROUK A., TOTO E. A., EL MOURAOUAH A., KERROUM M. and KASMI M. (2011): Building seismic vulnerability assessment in urban areas in Morocco, GEM North Africa Kick off Workshop, 26 and 27 May 2011, Rabat, Morocco, p29.

JABOUR N., EL MOURAOUAH A., TAHAYT A., BENCHEKROUN S. (2011), Seismic hazard and risk assessment in Morocco : Recent field analysis, new results and potential for a realistic evaluation, GEM North Africa Kick off Workshop, 26 and 27 May 2011, Rabat, Morocco, p20.

EL HAMMOUMI A., IBEN BRAHIM A., EL HAROUNI Kh, BIROUK A., TOTO E. A., EL MOURAOUAH A., KERROUM M. and KASMI M. (2011): Building seismic vulnerability assessment in urban areas in Morocco, GEM North Africa Kick off Workshop, 26 and 27 May 2011, Rabat, Morocco, p29.

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Portugal CERU - European Center on Urban Risks / Centre Européen sur les Risques Urbains (Lisbon)

1. The CERU was involved in the assessment of the Seismic Hazard, maintenance and rehabilitation of the

heritage in the City of Lagos (Algarve-Portugal).

2. Participation, Publications and Communications presented in the following Meetings:

1. Seminar Organized in the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, DIA INTERNACIONAL PARA A

REDUÇÃO DAS CATÁSTROFES NATURAIS, 13 October 2011

2. Gestão de Situações de Emergência – Risco Sísmico, Lagos, 17 Setembro, 2011

3. II Colóquio Detecção Remota: Observação da Terra

24 e 25 de Novembro de 2011 | Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa

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ROMANIA / ROUMANIE

ECBR - European Centre for Rehabilitation of Buildings / Centre Européen pour la Réhabilitation des Bâtiments, (Bucharest) THE SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK AND PRESENT STRUCTURE OF ECBR ECBR is a specialised center included in URBAN-INCERC and is based on a Memorandum of Accession to The European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA), adopted by the Romanian Government in 2001. With the present name and objectives, the EUROPEAN CENTER FOR BUILDINGS REHABILITATION - ECBR was agreed by EUR-OPA Major Hazard Agreement at its 10th Ministerial Session in San Marino, December 12, 2003. Since 2009, according to the Government Decision 1398 / 2009, ECBR is included in the structure of URBAN-INCERC, as a result of merging between INCERC, URBAN-PROIECT and CDCAS. Presently, ECBR is located in the premises of the National Institute for Research and Development in Constructions, Urbanism and Sustainable Territorial Development URBAN-INCERC. The Center benefits of the facilities of existing laboratories in URBAN-INCERC, mainly INCERC Bucharest Branch, as well as from consultancy of other research institutes and universities. ECBR staff is URBAN-INCERC research staff, all working within existing resources, as co-financing of ECBR from Romanian part, although some expenses of ECBR for operation and specific actions are covered by annual EUR-OPA grant and other are covered by INCERC. The main field of ECBR, as “building rehabilitation” has important relationships with the vulnerability of citizens that live in buildings at risk, with human habitat in urban and rural environment, with technical codes and laws on related aspects, including socio-economic and ethical aspects. ECBR performs technical and dissemination activities devoted to: (i) Contributing to preparation of appropriate legislation for buildings rehabilitation and risk mitigation by MRDT; (ii) Strengthening of the building structures damaged by earthquakes; (iii)Mitigation of natural disaster risks, including earthquake education; (iv) Rehabilitation of the building comfort and building equipment, associated with the ; (v) Other activities related to the hazard, vulnerability and risk management. The Center promotes partnership with specialized institutions, agencies and authorities related to building design and building rehabilitation from Romania, UE and world-wide. http://www.incerc2004.ro/ecbr/ecbr.htm The management of the Center is made by the Director of the Center and supervised by the Permanent Correspondent of Romania to EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement, i.e. by the representative of MRDT in charge with EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement. The present structure is as follows: - President: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arch. Vasile MEITA, General Director of URBAN- INCERC - Director: Dr. Eng. Emil-Sever GEORGESCU, Scientific Director for Constructions, INCERC Bucharest

Branch - President of Scientific Council: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Iolanda-Gabriela CRAIFALEANU, INCERC Bucharest

Branch - General Secretary: Dr. Math. Ioan Sorin BORCIA, Head of Seismic Risk and Actions on Buildings

Laboratory, INCERC Bucharest Branch Members: - Eng. Claudiu Lucian Matei, Director of INCERC Bucharest Branch, Senior Researcher, Ph D Candidate - Dr. Eng. Claudiu Sorin Dragomir, Senior Researcher, INCERC Bucharest Branch - Geologist Eng. Elena Andreea Calarasu, Scientific Researcher, INCERC Bucharest Branch – Ph D

Candidate - Dr. Eng. Daniela Dobre, Senior Researcher, INCERC Bucharest Branch - Eng. Nicoleta Florenta Tanase, Assistant Researcher, INCERC Bucharest Branch – Ph D Candidate - Eng. Andreea Dutu, Assistant Researcher, INCERC Bucharest Branch – Ph D.

The CoE Audit Team composed by JM Goerens and Prof. Alfredo Campos Costa, of LNEC and University of Lisbon, visited ECBR on July 4-6, 2011 and evaluated the activity for the period 2007-2011.

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PRESENTATION OF THE ACTIVITIES FOR 2011 AND LINK WITH THE MEDIUM TERM PLAN

The proposals for 2011 were corelated to the medium plan 2011-2015, adapted to the specific of Romania and ECBR.

ACTIVITY No. 1: Activities in support of the enforcement of the strategic Programs for building rehabilitation coordinated by the Romanian Government and concerned ministries

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT Global objectives: o Facilitation of the application of the new codes and standards by the community of structural design

engineers in Romania, taking into account the objectives of the EUROPA Major Hazards Agrrement for the year 2011.

o Fostering research, regulations and development programs for thermal and energy rehabilitation of buildings, according to EPBD-European Performance of Building Directive.

Specific objectives for 2011 were initially the issues related to enforcement of the new Romanian Code for the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings, correlated with the enforcement of Part 3 of Eurocode Besides that target, presently, the staff of ECBR is participating to the evaluation and revision of the Romanian Code for seismic design P100-1 / 2011. The correlation with the EPBD-European Performance of Building Directive is achieved through some parallell activities of devoted researchers of INCERC Bucharest Branch. Expected results in 2011 are an easier transition process to the effective application of the new codes and standards, correlated within the national framework of earthquake protection and adoption of EU codes and standards, as well as with other research programs of URBAN-INCERC. ACTIVITY No. 2: Dissemination activities using earthquake education materials, seminars and

demonstrations, concerning earthquake protection (before, during and after an earthquake) by innovative tools (Website INFORISX, didactic earthquake simulators etc)

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT Global objectives:

• Developing the national and regional capability of Romania within EUR-OPA Agreement on prevention, preparedness and response;

• Co-operation with other institutions; Specific objectives for 2011 are:

o Seminars for providing knowledge and informing people, States, Institutions about the means and ways of earthquake preparedness and disaster prevention

o Development of the English version of INFORISX WEB Site hosted by INCERC Branch of URBAN-INCERC;

Results in 2011 are a broader dissemination, including target audience of foreigners that are living in seismic zones of Romania. ACTIVITY No. 3: Participation of ECBR members in workshops, seminars, conferences and university

courses OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT Global objectives:

o Enhancing knowledge transfer for seismic disaster prevention o Increasing the visibility of ECBR activities

Expected results in 2011 were the atendance to at least 3 scientific events The ECBR staff presented 4 conferences about the seismic disasters in New Zealand 2010 and 2011, as well as about Japan Off Tohoku disaster 2011, for the staff of General Inspectorate of Emergency Situations, AICPS-Association of Structural Design Engineers and at the Ministerial Committee for emergency Situations of MDRT - Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism. The ECBR Workshop 2011 : European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA) of the Council of Europe – priorities for reducing disasters impact in Europe and Romania. Projects of ECBR –

European Center for Buildings Rehabilitation within NRDI URBAN-INCERC

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A special ECBR Workshop was organized within the Second edition of the National Research Conference on Constructions, Economy of Constructions, Architecture, Urbanism and Territorial Development, with international participation: “HUMAN HABITAT AND LIFE QUALITY UNDER NATURAL AND TECHNOLOGIC RISK CONDITIONS – A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH”, at URBAN-INCERC, on 23 September 2011. Moderator was Eng. Emil-Sever GEORGESCU, PhD, Director of ECBR. The Workshop addressed the following topics for papers and exchange of experience:

1. EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN MAJOR HAZARDS AGREEMENT EUR-OPA and the priorities for reducing disasters impact in Europe and Romania. Projects of ECBR – EUROPEAN CENTER FOR BUILDINGS REHABILITATION within NRDI URBAN-INCERC, BUCHAREST in the period 2009-2011

2. Preparedness to cope with specific impacts of earthquakes and other disasters: - Romanian programs of seismic risk reduction and buildings rehabilitation - Structural and earthquake engineering research - Education and training for disaster prevention - Transboundary effects of Vrancea earthquakes and other hazards - Early warning, preventing and facing natural and technological disasters

3. Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches related to building rehabilitation: - contributions of spatial planning, regional and urban development, architecture - contributions of disaster medicine and emergency management

A number of 18 papers have been presented, in English and Romanian, with authors from Republic of Moldova, Greece and Germany. The topics were comprehensive, as follows: 1. EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN MAJOR HAZARDS AGREEMENT EUR-OPA AND THE PRIORITIES FOR REDUCING DISASTERS IMPACT IN EUROPE AND ROMANIA. PROJECTS OF ECBR – EUROPEAN CENTER FOR BUILDINGS REHABILITATION WITHIN NRDI URBAN-INCERC, BUCHAREST, IN THE PERIOD 2009-2011 Emil-Sever GEORGESCU, Director of ECBR within NRDI URBAN-INCERC

2. CONTRIBUTIONS TO SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION OF BUILDINGS IN ROMANIA Cristian Paul STAMATIADE - MDRT - Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism, Bucharest, Romania, Emil-Sever GEORGESCU The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania 3. A SPECIAL APPROACH FOR EARTHQUAKE EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN ROMANIA / Vasile MEIŢĂ, Daniela DOBRE, Emil-Sever GEORGESCU - The National Research and Development Institute URBAN - INCERC, Bucharest, Romania, Cristian Paul STAMATIADE, Luminita VÎLCEANU - MDRT - Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism, Bucharest, Romania

4. INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURES Claudiu Sorin DRAGOMIR, Ioan Sorin BORCIA, Emil-Sever GEORGESCU - The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania, Cristian Paul Stamatiade, Mihaela Bontea – MDRT - Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism, Bucharest, Romania

5. A STATE-OF-THE-ART OF THE SEISMIC ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATION CODES FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS: THE SITUATION OF ROMANIAN CODES IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Iolanda Gabriela CRAIFALEANU, Nicoleta Florenta TANASE, Diana ENE, The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania 6. A NEW CONCEPT PROPOSAL FOR EXISTING BLOCKS OF FLATS REHABILITATION: COMPLEX, MULTICRITERIAL, INTEGRATED REHABILITATION OF URBAN ASSEMBLIES IN A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT VISION – RESULTS OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT SIR Mihaela GEORGESCU, Cristina OCHINCIUC, Carmen DUMITRESCU, Cerasella CRĂCIUN, Dorina TARBUJARU ONESCU, Codruţa IANA, Ana OPRIŞ – University of Architecture and Urbanism „Ion Mincu” – UAUIM, Bucharest 7. SAVING A MONUMENT IN COLLAPSE AND RECOVERING OF A HISTORICAL CULTURAL AND SCIENTIFIC LANDMARK Cristina Olga GOCIMAN, Ruxandra NEMTEANU, University of Architecture and Urbanism „Ion Mincu” – UAUIM, Bucharest, Iulia CRAIOVEANU, Anatolie CAZACLIU, Barbu GOCIMAN, Mircea HANCU, Claudiu Lucian MATEI – URBAN-INCERC 8. REHABILITATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS WITH ENERGY DISSIPATING SYSTEMS / Andreea DUŢU - The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, INCERC Bucharest Branch, Romania, Valentin NICOLAE - Technical University of Civil Engineering UTCB, Bucharest, Romania 9. BUILDING VULNERABILITY VS. STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING: CAUSES OF COLLAPSES AND CASUALTY IN 1940 AND 1977 VRANCEA, ROMANIA EARTHQUAKES Emil-Sever GEORGESCU - The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania, Antonios POMONIS - Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd., Athens, Greece

10. DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION CONCERNING SEISMIC RISK MITIGATION IN ROMANIA - ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT USING IT TECHNOLOGY Iolanda CRAIFALEANU, Emil-Sever GEORGESCU, Ioan-Sorin BORCIA – The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania, Alexandru ALDEA, Radu VACAREANU, Cristian ARION – Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest - UTCB 11. THE FIRST MASTER IN DISASTER MEDICINE COMPLEMENTARY STUDIES DEGREE PROGRAM IN THE HISTORY OF ROMANIAN MEDICINE Dan MANASTIREANU, Nicolae STEINER, Raed ARAFAT - Titu Maiorescu University, Medical School, Master for Disaster Medicine, Bucharest, Romania

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12. ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM ASPECTS IN THE RECONSTRUCTION AFTER DISASTROUS EVENTS: COMPARISON BETWEEN L’AQUILA (ITALY) AND KOLONTAR (HUNGARY). Maria BOSTENARU DAN, “Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest 13. EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE OLD MASONRIES MADE OF LOW STRENGTH MORTARS Adrian Constantin DIACONU, The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, Iasi Branch 14. RESEARCH CONCERNING SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS IN CHISINAU CITY Vasile ALCAZ, Eugen ISICICO, Victoria GHINSARI, Institute of Geology and Seismology, Academy of Sciences of R. Moldova, Chisinau, Republica Moldova, 15. RESEARCHES OF URBAN SEISMOLOGY IN BUCHAREST / CERCETĂRI DE SEISMOLOGIE URBANĂ ÎN BUCUREŞTI. Ştefan Florin BĂLAN - National Institute of R-D for Earth Physics, JOACHIM RITTER - University of Karlsruhe, Germany 16. ANALYSIS OF AN AREA AFFECTED BY LANDSLIDE OCCURED IN CENTRAL PART OF ROMANIA BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS Cornelia DOBRESCU, Elena CĂLĂRAŞU - The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania, Marius STOICA, Traian MOLDOVEANU, Eduard MIHĂESTEANU 17. STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRUSTAL AND SUB-CRUSTAL SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF VRANCEA SOURCE, Rashid Z. BURTIEV - Moldavian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology and Seismology, 18. ISSUES AND TRENDS IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN EUROPE AND ROMANIA / Francisc SENZACONI, Manuela IONIŢĂ – IGSU CONCLUSIONS ON THE TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY OF ECBR IN 2011

In 2011, the main field of ECBR, as “building rehabilitation” was considered in correlation with its important relationships with the vulnerability of persons that live in buildings at risk, with human habitat in urban and rural environment, with technical codes and laws on related aspects, including socio-economic and ethical aspects. The researchers of URBAN-INCERC / ECBR contributed to very important codes for evaluation and rehabilitation of buildings, as well as manuals for earthquake education during last years. It is imporatnt that the present field of research of URBAN-INCERC can provide for a more interdisciplinary approach of disaster risk reduction, at building and urban fabric scale, in correlation with sustainable development. ECBR is concerned with the connection that was made between the vulnerability of buildings and the need to rehabilitate them, overpassing the gaps of peoples risk perception, administrative shortcomings and slow pace of strengthening works in Bucharest. The recognized quality and number of activities for earthquake education of school students and citizens must overcome the negative impact of mass-media coverage with catastrophic content. For this purpose, ECBR increased the training and dissemination activities in Master Courses in two prestigious universities of Bucharest, while the visibility of ECBR in national, european and international activities is increasing. The ECBR Workshop in 2011 was a very successful turning point.

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RUSSIAN FEDERATION/FEDERATION DE RUSSIE

ECNTRM- European Centre of New Technologies for the Management of Natural and Technological Major Hazards (Moscow), / Centre Européen des Nouvelles Technologies pour la Gestion des Risques Naturels et Technologiques Majeurs (Moscou)

In 2011 there were two main directions of the Center activity:

1. The Arctic as a “weather backroom” on a planet scale. New global challenges as a result of

increased development of the Arctic territory.

The Arctic is an area of potential large-scale economic activities of production, processing and transportation of mineral raw materials conducted in a sensitive environment. Considerable risks of emergencies exist due to the natural and technical character of these activities.

The Arctic is a vital area, whose global character is determined by:

• availability of sources of vital mineral and biological raw materials, • potential of large economic developments, • considerable reserves of pristine natural areas, • its being a climate influencing region - the “weather backroom” on a planet scale, • its rendering a significant amount of “ecoservices” aimed at assimilating negative anthropogenic

impact.

At the same time, the Arctic environment is extremely vulnerable as biological processes there are slow and its assimilation capacity is limited and can be rapidly exhausted.

The combination of these factors brings the issues of safe use of territories and offshore Arctic areas into the sphere of international interests thus creating a crucial arena for international cooperation. Taking into consideration international obligations of the countries in the circumpolar region, safety of economic activities in the Arctic is the most important condition for realizing national economic interests and ensuring global economic growth on the basis of provision of critically important primary resources.

In the northern high-latitude circumpolar regions significant projects in oil and gas production, hydrocarbon materials transportation, electric power engineering, etc. are implementing or planning.

The related threats to the territories, water areas, living environment of the population, life support systems, and transport and social infrastructure facilities are the major risk factors for sustainable development. It is, therefore, important to ensure industrial, technological and environmental safety in the Arctic region.

Ensuring a required level of environmental protection and living conditions, prevention of environmental disasters and technogenic catastrophes, and prevention of and efficient response to emergencies in the Arctic region are significant tasks in the context of implementation of any economic development project.

Industrial objects: Varandey oil export terminal

This challenge is of a comprehensive character. Meeting it requires a reasonable strategy and coordination of activities by member states, governmental authorities, and it implies close ties among the state and business within the framework of public/private partnership, active cooperation with all the parties concerned on an international scale.

The main goals are: 1. Elaboration of recommendations and key elements of the emergency risks assessment system and the system for improving safety of potentially hazardous facilities.

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2. Elaboration of recommendations for establishing regional centers with international participation accumulating monitoring information and managing rapid reaction forces in strategically important spheres, which will allow implementation of efficient emergency response activities. 3. Consideration of the possibility of establishment of an integrated monitoring, prevention and prompt response system in the Arctic.

Objectives include, but are not limited to:

• International promotion of advanced national experience aimed at establishing a favorable competitive environment for economic activities; ensuring efficient strategies of land use, natural resources planning and management; industrial and environmental safety.

• Elaboration of recommendations on possible joint activities with a view to enhance industrial and environmental safety in the regions of major northern transportation corridors.

In order to assist states to improve safety of potentially hazardous facilities, as well as to promote economic and infrastructural development initiatives in high-latitude circumpolar regions within the project framework it is necessary to:

1. Take an integrated approach to emergency prevention; 2. Define minimally acceptable risks of accidents, disasters and emergencies; 3. Establish an early warning and mutual information system in regards to potential threats and emergency risks (introduction of new technologies into early warning systems related to emergency risks, such as possible industrial and technogenic accidents); 4. Coordinate joint efforts; improve preparedness for efficient and prompt response in emergencies; 5. Ensure regular and prompt information sharing; 6. Establish a venue for efficient advance experience exchange and promotion in decreasing emergency, technogenic risks on the basis of international centers.

The Arctic, not to mention the planet in general, has been warming for three hundred years. However, over the last fifty years it has been most likely related to human activities. The pace of warming is twice as fast in the Arctic as in other parts of the world, particularly because most of its territory is covered with ice. The ice cap is shrinking and it means that the surface light-reflecting power is diminishing too, as the ice turns into water, freeing the dark rocks underneath it. As a consequence, an increasing portion of sunlight is accumulated on the Earth, instead of being reflected into space, making the surface warmer and warmer. Sea ice and permafrost in the Arctic region recede at the rate of 1% annually. In the foreseeable future, ice melting is unlikely to cause worldwide industrial disasters; however, it will be influencing climate conditions on the planet. Main Issues Related to Climate Change in the Arctic

№ Issue Scientific View

1 Global warming 0.6-0.8 °С over the last 50 years, with 1.3-1.5°С in the Arctic

2 Arctic ice shrinking Since 1978, the Arctic ice has shrunk, on average, by 2.7%, every 10 years (8% total)

3 Average temperature of the top layer of the permafrost

Increased by 3 °C since 1980

4 Maximum area covered by seasonally-frozen ground

Decreased in the Northern hemisphere by 7%, compared to 1950s

5 Reason of warming Global warming is likely to have been brought about by the increased volume of greenhouse gases

6 Further average climate warming Up to 0,2°C each 10 years

7 Maximum temperature increase – sea level rise by 2099

6,4 °C – 0,59 meters

8 Temperature increase in the Arctic latitudes (prognosis through 2039)

1-2 °C

9 Maximum temperature increase in the Arctic latitudes (prognosis through 2099)

5-7,5 °C

10 Arctic ice melting Gradual melting (especially during summers, possible total ice melting in summer by 2099)

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2. Operative duty Extremum program

The GIS “Extremum” provides availability of possible earthquake consequences estimation. Calculation of the earthquake consequences is done within the period 0,5-2 hours. Received data allows making estimation of individual risk for the people and the territory and the volume and scale of help needed. During the period from 01.01.11 to 01.11.11 there were more than 1200 seismic events among which with the magnitude over 5,5 Mw– about 400 . The list of the events with the calculated possible losses is given below. The most catastrophic earthquakes of the year 2011: magnitude 21/02/2011 South Island (New Zealand 6,3Mw more than 166 dead, 122

lost 10/03/2011 Deacon Dye region

(China), 5,4Mw 25 dead, 250 injured,

economic damage – up to 1 billion $

11/03/2011 East coast Honshu Island (Japan)

9,0Mw 890 aftershocks (57 – more than 6,0Mw),

15 815 dead 5940 injured 3966 lost economic damage – about 350 billion $

24/03/2011 Myanmar 6,9Mw 74 dead, 200 injured 19/06/2011 Fergana (Uzbekistan 6,1Mw

2 aftershocks 14 dead 101 injured economic damage – about 12 million $

18/09/2011 Sikkim (India), 6,9Mw 2 aftershocks

115 dead 600 injured+ economic damage – 22 billion $

23/10/2011 Van (Turkey), 7,1Mw 601 dead+ 4152 injured

28/10/2011

Near the central coast of Peru

6,9Mw 83 dead

In order to improve the estimation of strong earthquake consequences algorithm, development of effective response scenario and increasing estimation accuracy constant renewal of information on buildings and territory is needed and updating of the mathematic model.

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SAN MARINO / SAINT-MARIN CEMEC - European Centre for Disaster Medicine / Centre Européen pour la Médecine des Catastrophes (San Marino)

Update and training in emergency and disaster medicine Teaching strategies and learning outcomes All CEMEC courses are in the framework of modern teaching and learning criteria for adult candidates. Active participation to sessions is an indispensable point to guarantee motivation and attendance. Variety of teaching tools is assured by different types of sessions:

� lectures � skill stations � closed discussions and workshops � open discussions � simulation and role play � plenary demonstrations

Pre-course study and pre-test make candidates aware of contents largely in advance. Sommative and formative assessment is performed to test candidates. Report of 2011 Courses 1. PTC – Pre-Hospital Trauma Care (Basic) Italian Resuscitation Council November 23 2011 Learning outcomes: At the end of the course candidates will know and will be able to apply the basic management of trauma patients in the pre-Hospital Phase Target Audience: health care professionals and personnel duty to respond with particular reference to the Emergency Medical System Candidates: 24 2. PTC – Pre-Hospital Trauma Care (Advanced) Italian Resuscitation Council November 24,25,26 2011 Learning outcomes: At the end of the course candidates will know and will be able to apply the advanced management of trauma patients in the pre-Hospital Phase Target Audience: Physicians, Nurses Candidates: 24 3. TBST – Toxicological Basic Support and Therapy May 9,10,11 2011 - December 5,6,7 2011 Poison Center, University Hospital “A. Gemelli”, Rome Poison Center, University Hospital “Careggi”, Florence Learning outcomes :At the end of the course candidates will have factual and procedural knowledge about acute poisonings in humans Target Audience: Physicians, Nurses Candidates: 50 4. Psychology of emergency and disaster medicine Novembre 5,6 2011 Learning outcomes: At the end of the course candidates will have factual and procedural knowledge for the psychological management of personnel involved in victims care. Target Audience: Physicians, Nurses, Physchologists Candidates: 20

5. NBCRe emergencies - November 7, 2011 Learning outcomes: At the end of the course candidates will have factual and procedural knowledge for the management victims of NBCR incidents including skill for using PPE. Target audience: Physicians, Nurses Candidates: 20

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TURKEY / TURQUIE

AFEM - European Natural Disasters Training Centre / Centre Européen de Formation sur les Risques Naturels (Ankara) European Natural Disasters Training Center (AFEM), within the scope of Annual Granted Budget provided by Eur-Opa Agreement carried out daily seminars for raising awareness about the current issues of disaster management for Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) staff. The Seminars were held periodically every two weeks in Conference Hall of AFAD Presidency Center, started in July 2011. Information related to awareness raising seminars preparation, execution and finalization is presented below. Awareness raising seminars executive committee: Kaan AKLAR (Engineer, Permanent Correspondent of EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement) Erkan DOĞANAY (Director of AFEM, Assistant Expert, Sociologist) Zafer YAZICI (Engineer, Accountant) Aslı AYARÖZ (Assistant Expert, Psychologist) Özüm DİNCER (Assistant Expert, Sociologist) The main aims of awareness raising seminars: • To increase awareness among AFAD staff which have critical responsibilities at pre-disaster, during disaster and post-disaster period. • To prepare different training programmes for the personnel who are still working in AFAD. • To establish an environment to discuss current issues about disaster management system. • To contribute to the creation of corporate agency culture. • To bring experts who work for the subject of disaster management from public, private sector and non-governmental organizations and bring them together with AFAD staff for exchanging ideas and experiences on disaster management. • To bring agency personnel and international experts who are interested in disaster and evaluate the effects of different disasters in different countries and socio-cultural structures. Budget and expenditures: the expenses of the awareness raising seminars have being covered by EUR-OPA Major Hazard Agreement and AFAD. Total costs are 3825, 69 TL (1.676,30 Euro). Content of seminars: the Seminars that were planned by the Executive Committee of AFEM with the help of feedbacks of AFAD staff are presented below: 1. Disaster and Emergency Management Training: The topic of first seminar was “Basic Principles of Disaster and Emergency Management“. The speaker of the seminar is Bulent Ozmen, PhD, from Gazi University Earthquake Engineering Application and Research Center. This seminar was held in AFAD Conference Hall in July 7, 2011. 2. Disasters in Turkey The topic of seminar was “Disasters in Turkey “. The speaker of the seminar is Oktay Ergunay, former General Director of Disaster Institution of Turkey. This seminar was held in AFAD Conference Hall in July 20, 2011. 3. Economy of Disaster The topic of seminar was “Economy of Disaster“. The speaker of the seminar is Berna Burçak Başbuğ ERKAN, PhD, from Disaster Management Center of Middle East Technical University. This seminar was held in AFAD Conference Hall in August 8, 2011 4. Hyogo Framework for Action: The topic of seminar was “Disaster Mitigation and Hyogo Framework for Action“. The speaker of the seminar is Stefanie DANNENMANN-DI PALMA, Program Manager from The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction European Office. This seminar was held in AFAD Conference Hall in August 17, 2011

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5. Relationship between Gender and Disaster: The topic of seminar was “Relationship between Gender and Disaster”. The Speaker of the Seminar is Nukhet PAKSOY ERBAYDAR, PhD, from Hacettepe University Disaster Research and Application Center. This seminar was held in AFAD Conference Hall in September 14, 2011. 6. Psychosocial Effects of Disasters: The topic of seminar was “Psychosocial Effects of Disasters”. The Speaker of the Seminar is Nuray KARANCİ, Prof, from Middle East Technical University, Department of Psychology. This seminar was held in AFAD Conference Hall in September 28, 2011. 7. Climate Change and Kyoto Agreement This seminar will be held in Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency Central Building’s conference hall with the participation of Prof. Dr. Miktad Kadıoğlu (Istanbul Technical University Disaster Management Research and Implementation Center Director) next year. 8. Nuclear Risk and Disaster: This seminar will be held in Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency Central Building’s conference hall with the participation of a specialist on climate change and Kyoto Agreement next year. EUROPEAN NATURAL DİSASTERS TRAINING CENTER MEETINGS FOR THE CONTENT AND METHODS OF DISASTER TRAININGS WITH REGARD TO VULNERABLE GROUPS ACTIVITY REPORT AFEM organized several meetings, planned for 2011 calendar, to create environment to discuss the methods and content of awareness raising trainings for vulnerable groups (women, children and disabled people) related to disaster. In these meetings, experts and field practitioners from governmental and nongovernmental organizations and academicians from different universities and backgrounds were brought together for sharing ideas and experiences. With these meetings, it was aimed to reveal previous training activities and projects at national and international level to set examples for future training organizations especially for vulnerable groups. Moreover, meetings provided opportunity to discuss advantages and disadvantages of the methods of the trainings aiming to reach different vulnerable groups and what should be done to eliminate and minimize these disadvantages. Information related to meetings’ preparation, execution and finalization is presented below; Meetings’ executive committee: Kaan AKLAR (Engineer, Permanent Correspondent of EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement) Erkan DOĞANAY (Director of AFEM, Assistant Expert, Sociologist) Zafer YAZICI (Engineer, Accountant) Aslı AYARÖZ (Assistant Expert, Psychologist) Özüm DİNCER (Assistant Expert, Sociologist) The main aims of the meetings: • To specify how to prepare effective awareness raising trainings on disasters for vulnerable groups. • To establish an environment to discuss current problems of methods and contents of trainings organized for vulnerable groups. • To compile and collect previous trainings and projects for vulnerable groups and to create training database. • To bring experts who work for the subject of vulnerable groups from public, private sector and non-governmental organizations and bring them together with AFAD staff for exchanging ideas and experiences about disaster trainings. • To bring agency personnel and international experts who are interested in vulnerable groups and evaluate the effects of different disasters on vulnerable groups in different countries and socio-cultural structures. Budget and expenditures: The expenses of these meetings have being covered by AFAD

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UKRAINE

TESEC - European Centre of Technological Safety / Centre Européen de Sécurité Technologique (Kiev) Updating of TESEC web site European Centre of Technological Safety (TESEC) is an international research and educational organization created in according to the decision of Founders (the Ministry of Ukraine of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from the Consequences of Chernobyl Catastrophe from Ukraine and Open Partial Agreement from Council of Europe, protocol # 1 of 24.05.97). TESEC acts in according to its Statute, in its activity it is guided by international regulations, decisions of Supreme Soviet of Ukraine, decrees of the President of Ukraine, decisions and orders of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, decisions of Council of Founders of the Centre. The main research area of TESEC is environment protection, emergency prevention, response and relief. TESEC has web site linked with main web site of EUR-OPA major Hazard Agreement. It containing information about TESEC activities and annually updating. Participation in EUR-OPA joint projects and activities. Involvement in activities of Ukrainian Ministry of Emergency Management. TESEC participated in the EUR-OPA project BeSafeNet. The BeSafeNet meeting has been organized in Kiev, Ukraine, November 23-24, 2011. The meeting concluded that: Website launch

i. Agreement that launching during EUR-OPA 25th Anniversary is politically appropriate. Need to assess what is complete and not. What items are complete will be launched. What is not should not be included. ii. Earthquakes has to be updating. iii. Francesc to send the following to all contributors of site official letter on web site logistic iv. Launching in as many languages completed but minimum of 5 main languages (English, Italia, French, Greek and Russian) desired. v. Kill the ‘Storms’ icon. vi. Floods. Board agreed that the current module needs to be completely replaced. Falling within the specialisation of Prof Castaldini, it was agreed that The Agreement should contract his services for this purpose (if preferable via CERG). vii. Extreme temp waves: Hide it for the launching viii. Wildfires: To hide the Icon for now. Agreed that Freiburg Centre should be asked to prepare this module by middle - end of January 2012. If this can be done, then include in the launch. ix. Under Specific Hazards, we need to explain what we mean by this term and add intro notes. x. Coastal Specific Hazards – hide icon xi. Climate Change: Hide icon until someone is engaged to prepare this. xii. Sea Level Rise – Anton to write an introductory page xiii. Publications: Need to add reference list to all EUR-OPA hazard-related publications together with a link to the EUR OPA website xiv. Existing School programmes: hide for now xv. Games & exercises: Hide xvi. Materials: re-name to Resources. xvii. Hurricanes: Anton to add photo xviii. Gallery: everyone urged to send Marinos any of their photos – good resolution 300 pixels minimum

Promoting the web-site: i. In the short term i.e. for the launching, Editorial board to design a leaflet. CoE need to provide a budget to do this before the February meeting of Directors. ii. In the Medium term, the editorial board + secretariat to design set of Posters for distribution to Ministries of Education / Civil Protection departments for subsequent circulation in secondary schools (e.g. travelling exhibits) iii. In the long-term, the Editorial Board suggests the setting up of an ‘on-line based Olympiad’ which will test the knowledge gained from theBeSafeNet website. This will reflect the effectiveness of the website in terms of awareness raising, promoting a culture of safety, disseminating knowledge to a multi lingual society, and acting as an interactive tool. iv. The board agreed that the content of the medium and long term strategies for the promotion of

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the website will be included in the BeSafeNet Programme for the next two years. TESEC activities in 2011 within the special programs. 1 Contribution to the organisation of the international conference “Twenty-five years after the Chernobyl accident: Safety for the future”, Kiev, Ukraine, 20-22 April 2011 April 26, 2011 marks 25 anniversary of the Chernobyl accident. In many countries nuclear technology is seen as one of the increasingly important solutions for meeting rising energy demands, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating climate change, counterbalancing fluctuating prices of fossil energy sources. At the same time the Chernobyl’s legacy should be carefully taken into account. How to use Chernobyl lessons for the safety of nuclear power and other hazardous technologies, to protect people and the environment from emergency - this is the main objective of the international conference "Twenty-five Years after Chernobyl Accident. Safety for the Future ", Kyiv, April 20-22, 2011. The conference addressing to the following key issues: • nuclear and radiological risks - cooperation of governments and communities; • effects of nuclear and radiological accidents to human health and the environment; • Chernobyl “Shelter”, Chernobyl NPP decommissioning, strategy for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel management; • development of prevention and response to nuclear and other man-made disasters, emergency planning, public awareness and involvement population in the emergency planning, post-accident radiation monitoring; • radiological consequences of Chernobyl accident, agriculture production on the contaminated area, social and economic development of Chernobyl-affected areas: successful models of development, overcoming of stereotypes and enhancing investment attractiveness of regions; • scientific achievements and new technologies for the safety of the future. 725 participants from 43 countries took a part in conference. The conference started from Statements on behalf of the Conference organizers, Governments and International organizations. from Ukraine, Nikolay Azarov, Prime-Minister of Ukraine from the UN, Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General from UNESCO, Irina Bokova, Director-General from the Council of Europe, Thorbjørn Jagland, Secretary-General from IAEA, Yukiya Amano, Director General from the European Commission, Andris Piebalgs, Commissioner for Development from WHO, Zsuzsanna Jacab, Regional Director from International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Matthias Schmale, Undersecretary General, from European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Thomas Mirow, President, from European Forum for Local and Regional Disaster Management, Jan Mans, President, The key scientific reports to conference were mainly presented for plenary sessions April 21 and 22. 1. “Radiological risk: the need to be informed, the right to be protected”, Eladio Fernadez - Galiano, Council of Europe 2. “Chernobyl: lessons of safety” Volodymyr Kholosha, Head, State Agency of Ukraine for the Exclusion Zone Management, Ukraine 3. “ARCH – a programme of scientific research on Chornobyl health issues”, Ausra Kesminiene, representative of the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer 4. “International support towards the mitigation of the Chornobyl accident consequences”, Gunter Pretch, representative of the Society for Technical and Nuclear Safety, Germany 5. “Nuclear safety in the 21st century: reflecting on the lessons learnt”, Jacques Repussard, Director, Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety, France 6. “Shelter facility: prospects and challenges”, Ihor Hramotkin, ChNPP Director-General 7. “Strengthening nuclear safety and radiation protection: lessons learnt from Chornobyl”, Olha Makarovska, Deputy Head, State Nuclear Regulation Inspectorate, Ukraine 8. “Chornobyl and new knowledge”, Vyacheslav Shestopalov, Director, Scientific and Engineering Centre for Radiohydrological Range Studies, NAS of Ukraine 9. “Outcomes and prospects of the Chornobyl accident consequences elimination in Russia”, Tatyana Marchenko, MoE, the Russian Federation 10. “Enhancing national programmes in support of economic development of the territories affected by the Chornobyl accident”, Jerzy Osiatynski, IAEA, UNICEF, UNDP, WHO 11. “The activities of the Belarusian State to overcome consequences of the Chornobyl disaster”, Vladimir Chernikov, MoE, Republic of Belarus

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12. “Perception of radiation risks: 25 years after the disaster”, Andrii Serdiuk, President, AMS of Ukraine 13. “Consequences of emergency irradiation for human health: a basis for risk assessment”, Mikhail Balonov, UNSCEAR 14. “Radiological and medical consequences of the Chornobyl accident: lessons learnt”, Volodymyr Bebeshko, Director-General, National Centre for Radiation Medicine, AMS of Ukraine Also some important reports have been presented on sections. The last version of the conference program has been discussed on March 30, 2011 at the meeting of the International Program Committees of the International Conference “Twenty-Five Years after the Chernobyl Disaster: Safety for the Future”, chaired by the Minister of Emergencies. The program committee created the following international working group for Conclusions and Recommendation development:

1. Volodymyr Kholosha, Head of the Working Group, Ministry of Emergencies of Ukraine 2. Hartmuth Teske, GRS 3. Міchel Chouha , IRSN 4. Viacheslav Shestopalov, NAS 5. Victor Poyarkov, TESEC 6. Volodymyr Bebeshko, AMS 7. Gerhard Proehl, IAEA 8. Oksana Leschenko, UNDP 9. Representative of the Russian Federation 10. Representative of the Republic of Belarus

The working group developed of Conference conclusions and recommendations 2 Development of the booklet “Nuclear hazard. Basic knowledge” In his statement at the International Conference “Twenty-five Years after Chernobyl Accident: Safety for the Future”, (Kyiv, April 20-22, 2011), the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon said: “To many, nuclear energy looks to be a relatively clean and logical choice in an era of increasing resource scarcity. Yet the record requires us to ask painful questions: have we correctly calculated its risks and costs? Are we doing all we can to keep the world's people safe? …Looking to the future, we need international standards for construction, agreed guarantees of public safety, full transparency and information-sharing, among others. … Let us make that the enduring legacy of Chernobyl.” In that line, both the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe Thorbjørn Jagland and the UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova pointed out in their Statements at the conference that people have right to be better informed and protected against the nuclear hazard. The public perception of Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents clearly shows the insufficient information of people on radiation hazards attributed to radionuclides releases. The iodine doses received in Europe from the Fukushima release were minimal (less than 1/1000 of the exposure from natural radionuclides) yet population in many European cities felt threatened and were not ready to trust the official information provided by national authorities or experts. After Chernobyl and Fukushima emergencies, experience shows that increasingly people only trust information they can actually understand. Thus it is important to provide them with meaningful information about nuclear hazard and build their own capacity to analyse risk. The conclusions adopted of the International Conference “Twenty-five Years after Chernobyl Accident. Safety for the Future” state that : “… The activity aimed at better awareness and knowledge of population on the nature of radiation hazards and protective actions in case of an accident should be improved. This work should be implemented directly to the public and via teachers, doctors and other population groups who will be able to disseminate this knowledge. The international collaboration on all aspects of better radiological protection of people should be strengthening.” Following that line of thought, the EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement of the Council of Europe has proposed to develop a new publication on “Basic Knowledge on Nuclear Hazard : the lessons from Chernobyl and Fukushima”. The idea is to provide ex-ante more accurate information of population on radiological hazard as the best way to protect them in case of disaster. The aim of this book is: present trusted basic knowledge on nuclear hazard in such a way to interest different groups of people (journalists, decision makers, students, …). The draft of the Booklet has been developed on the basis of 25 years experience lecturing for different categories of people: students, emergency workers, medical doctors, teachers and general public from Chernobyl contaminated area. The draft of Booklet has been presented 22.08.2011 on Seminar “Sustainable development for Chornobyl-affected areas” , organized by ICRIN/UNDP, University of Oxford and NaUKMA with the support of UNV and the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine.

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The draft of Booklet has been presented on Scientific meeting: “The Fukushima nuclear accident: is it another Chernobyl?” organized by San-Marino National Authority, CEMEC, Italian Association for Medical Radiation Protection. The draft of Booklet has been presented on International Earth Science Olympiad -IESO 2011 5-14 Sep. 2011, Modena – Italy organized by Italian Ministry of Education, Local Organizing Committee IESO 2011, Department of Earth Science University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. The draft of Booklet has also been presented on First meeting for the joint project « Nuclear Hazard. Chernobyl and Fukushima – Lessons for Public Awareness » at the Office of the Council of Europe, Friday, 4 November 2011.