Active Citizens Tool Kit

8/18/2019 Active Citizens Tool Kit

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ACTIVE CITIZENSTOOL KITS 1 & 2


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OUTLINE:

A.Defning ActiveCitizenship

B.T! "it 1: A#vc$c%C.T! "it 2:

Investig$ting


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Nature of active citizenshipNature of active citizenship

It refers to the involvement ofIt refers to the involvement ofindividuals in public life and aairs.individuals in public life and aairs.

Active citizens are those who develop Active citizens are those who developthe skills, knowledge and understandingthe skills, knowledge and understandingto be able to make informed decisionsto be able to make informed decisionsabout their communities and workplacesabout their communities and workplaces with the aim of improving the quality of with the aim of improving the quality of

life in these.life in these. An active citizen is not necessarily a An active citizen is not necessarily a

good citizen! in the sense that theygood citizen! in the sense that theyfollow the rules or behave in a certainfollow the rules or behave in a certain way. An active citizen may challenge the way. An active citizen may challenge therules and e"isting structures althoughrules and e"isting structures althoughthey should generally stay within thethey should generally stay within thebounds of democratic processes and notbounds of democratic processes and notbecome involved in violent acts.become involved in violent acts.


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A general set of values and A general set of values and

dispositions that can be associateddispositions that can be associated

with active democratic citizenship with active democratic citizenship

includes#includes#

$a% respect for &ustice, democracy and$a% respect for &ustice, democracy and

the rule of law,the rule of law,

$b% openness, or not being restrictive as$b% openness, or not being restrictive as

to who can participate,to who can participate,

$c% tolerance, or having a fair or$c% tolerance, or having a fair or

permissive attitude towards thosepermissive attitude towards those

whose views dier, whose views dier,

$d% courage to defend a point of view$d% courage to defend a point of view

andand

$e% a willingness to listen to, work with$e% a willingness to listen to, work with

and stand up for others.and stand up for others.


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'ey characteristics of Active'ey characteristics of Active

(itizenship#(itizenship#

•)articipation in the community)articipation in the community

$involvement in a voluntary activity$involvement in a voluntary activity

or engaging with local governmentor engaging with local government

agencies%agencies%

•)eople are empowered to play a)eople are empowered to play a

part in the decisions and processespart in the decisions and processesthat aect them, particularlythat aect them, particularly

public policy and servicespublic policy and services


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• 'nowledge and understanding of the'nowledge and understanding of the

political*social*economic conte"t ofpolitical*social*economic conte"t of

their participation so that they cantheir participation so that they can

make informed decisionsmake informed decisions• Able to challenge policies or actions Able to challenge policies or actions

and e"isting structures on the basis ofand e"isting structures on the basis of

principles such as equality,principles such as equality,

inclusiveness, diversity and socialinclusiveness, diversity and social &ustice. &ustice.


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+he arenas for active citizens to+he arenas for active citizens toparticipate in are generally seenparticipate in are generally seen

as#as#

(ivil participation(ivil participation

(ivic engagement(ivic engagement


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Active citizens are# Active citizens are#

people challenging the way that people challenging the way that

things are currently happening -things are currently happening -becoming awkward! and criticalbecoming awkward! and critical

citizens who challenge the systems andcitizens who challenge the systems and

structures of governance so they workstructures of governance so they work

better for them and their communitiesbetter for them and their communities people empowered and empowering!, people empowered and empowering!,

that is, citizens who understand howthat is, citizens who understand how

things work, who feel able to getthings work, who feel able to get

involved, to challenge people andinvolved, to challenge people ande"isting mechanisms and structures toe"isting mechanisms and structures to

be more inclusive and open.be more inclusive and open.


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If we want to change theIf we want to change the

inequalities in the structure,inequalities in the structure,processes and cultures inprocesses and cultures in

governance then we have togovernance then we have to

challenge ourselves and others tochallenge ourselves and others to

become active critical citizens.become active critical citizens.

//+o solve social problems and+o solve social problems and

improve society, citizens mustimprove society, citizens must

question, debate and changequestion, debate and changeestablished systems and structuresestablished systems and structures

that reproduce patterns of in&usticethat reproduce patterns of in&ustice

over time0over time0


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TOOL KIT 1:ADVOCACY


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1e2ning advocacy 1e2ning advocacy

A#vc$c% is the nging pcess ' ch$nging A#vc$c% is the nging pcess ' ch$nging$ttit(#es) $ctins) p!icies $n# !$*s +% in,(encing$ttit(#es) $ctins) p!icies $n# !$*s +% in,(encingin#ivi#($!s) g(ps) $n# g$niz$tins.in#ivi#($!s) g(ps) $n# g$niz$tins.

The De-c$c% Cente: T$"ing $ctin t getThe De-c$c% Cente: T$"ing $ctin t get$(thities t # s-ething the% *(!#n/t #$(thities t # s-ething the% *(!#n/t #the*ise.0the*ise.0

References: References:

http://democracyctr.org/citizenadvocacy/materials-for-eective-advocacy/ http://democracyctr.org/citizenadvocacy/materials-for-eective-advocacy/

http://www.pedaids.org/Publications/Toolits/Phase-!-Toolit-"#$!$%/&tep-#'-(ommunications-and-)dvocacy-Planninghttp://www.pedaids.org/Publications/Toolits/Phase-!-Toolit-"#$!$%/&tep-#'-(ommunications-and-)dvocacy-Planning

http://democracyctr.org/citizenadvocacy/materials-for-effective-advocacy/http://democracyctr.org/citizenadvocacy/materials-for-effective-advocacy/http://www.pedaids.org/Publications/Toolkits/Phase-1-Toolkit-(2010)/Step-2_-Communications-and-Advocacy-Planninghttp://www.pedaids.org/Publications/Toolkits/Phase-1-Toolkit-(2010)/Step-2_-Communications-and-Advocacy-Planninghttp://www.pedaids.org/Publications/Toolkits/Phase-1-Toolkit-(2010)/Step-2_-Communications-and-Advocacy-Planninghttp://democracyctr.org/citizenadvocacy/materials-for-effective-advocacy/


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04/23/16 12

3hat is Advocacy4 3hat is Advocacy4

Si-p!% p(t) $#vc$c% -e$ns $ctive!%Si-p!% p(t) $#vc$c% -e$ns $ctive!%s(ppting $ c$(se $n# t%ing t get thes ts(ppting $ c$(se $n# t%ing t get thes ts(ppt it $s *e!!s(ppt it $s *e!!..

A#vc$c% is $n $ctin #iecte# $t ch$nge. It is A#vc$c% is $n $ctin #iecte# $t ch$nge. It isp(tting $ p+!e- n the $gen#$) pvi#ing $p(tting $ p+!e- n the $gen#$) pvi#ing $s!(tin t th$t p+!e-) +(i!#ing s(ppt 's!(tin t th$t p+!e-) +(i!#ing s(ppt '

th$t s!(tin $n# ' the $ctin necess$% tth$t s!(tin $n# ' the $ctin necess$% ti-p!e-ent th$t s!(tin.i-p!e-ent th$t s!(tin.

A#vc$c% is *"ing t +ing $+(t $ ch$nge A#vc$c% is *"ing t +ing $+(t $ ch$ngein $ sit($tin th(gh spe$"ing n +eh$!' 'in $ sit($tin th(gh spe$"ing n +eh$!' '$nthe.$nthe.

A#vc$tes e#(c$te $+(t $n iss(e A#vc$tes e#(c$te $+(t $n iss(e andand s(ggest $ specifc s!(tin. A!! $#vc$c%s(ggest $ specifc s!(tin. A!! $#vc$c%inv!ves -$"ing $ c$se in '$v ' $inv!ves -$"ing $ c$se in '$v ' $p$tic(!$ iss(e) (sing s"i!!'(! pes($sin $n#p$tic(!$ iss(e) (sing s"i!!'(! pes($sin $n#st$tegic $ctinst$tegic $ctin..


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5udget advocacy 5udget advocacy

A st$tegic $pp$ch t in,(ence $ A st$tegic $pp$ch t in,(ence $gven-ent/s +(#get chices) $i-e# $tgven-ent/s +(#get chices) $i-e# $t$chieving c!e$ $n# specifc (tc-es) e.g.)$chieving c!e$ $n# specifc (tc-es) e.g.)he$!thie pep!e) !ess pvet%) i-pve#he$!thie pep!e) !ess pvet%) i-pve#gven$nce.gven$nce.

Eective $#vc$c% *i!! +(i!# t*$# $tt$iningEective $#vc$c% *i!! +(i!# t*$# $tt$iningthese (tc-es *ith s-$!!e cncete steps)these (tc-es *ith s-$!!e cncete steps)s(ch $s ince$se# $ccess t +(#get in'-$tin.s(ch $s ince$se# $ccess t +(#get in'-$tin.


*nternational +udget Partnership *nternational +udget Partnership


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5udget advocacy 5udget advocacy

• advocacy work advocacy work

• budget research and analysisbudget research and analysis

66 7videncebased budget advocacy66 7videncebased budget advocacy

work work




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advocacy advocacy

or Anticorruptionor Anticorruptionadvocacy advocacy • advocacy work advocacy work

• governance research and analysisgovernance research and analysis

66 7videncebased advocacy work 66 7videncebased advocacy work




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7lements of Advocacy7lements of Advocacy

1.1. A#vc$c% e3(ies the nee# t $##ess A#vc$c% e3(ies the nee# t $##essp*e i-+$!$ncesp*e i-+$!$nces2.2. A#vc$c% is n the si#e ' the A#vc$c% is n the si#e ' the

#is$#v$nt$ge# pesn4pep!e#is$#v$nt$ge# pesn4pep!e5.5. A#vc$c% is cncene# *ith the gen(ine A#vc$c% is cncene# *ith the gen(ine

-$6 nee#s $n# *e!'$e ' the-$6 nee#s $n# *e!'$e ' thepesn4pep!e $t st$"e.pesn4pep!e $t st$"e.

7.7. A#vc$c% stives ' the -ini-(- cn,ict A#vc$c% stives ' the -ini-(- cn,ict' inteest.' inteest.

8.8. A#vc$c% eng$ges in vig(s #e'ense A#vc$c% eng$ges in vig(s #e'ense$n# p-tin ' the *e!'$e $n#$n# p-tin ' the *e!'$e $n#inteests ' the p$t% $t st$"e.inteests ' the p$t% $t st$"e.

.. A#vc$c% h$s f#e!it% 9!%$!t%. A#vc$c% h$s f#e!it% 9!%$!t%.;.;. A#vc$c% t$"es ti-e A#vc$c% t$"es ti-e


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04/23/16 1;

?;= ?;=

A19;(A(> A19;(A(> Be'e $n% $#vc$c% c$-p$ignBe'e $n% $#vc$c% c$-p$ign

+egins < +e'e the !ette *iting)+egins < +e'e the !ette *iting)petitins ptests < $#vc$tespetitins ptests < $#vc$tes

-(st h$ve $ c!e$ st$teg%0.-(st h$ve $ c!e$ st$teg%0. St$teg% is $n ve$!! -$p) ' *heeSt$teg% is $n ve$!! -$p) ' *hee %( $e) *hee %( *$nt t +e) $n# %( $e) *hee %( *$nt t +e) $n#h* t get thee.h* t get thee.

At its he$t) $n eective st$teg% is At its he$t) $n eective st$teg% is+$se# n fve "e% 3(estins:+$se# n fve "e% 3(estins:


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04/23/16 1=

'ey question @#'ey question @#

>?AT DO @OU >ANT 9O+6ectives>?AT DO @OU >ANT 9O+6ectives An $#vc$c% c$-p$ign -(st +egin *ith An $#vc$c% c$-p$ign -(st +egin *ith

$ c!e$ sense ' *h$t it *$nts t$ c!e$ sense ' *h$t it *$nts t

$chieve. It sh(!# +e e$si!% ep!$in$+!e$chieve. It sh(!# +e e$si!% ep!$in$+!e$n# (n#est#. An initi$! +6ective$n# (n#est#. An initi$! +6ective9s(ch $s $ ch$nge in the !$* sh(!#9s(ch $s $ ch$nge in the !$* sh(!#+e +ig en(gh t $tt$ct pep!e/s+e +ig en(gh t $tt$ct pep!e/s

inteest *hi!e s-$!! en(gh t *ininteest *hi!e s-$!! en(gh t *ins-e cncete es(!ts *ithin $s-e cncete es(!ts *ithin $e$sn$+!e ti-e 9si -nths t $ %e$.e$sn$+!e ti-e 9si -nths t $ %e$.


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'ey question #'ey question #

>?O CAN IE IT TO @OU 9A(#iences>?O CAN IE IT TO @OU 9A(#iences The fst 3(estin t $s" is *h h$s theThe fst 3(estin t $s" is *h h$s the

$(thit%0 t give %( *h$t %( *$nt.$(thit%0 t give %( *h$t %( *$nt.Is it Cngess) the LU Cit% C(nci!)Is it Cngess) the LU Cit% C(nci!)

the !c$! he$!th #ep$t-ent >heve itthe !c$! he$!th #ep$t-ent >heve itis) this is %( pi-$% $(#ience.is) this is %( pi-$% $(#ience.

Secn#) *h *i!! -st #iect!% in,(enceSecn#) *h *i!! -st #iect!% in,(encethei #ecisinF-$"ing This c(!# +e thethei #ecisinF-$"ing This c(!# +e the

-e#i$) !c$! +(siness !e$#es) the-e#i$) !c$! +(siness !e$#es) thec--(nit% g(ps. The% $!s nee# t +ec--(nit% g(ps. The% $!s nee# t +e$ t$get ' %( $#vc$c% ets.$ t$get ' %( $#vc$c% ets.


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04/23/16 2G

'ey question B#'ey question B#

>?AT DO T?E@ NEED TO ?EAH 9ess$ge>?AT DO T?E@ NEED TO ?EAH 9ess$ge

An $#vc$c% c$-p$ign -(st h$ve $ -ess$ge An $#vc$c% c$-p$ign -(st h$ve $ -ess$geth$t is c!e$) t(e) $n# pes($sive t theth$t is c!e$) t(e) $n# pes($sive t the

$(#iences th$t the c$-p$ign h$s t$gete#.$(#iences th$t the c$-p$ign h$s t$gete#. A#vc$tes 'ten -$"e the -ist$"e ' +e!ieving A#vc$tes 'ten -$"e the -ist$"e ' +e!ievingth$t the -st eective -ess$ge is the neth$t the -st eective -ess$ge is the nepes($sive t the-se!ves.pes($sive t the-se!ves.

>h$t # %( $(#iences thin" $n# *h$t *i!!>h$t # %( $(#iences thin" $n# *h$t *i!!gen(ine!% -ve the- t %( si#e Th$tgen(ine!% -ve the- t %( si#e Th$t-ess$ge -(st +e epe$te#) ve $n# ve-ess$ge -(st +e epe$te#) ve $n# ve$g$in *ith c!$it%.$g$in *ith c!$it%.


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'ey question C#'ey question C#

>?O DO T?E@ NEED TO ?EAH IT>?O DO T?E@ NEED TO ?EAH ITJHO 9essengesJHO 9essenges

The s$-e -ess$ge *i!! h$ve $ ve%The s$-e -ess$ge *i!! h$ve $ ve%

#ieent eect #epen#ing n *h#ieent eect #epen#ing n *hc--(nic$tes it.c--(nic$tes it. In gene$! $n $#vc$c% c$-p$ignIn gene$! $n $#vc$c% c$-p$ign

sh(!# h$ve s-e -essenges *hsh(!# h$ve s-e -essenges *h

h$ve ce#i+i!it% $s epets0) s-e *hh$ve ce#i+i!it% $s epets0) s-e *hc$n spe$" '- pesn$! epeience)c$n spe$" '- pesn$! epeience)$n# thes *h h$ve speci$! ce#i+i!it%$n# thes *h h$ve speci$! ce#i+i!it% cnnectin t the pesn g(p cnnectin t the pesn g(p %(/ve t$gete#. %(/ve t$gete#.


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'ey question D#'ey question D#

?O> CAN >E ET T?E TO ?EAH?O> CAN >E ET T?E TO ?EAHIT 9#e!ive%IT 9#e!ive%

A#vc$c% c$-p$igns c$n #e!ive0 A#vc$c% c$-p$igns c$n #e!ive0thei -ess$ge in -$n% #ieent *$%s


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A#vc$tes nee# t t$"e $ !" A#vc$tes nee# t t$"e $ !"tgethe $t e$ch ' these 3(estins)tgethe $t e$ch ' these 3(estins)!" $t the es(ces the% h$ve t!" $t the es(ces the% h$ve t

*" *ith 9pep!e) in'-$tin)*" *ith 9pep!e) in'-$tin)-ne%) en#se-ents $n# #eve!p $-ne%) en#se-ents $n# #eve!p $st$teg% th$t -$"es the -st sensest$teg% th$t -$"es the -st sense

' the-.' the-.


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TOOL KIT 2:investigating


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Investigative )rocessInvestigative )rocess

First Lead or TipIdeas for investigative

reports an o!e fro!an"#$ere% a &rea'ing stor" a $ot (ead inidents "o) $ave

e*periened ne#s events of

$istoria(signi+ane

First Lead Tip


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Initial investigation: Is t$e stor" #ort$p)rs)ing,

-i(( it stand t$e testof t#o o)rts: T$eo)rt of p)&(iopinion and t$e o)rt

of (a#,

First Lead Tip

Initial

Investigation


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1iscussion 8uide1iscussion 8uide


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Hypothesis:

.ives s$ape and diretionto an investigation

First Lead Tip

Initial

Investigation

Investigative

Hypothesis


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The aper Trail: Do)!entsThe Human Trail: Intervie#s/ O&servation/S)rve"sThe !lectronic Trail: 0se of o!p)ters andt$e Internet for resear$/ referene/rendevo)s and reporting


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3orking from the 3orking from the

outside inoutside inSecondary Sources

rimary "ocuments

Human Sources

Sub#ect


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Investigative )rocessInvestigative )rocessHunch$ Tip or First Lead

Sni%

Form a Hypothesis

Follow the Investigative Trail

aper Trail eople Trail !lectronic Trail

&rgani'e Inormation

Fill in (aps) *ore data$ more interviews

+rite the ,eport

Fact -hec.

Libel -hec.


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EypothesisEypothesis +hat is the ocus o your+hat is the ocus o your

investigation?investigation? +hat do you want to+hat do you want to

investigate$ prove orinvestigate$ prove or

disprove?disprove?

State your hypothesis/State your hypothesis/


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)lan*


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The aper TrailThe aper Trail


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As a type o reporting$As a type o reporting$

investigative #ournalisminvestigative #ournalism

is///is///

S"ste!ati/ in6dept$/ (ong6ter!S"ste!ati/ in6dept$/ (ong6ter!

resear$ ? reportingresear$ ? reporting do)!entar" resear$ @)se of p)&(i anddo)!entar" resear$ @)se of p)&(i and

private reordsprivate reords e*tensive intervie#inge*tensive intervie#ing +rst6$and o&servation+rst6$and o&servation i!!ersioni!!ersion ri!e6so(ving too(s and !et$odsri!e6so(ving too(s and !et$ods

@)nderover reporting/ $idden a!eras/@)nderover reporting/ $idden a!eras/s)rvei((anes)rvei((ane

A set of te$niB)es


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;)i(ding a strateg" for;)i(ding a strateg" for

resear$ and reportingresear$ and reporting -$at t"pes of infor!ation do

"o) need, -$at do)!ents #i(( provide

t$e infor!ation "o) need, -$o an "o) intervie#,

-$i$ proesses or peop(e do"o) need to (ose(" o&serve,


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A 3documents state oA 3documents state o

mind4mind4 Do)!ents areDo)!ents arei!portant to s)pporti!portant to s)pportand &a' )pand &a' )p

a((egations in "o)ra((egations in "o)rreport%report%


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Do)!entsDo)!ents

are (i'e t$eare (i'e t$e

&ri's&ri's needed to &)i(d a #a((/needed to &)i(d a #a((/#$i(e#$i(e intervie#sintervie#s are t$eare t$e

!ortar!ortar to $o(d t$e &ri'sto $o(d t$e &ri'stoget$er and 'eep t$e #a((toget$er and 'eep t$e #a((

intat%intat%


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5o dearth o documents5o dearth o documents

ard op"ard op" Soft op"Soft op"

Co!p)ter data&asesCo!p)ter data&ases CD6O=sCD6O=s

On(ine infor!ationOn(ine infor!ation


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"i%erent types o"i%erent types o

documentsdocuments Seondar" so)res:Seondar" so)res:

previo)s(" p)&(is$edprevio)s(" p)&(is$ed&oo's/ reports/&oo's/ reports/

arti(es/ et%arti(es/ et%


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Secondary sourcesSecondary sources

Ne#spapers andNe#spapers andot$er periodia(sot$er periodia(s

Corporate reportsCorporate reports

Diretories andDiretories and"ear&oo's"ear&oo's

;iograp$ies and;iograp$ies andfa!i(" genea(ogiesfa!i(" genea(ogies

Ot$er speia(iedOt$er speia(iedp)&(iations: Donorp)&(iations: Donorreports/ ind)str"reports/ ind)str"st)dies/ et%st)dies/ et%


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Secondary research6Secondary research6

e(ps "o) 'no#:e(ps "o) 'no#:

t$e s)&>ett$e s)&>et

t$et$e(a#Fproed)res(a#Fproed)res

t$e str)t)res/t$e str)t)res/proessesproesses

So "o) 'no# $o#So "o) 'no# $o#&est to proeed&est to proeed


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rimary documentsrimary documents


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5on7ublic "ocuments5on7ublic "ocuments

Investigative +(esInvestigative +(es

Inte((igeneInte((igenereportsreports

;an' reords;an' reords Ino!e ta* ret)rnsIno!e ta* ret)rns

CreditCredit

investigationsinvestigations =edia(Fps"$iatri=edia(Fps"$iatri

+(es +(es

8neven landscape)8neven landscape)


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8neven landscape)8neven landscape)Access to documents inAccess to documents in

S!AS!ACo)ntr"Co)ntr" GG


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+hen you4re denied+hen you4re denied

a public record 6a public record 6 Assert "o)r rig$t to infor!ation% @-$en (a#s g)aranteeAssert "o)r rig$t to infor!ation% @-$en (a#s g)arantee

aess In t$e


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Access to inormationAccess to inormation

barriersbarriers C)(t)re of sere"C)(t)re of sere"


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"ocuments are precious$"ocuments are precious$

butbut66 ;e a)tio)s: Avoid >)!ping to;e a)tio)s: Avoid >)!ping to

on()sionson()sions Do)!ents an ontain infor!ationDo)!ents an ontain infor!ation

t$at !a" a(read" &e passRt$at !a" a(read" &e passR Even if p)&(is$ed/ infor!ation !)stEven if p)&(is$ed/ infor!ation !)st

&e veri+ed&e veri+ed e!e!&er: Do)!ents/ (i'e peop(e/e!e!&er: Do)!ents/ (i'e peop(e/

an (iean (ie


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7thical considerations7thical considerations

Can #e s#ap9 infor!ation #it$Can #e s#ap9 infor!ation #it$so)res to get do)!ents,so)res to get do)!ents,

Is it a(( rig$t to (ie so #e o)(d getIs it a(( rig$t to (ie so #e o)(d getdo)!ents,do)!ents,

Can #e stea( do)!ents,Can #e stea( do)!ents,


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The eople TrailThe eople Trail


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+he people trail+he people trail

MM Finding the right peopleFinding the right people

** Getting the right informationGetting the right information

+ diti l f+raditional so rces of


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+raditional sources of+raditional sources of

newsnews

MM Government officialsGovernment officials

** Business eecutivesBusiness eecutives

** !olice!olice** "ilitar#"ilitar#

** $nvestigative agencies$nvestigative agencies


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8oals for interviewing8oals for interviewing

MM o gather factso gather facts

** o solicit epert opiniono solicit epert opinion

** o put a human face to #our stor#o put a human face to #our stor#** o get 7uotes or official statementso get 7uotes or official statements

** o confirm 'hat #ou alread# .no'o confirm 'hat #ou alread# .no'


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Interview criteriaInterview criteria

MM +rediilit#+rediilit#

8reputation for honest#98reputation for honest#9

** eliailit#eliailit# 8rac. record of trust'orthiness98rac. record of trust'orthiness9

** :ccountailit# :ccountailit#

8esponsiilit# over the su,ect8esponsiilit# over the su,ectmatter9matter9


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Interview criteraInterview critera

MM Familiarit#Familiarit#

** !roimit#!roimit#

** :ccessiilit# :ccessiilit#


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:ist who#:ist who#

MM !rimar# ) must e intervie'ed; main!rimar# ) must e intervie'ed; mainpla#erspla#ers

** -econdar# ) those 'ho can e as.ed-econdar# ) those 'ho can e as.edon ac.groundon ac.ground


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5e careful with#5e careful with#

MM Formers and currentsFormers and currents

** Friends and enemiesFriends and enemies

**


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Interview approachesInterview approaches

MM +hronological+hronological

** (on)threatening to threatening(on)threatening to threatening

** Funnel approachFunnel approach** $nverted funnel approach$nverted funnel approach

** unnelunnel

** -e7uenced intervie'-e7uenced intervie' ** Free)flo'ingFree)flo'ing


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+he best questions are#+he best questions are#

MM +lear5 focused and precise+lear5 focused and precise

** Focused on the ho' and 'h#Focused on the ho' and 'h#

** hose that the source is 7ualified tohose that the source is 7ualified toans'er ans'er

** (on)critical(on)critical

** (on),udgmental(on),udgmental

?ollow up questions to?ollow up questions to


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?ollowup questions to?ollowup questions to

clarify#clarify#

MM -et limits to general ans'ers-et limits to general ans'ers

** +larif# generaliations+larif# generaliations

** ranslate ,argonsranslate ,argons** =erif# or clarif# statistics=erif# or clarif# statistics

** >etermine se7uence>etermine se7uence

** estate ans'er estate ans'er


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?ollowup questions to?ollowup questions to

e"pand#e"pand#MM %nlarge on a specific incident%nlarge on a specific incident

**


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+he worst questions#+he worst questions#

MM 'o)part 7uestions'o)part 7uestions

** 'o simultaneous opposites'o simultaneous opposites

**


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+he worst questions#+he worst questions#

MM Cnfocused 7uestions5 non)7uestionsCnfocused 7uestions5 non)7uestions

** &eading 7uestions&eading 7uestions

** :solute 7uestions :solute 7uestions


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Interview terms#Interview terms#

MMn the recordn the record) reporter can pulish an#thing) reporter can pulish an#thing

** (ot for attriution(ot for attriution

) reporter can use info ut cannot name the) reporter can use info ut cannot name thesourcesource

** nn ac.groundac.ground) info is for the reporterDs guide onl#info is for the reporterDs guide onl#) ma# e used in the stor# 'ithout naming sourcema# e used in the stor# 'ithout naming source


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Interview terms#Interview terms#

MM ff the recordff the record) not for pulication) not for pulication

) loo. for a 'a# to confirm the info efore using) loo. for a 'a# to confirm the info efore using

** !seudon#m!seudon#m) reporter can pulish using not real name) reporter can pulish using not real name

(ommon interview(ommon interview


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(ommon interview(ommon interview

problems#problems#MM (ot enough info on the topic or source(ot enough info on the topic or source

**


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Interview tipsInterview tips

MM !repare for #our intervie'!repare for #our intervie') purpose5 research5 7uestions and) purpose5 research5 7uestions and

follo')ups5 anticipate reactionsfollo')ups5 anticipate reactions

** >etermine the est 'a# to intervie'>etermine the est 'a# to intervie') formal5 amush5 'ritten) formal5 amush5 'ritten

** Behave accordingl#/proper decorumBehave accordingl#/proper decorum

** %stalish rapport/rea. the ice%stalish rapport/rea. the ice** &isten&isten

** +orroorate+orroorate

I i iI t i ti


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Interview tipsInterview tips

n popping 7uestionsE !rovo.e su,ect5 field open)n popping 7uestionsE !rovo.e su,ect5 field open)ended 7uestionsended 7uestions

** !rod su,ect to get into anecdotes!rod su,ect to get into anecdotes

** +hallenge su,ect to prove assertionsE :s.5 ho' do+hallenge su,ect to prove assertionsE :s.5 ho' do#ou .no' that? Aou have documents to prove that?#ou .no' that? Aou have documents to prove that?

** o aminimum $ntervie' scheduleminimum $ntervie' schedule

** !repare ver# 'ell for a good opener and an artful!repare ver# 'ell for a good opener and an artfulcloseclose

** >iscern 'hen #ou must get tough )) e persistent5 not>iscern 'hen #ou must get tough )) e persistent5 notpes.# or meanpes.# or mean


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5 f i t i5 f i t i


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5efore you interview#5efore you interview#

99 :s. ever# source #ou meetE


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Nailing diicult sourcesNailing diicult sources

Find out 'h# source refuses to tal.Find out 'h# source refuses to tal.

** +ontact source through an intermediar#;+ontact source through an intermediar#;enlist help of aides5 secretaries5 etcenlist help of aides5 secretaries5 etc

**


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Fournalistic observation Fournalistic observation

0sed to s)pp(e!ent #$at0sed to s)pp(e!ent #$at

>o)rna(ists (earn fro! >o)rna(ists (earn fro!

intervie#s and do)!entsintervie#s and do)!ents Oers an opport)nit" to )se a((Oers an opport)nit" to )se a((

t$e sensest$e senses

To gat$er detai(s t$at provide To gat$er detai(s t$at provideo(or and dra!a to a stor"o(or and dra!a to a stor"

f b i


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+ypes of observation+ypes of observation

(onparticipant servation(onparticipant servation ournalist is sitting in on the actionournalist is sitting in on the action

$dentifies himself and his purpose$dentifies himself and his purpose** !articipant servation!articipant servation

-ometimes5 ,ournalists hide their identities-ometimes5 ,ournalists hide their identities

Cndercover reportingCndercover reporting** Cnotrusive servationCnotrusive servation

$nformal oservation$nformal oservation


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"etails or observation"etails or observation

Sene or setting @-$ere andSene or setting @-$ere and-$en-$en

C$arater traits @-$oC$arater traits @-$o Ation @-$at and o#Ation @-$at and o#

=eaning @-$"=eaning @-$"


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The !lectronic TrailThe !lectronic Trail

(omputerassisted(omputerassisted


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(omputer assisted(omputer assisted

Fournalism Fournalism %mplo#s information and communication%mplo#s information and communication

technologies 8$+s9 to help ,ournalists dotechnologies 8$+s9 to help ,ournalists do

their ,oEtheir ,oEesearchesearcheferenceeference

endevousendevous

eportingeporting

(omputerassisted(omputerassisted


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(omputer assisted(omputer assisted

=esearch=esearch e7uires a special search or investigatione7uires a special search or investigation

and ma.es use of secondar# sources inand ma.es use of secondar# sources in

online dataases 8reports5 articles5online dataases 8reports5 articles5

studies5 etc9studies5 etc9

< h + l< h + l


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irectories

"etasearchers"etasearchers -pecialied dataases-pecialied dataases

< h 7 i< h 7 i


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8oogle 8assumed95

8capitalied95 ) 8ecludes98capitalied95 ) 8ecludes9

domain restrict H .e#'orddomain restrict H .e#'ordsiteE'''domaincomsiteE'''domaincom

&anguages&anguages

5 l < hi5 l < hi


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5oolean ( radio 'ill find pagesroadcast ,ournalism :(> ( radio 'ill find pages

that include roadcast ,ournalism ut not pages that alsothat include roadcast ,ournalism ut not pages that alsoinclude radioinclude radio

child K laor 'ill find onl# those pages that include othchild K laor 'ill find onl# those pages that include oth'ords'ords

roadcast ,ournalism ) television 'ill find pages thatroadcast ,ournalism ) television 'ill find pages thatinclude roadcast ,ournalism ut not pages that includeinclude roadcast ,ournalism ut not pages that includetelevisiontelevision

5 d 8 l < h5 d 8 l < h


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5eyond 8oogle irector# 81L million C&s9 (e's from 45L00 constantl# updated ne's(e's from 45L00 constantl# updated ne's

'esites'esites Google :lerts H ne's and search resultsGoogle :lerts H ne's and search results Google:lertcomGoogle:lertcom $mage -earch H 12 illion indeed images$mage -earch H 12 illion indeed images

!hone >irector#!hone >irector# +alculator5 Cnit and +urrenc# +onverter+alculator5 Cnit and +urrenc# +onverter >ictionar#>ictionar#

3 b 1i t i3 b 1i t i


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3eb 1irectories 3eb 1irectories

rganied collections of irector# H director#googlecom &irariansD $nde H '''liiorg&irariansD $nde H '''liiorg

$nfomine H infomineucredu$nfomine H infomineucredu

:outcom H '''aoutcom :outcom H '''aoutcom ani.alang Ginto H '''filipinolin.scomani.alang Ginto H '''filipinolin.scom

+h I i ibl 3 b+h I i ibl 3 b


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+he Invisible 3eb+he Invisible 3eb

searchale dataases and pages thatsearchale dataases and pages thatcannot e retrieved using search enginescannot e retrieved using search engines

and su,ect directoriesand su,ect directories

pages in non)@"& formatpages in non)@"& format script)ased pages 8lin.s containing ? or otherscript)ased pages 8lin.s containing ? or other

script coding9script coding9

d#namicall# generated pages # other t#pe ofd#namicall# generated pages # other t#pe ofdataase soft'are 8asp5 cfm9dataase soft'are 8asp5 cfm9

3h i i ibl3h i i ibl


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3hy pages are invisible 3hy pages are invisible

-earch engines still cannot t#pe or thin.-earch engines still cannot t#pe or thin.H sites that re7uire t#ping a pass'ord orH sites that re7uire t#ping a pass'ord or

loginlogin

-earch results generated not stored-earch results generated not storedan#'herean#'here

%cluded pages%cluded pages

Eow to ?ind the InvisibleEow to ?ind the Invisible


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o to d t e s b e 3eb 3eb

via


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3eb 3eb he $nvisile irect -earchH

g'is2circg'uedu/Ogprice/directhtmg'is2circg'uedu/Ogprice/directhtm $nternetsH'''internetscom$nternetsH'''internetscom

+omplete !lanetH+omplete !lanetH

'''completeplanetcom'''completeplanetcom -earch !o'erH'''searchpo'ercom-earch !o'erH'''searchpo'ercom

; li = h +i;nline =esearch +ip


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;nline =esearch +ip;nline =esearch +ip

(othing eats a focused search for ver#(othing eats a focused search for ver#specific information as it produces morespecific information as it produces more

eact resultseact results

G d t di G=:Gnderstanding G=:s


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Gnderstanding G=:sGnderstanding G=:s

: C&5 or Cniversal esource &ocator5 is : C&5 or Cniversal esource &ocator5 isthe address #ou need to access a file orthe address #ou need to access a file or

site on the $nternetsite on the $nternet

1omain Name1omain Name


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1omain Name1omain Name

Cnder the >omain (ame -#stem 8>(-95Cnder the >omain (ame -#stem 8>(-95computer names 8li.e pusitadmueduph9computer names 8li.e pusitadmueduph9

are translated into numeric $nternetare translated into numeric $nternet

addresses 8li.e 1P4L6QJ29 and viceaddresses 8li.e 1P4L6QJ29 and viceversaversa

+he si" toplevel+he si" toplevel


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pp

domains#domains# com H for commercial organiationscom H for commercial organiations edu H for educational organiationsedu H for educational organiations

8universities5 colleges5 etc98universities5 colleges5 etc9

gov H for government organiations5 non)gov H for government organiations5 non)

militar#militar#

org H for other organiationsorg H for other organiations

net H for net'or. resourcesnet H for net'or. resources

mil H for militar# 8arm#5 nav#5 etc9mil H for militar# 8arm#5 nav#5 etc9

3eb


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ypyp

(ontent(ontent $nformationalE edu5 gov$nformationalE edu5 gov :dvocac#E org :dvocac#E org

Business/"ar.etingE comBusiness/"ar.etingE com

(e'sE com(e'sE com

!ersonalE com5 edu!ersonalE com5 edu

7valuating ;nline7valuating ;nline


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gg

InformationInformation :uthorit#/+rediilit#Hoes the site give the source for an#

factual information for independentfactual information for independent

verification? $s the page 'ell)edited? 8


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gg

InformationInformation

(%E :ccording to the %ditor (%E :ccording to the %ditor

!ulisher5 L0 percent of ne's articles!ulisher5 L0 percent of ne's articles

contain some t#pe of error H errors ascontain some t#pe of error H errors as

innocent as misspelling or as grievous asinnocent as misspelling or as grievous asstatistical or factual inaccuraciesstatistical or factual inaccuracies..



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gg

InformationInformation ,ectivit#H:re iases clearl# stated? $s,ectivit#H:re iases clearl# stated? $s

advertising clearl# differentiated fromadvertising clearl# differentiated from

information content?information content?

(%E Be 'ar# of susidied researchH(%E Be 'ar# of susidied researchHfunded # special interest groups 'antingfunded # special interest groups 'anting

to support certain vie's H and iasedto support certain vie's H and iased

studies H s.e'ed to emphasie onl# onestudies H s.e'ed to emphasie onl# oneaspect of the researchaspect of the research



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gg

InformationInformation +urrenc#H


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Integrity ata Cniversit# -tudies H peer)revie'ed5 su)Cniversit# -tudies H peer)revie'ed5 su)

doctoraldoctoral

-pecial $nterest Groups H an agenda-pecial $nterest Groups H an agenda

doesnDt mean the data is fla'eddoesnDt mean the data is fla'ed

thers H 'ho is the site creator and 'hatthers H 'ho is the site creator and 'hat

is the reason for pulishing this data?is the reason for pulishing this data?

(omputerAssisted(omputerAssisted


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p=eference=eference

httpE//iplsilsumichedu/httpE//iplsilsumichedu/ httpE//'''iplorghttpE//'''iplorg

httpE//'''iplorgar httpE//'''iplorgar

httpE//'''iplulusehttpE//'''ipluluse &iraries nline&iraries nline

httpE//'''lirar#spotcom/lirariesonlinehtmhttpE//'''lirar#spotcom/lirariesonlinehtm

he !hilippine e)&irar#he !hilippine e)&irar# httpE//'''eligovphhttpE//'''eligovph

Internet )ublic :ibraryInternet )ublic :ibrary


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Internet )ublic :ibrary Internet )ublic :ibrary

httpE//iplsilsumichedu/httpE//iplsilsumichedu/ httpE//'''iplorghttpE//'''iplorg

httpE//'''iplorgar httpE//'''iplorgar

httpE//'''iplulusehttpE//'''ipluluse

&iraries nline&iraries nline&iraries nline&iraries nline httpE//'''lirar#spotcom/lirariesonlinehtmhttpE//'''lirar#spotcom/lirariesonlinehtm

he !hilippine e)&irar#he !hilippine e)&irar# httpE//'''eligovphhttpE//'''eligovph



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=endezvous=endezvous =irtual communities of the 'ired 'orld are=irtual communities of the 'ired 'orld are

electronic spots for ,ournalistselectronic spots for ,ournalists he ailit# to hang out5 listen in 8lur.95he ailit# to hang out5 listen in 8lur.95

see. advice and tap into other peopleNssee. advice and tap into other peopleNsnet'or.s of sources is enhanced # thenet'or.s of sources is enhanced # theproliferation of listservs and ne'sgroupsproliferation of listservs and ne'sgroups

: more recent phenomenon5


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=endezvous=endezvous How se"l are Listservs#How se"l are Listservs#

!eople suscried to mailing lists are generall#!eople suscried to mailing lists are generall#

.no'ledgeale or interested in the topic5 either

.no'ledgeale or interested in the topic5 eitherecause of their profession or life eperiencesecause of their profession or life eperiences

Being on a list helps one .eep up 'ith 'hatBeing on a list helps one .eep up 'ith 'hateperts are tal.ing aout5 solicit information5eperts are tal.ing aout5 solicit information5

advice5 contacts5 and to generall# tap into aadvice5 contacts5 and to generall# tap into aroad epert aseroad epert ase &istservs often serve as an earl# 'arning s#stem&istservs often serve as an earl# 'arning s#stem

for events and trends of interest to suscriersfor events and trends of interest to suscriers



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=endezvous=endezvous How se"l are $ewsgro"ps#How se"l are $ewsgro"ps# "essages are more for .eeping an ear to"essages are more for .eeping an ear to

the ground5 providing a first alert aout athe ground5 providing a first alert aout a

developing ne' topic or area of concerndeveloping ne' topic or area of concern !eople involved in ne'sgroups are also a!eople involved in ne'sgroups are also a

great source of information and couldgreat source of information and could

direct #ou to epertsdirect #ou to eperts



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=endezvous=endezvous %logs%logs acclaimed as the asis for a Nne' ,ournalism5Nacclaimed as the asis for a Nne' ,ournalism5N

and a voice for pulic intellectualsand a voice for pulic intellectuals

: log consists of a running commentar# 'ith : log consists of a running commentar# 'ithpointers to other sites "ost are simpl# rollingpointers to other sites "ost are simpl# rolling

personal ,ournals on a favorite su,ectpersonal ,ournals on a favorite su,ect Some issues:Some issues:

identificationidentification defamation and o,ectivit#defamation and o,ectivit#

spinspin

Gsing


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Gsing


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+he basic tools+he basic tools

nline resources R email5 discussionnline resources R email5 discussiongroups5 and dataase lirariesgroups5 and dataase liraries

-preadsheet soft'are R "icrosoft %cel is-preadsheet soft'are R "icrosoft %cel is

good for anal#ing numersgood for anal#ing numers >ataase manager ) "icrosoft access is>ataase manager ) "icrosoft access is

good for searching5 summariing andgood for searching5 summariing andrelating different filesrelating different files

-tatistical soft'are R -!-- or -:- for-tatistical soft'are R -!-- or -:- formore detailed anal#sismore detailed anal#sis

5e friends with numbers5e friends with numbers


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5e friends with numbers5e friends with numbers

: good ,ournalist commands oth : good ,ournalist commands othliterac# and numerac# -/he doesnDtliterac# and numerac# -/he doesnDt

have to e a mathematician to deal 'ithhave to e a mathematician to deal 'ith

numers BC s/he should e 'illing tonumers BC s/he should e 'illing touse a spreadsheet to get the ,o doneuse a spreadsheet to get the ,o done

=outine uses of 7"cel=outine uses of 7"cel


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hin. of spreadsheets 'hen #ouDrehin. of spreadsheets 'hen #ouDreloo.ing at salaries5 udgets5 censusloo.ing at salaries5 udgets5 census

data5 prices or statistical reportsdata5 prices or statistical reports



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Story:Story: : source gave #ou a list of #our ma#orDs political : source gave #ou a list of #our ma#orDs political

appointments 81009 Aou .no' for a fact that the averageappointments 81009 Aou .no' for a fact that the averageraise for a cit# hall emplo#ee is five 8L9 percent Aou no'raise for a cit# hall emplo#ee is five 8L9 percent Aou no''ant to chec. the pa# increase of the ma#orDs cronies'ant to chec. the pa# increase of the ma#orDs cronies

he stepsEhe stepsE 1 Build the tale1 Build the tale 2 !ut the currenc# and commas2 !ut the currenc# and commas

3 >o the math3 >o the math -utractE Cnder > S t#pe T+3)B3 then hit enter-utractE Cnder > S t#pe T+3)B3 then hit enter (o' pull do'n the cross sign verticall#(o' pull do'n the cross sign verticall# !ercentage differenceE Cnder %S t#pe T>3/B3!ercentage differenceE Cnder %S t#pe T>3/B3 hen highlight the column and loo. for the U sign5 clic. ithen highlight the column and loo. for the U sign5 clic. it



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Taking it furtherTaking it further But letDs sa# #ou 'ant to chec. ho' muchBut letDs sa# #ou 'ant to chec. ho' much

their salaries are costing tapa#ersVtheir salaries are costing tapa#ersV Get the sumE t#pe T and then the 'ordGet the sumE t#pe T and then the 'ord

-C" S T-C"8B3EB109 then drag the cross-C" S T-C"8B3EB109 then drag the cross

sign horiontall#sign horiontall#



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Aou might 'ant to chec. the percentageAou might 'ant to chec. the percentageincrease in the total amount of mone# paidincrease in the total amount of mone# paid

to croniesVto croniesV

First5First5 Cnder > S t#pe T+12)B12Cnder > S t#pe T+12)B12

hen5hen5 Cnder % S t#pe T>12/B12 then clic. on theCnder % S t#pe T>12/B12 then clic. on the

U signU sign



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$tDs useful to compare the specific$tDs useful to compare the specificnumers 'ith the total amount of raises fornumers 'ith the total amount of raises foreach cron# to see 'ho got the largesteach cron# to see 'ho got the largest

increaseVincreaseV he tric. is to anchor >12he tric. is to anchor >12 S Cnder +olumn F S t#pe T>3/W>W12S Cnder +olumn F S t#pe T>3/W>W12

Sorting the resultsSorting the results @ighlight all the ro's S Go to >ata S +lic.@ighlight all the ro's S Go to >ata S +lic.

-ort S +hoose descending for +olumn %-ort S +hoose descending for +olumn %

?or better accuracy?or better accuracy


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?or better accuracy?or better accuracy

hree most common 'a#s of summariinghree most common 'a#s of summariinga collection of numersE mean5 median5a collection of numersE mean5 median5

and modeand mode

"ean R average"ean R average "edian R middle value"edian R middle value

"ode R most fre7uent value 825454565J510"ode R most fre7uent value 825454565J510

?inding outliers!?inding outliers!


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?inding outliers?inding outliers

:verage and median help #ou 7uic.l# :verage and median help #ou 7uic.l#identif# an XoutlierD $n social researchidentif# an XoutlierD $n social research

parlance5 an outlier is a numer that isparlance5 an outlier is a numer that is

out on the edge of the chart5 'a# up onout on the edge of the chart5 'a# up onthe top of the chart5 or 'a# do'n at thethe top of the chart5 or 'a# do'n at the

ottom of the chartottom of the chart

The -redibility7!thicsThe -redibility7!thics

id( id


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(rid(rid

&'()I%ILITY&'()I%ILITY isis

what people saywhat people say

we are*.we are*.

+ (THI&S is

what kindo people

we are.

Is it ever all right to///Is it ever all right to///


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Is it ever all right to///Is it ever all right to///

%'I%(%'I%(S()&(S()&(

LI(LI(

&H(AT&H(AT

ST(ALST(AL

I$,'(I$,'(

-ILL/-ILL/

to get a

&r$ could we ever///&r$ could we ever///


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&r$ could we ever///& $ cou d e e e %'I%(%'I%(

S()&(S()&(

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Active Citizens Tool Kit

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