ACTIVE AND PASSIVE HEALTH SURVEILLANCE IN A … · Osservazione della longevità degli esemplari di...

Pyrenean chamois health surveillance has beenmade in the Hunting Reserves (HRs) of theAragonese Pyrenees (Fig.1) in a 14 years period,2000-2013. 409 chamois ill or found dead havebeen analysed (Fig.2), in addition to 118 huntedanimals and 2,601 samples of hunted chamois.The aim of the study was to establish the status ofepidemic processes with serious impact on thisspecies, including pestivirus disease, infectiouskeratoconjunctivitis, zoonoses such as brucellosisand tuberculosis; as well as pathological processesin ill or dead chamois found on the mountain.

Chamois International Congress

Majella National Park

Lama dei Peligni-Italy

17th-20th June, 2014

Fig.2: Pyrenean chamois found dead or ill analysed per year.Mainly animals were analysed between 2006-2008 due to the IKCoutbreak and between 2011-2013 due to the Pestivirus outbreak.

The study of chamois Pestivirus Disease (Fig.3) was conducted in2,426 chamois from Aragon (385 ill-dead and 2,041 hunted). In theAragonese Pyrenees, neither infected chamois nor clinical signs weredetected between 2001 to July 2011 (n=1,656). After the first detectionin Aragon in 2011 the virus was confirmed by Ag-ELISA in 97 out 770studied animals (564 hunted and 206 ill/dead animals) and confirmedby RT-PCR in 28 animals. Serological studies against pestivirus(n=2,373) showed a higher proportion of seropositive animals in theaffected HR in the last years (Fig.4).

Fig.1: Study area in the central and western Pyrenees (Aragon) dividedin mountain massifs and showing the 4 Hunting Reserves (HR) and theOrdesa and Monte Perdido National Park (NP).

Los Valles HR

Viñamala HRLos Circos HR Benasque HR

France

Ordesa and Monte Perdido NP

Facultad de VeterinariaUniversidad de Zaragoza

C/ Miguel Servet, 17750013 - Zaragoza

MaríaCruz Arnal1,3, David Martínez1, Miguel Revilla1, Mª Jesús de Miguel2, Pilar Mª Muñoz2&Daniel Fernández de Luco1

1Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain2Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA). Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain3Corresponding autor (e-mail: [email protected])

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE HEALTH SURVEILLANCE IN A PYRENEAN CHAMOIS POPULATION

Fig.5: Adult, kid and yearling with keratoconjunctivitis.

*The authors acknowledge the dedicated assistance of the Rangers of Aragon. This work is financed by Aragon Government.

Fig.4: Prevalence of pestivirus antibodies in Pyrenean chamois per year and HR.

An outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) in chamois population in Aragon and Navarrewas detected in the spring of 2006 until late 2008 (Fig.5). One hundred and nine affected animals werecollected, mostly during 2007 in Viñamala’s HR and in 2008 in Los Valles’ and Benasque’s HRs. Theprocess was seasonal, beginning in spring-summer and ending in winter, except in Benasque’s HR whereit went on until the following winter. M. conjunctivae was the main causal agent identified by rt-PCR inIKC affected chamois. It was identified in 89.42% of animals tested (n=104). A 4.21% (8/190) of huntedchamois, sampled during 2006 to 2009, without eye damage, were carriers of M. conjunctivae.

A 0.5% (13/2,703) of Pyrenean chamois was seropositiveagainst Brucellosis, being negative to bacterial culture. Thenecropsy of 409 ill-dead chamois revealed a 28.6% (117)with IKC, a 19.3% (79) with Pestivirus Disease, a 6.3% (26)with non-parasitic bronchopneumonia (Fig.6), 7% (29) withmultiple traumatisms (Fig.8), 1.5% (6) with digestiveprocesses, 1.7% (7) with other diseases (ContagiousEcthyma (Fig.7), cataracts and abscesses) and 35.4% (145)with inconclusive processes, being most of them incompleteanimals.

Other sporadic lesions observed were Dermatophilosis,pheochromocytoma, Hydatidosis and Pseudotuberculosis.

Hunted animals (n=118) showed verminous pneumoniaby small strongyles; coccidia, nematodes (Ostertagia spp.and Haemonchus spp. Fig.9) in the abomasum and VisceralCysticercosis (Fig.10). The presence of areas with chroniccatarrhal pneumonia in apical lobes (Fig.11) was frequent.

No suspicious lesions compatible with either Tuberculosis(n =301) or Mange (n =299) were found in the Pyreneanchamois studied.

Fig.3: Chamois affected by Pestivirosis

Fig.6: Chamois affected by fibrinous bronchopneumonia

Fig.11: Lung with catharral bronchopneumonia

Fig.8: Purulent meningoencephalitis. Traumatic origin

Fig.9: Haemonchus spp. Abomasum

Fig.7: Kid with Contagious Ecthyma

Fig.10: Cysticercus tenuicollis

Osservazione della longevità degli esemplari di Camoscio Appenninico (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) rilasciati per la reintroduzione nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga, e

sopravvivenza al primo anno dei Kids nel periodo 1995 - 2008

Carlo Artese, Gino Damiani [email protected] - [email protected]

INTRODUZIONELa reintroduzione del Camoscio Appenninico nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga è stata effettuata

attraverso la liberazione di 26 esemplari dal 1992 al 1994 (Lovari, Artese, Damiani e Mari Global Reintroduction prospectives; IUCN 2010) e successivamente durante il progetto Life "Conservazione di Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata" di altri 9 esemplari dal 1999 al 2001 per un totale di 35 Camosci. Tutti gli esemplari erano dotati di marche auricolari e 17 anche di radiocollare VHF. (Lovari – Mari relazione finale 2004)

Dal 1995 inizia la fase di formazione di branchi stabili e gli esemplari sono stati monitorati durante tutto l'anno.

Vengono riportati i dato relativi a:

1. longevità e riproduzione di 23 dei 35 esemplari rilasciati ( 65,71%), presenti dal 1995 ad oggi, su una popolazione che nel 1995 contava circa 25 esemplari e nel 2012 conta circa 450 esemplari; non sono stati considerati i dati degli esemplari morti prima del 1995 probabilmente correlati alla fase di reintroduzione dispersione e colonizzazione dei nuovi territori.

2. numero di Kids e Yearlings rilevati annualmente durante il monitoraggio primaverile estivo e, quando effettuato, il censimento autunnale;

METODOSi fa riferimento al metodo cattura marcatura ricattura (Cormack 1964) considerando come ricattura ogni localizzazione del singolo esemplare marcato. L'età è stata ricavata dalla conoscenza della data di nascita per animali provenienti dalla cattività o dall’analisi dell'accrescimento corneo al momento della cattura.

Il set temporale di dati relativo alle localizzazioni degli esemplari marcati è di circa 13 anni.

I dati raccolti con metodo naturalistico sono stati valutati attraverso test statistici non parametrici.

La popolazione di camoscio del Gran Sasso è soggetta a predazione da parte del Lupo e dell'Aquila reale. La dispersione per la specie, in particolare per le femmine adulte, è molto rara e la specie è prevalentemente sedentaria (Lovari e Locati 1991); non vi sono ancora fenomeni di immigrazione o emigrazione da parte di altre colonie e la popolazione non è soggetta prelievo venatorio.

Essendo gli esemplari rilasciati aggregati o circoscritti a sole tre località (carta area di studio) la contattabilità èstata costante e nei primi anni uguale al 100% degli animali presenti; la media delle localizzazioni per singolo esemplare marcato nei tredici anni di monitoraggio del presente lavoro è stata di 24,02; non essendo però stato possibile per ovvi motivi per molti esemplari conoscere la data esatta di morte, il gruppo di lavoro addetto al monitoraggio, ha ritenuto di far coincidere la data di morte con l'inverno successivo l'ultima localizzazione.

anno di nascita

anno di rilascio

eta al momento del

rilasacioultima localizzazione

5 BELLA gialla 2 gialla 2 1983 F 1992 9 03-feb-03 2003 201 ANNALINA gialla 5 gialla 5 1987 F 1993 6 25-ott-05 2006 197 COCCINELLA rosso 2 rosso 2 1987 F 1993 6 04-lug-95 1996 910 FINALMENTE gialla 1 5 1993 F 1994 1 27-gen-01 2002 913 GIOVANNA rossa 7 sette 1988 F 1994 6 06-apr-05 2006 1823 ORNELLA bianca 4 bianca 4 1987 F 1994 7 19-set-02 2002 1515 MOSTRO gialla 4 2 1987 F 1994 7 27-gen-01 2001 1417 ROMY v erde 2 v erde 2 1989 F 1994 5 09-ott-99 2000 1121 VERA rosso 3 v erde 3 1988 F 1994 6 09-apr-00 2001 1322 NETZ giallo rosso 1998 F 2000 2 12-ott-13 159 FERNANDO v erde B v erde B 1987 M 1993 6 03-gen-01 2002 1520 TEX rosso A rosso A 1987 M 1993 6 05-ago-02 2002 153 APPOLONIO barra due 1992 M 1994 2 26-nov -01 2002 1012 GANDALF due punti due punti 1988 M 1994 6 29-nov -01 2002 1416 RIPIDO triangolo triangolo 1992 M 1994 2 11-mar-05 2006 1414 LORETO rosso 1998 M 1999 1 12-ott-06 2007 918 SALVO punto 1995 M 1999 4 30-nov -00 2001 6

19 SVELTINO croce croce 1999 M 2000 1 01-mag-05 2005 62 AMERICO rettangolo 2000 M 2001 2 03-giu-02 2003 34 BELLINI stella stella 1999 M 2001 1 27-ott-05 2007 86 CARISSIMO zero zero 2000 M 2001 1 06-ago-02 2003 38 FEDERICO doppia 2000 M 2001 1 06-ago-02 2003 311 FIOCCO freccia freccia 1994 M 2001 7 24-mar-06 2007 13

N° NOME MARCA DX MARCA SX SESSO

DATA DI MORTE

ACCERTATA

DATA DI MORTE

PRESUNTA LONGEVITA

RISULTATIE' stata documentata la sopravvivenza di 9 esemplari di sesso femminile (una per 20 anni, una per 19 anni, una per 18 anni); tale longevità non èriscontrata in letteratura per il Camoscio Appenninico ma conosciuta per il Camoscio Pirenaico. La vita media di tutte le femmine marcate oggetto del presente lavoro è di 13,7 anni escludendo un esemplare di 15 anni ancora vivo. E' stata documentata la sopravvivenza di 13 esemplari di sesso maschile di cui due per 15 anni, due per 14 anni, uno per 13 anni con una vita media di 9,4 anni.

L'ipotesi di relazione altamente significativa tra longevità ed età del rilascio è stata verificata attraverso il coefficiente di Spearman per ranghi con valore di r=0,732 (p<0.05) (p<0.01).

Si è successivamente ipotizzato che tale longevità potesse essere alla base del marcato incremento percentuale della popolazione pari al 23% annuo osservato dagli autori e pubblicato durante il secondo progetto Comunitario Life natura (Mari e Lovari 2006).

Attraverso una comparazione tra la popolazione attesa (popolazione senza fenomeni di emigrazione/immigrazione) conoscendo il "recruitment" annuale (Kids osservati nel mese di luglio) e la popolazione a fine anno, presunta dagli autori in base al raffronto dei dati"monitoraggio primaverile e censimento (blokcounts) autunnale nel periodo 2000/2008, si è calcolato un tasso di mortalità pari al 10,6 % annuo.Il termine “recruitment” indica non la vera e propria natalità (numero di capretti nati) ma quelli che, superando i primi due mesi di vita, vanno ad incrementare il branco. I motivi di questa scelta sono riconducibili alle grandi difficoltà di contattare le femmine nel periodo riproduttivo che, scegliendo per partorire le cenge più verticali e inaccessibili, di fatto rendono impossibile verificare nelle prime settimane l’effettiva natalità. La percentuale di capretti morti per cause naturali durante il parto o nei giorni immediatamente successivi o predati nelle prime settimane viene dunque calcolata successivamente in maniera statistica facendo la differenza tra il “recruitment” e le femmine adulte presenti.

Il dato dei capretti reclutati è sicuramente il più completo e preciso.

- rosso = F- nero = M

Confronto attesa e presunta dagli autori

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

popolazione attesa stima non s tatis tica

fit dei dati sulla popolazione attesa con riferimento al modello

Malthusiano coefficiente di correlazione

y = 6,8141e0,2526x

R2 = 0,9889

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

longevità

FemmineMaschi20 1519 159 109 1418 1415 914 611 613 315 8

3313

13,7475 9,21

Si conferma che in specie come il Camoscio a basso dimorfismo sessuale (con differenza di peso tra i sessi intorno al 10% del peso, il raggiungimento del peso ottimale al terzo anno di età e la struttura sociale matriarcale e poligama) la sopravvivenza dei maschi sia inferiore rispetto a quella delle femmine.

La longevità dei 10 esemplari di sesso femminile è significativamente maggiore di quella dei 13 esemplari di sesso maschile (U=27,5; P<0.05,Mann-Whitney U-Test).

E' stata documentata la riproduzione degli esemplari: Bella e Giovanna a 16 anni,Annalina a 15 anni, Netz a 12 anni.

ultima natalità osservata

NOMEANNO DI NASCITA

ultima natalità

BELLA 1983 1999ANNALINA 1987 2002

COCCINELLA 1987 1995FINALMENTE 1993 2000GIOVANNA 1988 2004ORNELLA 1987 1999MOSTRO 1987 2000

ROMY 1989 1999VERA 1988 1999NETZ 1998 2012

Il tasso medio di sopravvivenza al primo anno dei Kids è, nel periodo 1995 – 2008, pari all’ 84,92%.

DISCUSSIONE1) La longevità della popolazione di Camoscio Appeninico nel PNGSL, in condizioni di massima potenzialità per la specie anche in presenza di predatori, è un fattore determinante del trend positivo?

2) La diminuzione della capacità riproduttiva con l'aumentare dell'età, fenomeno disenenscenza evidente per gli esseri umani, non è univoca e empiricamente provata per il genere Rupicapra. Le osservazioni riportate di alta longevità delle femmine e buon numero medio di riproduzioni per femmine rilasciate, alta sopravvivenza dei kids e basso tasso medio di mortalità sono alla base del successo della reintroduzione sul Gran Sasso?

3) I monitoraggi a lungo termine (quasi mai programmati e attuati dagli Enti gestori delle reintroduzioni) sono uno degli strumenti indispensabili per la comprensione dei fattori di riuscita di una reintroduzione?

The reintroduction of the Apennine Chamois in the Gran Sasso-Laga National Park was realized through the release of a group of 26 chamois from 1992 to 1994 (Lovari, Artese, Damiani e Mari Global Reintroduction prospectives; IUCN 2010) and afterwards during the Life Project "Conservation of Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata" of another group of 9 chamois from 1999 to 2001 amounting to 35 chamois. All the individuals were equipped with earmarks and 17 of them also with WHF radio-collars.

In 1995 the period of the formation of stable herds began and the individuals have been monitored throughout the whole year.

We report here the data related to the longevity and the reproduction of 23 of the 35 released individuals (65,71%) that have been present from 1995 until today out of a population that counted about 25 individuals in 1995, about 380 individuals in 2008 and about 450 individuals in 2012.

We documented the survival of 9 females, one of them survived for 20 years, one for 19 years and one for 18 years.

The average lifespan calculated on all the earmarked females that are part of the present study is 13.7 years excluding one 15-year-old individual that is still alive. We documented as well the survival of 13 males, two of them survived 15 years, two 14 years, one 13 years, with an average lifespan of 9.4 years.

The assumption of a highly significant relation between longevity and age of release was verified by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r=0,732 (p<0.05) (p<0.01).

The longevity of the 10 females is significantly higher than the one of the 13 males (U=25,5; P<0.05,Mann-Whitney U-Test).

An average death rate of 10,6% per year has been calculated using a contingency table between the expected population (population without any phenomenon of emigration or immigration) knowing the annual "recruitment" (kids observed in July) and the population at the end of the year (estimated on the basis of the comparison between data obtained by monitoring in spring and the results of the block counts performed in autumn in the period 2000/2008).

In the first year the survival rate (number of yearlings recounted the year after they were born) calculated during that period was 84.92 %.

We documented the reproduction of three individuals at the age of 16, 15 and 12 years.

We notice how the longevity of the Apennine chamois population in the GSLNP, under conditions of maximum potentiality for the species, is a decisive factor of the reproductive success.

We reaffirm the importance of long-term monitoring as an indispensable instrument for the understanding of the factors that contribute to the success of reintroduction.

Area di studio Massiccio montuoso del Gran Sasso d’Italia

Si ringraziano i colleghi e i collaboratori del Servizio Scientifico dell’Ente

e il Direttore del Parco Dott. Marcello Maranella

anno recruitmentyerling %1994 31995 8 3 1001996 4 8 1001997 10 4 1001998 13 9 901999 12 11 84,615382000 15 7 58,333332001 19 15 1002002 27 19 1002003 31 27 1002004 35 31 1002005 40 29 82,857142006 52 36 902007 62 34 65,384622008 70 55 88,70968

84,92668

Group dynamics and local population density of Apennine Chamois

at the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park: trend and spatial variation

The social organization of a species may be influenced by various

factors. As a general rule, in ruminants number, size and composition

of groups should vary according to population density. Recent studies

on the Apennine Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) at the

Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (hereafter abbreviated as

PNALM) showed that this population may be subjected to density-

dependent processes. Over the last 8 years, population size has

generally decreased, so we expect corresponding changes in social

structure, particularly in group number and mean group size. To test

this hypothesis we analyze the detailed summer data on group size

and composition collected in 2008-2013 and those collected in1995-

1996 when the population trend was opposite.

MATERIAL AND METHODSMATERIAL AND METHODS

Standardized repeated visual scans performed along Standardized repeated visual scans performed along

the same routes during which number, size and location the same routes during which number, size and location

of chamois groups were recorded (mean N of chamois groups were recorded (mean N ± sd:± sd: 11 11 ± 5 ± 5

repeats; 108 ± 42 groups sighted per year).repeats; 108 ± 42 groups sighted per year).

Group was defined as one or more individuals close to Group was defined as one or more individuals close to

each other and located at least 50 meters from other each other and located at least 50 meters from other

individuals. individuals.

Group size classes were defined as follows: 1, 2-5, 6-10, Group size classes were defined as follows: 1, 2-5, 6-10,

11-20, 21-40, >40 individuals.11-20, 21-40, >40 individuals.

Sex and age class of each individual were also noted.Sex and age class of each individual were also noted.

Local population density calculated as the number of Local population density calculated as the number of

individuals seen in each scan session in the 100% MCP individuals seen in each scan session in the 100% MCP

area based on the locations of all the chamois groups area based on the locations of all the chamois groups

sighted during the repeated counts. sighted during the repeated counts.

Raw data were log-transformed.Raw data were log-transformed.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS STUDY AREA

Val di Rose (ca. 3.5 km2 ) is

located in the core of the

PNALM and hosts one of the

most representative chamois

herds. The area is attended

also by red deer (Cervus

elaphus) and wild boar (Sus

scrofa). Domestic livestock is

not present.

DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION

Asprea A., Pagliaroli D. & Latini R.Servizio Scientifico del Parco Nazionale d’Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise

Overall, our results:Overall, our results:

outline the complex relationship between social structure and population outline the complex relationship between social structure and population

density and are consistent with what generally reported in literature;density and are consistent with what generally reported in literature;

support the hypothesis that the population density decrease was related to an support the hypothesis that the population density decrease was related to an

increase in small groups and a decrease in medium-large groups, in other increase in small groups and a decrease in medium-large groups, in other

words to a more scattered distribution of chamois in the area.words to a more scattered distribution of chamois in the area.

However, Val di Rose does not seem to be representative of the whole PNALM, However, Val di Rose does not seem to be representative of the whole PNALM,

since the analysis of data collected in 2010-2013 in five areas, including Val di since the analysis of data collected in 2010-2013 in five areas, including Val di

Rose, suggest that a certain spatial variability exists. These samples are too small Rose, suggest that a certain spatial variability exists. These samples are too small

to perform statistically reliable tests on trends, nevertheless each year the to perform statistically reliable tests on trends, nevertheless each year the

frequency distribution of group size showed quite a low concordance among frequency distribution of group size showed quite a low concordance among

herds (Kendall Concordance, 0.54 ≤ U ≤ 0.70). Thus, density-dependent herds (Kendall Concordance, 0.54 ≤ U ≤ 0.70). Thus, density-dependent

processes might differ from place to place and/or each herd might respond processes might differ from place to place and/or each herd might respond

differently in relation to local conditions.differently in relation to local conditions.

LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183 Development of coordinated protection measures for

Apennine Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) – COORNATA

Acknolowdgements

We are grateful to D. Russo for

useful comments on the work.

F(7;82) = 4.1, P < 0.001; Spearman, r = -0.45, P < 0.001

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 20132,6

2,8

3,0

3,2

3,4

3,6

3,8

4,0

Ln (

loca

l de

nsi

ty)

Mean Mean±0,95 Conf. Interval

Kruskall-Wallis, df = 7, H = 21.8, P < 0.01; Spearman, r = 0.27, P < 0.05

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 20131,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

2,4

2,6

2,8

Ln (

N g

rou

ps)


F(7;82) = 10.8; P < 0.0001; Spearman, r = -0.66, P < 0.001

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 20131,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

2,4

2,6

Ln (

me

an

gro

up

siz

e)


Ln (N groups) = 0.6614+0.4531*x; 0.95 Conf.Int.; Spearman, r = 0.27, P < 0.05

2,0 2,4 2,8 3,2 3,6 4,0 4,4 4,8

Ln (local population density)

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2,0

2,4

2,8

3,2

3,6

Ln (

N g

rou

ps)

Ln (mean group size) = 0.119+0.538*x; 0.95 Conf.Int.;

Spearman, r = 0.43, P < 0.001

2,0 2,4 2,8 3,2 3,6 4,0 4,4 4,8

Ln (local population density)

0,8

1,2

1,6

2,0

2,4

2,8

3,2

3,6

Ln (m

ean g

roup s

ize)

RESULTSRESULTS

The number of groups >20 was positively The number of groups >20 was positively

correlated with population density correlated with population density

(Spearman, r = 0.29, P < 0.05) and negatively (Spearman, r = 0.29, P < 0.05) and negatively

correlated with female group number correlated with female group number

(Spearman, r = -0.42, P < 0.001).(Spearman, r = -0.42, P < 0.001).

Local population density dropped from Local population density dropped from

83.4 to 21.7 heads/km83.4 to 21.7 heads/km22..

MeanMean groupgroup sizesize decreased.decreased.

GroupGroup nunumber mber increased.increased.

Positive correlation between local population density and both mean group size (Spearman, r

= 0.43, P < 0.001) and group number (Spearman, r = 0.27, P < 0.05). Population density

accounted for 18.4% and 14.1%, respectively, of their variation (GLM, P < 0.001).

Strong concordance in group Strong concordance in group

frequency distribution across years frequency distribution across years

(Kendall Concordance Coefficient, W = (Kendall Concordance Coefficient, W =

0.91). Singleton class was the most 0.91). Singleton class was the most

frequent in 2008-2013, whereas 2-5 frequent in 2008-2013, whereas 2-5

class was most frequent in 1995-1996.class was most frequent in 1995-1996.

1)

3)3)

2)

The number of groups > 20 individuals The number of groups > 20 individuals

decreased (Spearman, r = -0.81, N = 8, P < decreased (Spearman, r = -0.81, N = 8, P <

0.01) and the number of groups with 1-5 0.01) and the number of groups with 1-5

individuals increased (Spearman, r = 0.78, individuals increased (Spearman, r = 0.78,

N = 8, P < 0.05).N = 8, P < 0.05).

Female group number was negatively Female group number was negatively

correlated with mean group size (Spearman r correlated with mean group size (Spearman r

= -0.40, P < 0.001) and explained the 22.8% = -0.40, P < 0.001) and explained the 22.8%

of its variation (GLM, P < 0.001).of its variation (GLM, P < 0.001).

-0,05 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45

Ln (% groups with N >20)

2,0

2,4

2,8

3,2

3,6

4,0

4,4

4,8

Ln (

loca

l po

pu

lati

on

de

nsi

ty)

-0,05 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45

Ln (% groups with >20 individuals)

-0,5

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

Ln (

gro

up

s w

ith

F A

d)

4)4)

-0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

Ln (% groups with F Ad)

0,8

1,2

1,6

2,0

2,4

2,8

3,2

3,6

Ln (

me

an

gro

up

siz

e)


Lama dei Peligni (AQ) - June, 17-19, 2014

References1. Cooper M.A., Andrews C.J. & Holle R.L. 2007. Lightning Injuries in Wilderness Medicine, Auerbach, Mosby. 5th ed.2. Gomes C. 2012. Lightning safety of animals. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(6), 1011-1023. DOI 10.1007/s00484-011-01515-5.3. Mandelli G. & Finazzi M. 2013. Apparato tegumentale. Cute, sottocute e annessi. In Guarda F., Mandelli G. & Biolatti B. (eds.), Trattato di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria. 4th Ed., Utet Medica, Torino.4. Žele D., Bidovec A. & Vengušt G. 2006. Atmospheric �ash injuries in roer deer (Capreolus capreolus). Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 54(1), 43-49.

Acknowledgement Our thanks go to Sandro Pelini, Paola Di Giuseppe and Gianfranco Romeo for their good technical support.

Discussion and conclusionIn veterinary medicine, lightning is mainly reported in domesticated animals housed outdoor, whereas it seems a rather uncommon and likely underestimated cause of death in free-living animals. Reasonably, wild animals are often exposed to lightening, but their carcasses are uncommonly found.Considering that carcasses with skin lesions were very close to each other and placed along the North-West/South-East direction, we hypothesize that a ‘step potential/side �ash’ combination killed those chamois. The remaining chamois, found outside that direction with no evidence of scorched streaks, were probably hit by a ‘minor’ electrical current or ‘side �ash’, which allowed them to move before dying.Monitoring the health status of endangered wild species is crucial for their preservation. Necropsy �ndings were decisive in order to solve the present diagnostic query. The same pathological �ndings remark that lightening should be always considered as di�erential diagnosis in the course of mass mortality event a�ecting wild animals. Finally, the presence of severe pulmonary and intestinal parasitic lesions con�rms a worrying health situation for the source-population of Apennine chamois.

History, clinical signs, pathological and laboratory �ndingsAt present, the entire population of Apennine chamois consist of about 1,700 head, 400 of which reside within the Abruzzo Lazio e Molise National Park (ALMNP).On April 23rd 2014, after a hiker’s alert, ten Apennine chamois were found dead in locality Monte Sterpi d’Alto (Civitella Alfedena, L’Aquila, Italy) by the personnel of the ALMNP (see Figures 1 and 2 for further details). Chamois carcasses – three males and seven females, aged between one and nine years – were inspected, individually identi�ed (n. 1 to 10), and then referred to the Istituto Zoopro�lattico Sperimentale Abruzzo e Molise ‘G. Caporale’ (IZSAM) for detailed necropsy and laboratory diagnostic investigations.Field observations and necropsy pointed out scorched streaks on the skin surface (Figures 3-5), which were severe in two chamois (n. 2 and 9) and mild in other three head (n. 6, 8 and 10). Subcutaneous oedema and petechiae, pulmonary oedema, foci of parasitic bronchopneumonia, and congestion of the small intestine were additional consistent �ndings (Figures 6-9). Bacteriological, virological, parasitological and histopathological investigations yielded inconclusive diagnostic results.On the basis of what above, the diagnosis of lightening was made.

IntroductionLightning is a weather-related phenomenon capable of causing injury or death to people and animals, due to electrical e�ects, heat production and concussive force [1, 2]. Actually, the exact pathophysiology of lightning injury is not well understood because of the large number of variables that cannot be measured or controlled when an electrical current passes through tissue. However, death is usually caused by acute cardiac failure and/or by the arrest of the respiratory center in the brainstem. In addition, heating of tissues secondary to high-voltage current are known to cause characteristic linear skin burns (so-called ‘lightning �gure’) [3, 4].The present report aims at describing a mass mortality event in Appennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) due to lightning, thus focusing on that uncommon threat for wildlife.

Badagliacca Pietro1*, Gentile Leonardo2, Marruchella Giuseppe1, Latini Roberta2, Di Pirro Vincenza2,Carosi Emiliano2, Ruberto Addolorato1, Scioli Erminia3, Di Provvido Andrea1

1 Istituto Zoopro�lattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy2 Ente Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo Lazio e Molise, Viale Santa Lucia, 67032 Pescasseroli, Italy3 Azienda Sanitaria Locale 1 Abruzzo, Servizio Igiene Allevamenti e Produzioni Zootecniche, Via Umberto I, 67031 Castel Di Sangro, Italy*Corresponding author. Mailing address: Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; Phone +39 0861 332415; Fax +39 0861 332251; e-mail: [email protected]

Mass mortality by lightning in Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata):a case report from the Abruzzo Lazio e Molise National Park, Italy

Chamois International Congress - Maiella National Park, Lama dei Peligni, Abruzzo, Central Italy - 17th-20th June 2014

Figure 2. Chamois carcasses found on the summit of Monte Sterpi, at an altitude of 1960 m above the sea level.

Figure 5. Chamois n. 9. Skin lesions are linear, hairless and dark grey in color.

Figure 7.The congestion of the small intestine was a consistent �nding in all chamois under study.

Figure 6. Corresponding to scorched streaks, subcutaneous oedema and hemorrhages were occasionally observed.

Figure 8. Foci of parasitic bronchopneumonia are a very common �nding in Apennine chamois.

Figure 9. Tapeworms were found within the intestinal lumen of few chamois.

Figure 3. Chamois n. 2. A streak is clearly seen on the skin surface, running along the left side of the neck, the upper chest and the abdomen.The so-called “step potential” can occur when animals are standing along the direction of potential gradient. In that case, ground current �ows via the legs and can cross the heart and other vital organs.

Figure 1. Concerned area and geographical position of the animals*.All carcasses were found within the area delimited by the red-dotted line, which was about 548 m2 large. Five chamois with skin scorched streaks (n. 2, 6, 8, 9 and 10, all marked in red) were very close each other and placed along an imaginary north-west/south-east line. The distance between chamois n. 2 and n. 8 was about 33 m. Two chamois (n. 4 and 5) laid near that line, but with no apparent skin lesion. The remaining three chamois (n. 1, 3 and 7) were found further down the slope, the distance between n. 1 and 8 being 43.7 m.

* Geographical coordinates were derived by projection ED_1950_UTM_Zone_33N. The background map was obtained by ESRI DigitalGlobe service.

Figure 4. Chamois n. 2. Corneal burn and neck lesion by lightning.This picture remarks that the electrical current can enter through the cranial openings (orbits, mouth, nose), and can directly injury the brainstem.

SANITARY MONITORING OF THE ALPINE CHAMOIS (Rupicapra rupicapra)IN THE PROVINCE OF IMPERIA, ITALY (2002-2012)

Chamois International Congress – Majella National Park - 17th-20th June, 2014

IZSTOIstituto ZooprofilatticoSperimentale del Piemonte,

Liguria e Valle d’Aosta

Maria Cristina Bona°, Serena Durante°, Maria Silvia Gennero°, Maria Cesarina Abete°, Simona Zoppi°, Alessandro Dondo°, Carla Grattarola°, Maria Goria°, Stefania Squadrone°, Marco Ballardini°, Giuseppe Audino°°, Giuseppe Ru°, Walter Mignone°*

°Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), www.izsto.it°°Wildlife Technician*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction. For several years, the alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) population in the Italian Northwestern province of Imperia have been submitted to health monitoring. The monitoring was designed to investigate if coexistence between free-range livestock and wildlife in the area may have any effect. Alpine chamois in the Ligurian Alps represent the westernmost and southernmost population of this species in the Alps, with a particular interest because its habitat is influenced by the Mediterranean climate. During the hunting seasons, all hunted chamois are submitted to viscera examination, as well as to sampling of organs and tissues for chemical, bacteriological and virological analysis. Hunters are also requested to take a blood sample from each carcass, for serological investigation. Aim of this study is to provide the results of the monitoring activity carried out on the chamois between 2002 and 2012 in the Ligurian Alps.

Material & Methods. Over the 2002–2012 period 331 chamois were examined through the monitoring carried out in the Ligurian Alps (Figure 1). Both sampling data and the results of the analyses performed at IZSPLV were collected in an ad hoc database. The impact of diseases and chemical contaminants on the chamois population was evaluated in term of case prevalence checking for potential statistical association between disease and age and sex.

Regional Park of the Ligurian Alps

Conclusion. The data allow the detection of infectious diseases circulating within the local chamois population and potentially having an impact on human and/or domestic animals health, or on the chamois population itself. Results obtained during this study do not highlight any specific problem with the coexistence between free-range livestock and wildlife in the area. The presence of the pseudotubercolosis could arise concern for the following two reasons: the widely spread of the pathology in the Alps and lack of measures of prophylaxis in the domestic animals.

Results.Out of the 313 animals submitted (Figures 2 and 3), 180 showed parasitic pneumonia (prevalence 57.5 95%CI 51.8-63.1), 63 cysticercosis (20.1 95% IC 15.8-25.0) and 20 pseudotuberculosis (6.4 95% IC 3.9-9.7). The probability of the first two diseases was statistically higher in the oldest animals.Among undetected disease there were: Brucellosis, Paratuberculosis, Blue Tongue, Border disease, Yersinia spp., Francisella Tularensis and Toxoplasmosis.Four cases of keratoconjunctivitis by Mycoplasma conjunctivae (Figure 4), have been detected in 2006 with a prevalence of 2.4% (IC 95% 0.7 – 6.0). The presence of heavy metals (Pb, As,

Cd, and Cr) showed very low values (Median As:<0.01; Cd:0.04; Cr:<0.05; Pb:0.05,Figure 5).

42.1

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27.8

5.68.3

64.3

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75.9

0

10.3

29.2

8.3

12.5

80

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8.6

71.4

19

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67.6

32.4

5.9

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72.7

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2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

parasitic pneumonia cysticercosis pseudotbc

Fig 2. Prevalence of anatomopathological lesions

Fig 4. Chamois with keratoconjunctivitisFig 3. Liver with pseudotuberculosis

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Fig 5. Distribution of cadmium values in liver

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In the Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park, for the first time after the

reintroduction, captures of free ranging Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica

ornata) were performed, developing and testing new capture methods, in the frame of

the LIFE project: “Coornata: development of coordinated protection measures for

Apennine Chamois (LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183)”. Captures aimed at marking individuals

within the protected area to better understand their spatial behaviour and response to

capture stress and to translocate chamois to create two new colonies in the

neighbouring protected areas involved in the project. Two different type of traps were

employed. A larger one partially constructed of wood was built into a natural cave, it

measures about 1.5 m x 3.0 m x 2.0 m. The smaller trap consist of a metal frame

covered with metal wire mesh measuring 1.5 m x 2.0 m x 1.7 m. Both traps were

provided with a drop gate at one end remotely controlled. We set both traps in Monte

Coppe (42°26'19.85''N 13°45'03,45''E) in areas of observed high chamois use.The larger

trap was built in October 2010, baited with salt, concentrated vegetable attractants and

fruits. Entrance in the trap and utilization of salt lick was monitored through photos

and videos acquired by camera trapping.

We observed a progressive increase in the number

of visits to the box trap within the study period: in

2010 we recorded 2 visits in 3 months, in 2011 11

visits, 31 in 2012, 48 in 2013 and 20 in 2014 (from

January to March). Chamois spent a minimum of 1

minute inside the trap to a maximum of 11 hours

inside or in the immediate neighbourings of the trap.

As for the number of visits, we observed a

progressive increase in the mean time interval spent

by chamois inside (or in the proximity of) the box

trap throughout the study period: from 29 minutes in

2011 to 134 min in 2013.

HEY, DO YOU WANT TO TASTE? USE OF BAITED BOX TRAP BY APENNINE CHAMOIS

Bonanni M.1, Scillitani L.1, Cobre P.1, Riganelli N.12, Artese C.12, Damiani G.12

1 Life + Natura Project “Coornata” LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183

2 Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga, Via del Convento 67010 Assergi

The smaller box trap was built in November 2012. During winter

2012/2013 it was damaged by snow and wind, and it was fixed in April

2013. We used salt for bait.In late spring 2013 we observed a high use by

chamois. However it was not possible to compute the same analysis

made for the larger box trap. Anyway in

that period we had direct observations

and capture data. The box trap was

mainly visited by young individuals

(yearlings and class I individuals- 2 to

3 years old) in late spring, while in

autumn also older individuals entered

to lick salt. In this box trap we caught a

total of 5 chamois (2 males and

3 females) in 2013 and 2 chamois

(1 male and 1 female) in 2014.

Chamois entered inside the trap more frequently during

daylight, in spring and summer chamois never entered

in the trap during night. Instead we recorded entrances

within all time slots in autumn and in winter. We

recorded the presence of all age and sex classes in the

box-trap, even if yearlings and young males were the

most represented category. We recorded the presence

of kid only in one occasion. In most occasions (59%)

only a single animal at a time visited the trap, in 31

(28%) occasions 2 animals entered together, and we

recorded a maximum of 6 chamois inside the trap (1

occasion).

We captured and ear tagged 3 chamois in june-july 2011. Only two

marked animals (1 male and 1 female) were camera trapped inside the

box trap in the study period, both re-entered the trap exactly one year

after being trapped. While the female entered again only in one

occasion, the male entered 4 times, once 3 years after being captured.

0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Seasonal time of entrance in the box

inverno primavera estate autunno

time slot

n°

occa

sio

n

The trap was visited more frequently in

autumn (50 occasions), spring (34) and

winter (23), while we detected, in the

whole study period, only 5 occasions in

summer, as expected since the Monte

Coppe area is mainly a wintering area,

while in summer chamois groups move to

higher elevation in neighbouring peacks.

Aknowledgements:

We thank for the collaboration in fieldwork activities: Ilaria Angelini, Paolo Montanaro and Corpo Forestale dello Stato (CTA) officers.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Mean time interval spent inside the trap

min

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Faecal samples from Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapratatrica) examined for propagation stages of gastrointestinal parasites. Sheather's and Faust's Flotation methods used.

• 164 samples from 24 localities of High Tatra Mountains(HTM)

Additionally:• 15 samples from West Tatra Mountains (WTM)• 33 samples from Polish Tatra Mountains (TPN)

RESULTS

Slovak Tatra Mountains (TANAP)

High Tatra Mountains (HTM)Examined: 164 samples Eimeria spp. 41.5 %Parasite-positive: 96 Moniezia spp. 29.3 %Prevalence: 58.5 % Trichostrongylidae 9.1 %

Nematodirus spp.1.2 %Capillaria spp. 2.4 %West Tatra Mountains (WTM)

Examined: 15 samples Eimeria spp. 1 sampleParasite-positive: 2 Trichostrongylidae: 1 sample

Polish Tatra Mountains (TPN)Examined: 33 samples Eimeria spp. 21.2 %Parasite-positive: 14 Moniezia spp. 15.2 %Prevalence: 42.4 % Trichostrongylidae 9.1 %

Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica Blahout, 1972) is a significant representative of the Tatra endemic fauna species that has beenclassified as critically endangered. According to the annual count in 2013, the population of chamois in the territory of the Tatra Mountainsrepresents 872 individuals in the Slovak Tatra National Park (TANAP) and 314 individuals in the Polish Tatra National Park (TPN).

The numbers and health status of these animals is affected by plurality of different critical factors – from climatic conditions through industrialpollution of the environment to individual anthropogenic impacts. In terms of health hazard, a significant role play parasitic infections that canlead to significant depletion of the entire population.

The research on parasite fauna of Tatra chamois in Slovakia took place for several decades, but it was targeted only on the incidence of lungnematodes, which were considered the greatest threat. In contrast, the most recent research focused on gastrointestinal parasites wasconducted in early 80´s of the last century (Mituch et al., 1984). Thus, the aim of our work was to study the occurrence of gastrointestinalparasites of Tatra chamois in current environmental and climatic conditions.

The initial research on gastrointestinal parasites of the Tatra chamois introduced onedisputable finding - a relatively high prevalence of the genusMoniezia. In the Slovak part ofthe High Tatra, nearly 30 % of samples were positive for the tapeworm eggs that issignificantly more in comparison with other European studies (see Stancampiano et al.,2001; Hoby et al., 2006; Morrondo et al., 2010; Marreros et al., 2011). These differencesmay be related to the presence of suitable intermediate hosts (Oribatida mites) in theenvironment, which is evidently closely linked to the climate and microclimate conditions -oribatid mite community composition would show a strong response to changes in habitatand land-use. Research initiated in the High Tatra after the huge windstorm in 2004revealed an increase in density of soil mites (and overpopulation of Oribatida mites), butalso the decline in species diversity (Kalúz et Ferenčík, 2008).All the above mentioned points to the need of continuing intensive research on parasitecomposition and distribution in Tatra chamois, in particular broader temporal, ecologicaland zoological contexts.

This study was supported by bilateral Slovak-Polish project APVV SK-PL-0098-12.

1 Research Station and Museum, Slovak National Forests TANAP; Slovak Republic; [email protected] of Parasitology Slovak Academy of Sciences; Slovak Republic; [email protected]; [email protected] National Park, Poland; [email protected]

Introduction

The figure on the left shows that: -  block counts yielded a minimum number of males alive in the population of N=72

individuals; -  the N=72 value was greater than the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval

achieved using line transect sampling (N=54, SE=14%, 95% CI: 40-71); -  mark-resight yielded a more realistic result of N=93 individuals (SE=18%, 95% CI:

63-137).

Line transect sampling performed poorly in the Alpine environment, leading to underestimates of population size, likely due to violations of some assumptions imposed by the rugged nature of the terrain. The mark-resight yielded lower precision, but likely provided robustness and accurate estimates since marks were evenly distributed among animals (Fattorini et al. 2007).

Population size estimates represent indispensable tools for many research programs and for conservation or management issues. Mountain-dwelling ungulates living in open areas are often surveyed through ground counts that, however, neglect detectability and normally underestimate population size (Loison et al. 2006). While the use of sample counts is desirable, few studies have concurrently compared different probabilistic approaches to estimate population size in this taxon.

The use of block-counts, mark-resight and distance sampling to estimate population

size of Alpine chamois Luca Corlatti 1,2 *, Lorenzo Fattorini 3 & Luca Nelli 4

1 Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Vienna (A) 2 Wildlife Research Centre, Gran Paradiso National Park (IT) 3 Department of Economics and Statistics, Siena (IT) 4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pavia (IT)

* Correspondence: [email protected]

Methods Between August-September 2013, within the Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy) we performed independent surveys using:

-  block counts along purposely selected paths and vantage points; -  mark-resight over 5 consecutive resightings from vantage points and

paths; we analysed data using the Bowden’s estimator (Fattorini et al. 2007);

-  line transect sampling along 12 transects repeated 8 times; we analysed data using the Conventional Distance Sampling engine in Distance 6.0 (Thomas et al. 2010) (figure on the right).

Aim: taking advantage of a sample of marked individuals, we aimed to compare the size estimates of a male population of Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra obtained with mark-resight and line transect sampling methods, using block counts to get the

minimum number of males alive in the study area.

Results & Discussion

References Fattorini, L., Marcheselli, M., Monaco, A., Pisani, C., 2007. A critical look at some widely used estimators in mark-resighting experiments. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 957-965. Loison, A., Appolinaire, J., Jullien, J.-M., Dubray, D., 2006. How reliable are total counts to detect trends in population size of chamois Rupicapra rupicapra and R. pyrenaica? Wildl. Biol. 12, 77-88. Thomas, L., Buckland, S.T., Rexstad, E.A., Laake, J.L., Strindberg, S., Hedley, S.L., Bishop, J.R.B., Marques, T.A., Burnham, K.P., 2010. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. J. Appl. Ecol. 47, 5-14.

Introduction

-  Over the year, FCM levels showed a negative relationship with minimum temperature, but altogether climatic stressors had negligible effects on glucocorticoid secretion, possibly owing to good adaptations of chamois to severe weather conditions;

-  age was negatively related to FCM during the rut (figure on the right), possibly due to greater experience of older males in agonistic contests;

-  social status was an important determinant of FCM excretion (figure on the left): while both the ‘stress of subordination’ and the ‘stress of domination’ hypotheses received some support in spring and during the mating season, respectively, previous data suggest that only the latter may have detrimental fitness consequences on male chamois (Corlatti et al. 2012).

Faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) levels have been widely used as physiological indicators of stress in a number of species (Möstl et al. 2002). Integrating different sources of stress through an adaptive feedback mechanism, glucocorticoids may have important consequences on individual fitness, impacting on survival and reproductive success (Sapolsky 1992). To date, however, few studies have explored the role of proximate mechanisms responsible for the potential trade-offs between physiological stress and life history traits integrating social and environmental stressors.

Physiological response to etho-ecological stressors in male Alpine chamois:

timescale matters! Luca Corlatti 1,2 *, Rupert Palme 3 & Sandro Lovari 2

1 Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Vienna (A) 2 Department of Life Sciences, Siena (IT) 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, Vienna (A)

* Correspondence: [email protected]

Methods Between January 2011 and December 2012, in the Gran Paradiso National Park, we collected 393 scats on a monthly basis, for as many males as possible within a given

Aim: to investigate the variation in the effect of potential etho-ecological stressors (age, social status – territorial vs. non-territorial males, minimum ambient temperature, precipitation, snow depth) on FCM excretion in male Alpine chamois over different timescales

(year, cold months, spring, warm months, rutting season).

Results & Discussion

References Corlatti L, Bethaz S, von Hardenberg A, Bassano B, Palme R, Lovari S (2012) Hormones, parasites and alternative mating tactics in Alpine chamois: identifying the mechanisms of life history trade-offs. Anim Behav 84:1061-1070. Möstl E, Maggs JL, Schrötter G, Besenfelder U, Palme R (2002) Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of ruminants. Vet Res Commun 26:127-139. Sapolsky RM (1992) Neuroendocrinology of the stress response. In Becker JB, Breedlove SM, Crews D (eds) Behavioral endocrinology. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 287-324.

SPRING

RUT

RUT

month. Samples were analysed in duplicate using an 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (Möstl et al. 2002).

We used a model selection approach to analyse the effect of potential etho-ecological stressors (age, social status, minimum temperature, snow depth, precipitation) on FCM variation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area Our study area was five protected areas in Central Apennine. 1. Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (PNALM): n. 49.680 hectares; 2. Majella National Park (PNM): n. 74.095; 3. Gran Sasso and Mountain of Laga National Park (PNGSL): n. 148.935

hectares; 4. Sirente-Velino Regional Park (PRSV): n. 54.361 hectares; 5. Sibillini Mountain National Park (PNMS): n. 71.437 hectares.

INTRODUCTION Parasite infestation is one of the most common problem affecting cattle sheep and goats of all ages and breeds (Rafiullah et al., 2011; Awraris et al., 2012; Tshering et al, 2013). Internal parasites interfere with nutrition, growth and the production (Pilarczyk et al., 2009; Awraris et al., 2012; Khan et al., 2013, Tshering et al, 2013).

REFERENCES. • M. Asif, S. Azeem, S. Asif, and S. Nazir, Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Sheep and Goats in and around Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan; J. Vet. Anim. Sci. (2008), Vol. 1: 14-17. • Bashir Ahmad Lone, M.Z. Chishti, 1 1 2Fayaz Ahmad and 2Hidayatullah Tak, A Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Slaughtered Sheep and Goats in Ganderbal, Kashmir; Global Veterinaria 8 (4): 338-341, 2012. • Bilal, M.Q, A. Hameed and T. Ahmad, Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in buffalo and cow calves in rural areas of toba tek singh, Pakistan; The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 19(2): 2009, Pages: 67-70 ISSN: 1018-7081. • M. A. Raza, M. Younas and E. Schlecht, Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in pastoral sheep and goat flocks in the cholistan desert of Pakistan, The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 24(1): 2014, Page: 127-134 ISSN: 1018-7081. • E. U. Edosomwan* and O. O. Shoyemi, Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of cattle and goats slaughtered at abattoirs in Benin City, Nigeria, African Scientist Vol. 13, No. 2, June 30, 2012. • Cheru Telila, Birhanu Abera, Diriba Lemma and Eyob Eticha, Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism of cattle in East Showa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Central Ethiopia, Academic Journals, Vol. 6(2), pp. 54-62, February, 2014. • Golo Tshering, Nedup Dorji, Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free Range Cattle; a Case Study in Haa District, Bhutan, Journal of Animal Health and Production. 1 (4): 36 – 37. • S. Y. Shirale, M. D. Meshram and K. P. Khillare, Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Cattle of Western Vidarbha Region, Veterinary World, Vol.1(2): 45. • V. Singh, P. Varshney, S. K. Dash2 and H. P. Lal, Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in and around Mathura, India, doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.260-262. • J. A. Gadahi, M. J. Arshed, Q. Ali, S. B. Javaid and S. I. Shah, Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Sheep and Goat in and around Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, Veterinary World, Vol.2(2): 51-53. • Fikru Regassa, Teshale Sori, Reta Dhuguma, Yosef Kiros,Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ruminants in Western Oromia, Ethiopia, Intern J Appl Res Vet Med • Vol. 4, No. 1. 2006.

CONCLUSION This study defined the prevalence of various internal parasites in cattle, sheep and goats within the distribution areas of the Apennine Chamois. This approach will initiate proper control strategies to minimize parasitic infections.

RESULTS In cattle (319 faecals samples) microscopic examination revealed that about 165 samples (51.7%) were infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Among parasitic infectioned samples, helminth (51.7 %) and protozoa (28.2%) were examined. Strongyle (gastrointestinal) was the most common parasite in faecal samples of all cattle sampled (43.7%, n. 139). In sheep and goat (597 faecals samples) microscopic examination revealed that about 556 samples (93.1%) were infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Among parasitic infectioned samples, helminth (85.3%) and protozoa (74.1%) were examined.

Animal sampling A total of n. 916 fresh faecal samples were collected from of 6.241 cattle, 12.499 sheep and 3.686 goat, including improve young, improved adult, native young and native adult from july 2011 to april 2014. These samples were collected just after defecation, using simple circular random sampling method. Faecal samples were placed into vial placed into cool box and transported for the laboratory examination and processed by standard floatation method to identify endoparasite species.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in free range sheep, goats and cattle in the

areas of presence of the Apennine Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) in five protected area in Central Apennine in Italy

G. Cotturone1, L. Gentile2, U. Di Nicola3, F. Morandi4, S. Angelucci5, M. Innocenti3,5, V. Di Pirro2, A. Argenio2, E. Carosi2, R. Latini2, S. Gavaudan6, F. Barchiesi6, P. Morini2, F. Striglioni3, A. Rossetti4, G. Damiani3 M. Scacchia7

1Sirente-Velino Regional Park, 2Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park, 3Gran Sasso and Mountain of Laga National Park, 4Sibillini Mountain National Park, 5Majella National Park 6IZS

Umbria and Marche, 7IZS Abruzzo and Molise “G. Caporale”.

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

80,00%

90,00%

100,00%

Endoparasites prevalence in cattle

PNGSL PRSV PNALM PNMS PNM

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

80,00%

90,00%

Endoparasites prevalence in sheep and goat

PNGSL PRSV PNALM PNMS PNM

References1. Longbottom D. & Coulter L.J. 2003. Animal Chlamydioses and Zoonotic Implications. J Comp Path, 128, 217-244. doi:10.1053/jcpa.2002.0629.2. Duprè E., Monaco A. & Pedrotti L. 2001. Piano d’Azione Nazionale per il camoscio appenninico (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata). Quad Cons Natura, 10. Min. Ambiente-Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica.3. Ferroglio E., Bosio F., Trisciuoglio A. & Zanet S. 2014. Toxoplasma gondii in simpatriche erbivori selvatici e carnivori: epidemiologia delle infezioni nelle Alpi Occidentali. I parassiti e vettori, 7,196. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-196.4. Formenti N., Ga�uri A., Vicari N., Trogu T., Viganò R., Ferrari N., Paterlini F. & Lanfranchi P. 2013. Diagnosi molecolare di Toxoplasma gondii da una infezione naturale alpino Chamois (Rupicapra Rupicapra r.) Dalle Alpi italiane. Bellver de Cerdanya, Spagna: II Rupicapra Symposium, Biologia, la salute, il monitoraggio e la gestione.5. Ga�uri A., Giacometti M., Tranquillo V.M., Magnino S., Cordioli P. & Lanfranchi P. 2006. Sieroprevalenza in caprioli, camosci e pecore domestiche nelle Alpi italiane centrali. J Wildl Dis, 42, 685-690.6. Lovari S., Ferretti F. & Minder I. 2012. Aggiornamento e implementazione dello studio di idoneità per l’introduzione benigna nel Parco Regionale Sirente-Velino. LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183 Coornata (Azione A7) – Prodotto identi�cabile.7. Pioz M., Loison A., Gauthier D., Gibert P., Jullien J.M., Artois M. & Gilot-Fromont E. 2008. Diseases and reproductive success in a wild mammal: example in the alpine chamois. Oecologia, 155, 691-704. doi: 10.1007/s00442-007-0942-5.8. Moutou F. & Artois M. 2001. Les mammifres sauvages reservoirs potentiels de zoonoses. Mal Infect, 31(2), 159-167.

Discussion and conclusionsThe health monitoring program provided interesting data about zoonotic agents, previously neglected in the territory of the SVRP. The apparent discrepancies between serological results and diagnostic investigations on aborted fetuses is likely due to some technical issues (eg. condition of samples), on one side, and to a certain distrust of shepherds, who did not allowed further diagnostic investigations, on the other. However, innovative biomolecular tools, such as real time PCR, allowed the detection of speci�c pathogens (eg. Coxiella burnetii). As a result of such plan, farmers were informed about the disposal of ‘materials’ (fetuses, placenta, carcasses, manure), which could act as source of infection for people, domesticated and wild animals.Extensive farming (average = 200 head) is traditionally practiced in the Sirente mountain during summer (from May to October). Such familial-type herds are often managed by old farmers (50-80 years old) in an empirical way, usually without any technical support provided by veterinarians. Therefore, health issues have been addressed by a holistic approach, according to the idea that public health has to be pursued through the health of livestock and environment. Remarkably, the risk of zoonoses could be higher within the protected areas, where di�erent categories of people (park sta�, tourists, farmers, scientists) face each other and wildlife. Dairy products, produced and sold in the park, and wild animals could further contribute to transmit zoonotic infections. As a consequence, a more intense dialogue among the Park, the local veterinary authorities, the local Istituto Zoopro�lattico Sperimentale and farmers seems desirable in order to plan health activities compatible with farming and exceeding the time span of this Life Project. Such an integrated approach could allow an e�ective control of zoonoses and, at the same time, could have a positive impact on the rural economy (eg. by quality labels for dairy products of the park). In fact, if properly managed, the maintenance of traditional sheep farming in marginal areas could play a key role to preserve the environment and biodiversity in the ecosystem of Apennines.

Materials and MethodsMonitoring activities have been carried out between July 2012 and February 2014, and involved a total of 400 cattle, 3,000 sheep and 60 goats, located in 26 farms (7 cattle and 19 sheep/goat farms).About 20% of animals residing in each farm were sampled for serological investigations (82 cattle, 672 sheep and 30 goats), a special emphasis being placed upon older subjects and reproductive disorders-a�ected animals. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein using the VENOJECT® system, individually identi�ed, enclosed with a suitable form, and then referred to the Istituto Zoopro�lattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’ (IZSAM). Tubes were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes, and sera were stored at +4°C (±2°C) until testing. Serological investigations were performed according to the current procedures of the IZSAM:1. Complement �xation test (CFT) for Coxiella burnetii;2. Slow serum agglutination test (SAT) for Salmonella abortus ovis;3. Indirect �uorescent antibody (IFA) test for Toxoplasma gondii.During the same period of time, 12 cases of abortion occurred in sheep and goat herds. Likewise, ten fetuses were identi�ed and referred to the IZSAM for detailed diagnostic investigations. The fetuses were kept at a +4° C (±2°C) until necropsy. In depth laboratory investigations were also carried out in order to identify the etiological agent of abortion.

IntroductionThe present work has been carried out in the context of the the Project LIFE 09 NAT/IT/000183 COORNATA, which aims at establishing a colony of Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) within the Sirente Velino Regional Park (SVRP), as required by the ‘National Action Plan for the Apennine Chamois’ (Duprè et al., 2001).The SVRP was established in 1989 (LR 54/1989) and covers an area of approximately 540 km2, which includes �ve Natura 2000 sites (ZPS IT7110130, SICIT7110206, SIC IT7110075, SIC IT7110090, SIC IT7110096). A number of endangered animal species, catalogued in the Council Directives 92/43/ EEC and 79/409/EEC (Ursus arctos marsicanus, Canis lupus, Gyps fulvus, Aquila chrysaetos, Falco biarmicus, Vipera ursinii, Rosalia alpine), currently reside in the SVRP.Recently, Lovari et al. (University of Siena) carried out a feasibility study targeted at the re-introduction of Apennine chamois in the SVRP, and a suitable area was identi�ed on the Sirente massif (2,348 m above the sea level). The Sirente mountain is located in the central-eastern portion of the Park, has a shape of a slope long about 20 km, and is oriented NO/SE, showing a marked divergence on its side. The one exposed NE consists of beech forest and steep rocks, while the SW side has wide pastures where grazing animals are traditionally farmed. In agreement with local authorities and stakeholders, a ‘farm-free’ area of protection has been de�ned where Apennine chamois will be re-introduced. Before the re-introduction of Apennine chamois coming from di�erent national parks (Maiella, Monti Sibillini, Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga), speci�c plans were implemented in order to take a census and to evaluate the health status of domestic animals grazing in that area. Then, a speci�c plan was also implemented to prevent infectious disease as well as to improve the health management of domestic and syntropic animals, particularly sheep and goats (actions A12 and C6).We report herein data about that health monitoring plan, mainly focusing on the following zoonotic agents: Coxiella burnetii, Salmonella abortus ovis, Toxoplasma gondii. As known, those agents can infect humans, wild animals, and can negatively impact the economy of farms, a concept exhaustively synthesized in the sentence ‘One World-One Health-One Medicine’.

Serological resultsA total of 1,696 serological tests have been carried out, and the results are summarized in Table 1.

Diagnostic investigations on aborted fetuses: resultsThree goat fetuses (two twins) proved to be positive for Coxiella burnetii by real time PCR. Abortion occurred during the last month of pregnancy. Serological test were carried out on the two goats which had an abortions: one was positive for Coxiella burnetii (titres 1 in 32, CFT), while both were positive for Neospora caninum (titres 1 in 32 and 1 in 64, IFA test) and negative for Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydia abortus, Salmonella abortus ovis and border disease.Salmonella abortus ovis was isolated and identi�ed from two twin ovine fetuses (abomasums, liver, lung, brain), while Salmonella spp. was isolated from the third fetus.Results are summarized in Table 2.

G. Cotturone1, E. Ruggieri2, S. Salucci2, P. Morini1

1 Parco Regionale Sirente Velino 2 Istituto Zoopro�lattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy

Prevalence of Coxiella, Toxoplasma and Salmonella in the ovineand caprine farms of Sirente Velino Regional Park:considerations and possibility of a holistic approach todiseases common to domestic and wild animals and humans

Chamois International Congress - Maiella National Park, Lama dei Peligni, Abruzzo, Central Italy - 17th-20th June 2014

Table 2. Results of diagnostic investigations on aborted fetuses*

* Laboratory investigations for Brucella spp., Chlamydia spp., Campylobacter, Bluetongue virus, Schmallenberg virus all proved to be negative.

SpeciesNumber of

aborted foetusesPositive for

Coxiella burnetiiPositive for

Salmonella abortus ovisPositive for

Salmonella spp

Sheep 7 0 2 1

Goat 3 3 0 0

Total 10 3 2 1

Table 1. Serological results.

Test sampled positive prevalence sampled positive prevalence sampled positive prevalence

CFTCoxiella burnetii

72 0 0% 672 37 5.5% 30 2 6.7%

SATSalmonella abortus ovis

82 0 0% 663 0 0% 30 0 0%

IFAToxoplasma gondii

30 16 53.3% 107 77 72% 10 5 50%

Cattle Sheep Goat

A TARGET TOO BIG: IMMATURE GOLDEN EAGLES ATTACKS TO ADULTS CHAMOIS

Cristiani Gabriele1, Mignone Walter2 and Dino Scaravelli3

1 località Colla Micheri 12/6, 17051 Andora (SV), [email protected], www.flickr.com/photos/gabryx/

2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Val d’Aosta, Sezione di Imperia 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, [email protected]

Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos is one of the most important predator for chamois Rupicapra spp. in Alps and Pyrenees, as quoted by numerous authors, and probably also in the other parts of the species areal. Golden eagles can lift up to 5-6 kg in favorable wind and so direct predation is manly devoted to yearlings and adults are consumed as carrions. Chamois are able to engage defensive behavior especially to protect young. Mother defending offspring against eagles are known in both species and, as examples, in Ovis canadensis, Ovis gmelin, as well as in other ungulates During research on the populations of the chamois inhabits the southern slope of Marittime Alps, two cases were collected of a direct attack to adults chamois.

First sequence was shot the 12/11/2011 when a young eagle try to attack an isolated adult that simply ignore the bird.

In the second case, at 02/11/2013, the chamois respond to the attack with defensive posture and jump, showing horns, to the flying bird that leave the fight.

We suppose that during the first part of its life the eagle have to try to find way to refine attack sequences and identify the suitable targets. Also the behavior to trail big prey into gorges and later scavenge on them can be considered and the sequences taken in photos can be parts of the training for the young eagle.

ATYPICAL COLORATION IN A SOUTH WESTERN ALPS CHAMOIS

Cristiani Gabriele1, Mignone Walter2 and Dino Scaravelli3

1 località Colla Micheri 12/6, 17051 Andora (SV), [email protected], www.flickr.com/photos/gabryx/ 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Val d’Aosta, Sezione di Imperia 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, [email protected]

In the Rupicapra genus is remarkable how the color pattern is common among the species and subspecies with the know differences in winter and summer appearance. Variation in color and lengths of hairs are recognized as adaptation to seasonal changes as well as in many other ungulates. Here we present a case of leucism in Rupicapra rupicapra living in the southern slope of the Marittime Alps, at the top of Imperia Province. Leucism is a phenotype with a defects in pigment cell presence in the skin and hairs, or feathers during the development. In this individuals the results is a partial or total lack of color on the body surface. The cases differ from Albino where no melanin is present at all as quoted by the red eyes in contrast with commonly colored iris in the leucistic specimens.

The specimen live within its family group of 3-4 chamois were where first sighted in 2011. It’s the only one of the group with color variation. During the winter the group move to lower altitude with the other chamois of the area and no negative or particular interactions were noted. After a short period of thinness during last winter, now is fully recovered and moved to the tops of the pastures.

All the observation do not shows any negative impact of the leucist coloration and future observation will try to study the interactions of the specimen in the groups.

Retrospective serological investigation

on some threatening infectious agents

in Apennine chamois (Rupicapra

pyrenaica ornata).Alessia Di Blasioa, Maria Luisa Marenzonia, Daria Di Sabatinob, Armando Giovanninib , Roberta Latinic , Leonardo Gentile c

aDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy, b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy

c Parco Nazionale d’Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise, Via S. Lucia, 67032 Pescasseroli, AQ, Italy

Introduction

Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) is a geographically isolated subspecies of Pyrenean chamois currently living only in limited areas of Central

Italy. It is at present included in the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 2013) and considered a vulnerable species. Low

genetic diversity, the impact of human activities, illegal hunting, straying, and trophic and spatial competition with other ungulates, like red deer and livestock,

have generated this situation. Hunting of this species is prohibited. To date, four distinct populations of Apennine chamois exist. Chamois at the National Park

of Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise (PNALM, n=518 chamois registered in the 2009 census), represent the historical nucleus. After recent translocations, they were

reintroduced at the Majella National Park (n=more than 1000 chamois in 2012), the National Park of Gran Sasso-Monti della Laga (n= 450 in 2012) and the

National park of Monti Sibillini (Raganella Pelliccioni et al. 2013). An extension of the territory available for this species of chamois is needed to increase the

population, but this aspect foresees a strict monitoring of the population, including infectious diseases to avoid dangerous outbreaks in this limited population

because translocation of wildlife for conservation is considered a risk of disease introduction (Hartley and Lysons 2001). It is very important to know if they host

pathogens or if they are naïve for other pathogens, considering they often share grazing with other ungulates. However, the collection of samples is possible

only when animals must be captured to move or manage them and so data of infectious diseases in this species are very limited.

Aim of the study

The aim of the present study was to carry out a serological retrospective survey on a sample of Apennine chamois from PNALM, captured for their handling

and care, to investigate the presence of 8 of the main pathogens, which could be a possible threat for this small and isolated population of Apennine chamois

because of their pathogenic role or their constant presence in wild and domestic animals.

Materials and methods

Serum samples were obtained from 120 anaesthetized Apennine chamois, during

the routine marking or introduction operations carried out from 1990 to 2008 at the

PNALM. Chamois were not necessarily captured each year. A clinical examination

was performed at the time of capture. During this period the number of animals in

the population ranged from 388 to 614 and it was annually determined by census.

Seventy-nine samples were from free-ranging chamois, living in contact with wild

and domestic animals, while the other 41 were collected from chamois kept in

captivity in four distinct areas. Based on the necessities of the handling of chamois

inside the park, the annual samples ranged from 1 to 21 (mean 12; median 12,5).

Serum samples were stored at – 20 °C until use.

Detection of antibodies against pestiviruses, Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus (PI-3),

Bluetongue virus (BTV), Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), Brucella spp.,

Chlamydophila spp., Coxiella burnetti and Leptospira spp. was carried out. For each

infection, the most reliable serological test indicated by the World Organization for

Animal Health (OIE) or a routine screening test was chosen and performed as

indicated by the OIE Terrestrial Manual (OIE 2013).

The number of the annually sampled chamois out of the overall population of

chamois at PNALM was used, when possible, to detect the presence of infection, to

estimate the maximum prevalence of infection (if all samples were negative) or to

estimate the expected seroprevalence with the corresponding 95% confidence

interval (CI) (if positive results were present). For this analysis specific tables for

sample size (Thrusfield 2005) were used.

Results

All captured chamois were in good clinical

conditions.

Serums were negative for PI-3, BTV,

BHV-1, Brucella spp., Chlamydophila

spp., Coxiella burnetti and Leptospira

spp. The small sample size obtained in

different years allowed to exclude only

the presence of infections with a

prevalence of 15% when 21 chamois

were sampled, while in the other years

when only 1 or 2 sampled chamois were

investigated, this estimation was not

possible.

Three animals (2 females and 1 male)

kept in captivity were positive at low titers

(1:4 and 1:8) for pestiviruses antibodies

during the year 1992 (seroprevalence

42,86%, 95% CI: 30-60%) and 5 free-

ranging (3 males and 2 females,

seroprevalence 65,2%, 95% CI: 35.13-

84.2%) with titers ranging from 1: 2 to

1:64 during 2008.

Discussion

The good sanitary condition of the captured animals and the results negative

to PI-3, BTV, BHV-1, Brucella spp., Chlamydophila spp., Coxiella burnetti

and Leptospira spp. antibodies excluded the presence of these pathogens in

the population. On the other hand, the population resulted free of these

etiological agents at the time of the sampling and maybe naïve and this

increased the risk of outbreak, especially in a population designated to

traslocations for reintroduction.

The serological positivity to pestivirus confirmed the viral circulation, although

its pathogenic role in this population should be further defined. Unfortunately,

in the present study pestiviruses were not characterized. Considering the

demonstrated extensive interspecies transmission for pestivirus, the

adaptability of the virus and the detection of the infection in Pyrenean

chamois 11 years before the first outbreak of disease (Gortazar et al. 2007;

Marco et al. 2011), the pestivirus infection should be regularly monitored,

especially after reports of recent outbreaks of the specific pestivirus, the

Border Disease virus (BDV), which infected Pyrenean chamois (Marco et al.

2011; Fernández-Sirera et al. 2012a; Fernández-Sirera et al. 2012b) and the

presence of risk factors, like the sharing of grazing with other domestic and

wild ungulates (Raganella Pelliccioni et al. 2013).

The present study focused on the difficulties in obtaining a good sample size

to estimate the infectious status and to monitor the risk of outbreak in a small

and isolated population, like the Apennine chamois. The problem with a small

sample size is the reduced probability of detecting infections leading to its

late discovery. Another relevant problem that makes difficult the

interpretation of the results is the use of diagnostic tests not validated for

wildlife species that could cause not accurate data, resulting in sensitivity

and specificity that are different from those obtained for domestic animals for

which the tests were originally created (Artois 2001; Hartley and Lysons

2011). To control infection it could be better to collect at least 5 or 11

samples/year that are able to detect infections with a seroprevalence

respectively 50% or 25%, that are those frequent in the majority of infectious

diseases and generally it is rare that only a few animals are infected,

especially in a naïve population. The same sample size is required to find at

least one positive case in the population (Thrusfield 2005). Considering

these results and the difficulties in collecting samples from this specific

population, the sampling should be improved to obtain a better monitoring

and representativeness of the sanitary status of the population of Apennine

chamois in the Park. A disease screening before release could be useful to

reduce the risk of disease introduction (Hartley and Lysons 2011). Collection

of samples from any animal of the Apennine chamois is precious for its

genetic and biological value, however to monitor infectious diseases a

minimum number of samples is needed to estimate the presence of infection

in the population and a specific planning of sampling for infectious diseases

for year and area should be foreseen.

RED DEER AND APENNINE CHAMOIS:A DIFFICULT COEXISTENCE

Francesco Ferretti1,*, Marcello Corazza2, Isabelle Minder1 , Ilaria Campana1 , Venusta Pietrocini1 , Claudia Brunetti1 , Davide Scornavacca1, Natalia Troiani2 ,Carlo Ferrari 2 & Sandro Lovari1

1Research Unit of Behavoural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management, Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Siena. Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.2Dept. of Evolutioary Biology, University of Bologna. Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy.

* e-mail: [email protected].

BACKGROUND and AIMSInformation is scarce on mechanisms of competition between wild ungulate species. Since the early 2000s, a c. 50% decline in abundance of Apennine chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata has occurred in the core area of their distribution range, in Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise Nat. Park (ALMNP), because of a great winter mortality of kids, whereas numbers of red deer Cervus elaphus (reintroduced in 1972-1987) have greatly increased (1; 2).The potential competition between deer and chamois was evaluated in terms of (i) grassland changes in respect to the time when deer were absent (3); (ii) effects of ecological overlap of these ungulates on quality of grassland and foraging efficiency of nursing female chamois.

Study areas: Fig. 1.

Study period: July-early November 2010-2013.

We assessed:

Area A Area B Area C

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

N BI

TES

TO G

RASS

/ M

IN

Feeding intensity

10

15

20

% C

OVER

Trampling increaseJuly - October

RESULTS

• PASTURE COMPOSITION/QUALITY (veg. surveys; GLMs)

• DIET OVERLAP OF DEER AND CHAMOIS (micro-histological analyses of pellets)

• EFFECTS OF DEER DENSITY ON PASTURE (veg. surveys; GLMMs)

• CHAMOIS FORAGING EFFICIENCY (behavioural observations and GLMMs)

2010-2011) AREA A: GRASSLAND CHANGES AND DEER/CHAMOIS OVERLAP (1)

2012-2013) AREAS A-B-C: EFFECTS OF DEER ON:

Fig. 1 Study areas:

AREA A: Val di Rose (c. 30 ha, 1700-2000 m a.s.l.) high deer densityAREA B: Mt. Amaro (c. 18 ha, 1700-1800 m a.s.l.) medium deer densityAREA C: Mt. Meta (c. 30 ha, 2000-2243 m a.s.l.) red deer absent

With respect to 1982-1984 (3):

• signif. decrease of 11 out of 12 most grazed species by chamois in the 1980’s (freq. occurrence and/or cover);

• signif. sharp increase of unpalatable species (frequency/cover).

Seasonal diet overlap (Pianka index): always > 0.85.

Deer pellet groups in 76-88% plots, seasonally used by chamois.

Fig. 2 Trampling cover (n =568 surveys; 71 plots) was signif.greater in Areas A-B than in C (no-deer area).

AREA A AREA B AREA C

01234567


N ST

EPS /

MIN

Food searching

02468

101214


% V

OLU

ME

Leguminosae in diet

SUMMER AUTUMN

0

5

10


CONCLUSIONSMother’s condition and availability of high-quality forage in the warm season influence early growth and winter survival of offspring (e.g. 4; 5; 6).

Grazing/trampling by red deer affected food availability, diet quality and foraging efficiency of nursing female chamois. In turn, winter survival of chamois kids would be affected, leading to negative effects on pop. structure and dynamics (1; 2).

The reintroduction of a non-threatened species - potentially competing with a threatened one - may not be always advisable.

REFERENCES

1. Lovari S, Ferretti F, Corazza M, Minder I, Troiani N, Ferrari C, Saddi S (in press). Anim Conserv. 2. Latini R, Gentile L, Asprea A, Pagliaroli D, Argenio A, Di Pirro V (2011). ALMNP Agency, unpublished report. 3. Ferrari C, Rossi G, Cavani C. (1988). Z Säugetierkd. 53:170-177.4. Clutton-Brock TH, Albon SD, Guinness FE (1986) Anim Behav 34:460-471.5. Côté SD, Festa-Bianchet M (2001). Oecologia127:230-238.6. Pettorelli N, Pelletier F, von Hardenberg A, Festa-Bianchet M, Côté SD (2007). Ecology. 88:381–390.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFunding: Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise Nat. Park Agency (ALMNP), integrated by LIFE 09NAT/IT/000183 COORNATA;Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN project n. 2010P7LFW4).We are grateful to G. Rossi, D. Febbo; ALMNP personnel; A. Saddi for help with data collection.

Fig. 3 In each season/veg. type (n=1130 obs. bouts, 10 min/bout):

• feeding intensity of female chamois signif. thegreatest in Area C (no deer);

• food searching rate signif. the greatest in Area A(highest deer density).

Fig. 4 The volume of Leguminosae (the best food items for chamois) in diet (n = 43-45 pellets/season):

• did not vary seasonally in Area C (no deer);

• decreased significantly from summer to autumn in Areas A-B.

LAZY GLUTTON MALES, WISE PICKY FEMALES:THE FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF APENNINE CHAMOIS

Francesco Ferretti1,*, Alessia Costa1, Marcello Corazza2, Gloria Cesaretti 1 & Sandro Lovari1

1Research Unit of Behavoural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management, Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Siena. Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.2Dept. of Evolutioary Biology, University of Bologna. Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy.

* e-mail: [email protected].

In dimorphic ungulates, females are usually more selective foragers, show greater bite rates and spend more time foraging than males (e.g. 1; 2; 3;

but see 4). This pattern could be explained through (i) body size-related differences of metabolic rates, (ii) energy requirements determined byreproduction. Chamois Rupicapra spp. show a sexual size dimorphism (SSD) limited only to several months before and during the rut (5; 6). Thus,in summer-early autumn, females and males should have comparable, great energy requirements: the former must gain weight before rut, thelatter nurse their offspring. We evaluated sexual differences of foraging behaviour in Apennine chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata (7).If sexual differences of foraging behaviour depend on SSD, we expect that, in summer-autumn, female chamois (a) show greater bite and steprates, (b) spend more time feeding, (c) select higher-quality food patches than males.

BACKGROUND and AIMS


RESULTS

(a) BITE RATE / STEP RATE

The bite rate was signif. greater in males thanin females; the step rate showed the oppositepattern.

(b) SELECTION OF VEGETATION

Both sexes selected nutritious patches (veg.with Trifolium thalii), with no signif. sexualdifferences.

(c) ACTIVITY BUDGET

The two sexes spent a comparableamount of time feeding.Males lay down a longer time thanfemales.

Study area: upper Val di Rose (Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise Nat. Park, c. 1700-2000 m a.s.l., right) and its location in Italy (left).


We assessed:• BITE RATE / STEP RATE (behavioural observations and GLMMs)

• SELECTION OF VEGETATION (behavioural observations and GLMMs)

• ACTIVITY BUDGET (behavioural observations and G-tests)

CONCLUSIONS(1) In summer-autumn, both sexes met their energy requirements by selecting nutritious (clover) patches, with different tactics:

MALES lower selectivity, faster intake; FEMALES greater selectivity, slower intake.(2) Not only body size-related energy requirements, but especially those related to life history strategies and reproductive costs play an

important role in determining sexual differences of foraging behaviour.(3) Great food intake rate of males, in the warm season behavioural adaptation leading to evolutionary transition from year round

monomorphism to permanent dimorphism, through seasonal-dimorphism?

REFERENCES

1. Gross JE, Demment MW, Alkon PU, Kotzman M (1995). Funct Ecol 9:385-393. 2. Ruckstuhl KE (1998) Anim Behav 56:99-106. 3. Ruckstuhl KE, Festa-Bianchet M, Jorgenson JT (2003) Behav Ecol Sociobiol 54:167-173. 4. Pérez-Barbería FJ, Robertson E, Soriguer R, Aldezabal A, Mendizabal M, Pérez-Fernández E (2007). Ecol Monogr 77:631-647.5. Garel M, Loison A, Jullien JM, Dubray D, Maillard D, Gaillard JM (2009) J Mammal 90:954-960.6. Rughetti M, Festa-Bianchet M (2011) J Zool 284:257-264. 7. Ferretti F, Costa A, Corazza M, Pietrocini V, Cesaretti G, Lovari S (in press). Behav Ecol Sociobiol.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFunding: Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise Nat. Park Agency (ALMNP); Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN projectn. 2010P7LFW4). We are grateful to G. Rossi, D. Febbo; ALMNP personnel; V. Pietrocini, A. Saddi, N. Troiani for helpwith data collection; C. Ferrari for supervising vegetation analyses; L. Corlatti, J. Pérez-Barberìa and K. Ruckstuhl forcomments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area Our study area was five protected areas in Central Apennine. 1. Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (PNALM): n. 49.680 hectares; 2. Majella National Park (PNM): n. 74.095; 3. Gran Sasso and Mountain of Laga National Park (PNGSL): n. 148.935

hectares; 4. Sirente-Velino Regional Park (PRSV): n. 54.361 hectares; 5. Sibillini Mountain National Park (PNMS): n. 71.437 hectares.

Serosurvey for selected pathogens in sheep and cattle in the areas of presence of the Apennine Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) in five protected area in Central

Apennine in Italy

L. Gentile1, G. Cotturone2, U. Di Nicola3, F. Morandi4, S. Angelucci5, M. Innocenti3,5, V. Di Pirro1, A. Argenio1, E. Carosi1, R. Latini1, S. Gavaudan6, F. Barchiesi6, P. Morini2, F. Striglioni3, A. Rossetti4, M. Scacchia7, M. Tittarelli7

1Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park, 2Sirente-Velino Regional Park, 3Gran Sasso and Mountain of Laga National Park, 4Sibillini Mountain National Park, 5Majella National Park, 6IZS Umbria and Marche, 7IZS Abruzzo and Molise “G. Caporale”.

INTRODUCTION From 2011 to 2014, during the Life + Coornata Project, in the activities related to the action C.6, antibody seroprevalence in n. 2.998 cattle and n. 14.668 sheep and goats were investigated in five protected area in Central Apennine in Italy: “Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park”, “Majella National Park”, “Gran Sasso and Mountain of Laga National Park”, “Sibillini Mountain National Park” and “Sirente-Velino Regional Park”, where the population of Appennine Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) are expanding and increasingly in contact with livestock.

REFERENCES. •M. Travnicek, D. Kovacova, P. Zubricky, L. CislaKova, Serosurvey of sheep and goats to Chlamydia psittaci in Slovakia during the yers 1996-2000, Vet. Med. – Czech, 46, 2001 (11–12): 281–285. •Maria Silvia Gennero, Stefania Bergagna, Marco Pasino, Antonio Barbaro, Angelo Romano, Anna Trisciuoglio and Ezio Ferroglio, Neospora caninum serological survey in cattle from the Piedmont Region (northwestern Italy), Epidémiol. et santé anim., 2007, 51, 65-68. •Ntafis, V., Xylouri, E., Diakou, A., Sotirakoglou, K., Kritikos, I., Georgakilas, E. and Menegatos, I., Serological survey of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii in organic sheep and goat farms in Greece, ISAH-2007 Tartu, Estonia. •By M. Lundervold, E.J. Milner-Gulland, C.J. O'Callaghan, C. Hamblin, A. Corteyn4 and A.P. Macmillan, A Serological Survey of Ruminant Livestock in Kazakhstan During Post-Soviet Transitions in Farming and Disease Control, Acta vet. scand. 2004, 45, 211-224. •L.F. Pita Gondim, H.V. Barbosa Jr., C.H.A. Ribeiro Filho, H. Saeki, Serological survey of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in goats, sheep, cattle and water buffaloes in Bahia State, Brazil, Veterinary Parasitology 82 (1999) 273–276. •Francisco Ruiz-Fons, Ianire Astobiza, Jesús F Barandika, Ana Hurtado, Raquel Atxaerandio, Ramón A Juste, Ana L García-Pérez, Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in domestic ruminants in semi-extensive grazing systems, Ruiz-Fons et al. BMC Veterinary Research 2010, 6:3. •By M. Lundervold, E.J. Milner-Gulland, C.J. O'Callaghan, C. Hamblin, A. Corteyn and A.P. Macmillan, A Serological Survey of Ruminant Livestock in Kazakhstan During Post-Soviet Transitions in Farming and Disease Control, Acta vet. scand. 2004, 45, 211-224. •Eva Aisser Botres Ajaj, Maab. I. AL- Farwachi, Serosurvey of Leptospira interrogans Serovars hardjo and pomona in Cattle in Nineveh Province, Iraq, Animal Health Prod and Hyg (2013) 2(1) : 156 – 158. •V. Fridriksdóttir, L. L. Nesse and R. Gudding, Seroepidemiological studies of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in sheep in Norway, J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992, 30(5):1271. •Ana C. Coelho, Maria L. Pinto, Adosinda M. Coelho, Alfredo Aires and Jorge Rodrigues, A seroepidemiological survey of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in sheep from North of Portugal, Pesq. Vet. Bras. 30(11):903-908, novembro 2010.

CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting prevalence and risk factors associated with certain infectious agents in the areas of presence of apennine chamois. Moreover, our results suggest to continue and study in deep epidemiology of some diseases in the areas of presence and spread of apennine chamois, not only throughout a serological monitoring but also by research directed to the agents in particular in ewes and cows after parturition and/or abortion.

RESULTS The Serologic prevalence against different pathogens in the areas of presence of the apennine chamois, are summarized in the graphics n. 1 (in sheep and goats) and n. 2 (in cattle).

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

GRAPHIC n. 1 - Serologic prevalence of selected infectious diseases in sheep and goats

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

80,00%

90,00%

GRAPHIC n. 2 - Serologic prevalence of selected infectious diseases in cattle

The number of positive sera of selected infectious diseases in sheep and goats against different pathogens for only protected areas, are summarized the followed graphics.

The number of positive sera of selected infectious diseases in cattle against different pathogens for only protected areas, are summarized the followed graphics.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in sheep and goats in PNGSL

Sera

Animal sampling We investigated antibody seroprevalence against: Neospora caninum (n. 595 sera samples), Chlamydia psittaci ovis (n. 4.095), Coxiella burnetii (n. 1.596), Salmonella abortus ovis (n. 3.889), Toxoplasma (n. 1.722), Border disease (n. 2.544), Mycoplasma agalactiae (n. 2.071), Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (n. 1.893), Borrelia spp. (n. 487), Contagious Ecthyma (n. 145), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (n. 715), Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (n. 245), Parainfluenza virus type 3 (n. 67), Anaplasma phagocitophila (n. 44), and Leptospira spp. (n. 31).

0 200 400 600 800

1000 1200 1400

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in sheep and goats in PNALM

Sera

Positive sera 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in sheep and goats in PRSV

Sera

Positive sera 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in sheep and goats in PNMS

Sera

Positive sera 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in sheep and goats in PNM

Sera

Positive sera

0 50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in cattle in PNGSL

Sera

Positive sera 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in cattle in PNALM

Sera

Positive sera 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in cattle in PRSV

Sera

Positive sera

0 20 40 60 80

100 120 140

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in cattle in

PNMS

Sera

Positive sera

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14

Positive sera of selected infectious diseases in cattle in PNM

Sera

Positive sera

ParameterParameter MK (mean MK (mean ± sd)± sd) XK (mean XK (mean ± sd)± sd) Mann-Whitney U testMann-Whitney U test

IT prior 2006IT prior 2006 6.8 ± 1.46.8 ± 1.4 7.0 ± 3.07.0 ± 3.0 n.s.n.s.

IT after 2006IT after 2006 4.9 ± 1.94.9 ± 1.9 12.9 ± 10.312.9 ± 10.3 U = 124.5, P < 0.05U = 124.5, P < 0.05

RTRT 2.8 2.8 ± 2.8± 2.8 2.6 2.6 ± 3.8± 3.8 n.s.n.s.

HRHR 51.2 ± 8.451.2 ± 8.4 55.9 ± 15.055.9 ± 15.0 n.s.n.s.

RRRR 69.9 ± 18.869.9 ± 18.8 66.3 ± 23.466.3 ± 23.4 n.sn.s

The effects of pulmonary deficiencies on a vulnerable Apennine Chamois

population require a cautionary immobilization protocol

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Gentile L., Asprea A., Pagliaroli D., Argenio A., Di Pirro V. & Latini R.Servizio Scientifico e Veterinario del Parco Nazionale d’Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise

According to our results, we recommend the use of According to our results, we recommend the use of MK protocol,MK protocol, since it since it

yields a minor induction time, thus allowing to get quicker immobilization;yields a minor induction time, thus allowing to get quicker immobilization;

would also allow the measures required to be started sooner, thus minimizing would also allow the measures required to be started sooner, thus minimizing

the respiratory problems that may occur during the anesthesia;the respiratory problems that may occur during the anesthesia;

seems to be more effective to obtain a deeper anesthesia because of the seems to be more effective to obtain a deeper anesthesia because of the

higher regularity of some anesthesiological parameters (RR in particular).higher regularity of some anesthesiological parameters (RR in particular).


Lama dei Peligni (AQ) - June, 17-19, 2014LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183 Development of coordinated protection measures for

Apennine Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) – COORNATA

Acknolowdgements

We are grateful to D. Russo

for helping us with English.

Endemic subspecies which survives in some

massifs of Central Italy;

IUCN conservation status down-ranked from

Endangered to Vulnerable;

major threats still occurring and associated

with:

limited population size;

limited number of subpopulations;

low genetic variation;

competition with other ungulates.

The Apennine chamois found in the Abruzzo,

Lazio and Molise National Park constitutes the

last remaining autochthonous population and it

has an especially high conservation value.

The Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata)

MATERIAL AND METHODSMATERIAL AND METHODS

104 chamois immobilizations since 1990:

83 using Xilazine-Ketamine (XK);

21 using Medetomidine-Ketamine (MK).

Before 2006, XK was used 57 times and MK 11; since

2006, XK was used 26 times and MK 10 times.

The parameters considered were the following:

induction time (IT, in minutes);

recovery time (RT, in minutes);

age, sex and weight of the animal;

dosage (mg) of first drug injection;

heart rate (HR);

respiratory rate (RR);

first rectal temperature recorded after recovery (T).

About 550 Km2;

rich community of wild ungulates (red deer Cervus

elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, wild boar

Sus scrofa, other than Apennine chamois);

broad presence of domestic livestock (3057 cows,

2191 goats, 7400 sheep and several horses).

Apennine Chamois were captured in two of the most

representative areas of the PNALM: Val di Rose and

La Meta.

STUDY AREA: Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (PNALM)

Val di RoseVal di Rose La MetaLa Meta

Since 2005-2006, the PNALM population has shown:Since 2005-2006, the PNALM population has shown:

decreasingdecreasing growth rate ( growth rate (λ)λ)((running average, s.d. <> 0.13-0.33)running average, s.d. <> 0.13-0.33)

decreasing kids' decreasing kids' survival ratesurvival rate in the first year in the first year((running average, s.d. <> 0.15-0.30)running average, s.d. <> 0.15-0.30)

high level of parasites,high level of parasites,

mostly pulmonar strongylesmostly pulmonar strongyles

Strongyles occurrence significantly higher Strongyles occurrence significantly higher

than that previously recorded (than that previously recorded (χχ22, P < 0.001), P < 0.001)..

In addition:In addition:

afterafter over twenty years with no mortality

during capture operations, in 2006 two

individuals died on the same day;

in 2008 and 2009 another two individuals in 2008 and 2009 another two individuals

died during anesthesia;died during anesthesia;

84.2% of 17 chamois retrieved between 84.2% of 17 chamois retrieved between

2010 and 2013, including 3 juveniles, had 2010 and 2013, including 3 juveniles, had

poor pulmonary conditions caused by poor pulmonary conditions caused by

high infestation of strongyles.high infestation of strongyles.

CClinical conditions, linical conditions, broadly occurring in the PNALM broadly occurring in the PNALM

population,population, that: that:

cannot be predicted from a visual assessment of cannot be predicted from a visual assessment of

the subject’s external conditions;the subject’s external conditions;

represent a potential risk in case of immobilization represent a potential risk in case of immobilization

and manipulation. and manipulation.

Possible density-dependent processes caused by Possible density-dependent processes caused by

several factors (e.g. high intraspecific local-density, several factors (e.g. high intraspecific local-density,

reduced carrying capacity due to changes in reduced carrying capacity due to changes in

production and species diversity, and to production and species diversity, and to

interspecific competition for grazing pastures).interspecific competition for grazing pastures).

Which of the two protocols usually applied by PNALM staffWhich of the two protocols usually applied by PNALM staff is more appropriate to is more appropriate to

reduce the risks for the animals?reduce the risks for the animals?

Two periods: 1990-2005 and 2006-2013.Two periods: 1990-2005 and 2006-2013.

Study made within the ongoing project LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183 “Coornata”. Study made within the ongoing project LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183 “Coornata”.

AIM AIM →→ Xilazine-Ketamine Xilazine-Ketamine (XK) or Medetomidine-Ketamine (MK)?(XK) or Medetomidine-Ketamine (MK)?

No correlation between induction time and injection No correlation between induction time and injection

site for both the protocols. site for both the protocols.

No correlation with body weight, sex, age and first No correlation with body weight, sex, age and first

dosage dosage →→ all data were treated together. all data were treated together.

None of the mortality events occurred (3 for each None of the mortality events occurred (3 for each

protocol) was related to a specific anesthesiological protocol) was related to a specific anesthesiological

aspect.aspect.

HR and T did not correlate with the time since HR and T did not correlate with the time since

immobilization for both the protocols.immobilization for both the protocols.

RESULTSRESULTS

RRRR showed a showed a significant negative correlation significant negative correlation with the time since immobilizationwith the time since immobilization for for

both protocols, but the relationship both protocols, but the relationship for MK was strongerfor MK was stronger (r = -0.47 vs. r = -0.28, P < (r = -0.47 vs. r = -0.28, P <

0.05). 0.05). →→ A less variable decreasing RR is usually associated with a deep anesthesia A less variable decreasing RR is usually associated with a deep anesthesia

and consequent decreasing stress level or adaptation to stress. and consequent decreasing stress level or adaptation to stress.

1)1)

2)2)

(N = 60) (N = 138) (N = 405)

Table I. Main parameters of catches in Somiedo Natural Park, during the years 2007-2012.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project was inspired by the Regional Government of the Principado de Asturias, and funded by an EU project LEADER de la Montaña Central de Asturias. It was also supported by the hunting societies of Morcín, Quirós, Lena and the Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, sponsored by private funders as Repsol, Gas Natural, BWM and TRAGSEGA.Field work collaborators: Valentín Morán, Sergio Solano, Laureano Prieto, Javier Antuña, Marco García Gala, Alfonso González, Raúl Ríos, Jorge Martí, Álvaro Oleaga, Miguel Prieto, Ana Balseiro, Alberto Spi, Rafael Alba, JoséLuis García, José Armenteros, the park rangers of the Principado de Asturias and many others.

Pablo González-Quirós*Jaime Marcos**

Óscar Rodríguez***Carlos Nores****

*Consultora BIOGESTION. Cimadevilla 15, Esc. B-2º D; 33003-Oviedo (Spain)** Dirección General de Recursos Naturales del Principado de Asturias; 33071-Oviedo (Spain)

***IREC Universidad de Castilla La Mancha; 13071-Ciudad Real (Spain)****INDUROT Universidad de Oviedo. Campus de Mieres; 33600-Mieres (Spain)

Study area

The Aramo Mountain Range is a protected natural area (Protected Landscape), close to the Cantabrian chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica parva core area in the Cantabrian mountain range, where the chamois was present up the beginning of the XXth

century

Calcareous massif of 54,000 ha (6.000 ha of suitable habitat) a maximum altitude of 1,786 m and steep rocky slopes. (Fig. 1)

THE REINTRODUCTION

Planning (2004)

• Extinction historical study (2003): Where, when & why? The probable date of extinction was first decades of the XXth century due to overhunting (Fig. 2)

• Habitat quality (2003): Where & how much? Matching suitability and availability (Fig. 3)

• Captures (2004): Where & how many? Somiedo Natural Park (25-30 km; <2800 chamois) ≥75 individuals, netting was done from September to March

Executing (2007-2012)

• Capture device: What & how? Vertical nets were placed in forest edges (300-500 m long) 7-10 handlers (every 50 m), 6-8 beaters, 3-5 blockers (mean 2.4 captures/day) (Fig. 4 A)

• Animal welfare: What? Chamois were released in the capture site if > 6 specimens were caught (8 individuals), immobilization, blinding, anesthetising, sanitary control, backpacking on foot (30-40 min.) (Fig. 4 B), individual transport boxes (100x36x76 cm) (Fig. 4 C) by car. No particular diseases

• Mortality: When, why & how many? During the captures 4.2%, 12.5% after the release (first weeks)

Catch area Year Month No. daysNo.

peoplenet

No.beaters

Chamois catch

(ind./day)

Sex-ratio

Mortality catch

%

Mortality post release

%

PARQUE NATURAL

DESOMIEDO

2007

2008

Sept.-

March13

7.3+

1.3

10.6+

3.2

34(2.6) 1: 2.3 2.9

(1M)11.8

(1M+3F)

2008Sept.

-Oct.

57.0+

0.6

12.4+

1.1

15(3.0) 1: 2.0 0 8.3

(1F)

2009Sept.

-Oct.

37.0+

2.2

13.7+

4.0

10(3.3) 1: 5.0 10.0

(1M)20.0(2F)

2010Sept.

-Dec.

68.1+

1.2

14.1+

3.8

16(2.7) 1: 1.0 6.3

(1F)12.5

(1M+1F)

2011 2012

Sept.-

March14

8.5+

1.2

14.5+

3.7

25(2.4) 1: 1.1 4.0

(1M)16.0

(1M+2H)

TOTAL 41 7.6 13.1(mean)

100(2.4) 1: 1.8 4 13

FIGURE 2.- Present range of chamois in the Cantabrian mountain range. Dots show historical records during XIXth century. The Aramo area is shown in the circle and the translocation is indicated with an arrow.

Monitoring of a reintroduced population of Cantabrian Chamois in the Aramo Mountain Range (North of

Spain)

FIGURE 4.- Three stages of handling animals: (A) Capture device; (B) transporting and (C) releasing.

FIGURE 7.- Movements of three GPS radio-tagged chamois during 2009 (from 23/04-07/05). Red and yellow dots are fixes of two females. The blue ones belong to a male.

FIGURA 6- Released chamois with a conventional radio tracking collar and an ear tag.

FIGURE 3.- Four types of habitat suitability models. The Aramo area is shown within the ellipse.

Release

• Release sites: Where? Three different sites. West, East and South (3-4 km) (21+42+12 individuals)

• Age structure: What? Age and sex structure was similar to that of the source population (Fig. 5)

• Tagging: How & how many? Ear tags (all); encoded colour collars (adults >2 years); radio-tracking emitters (7 VHF, 9 GPS/GSM) (Fig. 6)

Monitoring

• Materials: What? GPS collars gave 1,500-8,500 fixes/year, visual monitoring 3-4 day/week (Fig. 7)

• Habitat: Where? Using mainly areas >50% slope

• Spreading: How many & how far? 9 individuals > 7 km; 3 returned to the capture area (17-22 km away) (Fig. 8)

• Demography: How…? Mean natality 0.22; mean mortality+emigration (observed emigration 2-3 ind./year [Fig. 6] ) 0.115; λ (considering only no released animals) 1,46

FIGURE 1.- The top of the Aramo Mountain Range covered with snow shows its best habitat for chamois.

individuals 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Released 21 16 8 14 13 3 0

Total 19 40 55 78 115 140 163

Young 0 6 11 13 31 39 41

Natality 0.15 0.20 0.17 0.27 0.28 0.25

Mortality+emigration 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.15 0.13

λt+1/t 1.25 1.38 1.42 1.47 1.22 1,16

FIGURE 8- Longest dispersions from the releasing sites outside the study area. Blue stars and lilac dots belong to two chamois that returned to their original locations.

A B

C

FIGURE 5.- Population structure (sex and age) of released chamois.

♂♂ ♀♀

Age

(ye

ars)

Table II. Population trend and demographic parameters of the reintroduction 2007-2013.

Luzzago C.1, Ebranati E.2, Lanfranchi P.1, Cabezón O.3,4, Lavín S.3, Rosell R.4, Rossi L.5, Zehender G.2, Marco I.3

1Dept. Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Italy; : [email protected] 2Dept. Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, Italy; 3Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Dept. Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; 4Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; 5 Dept. Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy

BACKGROUND Border disease virus (BDV) (Genus Pestivirus, Family Flaviviridae) affects a wide range of ruminants worldwide, mainly domestic sheep and goat. Since 2001 several outbreaks of disease associated to BDV infection have been described in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in Spain, France and Andorra (fig. 1) (1, 2, 3). These outbreaks have decimated several Pyrenean chamois populations, with mortalities ranging from 40% to 85%. The infection has become endemic in the Central and Eastern Pyrenees. After the severe BDV outbreaks, different epidemiological scenarios have appeared in the Pyrenees, some of which are having a negative impact on host population dynamics (4). AIM The aim was to clarify the origin and dispersion of the Pyrenean chamois BDV genetic variant by reconstructing the spatial and temporal dynamics of BDV 5’ UTR sequences of Pyrenean chamois. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten novel BDV sequences of Pyrenean chamois and 41 retrieved from public databases were analyzed. Sheep BDV sequences (n=43) from Spain and France were also retrieved from public databases. A phylogenetic analysis was performed using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method implemented in the BEAST v.1.74 package (5). Statistical support for specific clades was obtained by calculating the posterior probability of each monophyletic clade. The trees were summarised in a target tree, choosing the tree with the maximum product of posterior probabilities (maximum clade credibility) after a 10% burn-in.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Work funded by the PRIN Grant 2010-11 prot. 2010P7LFW4 “Genomics and host-pathogen interactions: a model study in the One-Health perspective” from the Italian Ministry of Education, Scientific Research and Health.

REFERENCES 1. Marco et al., 2009 .Border Disease Virus among Chamois, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, 448-50; 2. Pioz et al., 2007. Transmission of a pestivirus infection in a population of Pyrenean chamois. Veterinary Microbiology 119, 19–30; 3. Fernandez-Sirera et al., 2012a. Surveillance of BDV in wild ungulates and an outbreak in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in Andorra. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 48, 1021–1029; 4. Fernandez-Sirera et al., 2012b Two Different Epidemiological Scenarios of Border Disease in the Populations of Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica) after the First Disease Outbreaks. PLOSONE 7, e51031; 5.Drummond, A.J., et al., 2012. Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, 1969-1973.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PHYLOGENY OF BORDER DISEASE VIRUS IN PYRENEAN CHAMOIS

Figure 1 Distribution areas of Pyrenean chamois

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The maximum clade credibility tree, summarizing all of the trees obtained during the MCMC (fig. 2), showed a main clade supported by posterior probabilities of 1, corresponding to the Pyrenean chamois phylogenetic group. The chamois clade originated from sheep BDV showing a relatively recent emergence (mean estimate 1992). There were also some significant sub-clades among chamois sequences clustering different geographical areas in Pyrenees. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Pyrenean chamois phylogenetic group originated from sheep BDV genotype 4, generating a founder effect due to intra-species spread and spatial dispersion, still going on such as Western direction.

Figure 2

Eastern Pyrenees Western Pyrenees

Central Pyrenees

POST-RELEASE DISPERSAL DIFFERS BETWEEN WILD

CAUGHT AND CAPTIVE FOUNDERS OF APENNINE CHAMOIS RELEASED INTO NEW AREAS

Sofia Menapace1,2, Simone Alemanno1,2, Anna Bocci1,* & Sandro Lovari1 1 Research Unit of Behavoural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management, Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Siena. Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.

2 Sibillini Mountains National Park. Piazza del forno 1, 62039, Visso (MC), Italy. * e-mail: [email protected]

RESULTS

The success of reintroductions or benign introductions depends on several factors, such as the number of individuals released [1,2], their age and sex [3,4], sanitary status [5], origin (from the wild or from captive-breeding programmes; [6]), number of releases [ 2], habitat suitability [ 7], connectivity between metapopulations [ 8].

We investigated the post-release phase of a conservation introduction of Apennine chamois to an area of the Central Apennines, focusing on sex, age and origin (captive-bred or wild) of 16 translocated individuals (10 females, 6 males) to provide useful information for later releases. Eight of the animals were caught in the wild (Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park), while the others in three fenced wildlife areas.

BACKGROUND and AIMS

CONCLUSIONS A mixed strategy (with wild and captive-bred animals) for reintroductions/benign introductions appears to be a good compromise, maintaining the animals close to the release area and at the same time increasing genetic variability and reducing risks linked to ignorance of local ecological features. We suggest that this mixed strategy may improve the success of releases when taxa are not abundant in the wild.

REFERENCES 1. BECK, B.B., RAPAPORT, L.G., STANLEY PRICE, M.R. & WILSON, A.C. (1994) In Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive

Animals. 2. SALTZ, D. (1998) Animal Conservation, 1, 245–252. 3. KOMERS, P.E. & CURMAN, G.P. (2000) Biological Conservation, 93, 187–193. 4. APOLLONIO, M., BASSANO, B. & MUSTONI, A. (2003) In Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conservation. 5. MATHEWS, F., MORO, D., STRACHAN, R., GELLING, M. & BULLER, N. (2006) Biological Conservation, 131, 338–347. 6. SARRAZIN, F. & LEGENDRE, S. (2000) Conservation Biology, 14, 488–500. 7. OWEN-SMITH, N. (2003) In Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation . 8. FESTA- BIANCHET, M. (2002) Mountain Science Highlight, 1, 13-14.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding: Sibillini Mountains National Park Agency and, from 2010, through the LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183 COORNATA. We are grateful to A. Fermanelli, F. Perco, A. Rossetti, F. Mari, N. Felicetti, and the staff of Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park, Majella National Park and Gran Sasso–Monti Laga National Park, the Italian Army and the Corpo Forestale dello Stato.

(A) Individuals caught in the wild moved significantly more than those from captivity.

(B) Males moved significantly more than females. (C) There were no significant differences between young (females <3

years, males <4 years) and adults.

Study area - Sibillini Mountains National Park. Other populations of the species exist in the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park, Majella National Park and the Gran Sasso massif.

Study period – Sep.2008-2010. In the first 20 weeks after release, we assessed: (1) hourly standardized inter-fix distance (i.e. the linear distance between successive fixes), as a

measure of their mobility (i.e. dispersal behaviour in the new site); (2) maximum distance from the release site; (3) overlap of successive weekly home ranges (minimum convex polygon).

(A) Wild-caught individuals moved significantly further from the release site than those from captivity only during the first week after release.

(B)No significant differences were found between sexes. (C)No significant differences between young and adult animals.

(A) Individuals caught in the wild shifted their home ranges significantly more than those from captivity. No significant differences were found (B) between sexes or (C) between young and adult animals.

MOBILITY

DISTANCE FROM RELEASE SITE

OVERLAP OF WEEKLY HOME RANGES

Introduction The Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) is a subspecies endemic to Central Appenine (Shackleton 1997) listed in Annex II oh the Habitats Directive as priority for conservation. R. p. ornata although earlier in the Holocene ranged from the Sibillini mountains down to the Pollino massif (Masini and Lovari 1988) now it survives only in four small populations: in the Abruzzo National Parks (where is survived) in Majella and Gran Sasso-Monti della Laga National Parks (where was reintroduced in the early 90 's) and in Monti Sibillini National Parks (where the reintroduction has just completed). The Italian action plan for the subspecies proposed five geographically isolated population for conservation purposes and identifies the area of the Sirente Velino to the establishment of a new population (Duprè et al., 2001). Launching a new fifth population in Sirente Velino Natural Park was developed within the framework of the LIFE project COORNATA (LIFE09 NAT/IT/00183) in close collaboration with the other Parks. After preliminary actions (feasibility studies, institution specific area of protection and authorization process) in the period of July-October 2013 was released a first group of Chamois from capture in nature and from captive-breeding enclosure. We present the results of the radiotelemetry monitoring of animals during the first months in new area.

Study area The release area is located on the Massif of Monte Sirente in the Sirente Velino Natural Park established in 1989 (L.R. 54/1989) and extended over 540 kmq. The Sirente Velino Natural Park covers five Nature 2000 sites (ZPS IT7110130, SICIT7110206, SIC IT7110075, SIC IT7110090, SIC IT7110096). In the area are present several species listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive and in Annex I of the Birds Directive: Ursus arctos marsicanus, Canis lupus, Gyps fulvus, Aquila chrysaetos, Falco biarmicus, Vipera ursinii, Rosalia alpina. Sirente Massif (2348 m a.s.l.), oriented Northwest-Southeast, it is characterized by differences in the two mountain slopes: Northeast-facing one is covered by an extensive beech forest and rocky slope is high while the Southwest-facing slope is covered by pastures and grasslands with shrubs and has less slope. The release area is located approx. 1850 m just below the ridge line in the western sector of the Massif. In this area the Natural Park was established a specific area of protection (of understanding with local authorities and stakeholders of about 600 ha) without grazing and with access prohibited.

Methods All individuals released were marked by ear tags and fitted with radiocollars GPS/VHF (Vectronic, Followit). The monitoring was carried out through the control of GPS locations (GPS fixes) sent via the GSM network as well as via the VHF signal. Radiotelemetric monitoring was conducted by applying the monitoring protocol developed by the scientific supervisor of the project (Lovari et al, 2012). Daily was checked survival of individuals by mortality VHF signal or by receiving SMS messages of mortality. The monitoring of movements of individuals was carried out both using GPS locations (scheduled every 2 hours) and by daily VHF fixes. Spatial processing of location data were made using ESRI ArcGIS software. When the weather conditions allow, direct observations have been were carried out (by binoculars and telescopes Swarovski) in order to verify the association between individuals, animal behaviour/activity and control of possible disturbances in the area (dogs, cattle, tourists etc.). Since the aim of this study is the evaluation of dynamic explorative of chamois released in a new area, and we are interested on the overall space explored after releasing more than the area actually used by individuals, we calculated the individual home range based on MCP estimates for the period from the release date to April 30, 2014. The Minimum Convex Polygon method, more sensitive to outliers, seems very suitable to highlight unstable behaviour (Tosi et al., 1996) while MCP is not yet suitable for comparisons between individuals or groups intra-population (Nielsen et al. 2007). It is also calculated the maximum distance travelled from the site of release. With the objective to assess seasonal variations we arranged data, referred to period from release date to April 30, 2014 into bimonthly periods according to Herrero et al. (1996). Analysis of data locations are related to bimonthly periods: Summer (July-August), Autumn (September-October), Rut (November – December), Early winter (January-February) and Late winter (March-April). Average size of individual home range with the MCP are then calculated for each bimonthly period. It was also calculated distribution of total locations for altitudinal ranges between 1400 and 2300 m a.s.l. within intervals of 200 meters in altitude for two periods: from summer to rut period (July-December) and from earl winter to late winter (January-April). With the objective to investigate about the association between individuals and assess the meeting of individual in herds after the release, were used data collected through direct observations sessions.

Release date Name Sex Age (years) Provenance Monitoring days (n°)

17.07.2013 Eva F 8 Nature (Maiella National Park) 288 17.07.2013 Lucy F 9 Nature (Maiella National Park) 11 days (died on 28.07. 2013) 18.07.2013 Rosa F 4 Nature (Maiella National Park ) 287 24.07.2013 Hely F 5 Nature (Maiella National Park ) 281 24.07.2013 Bella F 6 Nature (Maiella National Park) 281 24.07.2013 Berardina F 5-6 Nature (Maiella National Park) 281 24.07.2013 Assunta F 6 Nature (Maiella National Park) 281 19.09.2013 Giuseppe M 2-3 Enclosure (Gran Sasso National Park) 254 24.09.2013 Francesco M 2-3 Enclosure (Gran Sasso National Park) 249 25.10.2013 Vettore M 4 Enclosure (Sibillini National Park) 187

Tab. 1 Apennine chamois released in Sirente Velino Natural Park in 2013 (During May-June 2014 three chamois (1 FJ, 1 MA, 1 MJ) are released from nature (Gran Sasso National Park)

Results Between July and October 2013 were released 10 chamois (Tab. 1). Total data collected during study period are: GPS locations (scheduled every 2 hours), VHF fixes n = 758, direct observations n = 300. An individual (Lucy – adult female) died for predation in the first 10 days since the release, after completing an extensive altitudinal shift of ca 800 mt down from Monte Sirente (ca 1900 m a.s.l.) towards the plain below up to the crest of Ianese Hill (elevation 1100 m a.s.l. ca) crossing about 3 km, then the next day moves close to the town of Rocca di Mezzo (where is documented the presence of a pack of wolves). All other animals have instead made smaller height displacement and attended the mountain ridge of Monte Sirente, mostly above the timberline (Fig. 1). The maximum distance from the release site travelled by different animals is between 1.55 km and 10.23 km and was taken between 2 and 100 days since release (Tab.2). The average size of individual home range into bimonthly periods considered shows a average size of space frequented by several individuals maximum in summer and minimum in late winter.(Fig. 2). The altitude distribution of total locations shows that was frequented by the animals the altitudinal belt between 1600 and 2300 m a.s.l.. during the period from release until 30 April 2014 (only 0.046% of localizations is relative to shares between 1400 m a.s.l. and 1600 m a.s.l.). The distribution of locations in bi-monthly periods considered shows that the quote above 2000 m a.s.l. were mostly frequented among summer and rut period (July – December) while shares of less than 1800 m a.s.l. were primarily frequented between early winter and late winter (January-April) (Fig. 3). Were conducted a total of n = 249.28 hours of observation in n = 216 observation sessions totals. Recorded a total of n = 105 observation sessions positives for a total of n = 300 direct observations made of which n=249 recognized individuals. The association between individuals surveyed showed (Tab. 3) as individuals came together in association. Table 3 shows how while adult females have been observed in association with each other while two chamois (Francesco and Giuseppe, MJ coming from enclosure) have long been associated together but not with others. Only the adult male (also Vettore from enclosure) has been observed in association with adult females.

Name ID Collar Total Home range (MPC)

ha

Maximum distance from release site

(km)

Date of Maximum distance travelled from release site

and days from release

Assunta 12253 1339,25 10,23 12/08/2013 (19 days) Berardina 9569 539,75 7,01 22/09/2013 (29 days)

Vettore 3914 798,29 6,65 25/12/2013 (60 days) Eva 11719 1100,07 9,77 17/08/2013 (31 days)

Rosa 11722 940,58 10,22 12/08/2013 (25 days) Bella 9568 522,00 7,01 22/09/2013 (29 days)

Giuseppe 9583 186,64 1,69 21/09/2013 (2 days) Francesco 9585 70,61 1,55 02/01/2014 (100 days)

Hely 9566 862,29 10,22 12/08/2013 (19 days)

Total (July-April)

Period

Mean HR size (Ha)

S. D.

N

S. E.

Total 594,441 320,514 9 106,838 Summer 602,442 278,290 6 113,611 Autumn 176,840 72,926 8 25,783 Rut 228,754 146,001 9 48,667 Early winter 163,500 196,964 9 65,654 Late winter 93,419 91,931 9 30,643

Discussions The size of the home range of Chamois released estimates the maximum area explored by individuals. However, it emerged the decreasing trend in the average size of the home range of animals, from summer to subsequently bimonthly periods ,until late winter. In a similar project for restocking of Alpine chamois in Valsugana (province of Vicenza), Dal Compare (2008) took over as the stabilizing phase of the chamois occurred within the first two to three months from release. Additionally differences were detected between the sexes in exploring and stabilization times. While in females the exploratory phase occurred soon after release in males increased mobility has been recorded after a month. After three months of releasing animals no longer have made significant moves and not have traveled distances of up to 2 km away. Even in a reintroduction project of Alpine chamois on Monte Baldo (province of Verona), Tosi et al., (1996) the stabilization of chamois released occurred after two months since the release although exploratory phenomena have long for 4-6 months in females and 14-16 months in males. In both the studies have not been relieved seasonal variations in the size of the home range throughout the year once the animals have stabilized (Tosi et al., 1996; Dal Compare, 2008). In the present study, concerning the preliminary data, the limited study period considered does not fully assess the dynamics of stabilization of home range. However the decrease of occupied areas estimated in the present study suggest a lower exploratory activities of individuals with proceed of winter.

Conclusions Chamois founders of new population of Sirente have occupied the mountain ridge above 1600 m a.s.l. exploring the entire chain of the Sirente. The average size of the total area frequented by individual has decreased after the first few months since release, leaving to assume a stabilization of area occupied. The animals released attended in winter lower altitudes. Areas occupied in summer and in winter are contiguous. Chamois after release gathered in herds. Chamois founders seem to be acclimatized in new area of Sirente.

Acknowledgements A sincere thank you to all those who made possible the creation of new population and in particular the staff of the Parks that have collaborated on the project. The realization of the project in the Park Sirente Velino was made possible by the work of all the institution's staff dedicated to the project and a special thank you goes to Director Oremo Nino and the President Simone Angelosante. We thank the University of Siena that attended the scientific supervision of the project and the project manager, Franco Mari, who coordinated the different phases of implementation. The Corpo Forestale dello Stato has worked concretely to the realization of the project, we would like to thank in particular the Command Station staff of Rocca di Mezzo and Ovindoli. The local Municipalities (Celano, Gagliano Aterno, Ovindoli, Rocca di Mezzo, Secinaro Rovere) have shared conservation objectives of the project and have contributed to initiatives of protection of the release area. In addition, we would like to thank the many volunteers who have contributed to the Sirente realization of the project.

Summer (July-August)

Chamois N tot Sightings

Tab. 3 Frequency (%) of total sightings (n = 249) of associated individuals Assunta Bella Berardina Eva Francesco Giuseppe Hely Rosa Vettore

Assunta 19 - 36,8 31,6 31,6 0,0 5,3 63,2 73,7 36,8 Bella 45 15,6 - 75,6 4,4 8,9 37,8 17,8 15,6 0,0

Berardina 38 15,8 89,5 - 7,9 7,9 31,6 18,4 18,4 0,0 Eva 18 33,3 11,1 16,7 - 0,0 0,0 61,1 44,4 38,9

Francesco 29 0,0 13,8 10,3 0,0 - 69,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Giuseppe 41 2,4 41,5 29,3 0,0 48,8 - 0,0 0,0 0,0

Hely 26 46,2 30,8 26,9 42,3 0,0 0,0 - 53,8 30,8 Rosa 18 77,8 38,9 38,9 44,4 0,0 0,0 77,8 - 22,2

Vettore 15 46,7 0,0 0,0 46,7 0,0 0,0 53,3 26,7 -

LAUNCH OF NEW POPULATION OF APENNINE CHAMOIS IN SIRENTE VELINO NATURAL PARK: FIRST DATA

Morini P., Aragno P., Marini S., Manghi L., Cotturone G., Nucci L.M., Ferlini F., Cecala S. Sirente Mountain view

Fig. 1 Total and bimonthly individual home range (MCP)

Concerning to association between individuals chamois, released in six successive transfers from other Parks, in the exploration of the new area have met and associated between them. The group of females from the wild, released in summer, after a month of release gathered in herd. The two young males from the enclosure, released in the fall, immediately after the release entered into association and remained together throughout the remaining period of study. The third male, adult, from the enclosure and released in the fall, a few days after the release has reached the group of six females staying with their associated throughout the reproductive period.

While in chamois reintroduced on Monte Baldo has been detected a greater extension of the areas explored by males than females (Tosi et al., 1996) in chamois released in Valsugana dispersion distances were not influenced by sex, probably the greater tendency to dispersion of males, in the case of release in a new area, it might be less expressed as a search for a suitable place is a priority for both sexes (Dal Compare, 2008). In assessing the dynamics of exploration in this study are not analyzed differences between males and females because of limited size of the sample and also because of differences between the sexes may have influenced even by the origin and age of animals: females come from nature and are all adults, while males come from the enclosure and are yearlings and adult,. In the present study the maximum distance from the release site was taken after a number of days between 2 and 100 days. While the females (n = 6) have traveled the greatest distance from the release site between 19 and 31 days, in males (n = 3) there seems to be greater variability, between 2 and 100 days.

Tab. 2 Total individual home range and maximum distance travelled from the release site

The altitudinal distribution of localizations in the periods considered in this study highlights how chamois released into a new area have attended the areas located between 1800 and 2000 m altitude throughout the study period. In the summer period were also frequented the areas at an altitude of over 2000 m a.s.l. while in winter were also occupied the areas placed under 1800 m s.l.m. The areas below 1600 m a.s.l., i.e. approximately below the timberline, were frequented only occasionally. The results show that the summer and winter areas are widely overlapping, the bimonthly home range did not show displacement between the occupied areas. Seasonal habitat selection observed in many studies is related to the quality and distribution of food resources and population density. Lovari and Cosentino (1986) for the Apennine chamois have observed that in the period July-December the chamois were detected significantly more often in alpine grasslands that forest habitats while during January-June period was found the reverse. In the Pyrenees the chamois in summer using the grassland placed above 1700 m a.s.l. while in the winter they move in forest areas at altitudes lower than 1600 m. (Garcia-Gonzales and Cuartas, 1996). In the present study chamois released in new area after a period of exploration of new environment have continued to attend during the winter period the same areas, descending in altitude but occupying only occasional forest habitats and staying in known explored areas where likely they found shelter sites at rocks and food resources.

Autumn (September-October)

Rut (November-December) Earl winter (January-February) Late winter (March-April)

Bibliographic references Dal Compare L., 2008. Interventi di restocking di camoscio (Rupicapra rupicapra) e stambecco (Capra ibex): comportamento post rilascio e uso dell’habitat. Phd Thesis. Università degli studi di Padova – Dip. Scienze animali Duprè E., Monac A., Pedrotti L., 2001. Piano d’Azione Nazionale per il camoscio appenninico (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata). Quad. Cons. Natura, 10. Min. Ambiente-Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica Garcia-Gonzales R., Cuartas P., 1996. Trophic utilization of a montane/subalpine forest by chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) in the Central Pyrenees. Forest Ecology and Management 88 (1996) 15-23 Herrero J., Garin I., Garcia-Serrano A., Garcia-Gonzales R. 1996. Habitat use in a Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica forest population. Forest Ecology and Management 88 (1996) 25-29 Lovari S., Cosentino R., 1986. Seasonal habitat selection and group size of the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyreniaca ornata). Bollettino di zoologia, vol.53, Issue 1, 1986 Lovari S., Ferretti F., Campana I, 2012. “Protocollo per il monitoraggio dei camosci rilasciati nel Parco Sirente Velino” – LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183 Coornata - Identifiable product Masini and Lovari 1988. Systematics, phylogenetic relationships, and dispersal of the chamois, Rupicapra spp.. Quaternary Research, 30: 339-349 Shackleton D. M. (ed.), 1997. Wild Sheep and Goats and their relatives. Status Survey and Conservation Action plan for Caprinae. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 390 pp. Tosi G., Pedrotti L.., Monaco A., Scherini G., 1996. Progetto camoscio Monte Baldo. Provincia di Verona, Settore Tutela Faunistico Ambientale

Chamois International Congress 17-20/06/2014 Lama dei Peligni (CH) Italy

Chamois (Rupicapra spp.) as a model for research on disease ecology and host-parasite interactions

F. OBBER1* and THE CHAMOIS PRIN CONSORTIUM2 Corresponding author Federica Obber: fobber@ izsvenezie.it 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie – Legnaro (PD) – Italy 2The Chamois PRIN Consortium supported by the MIUR - PRIN project n° 2010P7LFW4, is composed by the following research units and participants: University of Rome: Stefano D’Amelio (project coordinator and PI), Serena Cavallero, Rossella D’Alfonso; University of Foggia: Annunziata Giangaspero (PI), Federica Berrilli, Claudio De Liberato, Giovanni Matera, Lorenza Putignani; University of Milan: Paolo Lanfranchi (PI), Carlo Citterio1, Nicoletta Formenti, Erika Ebranati, Nicola Ferrari, Camilla Luzzago; University of Siena: Sandro Lovari (PI), Francesco Ferretti; University of Pisa: Alessandro Poli (PI), Roberto Papini; University of Turin: Luca Rossi (PI), Pier Giuseppe Meneguz, Andrea Peano, Luisa Rambozzi. The following people and institutions have agreed to provide their help to the project: Francesca Chianini;Anja Kipar, Joanne Lello, Lorenzo Ressel, Olivier Sparagano (UK), Samer Alasaad, Ramon C. Soriguer Escofet, Jorge López-Olvera, Ignasi Marco (Spain), Viliam Snabel, Bronìslava Vichova (Slovakia) and the Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise National Park Agency (ALMNP).

Fig.1_Sampling areas of a PRIN project n° 2010P7LFW4 on the genomics and host-pathogen interactions in chamois

Fig.5_IZSVE Laboratory and different institutions for wildlife management for wildlife disease surveillance in the North-Eastern Italian alpine area

* Federica Obber, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, is presenting the poster at the Chamois International Congress on behalf of the PRIN Consortium

Background: management of disease in wild populations needs, besides adequate surveillance protocols and diagnostic tools, a continuous improvement of the knowledge about the ecology of the involved pathogen/s and the host-pathogens/s relationships, including host and disease dynamics. The MIUR-PRIN project n° 2010P7LFW4 has the general objectives to investigate the above issues in a host-parasite model represented by different species and subspecies of chamois (Rupicapra spp.) and a wide array of infecting/competing organisms (viruses, protozoans, helminths and arthropods, as well as other wild ruminants).

Aim of the study: the project is currently ongoing and it is expected to obtain

data on: the patterns of selected macroparasite (mites and gastrointestinal helminthes)

and microparasite (pestivirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus) infections; the patterns of genomic variability in chamois populations; the host's immunocompetence and the pathogenesis of the parasitic-induced

lesions; the protozoan parasite communities in chamois populations; the relationships between epizootiological, genetic and immunological

evidences with demographic and ecological factors. Materials and methods: the project have foreseen the collection of feces, spleen,

lung, blood and skin samples (Fig.1) from: alpine chamois of different populations from Eastern and Central Alps;, apennine chamois from the Abruzzo National Park and the Majella and Gran

Sasso Parks; pyrenean chamois; Tatra chamois from Tatra Mountains. Preliminary results: quantitative PCR assays, aimed to quantify Sarcoptes

infections, is currently under optimization. Morphological and molecular identification of adult helminths, with likely Haemonchus contortus as the dominant species, and eggs are presently ongoing. First serological tests for Respiratory Syncytial Virus and pestivirus showed low seroprevalence in Central Alps. Preliminary immunohistochemical investigations (Figg. 2-3) on the immunological status of examined subjects allowed to localize CD3+, CD4+, CD79a+, CD21+ and Foxp3+ lymphocyte subsets and CD68+ and Cd11b macrophagic cells. The genetic variation in chamois population is actually under study (Fig. 4) by DNA sequencing of the MHC class I and class II genes and mitochondrial regions (D-loop and cytB). DNA extraction and PCR amplification have been completed for samples from Central Alps. The first data on protozoans showed a high positivity (85%) to Eimeria spp. and the first record of potentially zoonotic Giardia duodenalis in chamois (assemblageA). These data have been also confirmed by preliminary tests for coproantigens. Then, molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies will be performed on the detected pathogens. Demographic and ecological studies will be conducted by evaluating diet overlap between Apennine chamois and red deer, comparing foraging behavior and analyzing behavioral interactions. It is interesting to point out that the field work of this project takes advantage from different networks implemented for wildlife disease research and surveillance (e.g. RC IZSVe 08-12 for North-Eastern Italian Alps – Fig. 5), thus integrating different knowledge and expertise.

Acknowledgements: Authors are grateful to Marta Vascellari – SCS3 IZSVe, for technical support for

immunohistochemical analyses

IZSVe Laboratory

Belluno Bolzano Udine Trento Padova Treviso

Gis-Crev office IZSPLV-

C.E.R.M.A.S.

Belluno Province Trento province

Bolzano Province Friuli Venezia Giulia Region Associazione

Cacciatori Trentini Corpo Forestale

dello Stato Milano University

Figg.2 - 3 Chamois, lymph node. 2) T lymphocyte distribution in the deeperer cortex (IHC anti-CD3 mouse MoAb); 3) B cell within large

follicles (IHC anti-CD79a mouse MoAb)

Fig. 4: Genomic regions selected in the proposed project

Chamois International Congress 17-20/06/2014 Lama dei Peligni (CH) Italy

SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCH ON SARCOPTIC MANGE OF CHAMOIS IN THE PARCO NATURALE PANEVEGGIO-PALE DI SAN MARTINO (PPPSM)

AND IN THE NORTH-EASTERN ITALIAN ALPS

F.Obber1, L.Morpurgo1,S.Turchetto1, M.Lorenzetto1, M.Trolese1, D.Dellamaria1, E.Francione1, M. Bregoli1, K.Trevisiol1, S.Vendrami2,M.S.Calabrese3, E.Ferraro4, P.Partel5, A. Agreiter6,L. Stancampiano7, R.Cassini8, R.Permunian9,L.Rossi10, C.Citterio1

1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie,Italy ([email protected]),2Provincia di Belluno,Italy, 3Provincia di Trento,Italy, 4Associazione Cacciatori Trentini,Italy, 5Parco Naturale Paneveggio-Pale di San Martino-Fiera di Primiero (TN),Italy;6Provincia di Bolzano,Italy; 7Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie dell’Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; 8Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute,Università degli studi di Padova,Legnaro (PD),Italy;9Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso (To) Italy; 10Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie dell’Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.

Sarcoptic mange is one of the most severe diseases of wild Caprinae populations in Europe, raising concerns about wildlife management and conservation. Since 1995, an epidemic of sarcoptic mange has been affecting the chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) population of the dolomitic area, in the North Eastern Italian Alps,involving also the sympatric ibex (Capra ibex) populations (Fig.1-2).In 2007 the disease spreads in an important area for wildlife research and conservation as Parco Naturale Paneveggio-Pale di San Martino (PPPSM). The present work summarizes some results of research and surveillance on this disease in alpine chamois in the province (Belluno and Trento) of North Eastern Italian Alps and in the PPPSM(Fig.3). Particularly, in this work: -we propose an explorative approach in the Belluno and Trento provinces. This approach, implemented by time series analysis and geographic information system (GIS), explores the mange epidemic in chamois and provides a definition of epidemic front wich involve epidemic peaks instead of index cases. According to our approach, the mountain massif represents the main epidemiological unit.

Fig.1-2 Chamois and ibex with clinical signs of mange (Foto R.Permunian)

SWITZERLAND

LOMBARDIA

AUSTRIA

CROATIA

Fig.3 PPPSM, Belluno and Trento province

-we analyze the sensitivity of different levels of surveillance on the disease in the field (PPPSM) and the possible sources of bias in estimating the impact of the disease in chamois populations.

Maps from 1995 to 2010: 1452 cases (chamois found dead/euthanized for sarcoptic mange)

Belluno and Trento province

Definition of the epidemic front: the time at which the epidemic,

reached the peak of mortality, is able to move from a mountain

group to another adjacent

distances from each mountain massif at the

mortality peak

to the adjacent mountain massifs with

following mortality peak

Epidemic front spreading speed

Average speed of the epidemic front

3,8 km/year

Ours results both strengthen the conclusions of previous studies on sarcoptic mange epidemiology in the same area and show an evident contribution of other mortality causes, namely starvation and winter mortality, to the main mortality peak of sarcoptic mange.

Data collection in the PPPSM Mortality data 364 chamois found dead or culled for euthanasic

reasons findings in 2006-2013 119 positives to S.scabiei

Sarcoptuic mange: Identifies animals found dead with overt mange lesions or culled due to clinical sarcoptic mange

No mange: No lesions or negative laboratory diagnosis

Undetermined: Conservation conditions of the carcass unfit to reach any diagnosis

Mortality causes: sarcoptic mange or “winter factor”

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Undetermined No Mange Sarcoptic Mange

CHAMOIS OF MOUNT GENEROSO NEAR TO EXTINCTION

Monte Generoso is located on the border between Switzerland and Italy; is a group of mountains bordered by Lake Como, Lake Lugano and Como-Chiasso motorway Italian-Bellinzona.The portion is included in the CAC Prealpi Como, about 16,000 hectares, 8000 of whom live in the

chamois (Rupicapra Rupicapra). Suede In 1970, which was reintroduced on the Swiss side, with a few heads. Given the location of the mountain range it is clear that there can’t be possibility of exchange with neighboring populations of ungulates.

After a period of strong growth both on the Swiss Italian sides, for a total of about 600-700 heads, around the 2000s have begun to observe the phenomena of reduction of births, presence of chamois emaciated, lame, often with broken horns .. decrease in the population, also in conjunction of 'arrival bully of the deer and the boars. With the first catch are actually emerged of alarming situations: almost all subjects showed severe alteration of the boards dental, abnormal growth of the hooves, weights significantly lower than average, very low fertility: about 20-30% of the females had the kid. The examinations did not show any apparent cause to justify these phenomena; while genetic tests put in evidence a Low biodiversity with a risk of extinction in the near future, because of the consanguinity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS On consent of the 'ISPRA, the office of the Hunting of the Province of Como in 2011 authorized the catch, the choice of the heads in 2011 and 2012, was based on animals who had visible signs: as lameness, emaciation, abnormal molting, always by age and sex; while in 2013 only for belonging to age group and sex: a random. For each subject was done a necropsy, eg blood for Brucella, pestiviruses, Fever Q, Neospora, V.Respiratorio Syncytial, Tbc , Schmallenbergvirus, eg. istologic on claws, eg. cytology of the lungs, eg Feces, eg bacteriological and oral cavity of the uterus for anaerobic bacteria / anaerobes, eg water, genetic testing for suspected consanguinity

RESULTS All subjects with severe alteration of the dental boards, with agenesia some teeth, paradontiti, abscesses, irregular wear and comprehensive dental cusps, already in subjects belonging to the class of sub-adults (2-3 years). Ex Bacteriological research of the anaerobes such as Fusobacterium Necr. (Agent of periodontal disease) were negative, while for aerobic have highlighted the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. Tests carried out on the waters have not confirmed a probable suspicion of fluorosis.

Age 10 years, normal consumption

Another terrible aspect was that of having found in all Subjects an abnormal growth of the hoof, the front limbs, with deformation of the soles, from the class yarling. Radiographic examination were not highlighted in injury-Arcticlari and fractures, or other pathologies seen in this examination; while the id. Histological lesion was noted in the germinal layer(Laminitis) for no apparent reason. This, however, would justify the showy lameness, the uncertain performance of the chamois collected andmany animals controlled. A third problem has been detected body weight, significantly lower than the average: for adult subjects including between 16 and 19 kg empty with no primary perirenal fat, heart. The Serological tests revealed no evidence of organ pathologies in place; then given the abundance of forage, poor competition with deer and boars can be traced back to the cause sore ruminazioe and digestion of forage due to a chewing inadequate.

claws normal

Monte Generso

In the end given the presence of too many problems were performed on DNA Genetic Testing for possibly correlate a state of weakness, consanguneity; alarming results have emerged: 1) The population of chamois of Monte Generoso originates from the reserve Muersteg (Vienna) and is grouped in Great Fatra muntains. 2) The indices of genetic variability is significantly lower compared to healthy populations, indices found in people whose history has been characterized by Bottledneck'''' (founder-effect with a few subjects founders). So the chamois population is characterized by a reduced genetic variability, little or no gene flow and this can be fatal; the loss of biodiversity is a DANGER to the medium to long term. Demonstrate the existence of a homozygous exasperated, can justify: -Poor resistance to pathogens -Decreased level of survival -Decrease / reduction in fertility -Probability of extinction

CONCLUSIONS Not having found apparently causes that justify these Pathological changes, if not the genetic tests that highlight the serious homozygosity, you could make trace the cause of these problems to inbreeding, which has weakened the species to such an extent as to compromise its existence; the RETURNED new actors become the only intelligent solution to the problem so as to avoid the EXTINCTION.

Dr. Luca Pirovini DVM Livio Deangeli responsabile Ungulati CAC.Prealpi Comasche Dr. Mario Dalla Bona DVM

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R. rupicapra tatrica

R. rupicapra rupicapra

R. pyrenaica pyrenaica Albero Neighbour-Joining.In rosso la popolazione del Monte Generoso.

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AVN BRE CAL GFM HT LT PAG PAM RP PRI VFF VELO GP VI

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Prof.Beppe Sironi-UNIMI

THANKS Prof.Mario Colombo, Dott.Marco Testa Uff. Faunistico Prov.Como I Cacciatori del C.A.C.Prealpi Comasche Prof. Paolo Lanfranchi,Prof.Francesca Caloni, Prof.Gustavo Gandini, Prof.Beppe Sironi Uni. Med.Vet. Milano Dr.Campagnani Massimo Asl Como. Dr. Paolo Cordioli IZLER. Dr.ssa Anna Paola Rizzoli Dr.ssa Barbara Crestanello IASMA Trento Dott. Silvano Toso ISPRA, CDV Centro Diagnostico Veterinario Milano, Tommaso Pirovini, Dott. Martina Dalla Bona

Abnormal Growth

Cavità ascessuale Agenesia denti Paradontosi

Frequenza di distribuzione degli individui…….. Sulla base del criterio di massima verosomiglianza

Agenesia teeth

CHAMOIS INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Majella National Park, Italy Lama dei Peligni 17-20 June 2014

Baseline for a surveillance in heavy metal concentration in Rupicapra rupicapra in South-western Alps

Dino Scaravelli1, Mignone Walter2 and Annalisa Zaccaroni 3

1 Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, [email protected] 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Val d’Aosta, Sezione di Imperia

Alpine Chamois Rupicapra rupicapra represent an important faunistic value for both conservation and hunting purposes in the alpine environments. Ungulates can be considered an important bioindicator of pollution due to be large herbivores and in that guild can magnificated the presence of contaminants as heavy metal from the forage. Heavy metal can be dangerous to organisms in low quantity for their potential role not only as toxic for tissues but also for the power of disruption the immune system and enforce the risk for infections or parasitism. Alpine environment can provide some natural concentration of metals due to the rocks composition mediated by the forage, but the main flux can be relate to local or general diffusion of pollution There are no information about heavy metal concentration in tissues of the species. Information about this presence levels can be important as the meat is consumed as well as to understand a possible role concerning the health of the chamois populations.

Here we report about the concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, Se, Hg, As, Ni, Co, Cu and Fe in the kidney of 15 chamois sampled in 2007 in hunting grounds located in the Alpine area of Imperia Province, southwestern Alps. The sample derived from specimens sent to local Veterinary Authorities in order to check heath before meat use. 10 grams of kidney tissue were firstly mineralized by microwave technique and later analyzed by IOCP plasma spectrophotometric techniques

Results show how Nickel is always under the possible quantification limit and Pb was found, at low level and only in 4 specimens, just probably related to the use of bullets for the hunting. Cd, Cr, Se, Co, Cu and Fe were found above over the detection level in all the 15 specimens. Hg was detected in 14 specimens and As in 13. No correlations were found to sex or age of the samples or the presences of infections or other health problems. The concentration in ng/g fresh tissue are: AS with a media of 33.306 (1,00-68,00) with St.Dev. 21.464; Cd with a media of 480.349 (48,00-1506,00) with St.Dev. 437,875; Co with a media of 36.933 (18,00-59,00) with St.Dev. 12.151: Cr with a media of 72.133 (59,00-90,00) with St.Dev. 9.289; Cu with a media of 3643,867 (2641,00-4227,00) with St.Dev. 448.511; Fe with a media of 2334.40 (1343,00-5101,00) with St.Dev. 889.247; Hg with a media of 16.071 (5,00-37,00) with St.Dev. 7.917; Se with a media of 659.367 (389,00-842,00) with St.Dev. 121.203.

All the concentration report are extremely low and demonstrate a very healthy environment but individual variations can underline the ability of chamois to be a good potential bioindicator for this environment.

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