Actions to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture while Responding to Climate Change Goals

Actions to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture

while Responding to Climate Change GoalsFahmuddin Agus

Indonesian Soil Research InstituteJln. Juanda 98, Bogor 16123, Indonesia

REDD-plus after Cancun: Moving from Negotiation to Implementation

Building REDD-plus Policy Capacity forDeveloping Country Negotiators and Land Managers

18-20 May 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam

Coverage Introduction Indonesian agricultureActions to achieve sustainable

agriculture and reduce emissions, and supporting policies needed

Conclusions

Food crops

2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

Sweet potatoSoybeanPeanutMung beanMaizeRiceCommodity

Source: http://database.deptan.go.id/

http://database.deptan.go.id/

Production of major food crops (million ton)

2000200120032004200520062007200820090

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

Rice (unhusked)MaizeSoybeanSweet potatoCassava



Food crop agriculture Area almost constant, intensification

in rice and maize Susceptible to extreme climate

conditions (drought, flood) and indirect effects entailed (pest and diseases)

The main indicator for food security and affect social and political stability

Development of plantation crops

20002001200220032004200520062007200820090

2000000400000060000008000000

100000001200000014000000160000001800000020000000

#REF!Sugar caneCoffeeOil PalmCoconutRubber

Year

Are

a (m

illio

n ha

)



Development of oil palm plantation

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Are

a (m

illion

ha)

Smallholders State Plantations Private Plantation

Source: Dir. General of Estate crops (2010)

Low yld (1-2 t/ha/yr)High Yield (3.6 t P

O/ha/yr)

PRODUCTION OF PALM OIL, 1967-2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

Pro

duct

ion

(Mill

ion

ton)

Smallholders State Plantations Private Plantation

El Nino year

Source: Dir. General of Estate crops GE (2010)

EXPORT OF PALM OIL

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (2010)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000Volume (ton)

Export volume

Land use change to OP from 1990–2009

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8

OIL

PAL

M 1

990

UNDI

ST F

ORE

ST

DIST

FO

REST

UNDI

ST S

WAM

P …

UNDI

ST …

DIST

SW

AMP …

DIST

MAN

GRO

VE

RUBB

ER

TIM

BER …

TIM

BER …

SCHR

UB

SWAM

P SC

HRUB

ANNU

AL U

PLAN

D

GRAS

S

SWAM

P GR

ASS

RICE

FIE

LD

BARE

LAND

OTH

ERS

Area

(Mill

ionh

a)

Non-peatland

Peatland

Non-forest, 68%

Forest, 32%

Source: Agus et al. 2011 (on-going study, unpublished)

Plantation/tree based agriculture

Oil palm plantation area increases very rapidly.

Generate foreign exchange earning Supports regional development ,

especially in Sumatera and Kalimantan islands

A driver of LUC OP plantation provides employment

to more than 3.5 millions households (as workers and farmers) or about 15 million people

Energy50.5%

Industry7.7%

Agriculture13.6%

Waste28.3%

Without LUCF

With LUCF

Source: MoE, 2009

Energy20% Industry

3%

Agriculture5%

Land Use Change and Forestry

47%

Peat Fire12%

Waste11%

Sector Gg CO2e

• Energy 280,938-

• Industry 42,815-

• Agriculture 75,420-

• Land Use Change and Forestry (excl. peat fire) 649,254-

• Peat Fire 172,000-

• Waste 157,328-

• Total without LUCF 535,730-• Total with LUCF(incl.peat fire) 1356,984-

Agriculture in GHG Emissions

Emission Rdxn target from the BAU of 2020

13

Sector ER target Emisi (Giga ton CO2e)

Action plan Implementers

26% 15%

Forestry and peatland

Waste management

Agriculture

Industry

Energy and transportation

0.672

0.048

0.008

0.001

0.038

0.367

0.030

0.003

0.004

0.018

Fire control, water mgmt, land and forest rehab, forest plantation, community forest, control of illegal logging, avoided defor, capacity building

Waste management, handling and recycling

Introduction of low CH4 emission varieties, water use efficiency, organic fertilizer

Energy efficiency, use of renewable energy.

Use of biofuel, more efficient engines, improvement of infrastructure, etc

MoF, MoE, PoPW, MoA

MoPW, PoE

MoA, MoE

M0I&T

MoTransportation, MoE&Minaral, MoP

0.767 0.422

Source: MoE, 2009

From REDD+ to REDD++ or REALU

Actions that potentially reduce emission: Peatland

Avoided deforestation Control of peat fire Use of ameliorant Water table control: as shallow as possible to

the level that does not detriment plant growth Prioritization of the use of drained peat

shrubs for plantation development

Actions on Mineral soil

Rehabilitation/utilization of Imperata grassland and shrubland for tree-based farming

Soil organic matter management: minimum tillage, organic matter recycling, use of biochar

0~250 t C/ha

Processes entailed in peat forest conversion

60 c

m

(2) Soil C oxidation

30-50 t C/ha

(1) Change in time average C stock

Peat subsidence (peat)

300-800 t C/m/ha in peat soil

15-200 t C/ha in surface of mineral soil

(3) Peat (soil) burning

Carbon balance related to LULUCF (t CO2/ha/year)

Land usePeat forest Shrub Oil palm

Rubber/AF Sawah Maize

Pine-apple

Vege-table

Peat forest 0 56 66 50 39 87 53 50Shrub 22 38 22 11 59 25 22Oil palm 32 x x x x xRubber/AF 16 x x x xSawah 5 x x xMaize 53 x xPineapple 19 xVegetable 16

Potential emission related to LUC on mineral soil

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Oil palm

Rubb

er

Cocon

ut

Jatrop

ha Tea

Suga

r cane Co

ffee

Cacao

Plantation system

CO2

Emis

sion

s (t/

ha/y

r)

Plant

Soil

02468

101214161820

Oil palm

Rubb

er

Cocon

ut

Jatrop

ha Tea

Sugar

cane

Coffe

eCa

cao

Plantation system

CO2

Emis

sion

s (t/

ha/y

r)

Plant

Soil

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Oil palm

Rubbe

r

Cocon

ut

Jatro

pha Te

a

Sugar

cane

Coffee

Cacao

Plantation system

CO2

Emis

sion

s (t/

ha/y

r)

Plant

Soil-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Oil palm

Rubbe

r

Cocon

ut

Jatro

pha Te

a

Sugar

cane

Coffee

Cacao

Plantation system

CO2

Emis

sion

s (t/

ha/y

r)

PlantSoil

Primary forest to plantation Secondary forest to plantation

Shrubland to plantation Imperata grassland to plantation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Oil palm

Rubb

er

Cocon

ut

Jatrop

ha Tea

Suga

r cane Co

ffee

Cacao

Plantation system

CO2

Emis

sion

s (t/

ha/y

r)

Plant

Soil

02468

101214161820

Oil palm

Rubb

er

Cocon

ut

Jatrop

ha Tea

Sugar

cane

Coffe

eCa

cao

Plantation system

CO2

Emis

sion

s (t/

ha/y

r)

Plant

Soil

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Oil palm

Rubbe

r

Cocon

ut

Jatro

pha Te

a

Sugar

cane

Coffee

Cacao

Plantation system

CO2

Emis

sion

s (t/

ha/y

r)

Plant

Soil-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Oil palm

Rubbe

r

Cocon

ut

Jatro

pha Te

a

Sugar

cane

Coffee

Cacao

Plantation system

CO2

Emis

sion

s (t/

ha/y

r)

PlantSoil

Primary forest to plantation Secondary forest to plantation

Shrubland to plantation Imperata grassland to plantation

Source: Agus et al. (2009)

NAMA-LAMA and expected emission reduction in “Agriculture”

Avoid deep drainage (reduce drainage depth by about 10 cm) in peatland agriculture

Area (ha) At least 1.3 MhaAssumptions 1. Emission decrease 5,4 t CO2 ha-1 yr-1 with 10

cm reduction in drainage depth,2. This technology can be implemented on at

least 25% of plantation on peatland by 2020 .Estimated emission reduction (t CO2-e yr-1)

1,770,353

Supporting policy needed

• Extension on sustainable peatland management

Rehabilitation of shrubland with tree-based farming

Area1) (ha) 17,297,294 (MoE , 2009)Assumptions 2% of the shrubland with <30 t C/ha can be

converted to plantation with about 40 t C/ha (time average) annually

Estimated emission reduction (t CO2-e yr-1)

12,696,214


• Evaluation of land suitability • Clearance of land status into “APL” if

it’s in conversion forest and production forest

• Clearance of multiple claims/tenures, if any

• Evaluation of labour availability • Provision of funds , quality planting

materials (for smallholders) for the establishment and maintenance until the system produces

Rehabilitation of bare/Imperata grassland with tree based farming

Area1) (ha) 6,194,949 (MoE , 2009)Assumptions 2% of the bareland (2 t C/ha) can be

converted to tree based systems (40 t C/ha)


17,278,952


• Evaluation of land suitability • Clearance of land status into “APL”

if it’s in conversion forest and production forest


• Evaluation of labor availability • Provision of funds for the

establishment and maintenance until the system produces

Soil organic matter management on (annual) upland agriculture

Area1) (ha) 10,536,523 (MoE , 2009)Assumptions This option is implemented on 2% of the

total area to increase SOC from the average of 80 t ha-1 to 88 t ha-1 (time average)


3,093,523


Technical guidance of the use and benefits of locally available organic matter

Land swap for agric. extensification from high C stock (including peat) land bank to low C stock

areas within same district Area1) (ha) ?Assumptions Area for swapping is available within same

district, seems too complicated across districts Estimated emission reduction (t CO2-e yr-1)

-


• Clearance of the status of the substitute land into “APL”

• Change in land status of the high C land bank to conservation area


• Evaluation of labour availability

Summing the ER from Agric.(under very conservative assumptions)

NAMA-LAMAEstimated ER by 2020 (t CO2-e yr-1)

Avoid deep drainage on peatland 1,770,353

Water management, variety on paddy field 8,000,000Rehabilitation of shrubland 12,696,214

Rehabilitation of Imperata grassland 17,278,952 Organic matter management on annual upland

3,093,523

TOTAL 42,839,042

Basic Requirement for NAMA-LAMA Development

Emission factorsVerified and agreed land cover and

land status map for developing LUC matrices

Example of LUC matrixCentral Kalimantan Mineral Land Cover 2005 UDF DIF USF UDM DSF DIM RPL OPL TPL MTC SCH SSH DCL SET GRS SGR RCF CFP MIN WAB BRL NCLTotal_ha

Land Cover 2000

UDF5,970,73

7 99,482 8,219 2,155 48 91,045 14,902 28 6,186,615DIF 576,184 23,452 7,634 3,544 199,660 13,709 83 128 344 824,739USF 823,220 61,848 6,785 6,552 884 319 899,609

UDM 0DSF 233,099 382 22,918 333 552 257,284DIM 34,663 34,663RPL 79,183 7,891 87,074OPL 254,710 254,710TPL 1,156 11,560 47,722 34,120 20 94,578

MTC 1,408 33,121 4,389 38,918

SCH 19,689 60,265 23,527 15,6571,948,59

1 39,325 118 5,508 890 2,113,570SSH 5,321 683,533 109 581 689,544DCL 1,693 13,017 1,182 399,472 44 2,276 417,685SET 24,771 24,771GRS 3,859 3,750 3,963 6,796 53,232 24,660 96,258SGR 1,044 900 23,565 56,883 82,393RCF 14 57,134 57,148CFP 1,202 1,202

MIN 3 15,252 15,255WAB 110,561 110,561

BRL 0NCL 0

Total_ha

5,970,737 675,666 823,220 0 294,947 34,663 113,799 391,739 78,932 57,468

2,280,215 713,903 545,421 25,057 24,788 57,311 66,051 1,202 20,896 110,561 0 0 12,286,576

CONCLUSIONS Indonesian agriculture intensifies and the area extends

(esp. for OP) in response to domestic and international demands

Rehabilitation of low C-stock land to tree-based agriculture can reduce GHG emission and at the same time improve the economy and livelihoods. Clearance of land status and tenure is a prerequisite.

Technical and financial supports are required for developing smallholder tree-based farming.

Swapping the land bank to low C-stock areas promises a significant ER, but requires legal reform on land status.

Verified and agreed land cover and land status maps and emission factors are the key to moving forward

Actions to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture while Responding to Climate Change Goals

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