Alférez José Marìa Sobral, expedición del Antartic, expediciòn de Otto Nordenskjöld
ACT Adail Sobral
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1 ACTE / Act
ACTE / ACTUM / Act
Adail Sobral
Modifi le September 16, 2005
TYMOLOGIE / Philology
Acte, a fem. subst., in French by 1338, from the Latin actus: "a doing" and
actum:"a thing done," past part. of the verb agere: Ato do, drive, urge, chase,
set in motion @ (Root *ag- : "to drive, draw out or forth, move", from the Gk.
agein : "to guide, lead, drive, carry off.";" Skt. ajati : "drives," ajirah : "moving,
active;" O.N. aka : "to drive;" M.Ir. ag "battle").
act in late middle English c.1384, through the French.
The theatrical (1520) and legislative (1458) senses of the word derive from its
Latin typical connotations.
To act: general sense first attested 1475 and in the theatrical performance, 1594
(v. article ACTE / ACTUS / Act).
Related to activity, which is attested from 1530, and actuality (see). See also
the article ACTION / Action.
TUDE SMANTIQUE / Definitions.
1. (Currently). The process of doing or performing something. Something done
or performed; a deed.
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2 ACTE / Act 2. The product of a decision delivered by a legislative or a judicial body, such
as a statute, decree, or enactment.
A formal written record of proceedings or transactions.
3. One of the major divisions of a play or an opera.
A theatrical performance that forms part of a longer presentation.
4. (English act). A manifestation of intentional or unintentional insincerity; a
pose.
5. (Philosophy, Aristotle). Linked to potency, defined as a conception, the
process that brings it about.
6. (Psychology). Exercice of a power, a faculty.
acting out : reaction to a drive consisting in putting it into practice.
7. (Linguistics).
Act of reference; communicative act; face-threatening act (FTA); illocutionary
act; locutionary act; perlocutionary act; phatic act; phonetic act; propositional
act; rhetic act; verbal act.
8. (Austin and Searle) speech act/acte de parole ; -de langage: An assertive,
commissive, directive, exercitive, expositive, expressive1, performative,
representative, veridictive declaration.
9. (Theatre, from the Latin actus). Part of a play. V. article ACTE/Act
(Theater).
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3 ACTE / Act
(Psychanalyse). acte manqu :
V. article LAPSUS .
10. (French literature, Andr Gide) acte gratuit :
(Metaphysics). Acte pur/pure act : Aristotle's pure act is completely separate
from potency; and it is this latter that tends to Pure Act, although ignored by it.
In theology, St Thomas Aquinas= Pure Act proposes God as being alone Pure
Act.
CORRLATS / Collocations
ABRACTION/ABREAGIEREN/Abreaction,
ACTES/Acts,ACTE-DE-LANGAGE/Speech act, ACTEUR/Actor; Player;
Performer, ACTION/Action, Acting out, ACTIVIT/Activity,
ACTUALISATION/Actualization, ADJUVANT/Helper,
ADRESSIVIT/Addressivity, AGENT/Agent,
CATASTROPHE/Catastrophe, CAUSE/Cause,
CHANGEMENT/Change,CLIMAX(Greek),
COMMUNICATION/Communication, COMPLICATION/Complication,
CRATION/Creation, CRITIQUE/Criticism,
ENTRACTE/Intermission, PISODE/Episode, ESSENCE/Essence,
VNEMENT/Event, EXPOSITION/Exposition,
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4 ACTE / Act Freytag
GESTE/Gesture,
ILLOCUTION/Illocution, ILLOCUTOIRE/Illocutary,
ILLOCUTIONNAIRE/Illocutionary act,
LANGUE/Language, LANGAGE/Language,
MONISME/Monism,
OPPOSANT/Opposer; Opponent,
PAROLE/Speech; Parole, PERFORMATIF/Performative, POSTUPOK,
PRAGMATISME/Pragmatism; Pragmaticism,
RPONSE/Answer; Response, REPRSENTATION/Representation,
RLE/Role,
SCNE/Picture, SOMMET/SPANNUNG/Summit,
Speech-act-theory, SUJET/Subject.
TABLEAU/Picture; Scene, THTRE/Drama,
TRANSGRESSION/Transgression.
NOMENCLATURES / Families of terms
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5 ACTE / Act ACTIONS/Operations, ARISTOTE/Aristotle,
BAKHTIN (Mihail),
COMMUNICATION/Communication,
NONCIATION/Expression,
LINGUISTIQUE/Language,
OPRATIONS/Acts,
PARTIES/Parts of texts,
PHNOMNOLOGIE/Phenomenology, PHILOSOPHIE/Philosophy.
PRAGMATIQUE/Pragmatics,
PRATIQUES/Praxis,
PSYCHOLOGIE/Psychology, PSYCHANALYSE/Psychanalysis,
STRUCTURES/Structuralism and Post-structuralism,
THTRE/Drama.
MOTS-CLS
Accompli, actantiel, Acteur, Action, Action dramatique, Actualit Agent, me,
Bien,
Communication, Critique,
Efficace, Entlchie, tre,
Facult, Fait,
Illocution, Illocutionnaire, Illocutoire, Impulsion,
Langage, Langue, Linguistique,
Opration,
Parole, Performatif, Phnomnologie, Philosophie,
Rsultat, Rle, Sujet.
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6 ACTE / Act Volont.
Keywords
Action, Actor,
Communication, Criticism, Critique,
Deed,
Ethics,
Illocution, Illocutionary act, Impulse,
Karman,
Language,
Narrative,
Operations,
Parole, Performative, Performer, Phenomenology, Philosophy, Player,
Speech, Subject,
Thing done,
Wittgenstein (**), Word.
QUIVALENTS / Correspondences
Allemand / German : Akt ; Tat; Aktus.
Anglais / English : act.
Arabe / Arabic : , , , , , , ,
,
Chinois / Chinese : B3 s?;s?;Jr?;C;[??]BD;=i ; ? ?;
;$ll;?;??;?-'@-;l1(((r
Coren / Korean : (, (, (, (, ((((( ((, (,
( ((( ((( (( (, (
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7 ACTE / Act Danois / Danish : handling (act/action).
Espagnol /Spanish : acto.
Franais / French : acte.
Grec / Greek : praxis ; pragma ; ov ergon
(also * action + : ergasia).
Hongrois / Hungarian : aktus, cselekedet.
Italien / Italian : acto.
Hbreu / Hebrew : dabar.
Japonais / Japanese : $&(((((((()
Latin : factum. Also: acta (plur.) : ( writings, proceedings (, v. article
ACTES; actus : (part of a play(, v. article ACTE (Theatre). Cf. action :
(action(.
Nerlandais / Dutch : actie
Persan /
Farsi : ?????????>???????? >??????? >????????? >?
???????? >????
Polonais / Polish : czyn.
Portugais / Portuguese : ato, ao ; acto/aco.
Roumain / Romanian : act.
Russe / Russian : postupok ; akt.
Vitnamien / Vietnamese : hanh ng, vic lam,
c chi, hanh vi.
COMMENTAIRE / Analysis
The concept of act (linked to the one of activity) is
the object of a difficult critical discussion in the
field of philosophy, that goes back to Plato (fourth
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8 ACTE / Act century B.C.), to Megarian philosophers (c. 400-c.330
B.C) and Aristotle (384-322 B.C.).
Aristotle understands the act as the opposite of
potency, the latter being the conception the act brings
about or, actualizes, implying Atransformation@; his
ideas are still present in discussions about the act,
even though his exact definition is in a way almost
irreconcilable with the modern philosophy
understanding of the act. Act comes to be related to
action, sometimes understood as activity, and also as
actualization (the actualization of a possibility: the
act as the reality of being). Besides, act relates to
actuality (as opposed to potentiality), sometimes used
as synonyms.
Act plays an important role in Renaissance philosophy
and in several modern philosophical systems, not to
mention the idealist neo-Kantians= notion of the
Absolute and Baruch Spinoza=s philosophy (1632-1677),
the first author to propose a thoughtful and incisive
non-dualist system in which the act has preeminence.
For Spinoza=s monism, to every act of knowledge there
corresponds an act in the practical sphere, but there
is a constitutive relation between them.
Act and actual are important objects in Giovanni
Gentiles (1875-1944) actualism, which sees the act
as a concrete process; Alfred Whitehead (1861-1947),
considers actual entities as the building blocks of
the world; Louis Lavelle=s (1883-1951) envisions act
metaphysically but at the same time as the active
reality of being, linked to a agent; Edmund Husserl
distinguishes act (Akt) from the classical actus and
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9 ACTE / Act from action (Tat), and gives it a Aneutral@ character.
Husserl also distinguishes act from activity and sees
act linked to Aintentional life experiences@ whereas
activity has no intentional component.
Act and activity, understood as action, are present
both in the so-called Aaction philosophies@ (Henri
Bergson B 1859-1941 B for one) and other philosophical
trends, like Friedrich Schelling=s process philosophy,
the pragmatism of [Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914),
William James (1842-1910), James Mead (1863-1931) and
John Dewey (1859-1952], existentialism (mainly
Jean-Paul SartreB 1905-1980, who examines ethical
aspects of act), marxism (mainly as social acting to
bring a transformation of the world, this latter being
understood as the result of human actions (Marxist
authors prefer to talk of Apraxis") and analytical
philosophies (George Edward Moore [1852-1933] and
Bertrand Russell [1872-1970]) and post-analytic ones
(Ludwig Wittgenstein [1889-1951] and Willard Quine
[1908-2000) C these last having gone beyond the
scientist and positivist reductionism these
philosophies have known from the beginning.
It also had an important role on the neo-Kantian Marburg
School, founded in Germany in 1896 by Hermann Cohen.
The German school=s conception of the act, represented
e.g by Heinrich Rickert B a neo-Kantian B and Martin
Heidegger B a phenomenological existentialist who
Adialogues@ with Husserl C understands it on the basis
of two senses of history: history as Ato happen@ (from
which geschichtlich : historical in German), as a
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10 ACTE / Act process, and history as Ahappened@, Aalready brought
about@ (historisch, also : historical, in German),
as a product. In this sense, act is both the process
of something happening and the product of this
happening.
The contribution of Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975) to the
concept of act, a contribution that only now begins
to be acknowledged, makes a cogent effort do go beyond
many extant conceptions there are even today. The
concept of act has in Bakhtin not the sense of material
neutral processes, being understood as ethical act,
be it theoretical, practical or aesthetic (the Kantian
division of reason/acts) opposed to moral (that is,
formally and abstractly ethical) and purely material
ones (that is, acts who involve no intentional or
volitional component : ethical acts are concrete acts
of a situated agent, not acts based on an abstract
morality valid for all human beings nor an act exempt
from an agent urged by intentionality, that is, a purely
material act (ver Postupok).
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) proposed a well known and
influent division of reason in three categories:
theoretical reason, practical reason and aesthetic
judgment, all of them acts that he understood
cognitively: the object of reasoning seems to be the
factor accounting for the difference he sees among them.
The Kantian theoretical, practical and aesthetic acts
are reinterpreted procedurally by Bakhtin so as not
to be restricted to their product or to their
theoretical structure. Nevertheless, Bakhtin=s monist
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11 ACTE / Act understanding of act does not separates concretely
process and product, nor does it see them apart from
an agent (see Article POSTUPOK).
We can see in several accounts of act here given that
only one or the other component of acts (the process
or the product) are overemphasized, most of the time
the product, and in some cases only one of them is seen
as the act per se, even in some philosophies of life.
Schelling=s process philosophy seems thus to be more
complete that most, for it legitimately emphasizes
process without discarding the product: it is only from
the product we can derive the process producing it.
Mechanist psychologies like behaviorism also take act
as a unit or at least a factor of human behavior, but
they see only the material part of act and not its sense
for the subject. Construtivist theories like Jean
Piaget=s see act as biological act, for their
understanding of the human subject is also biological.
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) have of act an understanding
similar to Bakhtin=s, for there is a process, a product
and a subject as their producing agent in society and
history. Yves Clot has constructed a psychology of work
on the basis of a Vygotskyan perspective, and sees
acts/activities as something happening in collective
social-historical contexts. Not only does act/activity
involve process and product, and producing agents, but
these agents redefine continuously, in acts/activities
themselves, the manner of practicing these acts. This
unites cogently, from a psychological point of view,
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12 ACTE / Act both Bakhtin=s and Vygotsky=s perspectives.
Unfortunately, there isn=t until now an effort to do
this in other fields. Although there are efforts to
do this in education, these only take this or that
aspect of the authors, but fail in offering a real
integration of the background understanding they have
of human beings, human acts, actions, activities, the
very being-in-the world of human subjects.
Adail Sobral
Bibliographie / References
Aristotle. Metaphysics, IX.
Physics, III.
Backs, Jean-Louis.B L=acte gratuit, invention des potes symbolistes, in Nouvelle
Revue de Psychanalyse, XXXI (1985), Les actes.
Bakhtin, Mikhail.B Toward a Philosophy of the Act. (1920-1924). Translated with notes
by Vadim Liapunov. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
Esttica da Criao Verbal. 4a ed. Translated Paulo Bezerra. So Paulo: Martins Fontes,
2003.
Questes de Literatura e de Esttica (Teoria do Romance). [1975] 3a ed. Translated
A. F. Bernadini et al. So Paulo: UNESP, 1993.
Brait, Beth (ed).B Bakhtin, dialogismo e construo do sentido. 20 reimpresso. Campinas:
Editora da Unicamp, 2001.
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13 ACTE / Act As Vozes Bakthinianas e o Dilogo Inconcluso. In BARROS, D.; Fiorin, Jos Luis (eds).B
Dialogismo, Polifonia, Intertextualidade. So Paulo: Edusp, 1994, p. 11-27.
Emerson, caryl. Keeping the Self Intact During the Culture Wars B A Centennial Essay
for Mikhail Bakhtin. In New Literary History, n. 27.
Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Trad J. Macquarrie ; (1996) E. Robinson. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1962.
HOLQUIST, Michael. Dialogism: Bakhtin and his World. London: Routledge, 1990.
HUSSERL, Edmund, Logical Investigations II. Translated I. N. FindlayB London: Routledge
and Kegan Paul, 1970.
The Crisis Of European Sciences And The Transcendental Phenomenology. Translated
David Carr. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970.
KANT, I. Crtica da Razo Pura. In Kant. So Paulo: Nova Cultural, 1999. Translated Val
rio Rohden and Udo Baldur Moosburger.
MARX, K. Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. Translated Gregor Benton
(1974).
The Capital. (Ed of 1887). Edited with modifications by F. Engels. MERLEAU-PONTY,
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14 ACTE / Act M. Phnomnologie de la perception. Paris : Gallimard, 1945.
OREL, Miroslav. F. W. J. Schelling's and M. M. Bakhtin's Process Thinking. Paper presented
to The Third Australasian Conference on Process Thought, November, 29 2001. Online:
http://www.alfred.north.whitehead.com/AAPT/discussion_papers/2001_Orel.pdf.
Accessed: 12 JAN 2003.
REALE, G. Plato. Translated Marcelo Perine. So Paulo: Loyola, 1997.
SOUZA, G. T. A construo da metalingstica (fragmentos de uma cincia da linguagem
na obra de Bakhtin e seu crculo). Tese de doutorado. So Paulo: FFLCH/USP, 2002.
SOBRAL, Adail. U.B Ato/atividade e evento. In: Bait, Beth (ed).B . Bakhtin:
Conceitos-Chave. So Paulo: Contexto, 2005a, p. 11-36.
Voloshinov, V. N. El signo ideolgico y la filosofa del lenguaje (1930). Translated Rosa
Mara Rssovich. Buenos Aires: Nueva Visin, 1976.
Voloshinov, V. N.B Freudism (1927). [Including "Discourse in Life and Discourse in Art
(Concerning Sociological Poetics).]. Translated I. R. Titunik. New York: Academic Press,
1976.