CERN LASER Alarm System Katarina Sigerud, CERN ACS workshop, 9 October 2005.
ACS Questions October 2012 - aast.org
Transcript of ACS Questions October 2012 - aast.org
Pauline K. Park MD, FACS, FCCM
Lena M. Napolitano MD, FACS, FCCM
University of Michigan School of Medicine
Ann Arbor, MI
ACS Questions – October 2012
V. Marco Ranieri MD, et al. JAMA. 2012;():1-8. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669
May 21, 2012
AECC
Definition:
Limitations
and
methods to
address
these in the
Berlin
ARDS
Definition
Question 1
All of the following have been demonstrated as
beneficial effects of inhaled nitric oxide in
adult ARDS patients EXCEPT:
A. Significant increase in PaO2
B. Reduced mortality in adult ARDS
C. Decreased pulmonary arterial pressures
D. Improved right ventricular function
Question 1
All of the following have been demonstrated as
beneficial effects of inhaled nitric oside in
adult ARDS patients EXCEPT:
A. Significant increase in PaO2
B. Reduced mortality in adult ARDS
C. Decreased pulmonary arterial pressures
D. Improved right ventricular function
Inhaled Nitric Oxide and ARDS
NO is a selective pulmonary vasodilator that acts on the endothelial
surface of the lung to produce regional vasodilaton in ventilated lung
units, resulting in improved right ventricular function.
NO improves oxygenation in ALI and ARDS, but has no effect on the
duration of ventilatory support or mortality.
Although current cumulative evidence from clinical trials suggests that
NO has no place in the routine therapy of patients with ARDS, short-
term physiologic improvements may be crucial for patient survival in
severe cases for whom refractory hypoxemia or pulmonary
hypertension are major clinical problems.
In these limited situations, NO may have a role as salvage therapy, as a
component of a multimodal approach that includes other strategies
such as high-frequency oscillation and prone positioning.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide and ARDS:
Results of Largest Meta-Analysis
Oxygenation 12 - 24 hrs All-cause Mortality
Included 12 trials and 1237 patients
Adhikari NK et al. BMJ 2007 Apr 14;334(7597):779
RR 1.13, CI 1.04 – 1.23 RR 1.10, CI 0.94 – 1.30
Rescue Strategies in ARDS
Inhaled NO as
Rescue for
Severe ARDS
Question 2
Which of the following factors has the greatest
impact on improving oxygenation in HFOV use
in adult patients with ARDS?
A. Increased mean airway pressure
B. Decreased Hertz
C. Increased inspiratory time
D. Decreased power
Question 2
Which of the following factors has the greatest
impact on improving oxygenation in HFOV use
in adult patients with ARDS?
A. Increased mean airway pressure
B. Decreased Hertz
C. Increased inspiratory time
D. Decreased power
HFOV Protocols
Protocol for HFOV in Adults
HFOV Meta-analysis - Oxygenation
PaO2/FiO2 ratio on
days 1 to 3.
HFOV increased
PaO2/FiO2 ratio by
16% to 24%
compared with
conventional
mechanical
ventilation
Sud, BMJ 2010;340:c2327
HFOV Meta-analysis
Sud, BMJ, 2010;340:c2327
HFOV in adults with ARDS is safe and may improve outcome – more study is needed
OSCILLATE RCT CIHR/CCC Trials Group OSCILLATE trial
Target sample size of 1200; 492 enrolled
http://www.oscillatetrial.com/
Randomized Trial
OSCAR: High Frequency OSCillation in ARDS
Target sample size of 802 (6/07 – 2/2012)
Recruitment to date = 762
Funding: NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme – HTA (UK)
www.oscar-trial.org
Rescue Strategies in ARDS
HFOV as
Rescue for
Severe ARDS
Question 3
Prone Positioning in adult patients with ARDS is
associated with
A. Improved ventilation
B. Need for neuromuscular blockade
C. Increased complications
D. Reduced mortality in severe hypoxemia patients
Question 3
Prone Positioning in adult patients with ARDS is
associated with
A. Improved ventilation
B. Need for neuromuscular blockade
C. Increased complications
D. Reduced mortality in severe hypoxemia patients
Bilateral patchy opacities
ARDS
• “Baby Lung” Sitting on
Top of a Consolidated
Lung
• Posterior dependent
lung consolidation
• Difficult to recruit
CT Imaging prior to Prone Position
Posterior Dependent Atelectasis and Edema
Prone Position effect on Oxygenation
Sud S, et al. CMAJ 2008;178(8):1153-61.
RR 1.23, CI 1.15 – 1.32
Prone Position effect on Mortality
Abroug F, et al. Crit Care 2011;15(1):R6.
In ARDS: RR 0.708, CI 0.503 – 0.997; p=0.048
Prone Position effect on Mortality
Gattinoni L, et al. Minerva Anestesiol 2010;76(6):448-54.
• Individual patient meta-analysis of the 4 major clinical trials
• Absolute mortality of severely hypoxemia ARDS patients is reduced by 10%
Rescue Strategies in ARDS
Prone Position as
Rescue for Severe
ARDS
Prone Position Techniques
• Vollman Prone Positioner
• Rotoprone Therapy System (KCI, USA)
Prone Positioning
Prone Positioning
Univ. Michigan Prone
Method
• 4 people
• 2 sheets
• Easy to do
• Easy to teach
• Quick
• Easy access to patient
Question 4
Which of the following is true regarding ECMO in
adult patients with ARDS?
A. VA-ECMO is associated with decreased mortality
compared to VV-ECMO
B. Anticoagulation is required but is not associated with
increased complications
C. Transfer to a specialized center with ECMO
capabilities is associated with decreased mortality
D. ECMO is contraindicated after ≥ 5 days of mechanical
ventilation
Question 4
Which of the following is true regarding ECMO in
adult patients with ARDS?
A. VA-ECMO is associated with decreased mortality
compared to VV-ECMO
B. Anticoagulation is required but is not associated with
increased complications
C. Transfer to a specialized center with ECMO
capabilities is associated with decreased mortality
D. ECMO is contraindicated after ≥ 5 days of mechanical
ventilation
ECMO Inclusion Criteria
• Belief that the disease is
reversible
• Severe hypoxemia
• MV with high pressures < 7-
10 days
• Failure of gas exchange
• Failed rescue strategies
Indications Contraindications
Duration of Mechanical
Ventilation
< 5-7 days
7-10 days only if mechanically
ventilated with high pressures
for < 7 days
There is no absolute
contraindications to ECLS, as
each patient is considered
individually with respect to
risks and benefits. There are
conditions, however, that are
known to be associated with a
poor outcome despite ECLS,
and can be considered as
relative contraindications:
Pulmonary Compliance
< 0.5 ml/cm H2O/kg
Mechanical ventilation at high
settings (FiO2 > 0.9, P-plat >
30) for 7 days or more
Oxygenation
PaO2/FiO2 < 100 and no
response to standard
therapies for severe ARDS
Shunt > 30%
Major pharmacologic
immunosuppression (absolute
neutrophil count < 400/mm3)
CNS hemorrhage that is recent or
expanding
Contraindication to systemic
anticoagulation
Exclusion Criteria
• Irreversible pulmonary
disease
• MV > 7-10 days on high
pressures
• Contraindication to
anticoagulation
• N = 1473 from ELSO, mean age 34 years
• 50% all-cause mortality
• ECMO mean duration 144 hours (~6 days)
Brogan TV et al. Intensive Care Med 2009;35(12):2105-14
UK Adult ECMO Study
CESAR. Peek and Firmin 2000-2006
180 ARDS Pts , 30 centers
Consent
Randomize
90 Conventional 90 Optimal+ECMO
47% Survival at 6 months 63% Survival
766 patients screened, 180 randomized, and 68 patients (75%) actually received ECMO. Of patients assigned to consideration for treatment by ECMO, 63% (57/90) survived to 6 months without disability vs 47% (41/87) (relative risk, 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0·05 - 0·97; P = .03).
(68 ECMO)
Exclusion criteria:
high pressure (30cm
PIP) or high FIO2 (0.8)
for 7d, contraindication
to heparin.
Giles Peek CESAR 2007
ECLS in ARDS
Prospective Randomized Trial, Cesar Trial, 2008 0.0
00.2
50.5
00.7
51.0
0
0 50 100 150 200Analysis time (days)
Conventional ECMO
Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, by allocation
ECMO 63% (57/90) survived to 6 months without disability vs. 47% (41/87) Relative risk (death or severe disability), 0.69; 95% CI 0.05 – 0.97; P = .03; RR death 0.73; 95% CI 0.52-1.03
31% Mortality reduction in Specialized Center
Meta-analysis of 3 ECMO RCTs
• Meta-analysis of the 3 RCTs found
moderate, statistically significant
heterogeneity in their reported risk ratios
for mortality with and without ECMO (chi-
square test p .09, I2 58%).
• This means that differences in patient
populations or methods between the
studies affected the results (not
unexpected considering the trials were
published over a span of 30 yrs) and that
a summary effect size derived from these
published results may not reflect the true
effect of ECMO on patient mortality.
• The summary risk ratio found by the
meta-analysis was 0.93 (95%
confidence interval, 0.71 to 1.22).
• Conclusion:
• Thus, there is insufficient evidence to provide a recommendation for ECMO use among patients with respiratory failure resulting from influenza.
• However, clinicians should consider ECMO within the context of other salvage therapies for acute respiratory failure.
Mitchell MD, et al. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1398 –1404
Meta-analysis of 3 ECMO RCTs
• Conclusion:
• For clinicians at hospitals that do not have an ECMO program, it
would be advisable:
• to establish institutional guidelines to identify ECMO-eligible
patients in a timely manner and
• to establish a relationship with an ECMO-capable institution to
facilitate safe inter-hospital transport of these potentially
salvageable patients and
• to be familiar with the general guidelines for extracorporeal life
support cases and H1N1 cases in particular provided by the
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization.
• Future studies are needed to define the optimal use of this
potentially life-saving intervention.
Mitchell MD, et al. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1398 –1404
• ECMO support is a reasonable therapy for patients
who do not respond to conventional care
• Transfer these patients to an ECMO-capable
ARDS referral center with special expertise
• Rescue therapies such as inhaled nitric oxide,
prone positioning, high-frequency oscillatory
ventilation, steroids in ARDS have no better proof
that they are superior to conventional care in
adults with ARDS, but clinicians often use them.
• All ECMO patients should be reported to ELSO
• > 40,000 patients currently in the ELSO registry
Dalton JH and MacLaren G. Crit Care Med 2010; 38(6):1484 –14845
• ICU in Utah
• 30 patients with H1N1-associated ARDS
• Median age 34
• Median P/F ratio 61 (52-100)
• Not treated with ECMO
• Mortality 26.6% (8/30)
• Deaths
• 1 shock/hypoxemia
• 3 severe hypoxic or anoxic brain injury
• 1 strep sepsis
• 1 support withdrawn
Miller RR, et al. CHEST 2010;137:752.
• 2009-2010 H1N1-associated ARDS
• “ECMO-referred patients” 80, transferred to 4 adult ECMO centers in UK
• Matched with “Non-ECMO-referred patients” 1756), Swine Flu Triage Study
• Concurrent longitudinal cohort study
• Critically ill patients with H1N1 ARDS
Noah MA, et al. JAMA 2011;306(15):1659-1668.
80 referred for ECMO; 69 received (86.3%); hospital mortality 27.5%
Noah MA, et al. JAMA 2011;306(15):1659-1668.
EOLIA
ECMO Trial
• ECMO to rescue Lung
Injury in severe ARDS
• Multicenter ECMO trial
in adult severe ARDS
• Alain Combes MD, PI,
• France
• Control cohort with
modern ARDS
ventilator
management, and
rescue strategies
allowed
Judgement criteria
Primary endpoint: all-cause mortality at D60
Secondary outcomes:
– Mortality at D30 and D90, in the ICU and in-hospital
– Number of days, between inclusion and D60, alive without mechanical
ventilation, without hemodynamic support and without organ failure
– Number of patients developing pneumothorax between D1 and D60
– Number of infectious, neurological and hemorrhagic complications
– Duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU and hospital stays
CARDIOHELP System (Maquet)
• FDA approved 4-26-2011: market in US as cardiac/respiratory assist
device for up to 6 hours, and for ground/air transportation
• HLS Advanced Tubing and Priming Set (2 sets: 7.0 and 5.0)
• Light and compact, touchscreen
• Disposables, integrated sensors (Hb, saO2, sVO2, temperature)
• VV-ECMO or VA-ECMO
Rescue Strategies in ARDS
ECMO as Rescue for
Severe ARDS
Novalung Active
Heparin-
coated PMP
Hollow fiber
membrane,
Centrifugal
pump
Question 5
What is the optimal timing for tracheostomy in
patients with acute respiratory failure?
A. 1-4 days after intubation
B. 4-6 days after intubation
C. 6-8 days after intubation
D. ≥ 10 days after intubation
Question 5
What is the optimal timing for tracheostomy in
patients with acute respiratory failure?
A. 1-4 days after intubation
B. 4-6 days after intubation
C. 6-8 days after intubation
D. ≥ 10 days after intubation
Tracheostomy vs. Prolonged Intubation
Crit Care Med 2004 Vol. 32, No. 8:1689
•Adult pts projected to need MV for 14 days
•N = 120
•Early tracheostomy – within 48 hrs
•Late tracheostomy – within 14-16 days
Survival post-intubation
Kaplan-Meier curve. The time to death is displayed. There is a significantly better mortality rate in the early tracheotomy group than the
prolonged translaryngeal group at 30 days (p .005).
Mortality 31.7% vs. 61.7%
Tracheotomy vs. Prolonged Intubation
Outcome Measures
Tracheotomy vs. Prolonged Intubation
•RCT, n = 209
– Early trach, 145 (6-8 days)
– Late trach, 119 (13-15 days)
•12 Italian ICUs, 6/2004-
2008
•Primary endpoint was VAP
– 30 (14%) Early trach
– 44 (21%) Late trach
– P = 0.07 (VAP defined by
CPIS)
Early = 1-4 days after intubation
Late = ≥ 10 days after intubation
TracMan Trial, Largest trial, n=909, UK
•No difference in VAP rates, ventdays, mortality
•Significantly decreased sedation use – early trach
Patient
•A 65 yo female underwent elective pulmonary
lobectomy (RLL) for lung cancer.
•She has a prior 52-pack-year hx of smoking and
PMH of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).
•She requires mechanical ventilation
postoperatively and the RT recognizes that there
is significant auto-PEEP present and notifies you.
Question 6
Which of the following methods would be most
reliable in reducing auto-PEEP?
A. Decrease exogenous positive-end-expiratory
pressure (PEEP)
B. Increase inspiratory time
C. Increase expiratory time
D. Decrease expiratory time
Question 6
Which of the following methods would be most
reliable in reducing auto-PEEP?
A. Decrease exogenous positive-end-expiratory
pressure (PEEP)
B. Increase inspiratory time
C. Increase expiratory time
D. Decrease expiratory time
Auto-PEEP
Auto-PEEP & VT
Effect of Lengthening Expiratory time during PCV
flo
wvo
lum
e
Question 7
Regarding Sedation and Delirium in the ICU:
A. Reintubation rates are higher when spontaneous
breathing trials are paired with sedation holidays
B. Dexmedetomidine is associated with higher costs than
lorazepam
C. After adjusting for patient age and severity of illness,
use of lorazepam no longer correlates with the
development of delirium
D. ICU delirium affects long term outcomes following
hospital discharge
Question 7
Regarding Sedation and Delirium in the ICU:
A. Reintubation rates are higher when spontaneous
breathing trials are paired with sedation holidays
B. Dexmedetomidine is associated with higher costs than
lorazepam
C. After adjusting for patient age and severity of illness,
use of lorazepam no longer correlates with the
development of delirium
D. ICU delirium affects long term outcomes following
hospital discharge
Girard, Lancet 2008; 371:126-34
• Paired daily awakening trial and spontaneous breathing trial
• Increased days breathing without assistance and earlier ICU discharge, approx 4 days
• Lower mortality during the year
after enrollment HR 0.68 95% CI 0.50 – 0.92 NTT 7.4
Wake up and Breathe!
Ely JAMA 2004;291:1753-1762
ICU Delirium Affects Mortality at 6 months
Panharipande, Anesthesiology 104 (1) 2006
• Lorazepam use, Severity of illness and Age • Independent risk factors for transitioning to ICU delirium
Choice of sedation is a modifiable risk factor for delirium
Pandharipande, JAMA 2007; 298 (22)
• 106 patients
• Randomized, double blind trial
• Similar costs between
arms
• More days alive without delirium or coma
• More days at targeted
level of sedation