Acronyms

B. T. Fijalkowski, Automotive Mechatronics: Operational and Practical Issues,Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering 52,

505

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1183-9, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

Acronyms ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ A&J Acceleration-and-jerk ABC Active body control ABS Anti-lock braking system ABW Absorb-by-wire AC Alternating current; active control ACC Adaptive cruise control ACE Active cornering enhancement ACT Active control technology ADAMS Automatic dynamics analysis of mechanical systems ADC Active dynamic control A/D Analogue/digital AE All-electric AECV All-electric combat vehicle AEIV All-electric intelligent vehicle AEV All-electric vehicle AF All-fluidical AFS Active front steering AI Artificial intelligence AP All-pneumatical ARC Adaptive robust control; active roll control ARP Adaptive ride control; active rollover protection ARS Active roll stabilisation ASC Active suspension controller ASIC Application specific integrated circuit ASIM Application specific integrated matrixer ATC Adaptive traction control AV Automotive vehicle AVA Active vibration absorber AV/driver Automotive vehicle/human driver AW Active wheel AWA All-wheel absorbed AWB All-wheel-braked; all-wheel-brake AWD All-wheel driven AWS All-wheel steered BBW Brake-by-wire BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke (Bawarian Motor Works) CCD Controller and control display CCV Control configured vehicle CCVRTD Chassis continuously variable real-time damping C&HS Comfort-and-handling stability

Acronyms 508

CH-E Chemo-electrical CoG Centre-of-gravity COTS Commercial off-the-shelf CSU Central storage unit CVD Continuously variable damper CVDA Continuously variable-damping-force shock absorber CVRSS Continuously variable road-sensing suspension CVT Continuously variable transmission DBW Drive-by-wire DC Direct current; decision coverage DD Dynamic drive DoF Degrees-of-freedom DSC Dynamic stability control DSP Digital signal processor DYC Direct yaw-moment control E&IN Energy-and-information network EBA Electronic brake assist EBD Electronic brake-force distribution ECC Electrically-heated catalytic converter ECE External combustion engine ECI&C Entertainment, communication, information and control ECU Electronic control unit E-CH Electro-chemical EDC Electronic damping control; electronic damper control EED Electrical energy distribution E-F-M Electro-fluido-mechanical EMB Electro-mechanical brake EMU Engine management unit E-M Electro-mechanical E-M-F Electro-mechano-fluidical E-M-P Electro-mechano-pneumatical ESP Electronic stability control ER Electro-rheological ERF Electro-rheological fluid FA Front axle FBW Fly-by-wire FCU Fail-consistent unit FECU Fluidical-and-electronic control unit FF Force-feedback FL Fuzzy logic F-M Fluido-mechanical FMEA Failure-mode effect analysis F-P-M Fluido-pneumo-mechanical FO Fibre optic FTU Fault-tolerant unit FWA Front-wheel absorbed

Automotive Mechatronics 509

FWD Front-wheel driven; front-wheel-drive FWS Front-wheel steered GA Genetic algorithm GER Giant-electro-rheological GERF Giant-electro-rheological fluid HAC Hill-start assist control HD Human driver HE Hybrid-electric HM Hybrid-mechanical HMMWV High mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicle H-M Human-machine HW Hand wheel HWA Hand-wheel angle H&TD Human and/or telerobotic driver ICE Internal combustion engine ICR Instantaneous centre of rotation ICV Infantry carrier vehicle I/O Inlet/outlet; input/output IPM Interior permanent magnet IR Infra-red ISO International Organization for Standardization LC Level control LQG Linear-quadratic-Gaussian LSD Limited slip differential LSI Leaf Spring Institute IVDL In-vehicle data link IVS In-vehicle sensor L Laser LQR Linear-quadratic regulator MARC Modular-adaptive-robust-control MBD Model-based design MC Modified condition MCU Microcontroller unit M-E Mechano-electrical M-F Mechano-fluidical MMI Multi-media interface M-M Mechano-mechanical MOSFET Metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect M-P Mechano-pneumatical MR Magneto-rheological MRE Magneto-rheological elastomer MRF Magneto-rheological fluid MROADS Magneto-rheological optimised damper suspension MV Minimum variance MWD Middle-wheel-drive NF Neuro-fuzzy

Acronyms 510

NMRF Nano-magneto-rheological fluid NN Neural network NVH Noise, vibration, and harshness OEM Original equipment manufacturer PCG Production code generation PF Piezoelectric friction PG Parallelogram PI Proportional-integral PID Proportional-integral-derivative P-M Pneumo-mechanical PS Power steering PSD Power spectral density PWM Pulse width modulator QCF Quadratic cost functional QoS Quality of service RBW Ride-by-wire RC&RH Ride control and road handling R&D Research-and-development RFS Reverse function stabiliser RMD Roll moment distribution RMS Root-mean-square R&P Rack-and pinion RTD Real-time damping RWA Rear-wheel absorbed RWD Rear-wheel-driven; rear-wheel-drive RWS Rear-wheel steered SASE Self-adaptive symbiotic evaluation SBW Steer-by-wire SCM Software configuration management SCS Stability control system SDoF Single-degree-of-freedom SEC Specific energy consumption SFC Specific fuel consumption SIL Safety integrity level SLA Short-long arm SM&GW Steered, motorised and/or generatorised wheel SOADS Servo-valve optimised active damper suspension SOSE Self-organising symbiotic evaluation SRF Stimuli responsive fluid SSA State-switching absorber SUV Smart utility vehicle TCS Traction control system TD Torque distribution TDMA Time division multiple access TTA Time-triggered architecture TTP Time-triggered protocol

Automotive Mechatronics 511

TV Tracked vehicle TVA Tuned vibration absorber US Ultra-sonic USPA Ultrasonic parking assistance VDC Vehicle dynamics control VH Vehicle handling VIP Vehicle intrusion protection VMFC Virtual model following control VO Variable orifice VR Vehicle ride VRPS Vehicle-velocity-responsive power steering VSC Vehicle skid control VTD Variable traction distribution VVT Variable valve timing V&V Verification and validation WDT Watch-dog timer WV Wheeled vehicle XBW X-by-wire 3D Three dimensions 2-DoF Two-degrees-of-freedom 4-DoF Four-degrees-of-freedom 7-DoF Seven-degrees-of-freedom 8-DoF Eight-degrees-of-freedom 4WA Four-wheel absorbed; four-wheel-absorb 4WB Four-wheel braked; four-wheel-brake 2WD Two-wheel driven, two-wheel-drive 4WD Four-wheel driven; four-wheel-drive 2WS Two-wheel steered; two-wheel-steering 4WS Four-wheel steered; four-wheel-steering

Nomenclature

Nomenclature ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ A – Steady state gain in yaw angular velocity: [s-1] αx – Longitudinal acceleration of the centre of gravity (barycentre): [m s-1] αy - Lateral acceleration of the centre of gravity (barycentre): [m s-1] Bf – Steady state gain vehicle sideslip angle for front wheels: [s] Br – Steady state gain vehicle sideslip angle for rear wheels: [s] bf - Tread of the front wheels: [m] br - Tread of the rear wheels: [m] fn – Natural frequency (fn =ωn /2π): [s-1] or [Hz] Iz – Moment of the inertia of vehicle: [kg m2] is - Steering ratio in over all K – Stability factor: [s2m-2] Kf – Equivalent cornering power of front: [N ] or [N rad-1] Kr – Equivalent cornering power of rear: [N ] or [N rad-1] k - Steering angle ratio: [unitless] l - Wheelbase: [m] lf – Distance between centre of gravity (barycentre) and front wheel shaft: [m] lr – Distance between centre of gravity (barycentre) and rear wheel shaft: [m] m – Mass of the vehicle: [kg] s - Complex frequency (s = Re(s) + Im(s) = σ + jω) or Laplace numerator: [s-1] MZf - Inner-front-wheel yaw torque around the vertical axis z: [Nm] MZr - Inner-rear-wheel yaw torque around the vertical axis z: [Nm]

V – Vehicle velocity 22yx vvV : [m s-1]

vx – Longitudinal velocity of the centre of gravity (barycentre): [m s-1] vy – Lateral velocity of the centre of gravity (barycentre): [m s-1] δf – Front sideslip angle: [rad] δr – Rear sideslip angle:[rad] β - Sideslip angle of the centre of gravity (barycentre): [rad] δf - Front wheel steering angle (average of left and right front wheels): [m] δr - Rear wheel steering angle (average of left and right rear wheels): [m] δH - Steering wheel angle: [rad] - Roll angle: [rad]

- Roll rate: [rad s-1]

Tf – Time constant for front sideslip angle: [s] Tr – Time constant for rear sideslip angle: [s] τf – Time constant for front yaw angular velocity: [s] τr – Time constant for rear yaw angular velocity: [s]

Nomenclature 516

σ - Neperian frequency Re(s) : [s-1]

ω – Angular frequency f 2 : [rad s-1]

ωn – Response angular frequency nn f 2 : [rad s-1]

ωy – Yaw angular velocity (frequency): [rad s-1] - Yaw angle: [rad]

- Yaw angular velocity (frequency): [rad s-1]

- Yaw angular acceleration: [rad s-2]

ζ - Damping rate ζ ωn – : [s-1] ζ ωn V – Steering capacity: [m s-2]

Index

Index ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬

AAbsorb-by-wire (ABW), 3, 215 Acceleration-and-jerk (A&J), 341Active body control (ABC), 373, 445Active control technology (ACT), 111Active cornering enhancement (ACE), 371, 445Active front steering (AFS), 9, 71, 314Active roll control (ARC), 247, 373 Active roll stabilisation (ARS), 312 Active suspension controller (ASC), 9 Active vibration absorber (AVA), 332Active wheel (AW), 363, 418 Automatic dynamic anslysis of mechanical systems (ADAMS), 79 Adaptive cruise control (ACC), 19 Adaptive damping system (ADS), 402 Adaptive ride package (ARP), 312 Adaptive-robust-control (ARC), 253 Adaptive traction control (ATC), 19 A/D converter (ADC), 65, 310, 373 Alternating current (AC), 122All-electric combat vehicle (AECV), 118 All-electric intelligent vehicle (AEIV), 126 All-electric vehicle (AEV), 117, 420 All-wheel-absorbed (AWA), 3, 215All-wheel-braked (AWB), 3, 215 All-wheel-driven (AWD), 3, 215 All-wheel-steered (AWS), 3, 215, 301 Analog-to-digital (A/D), 68 Anti-lock braking systems (ABS), 5, 7, 302Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), 119 Application specific integrated matrixer (ASIM), 122Artificial intelligence (AI), 119, 122 Automotive vehicle (AV), 120

BBattery-electric vehicle (BEV), 420 Brake-by-wire (BBW), 3, 215 Bond graphs (BG), 248

CCentral processing unit (CPU), 262 Central storage unit (CSU), 310 Centre of grawity (CoG), 233, 407Chassis continuously variable real-time damping (CCVRTD), 449 Comfort-and-handling stability (C&HS), 104

Index 520

Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS), 115 Computerised ride control (CRC), 444Control configured vehicle (CCV), 111 Controller and control display (CCD), 399

DDegrees of freedom (DoF), 99, 278, 341 Digital signal processor (DSP), 308 Digital signal processor/micro-controller unit (DSP/MCU), 313 Direct current (DC), 122, 332Direct yaw-moment control (DYC), 4 Drive-by-wire (DBW), 3 Dynamic drive (DD), 398 Dynamic stability control (DSC), 159

EEight-degree-of-freedom’s (8-DoF), 21, 272 Electrical-energy-distribution (EED), 48, 408, 415 Electrically-heated catalytic converter (ECC), 118 Electrically powered steering (EPS), 22 Electro-fluidical control unit (EFCU), 372 Electro-fluidically powered steering (EFPS), 22 Electro-mechanical brakes (EMB), 363Electro-rheological fluid (ERF), 225, 333 Electro-rheological (ER) shock absorber, 231 Electronic control bit (ECB), 120 Electronic control unit (ECU), 14, 107, 122, 153, 225, 241, 444 Electronic damper control (EDC), 398 Electronic damping control (EDC), 312 Electronic stability program (ESP), 5 Energy-and-information network (E&IN), 47, 239 Engine management unit (EMU), 118 Entertainment, communication, information and control (ECI&C), 406 External combustion engine (ECE), 6, 217

FFail-consistent unit (FCU), 166 Fail-silent unit (FSU), 166 Failure mode effect analysis (FMEA), 157 Fault-tolerant unit (FTU), 166 Fibre-optic (FO), 134 Fluidical-and-electronic control unit (FECU), 397 Fluidically powered steering (FPS), 22 Fly-by-wire (FBW), 16Force feedback (FF), 163 Four-degrees-of-freedom (4-DoF), 231Four-wheel-steered (4WS), 3, 73, 139, 221Front axle (FA), 163 Front-wheel absorbed (FWA), 217Front-wheel drive (FWD), 119, 218Front-wheel steering (FWS), 4, 107, 119 166, 218

Automotive Mechatronics 521

Fuel cells (FC), 16 Fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV), 420 Fuzzy logic (FL), 69, 122, 230

GGenetic algorithm (GA), 247 Giant electro-rheological (GER) effect, 339 Giant-electro-rheological fluid (GERF), 225, 336 Giant magnetostrictive material (GMM), 435 Guidance and information system (GIS), 109

H Hand wheel (HW), 4, 117Hand wheel angle (HWA), 163 High mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV), 307, 328 Human- and/or telerobotic driver (H&TD), 119, 122 Human driver (driver), 3, 223 Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV), 420 Human driver, 3, 217 Human-machine (HM), 14, 172, 334

IInfantry carrier vehicle (ICV), 329 Infra-red (IR), 119Input/Output (I/O), 118 Instantaneous centre of rotation (ICR), 133 Interior permanent magnet (IPM), 128, 410, 424 Internal combustion engine (ICE), 6, 117, 217 In-vehicle data link (IVDL), 134 In-vehicle sensor (IVS), 134

L

Laser (L), 115 Lateral motion in y-axis, 3 Level control (LC), 301 Linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG), 243 Linear-quadratic regulator (LQR), 6 Linear time-invariant (LTI), 277

M Magneto-rheological elastomer (MRE), 316, 331 Magneto-rheological fluid (MRF), 117,225, 316 Magneto-rheological optimised active damper suspension (MROADS), 329 Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), 65 Microprocessor control unit (MCU), 130, 382 Middle-wheel drive (MWD), 119 Middle-wheel steering (MWS), 123 Minimum-variance (MV), 249 Model-based design (MBD), 153

Index 522

Modified condition/decision coverage (MC/DC), 157Modular-adaptive-robust-control (MARC), 247Multi media interface (MMI), 405

NNano-magneto-rheological fluid (NMRF), 117, 225 Neural networks, 69, 122, 246, 316 Neuro-fuzzy (NF), 22, 69, 119, 122 Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), 11

O Optimal quadratic control (OQC), 401 Original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 216, 333

P Parallelogram (PG), 12 Piezoelectric friction (PF) shock absorbers, 344 Power-on-demand (POD), 69 Power spectral density (PSD), 274 Power steering (PS), 12 Production code generation (PCG), 153, 160 Proportional-integral (PI), 8 Proportional-integral-derivative (PID), 8 Pulse width modulator (PWM), 65, 310

Q Quadratic-cost-functional (QCF), 246 Quality of service (QoS), 161

R Rack-and-pinion (R&P), 12, 118, 217 Real-time damping (RTD), 300 Rear-wheel absorbed (RWA), 223 Rear-wheel drive (RWD), 120 Rear-wheel steering (RWS), 3, 73,105, 107, 166 Research and development (R&D), 3, 364 Reverse function stabiliser (RFS), 269 Ride-by-wire (RBW), 3, 118, 119, 215 Ride comfort and road handling (RC&RH), 117 Roll moment distribution (RMD), 6 Root-mean-square (RMS) value, 244, 275, 360

S Safety integrity level (SIL), 162 Self-adaptive symbiotic evolution (SASE), 248 Self-organising symbiotic evolution (SOSE), 248 Servo-valve optimised active damper suspension (SOADS), 307 Seven-degrees-of-freedom (7-DoF), 231 Short long arms (SLA), 258Single-degree-of-freedom (SDoF), 346 Six degrees-of-freedom (6-DoF), 416

Automotive Mechatronics 523

Six-wheel steered (6WS), 136 Smart magnetic material (SMM), 435Smart-utility vehicle (SUV), 10, 220Software configuration management (SCM), 160 Specific energy consumption (SEC), 226 Specific fuel consumption (SFC), 22, 95, 404 Stability control system (SCS), 302 State-switching absorber (SSA), 332 State-switching absorber (SSA), 332Steer-by-wire (SBW), 3, 73, 157, 215, 301Steering hand wheel (HW), 4 Steered, motorised and/or generatorised wheels (SM&GW), 117, 119, 418 Stimuli responsive fluid (SRF), 225 Symbiotic evolution (SE)., 247

TThree dimensions (3D), 369Throttle-by-wire (TBW), 118 Time division multiple access (TDMA), 161 Time-triggered architecture (TTA), 161 Time triggered protocol (TTP), 161 Torque distribution (TD), 7 Tracked vehicle (TV), 137 Traction control systems (TCS), 7, 302 Tuned vibration absorber (TVA), 332 Two-degree-of-freedom (2-DoF), 22, 230

UUltrasonic (US), 110, 134, 340Ultrasonic parking assistance (USPA), 134

VVariable orifice (VO), 301 Variable traction distribution (VTD), 8 Variable valve timing (VVT), 118 Vehicle dynamics control (VDC), 7Vehicle handling (VH), 226Vehicle ride (VR), 226 Vehicle-velocity responsive power steering (VRPS), 49Verification and validation (V&V), 154Vertical motion in z-axis, 221 Virtual model following control (VMFC), 6

WWatch-dog timer (WDT), 68 Wheeled vehicle (WV), 24, 117

XX-by-wire, 3, 118, 215