Acrolein as Potential Alternative to Methyl Bromide in ...Acrolein as Potential Alternative to...
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Acrolein as Potential Alternative to Methyl Bromide in
California-Grown Calla Lilies
Husein AjwaUniversity of California, Davis
Acrolein as Potential Alternative to Methyl Bromide in California-Grown Calla Lilies
Researchers:
Susanne Klose (PI) Husein Ajwa, UC-Davis
Jim Gerik, USDA-ARS
Ian Greene, Golden State Bulb Growers
MB Use in California in OrnamentalsMB Use in California in OrnamentalsFrom US Nominations for CUE for Ornamentals, 2006 (US EPA) From US Nominations for CUE for Ornamentals, 2006 (US EPA)
2008 MB nominations = 149,481 lbs
Year Total MB used Acre treated Rate (lbs) (lbs/Acre)
1999 360,469 1,365 264
2000 347,010 1,424 244
2001 187,858 821 229
2002 143,474 900 159
2003 156,115 694 225
2004 not available
Acrylaldehyde
CAS number: 107-02-8
Molecular formula: C3H4O
Properties:
Molecular mass: 56.06 g/molAppearance: colorless to yellow liquid, irritating odorBoiling point: 127 °F (53°C)Vapor pressure: 286 mbar (20°C)Solubility in water: fair (< 10%)
AcroleinAcrolein
BackgroundBackground
Cut flower and ornamental bulb industries rely heavily on MB/Pic as a key pest management tool
The loss of MB will require growers to use alternative fumigants
MB alternative research for cut flowers and ornamental bulb crops received little attention relative to other crops
Test of novel materials for management of a multi-pest complex as preplant treatments (drip applied) under plastic mulchin commercial Calla lily systems in Central Coastal California.
Experimental DesignExperimental Design
Acrolein 100 lbsAcrolein 200 lbsMeBr/Pic (67:33)Control Acrolein 400 lbs
Acrolein 200 lbs Acrolein 100 lbs MeBr/Pic (67:33)Acrolein 400 lbs Control
MeBr/Pic (67:33) Control Acrolein 400 lbs Acrolein 200 lbs Acrolein 100 lbs
Acrolein 400 lbs Acrolein 200 lbs Acrolein 100 lbs ControlMeBr/Pic (67:33)
250 ft50 ft
Treatments
Drip Injection Rate (lb/A) HDPE*
Untreated 0 +
MB/Pic (67/33) 350 +
Acrolein 100 +
Acrolein 200 +
Acrolein 400 +
* High density polyethylene film
Acrolein Drip Application
Dolan Ranch, Moss Landing, CA, June 2006
Evaluations 1
Phytotoxicity testFive indicator Calla lily bulbs were buried in each plot at 2” soil depth at 1, 7, 14 and 21 d past Acroleinapplication, retrieved, transplanted in the greenhouse, and crop was evaluated at 21 d past emergence Viability of soil-borne plant pathogensSurvival of Pythium spp. and Fusarium oxysporumwas evaluated in soil samples from 0-6” depth 4 wks past application
Germination test on Calla bulbs after transplanting in the greenhouse
Evaluations 2
Weed density evaluated prior to each and weed removal practice Calla crop density evaluated every 8-10 wks after planting Plant growth and yield parametersPlant growth and yield parameters
Flower counts at peak floweringFlower counts at peak floweringBulb yield and quality (7 bulb grades (circumference, 1Bulb yield and quality (7 bulb grades (circumference, 11/41/4” to > ” to > 3”, bulb disease symptoms)3”, bulb disease symptoms)Bulb quality rated on transplanted bulbs after 3 months Bulb quality rated on transplanted bulbs after 3 months (number of flowers, plant and root appearance)(number of flowers, plant and root appearance)
Parameters currently evaluated
Germination of indicator Calla bulbs buried in Acrolein treated soils relative to an untreated control at 21 d past emergence
Germination (%)
Acrolein in lbs/acre
Days past Application 100 200 400
1 54 47 54
7 62 69 69
14 100 100 97
21 100 100 100
Germination (%)
Acrolein in lbs/acre
Days past Application 100 200 400
1 54 47 54
7 62 69 69
14 100 100 97
21 100 100 100
Pathogen survival in Acrolein-treated soils (Error bars represent standard errors) (4 wks past application)(4 wks past application)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Control MB/Pic350
Acrolein100
Acrolein200
Acrolein400
Treatment/Rate (lbs/acre)
Path
ogen
sur
viva
l (PP
G) Pythium
Fusarium
Calla lily stand density in Acrolein-treated soils (Error bars represent standard errors)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
8/06 10/06 11/06 4/07
Month/Year
Sta
nd d
ensi
ty (T
hous
and/
acre
)
UTCMB/Pic 350Ac100Ac200Ac400
Total Resident Weeds in Acrolein-treated soils (Error bars represent standard errors)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Untreated MB/CP 350 Acrolein 100 Acrolein 200 Acrolein 400
Treatment/Rate (lbs/acre)
Tota
l res
iden
t wee
ds (
Thou
sand
s ac
re-1
)
Numbers of Malva in Acrolein-treated soils (Error bars represent standard errors)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Untreated MB/Pic 350 Acrolein 100 Acrolein 200 Acrolein 400
Treatment/Rate (lbs/acre)
Mal
va p
arvi
flora
(Th
ousa
nds
acre
-1)
Numbers of Calla Volunteers in Acrolein-treated soils (Error bars represent standard errors)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Untreated MB/Pic 350 Acrolein 100 Acrolein 200 Acrolein 400
Treatment/Rate (lbs/acre)
Zant
edes
chia
spp
. (Th
ousa
nds
acre
-1)
Calla lily stand in Acrolein-treated soils relative to MB/Pic and an untreated soil (Control) 13 month after planting
Control Ac 100 Ac 100MB/Pic
MB/Pic Ac 200 Control Ac 200
Ac 400
Acrolein400 lbs/acre
MB/Pic 350 lbs/acre
Calla lily stand 13 month after planting (July 2007)
Control 0 lbs/acre
Total Flower numbers (Calla lily) at peak flowing in Acrolein-treated soils (Error bars represent standard errors)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
Untreated MB/CP 350 Acrolein 100 Acrolein 200 Acrolein 400
Treatment/Rate (lbs/A)
Flow
er c
ount
s (n
o ac
re-1
)
Conclusions
Acrolein at 400 lbs/acre provided fair control of key pests in Calla lilies, with exception of volunteer crops, up to 4 months after planting
Pathogen control efficacy decreased markedly afterwards (lower stand densities, flower counts, bulb yield? than MB/Pic standard)
LongLong--lasting pest control is crucial for this 18lasting pest control is crucial for this 18--month crop, therefore simultaneous or sequential month crop, therefore simultaneous or sequential application of application of AcroleinAcrolein at 400 lbs/acre with other at 400 lbs/acre with other herbicide/ pesticide combinations or at low rates herbicide/ pesticide combinations or at low rates inin--season need to be tested in the futureseason need to be tested in the future
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Baker Petrolite
Golden State Bulb Growers (Ian Greene)TriCal (Paul Niday, Mike Stanghellini, Bob Lino)
Jonathan Hunzie, Ernie Leyva, Shachar Shem-Tov, Matthew Linder