University Putra Malaysia

ACR 3413

BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 3

Lecture 2

2

- Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other Consultants of their Requirements

- Quality Control (QA) (V & H) - Do It All Again and Again

Item Vertical Load {V} Horizontal Load {H}

Conceptual Design X

Loading TODAY’S LECTURE X

Scheme Design X X

Analysis X X

Design X X

3

- Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other Consultants of their Requirements

- Conceptual Design (V & H)

- Loading Estimation (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheet, Commercial Software)

- Scheme Design (V & H) (Hand, Data Tables from Books)

- Analysis (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheets, Commercial Software)

- Design (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheets, Commercial Software)

- Quality Control (QA) (V & H) - Do It All Again and Again

Types of Loading

DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ

Nature of Loading

Mass, Pressure, UDL and Point Load

Dead Load, Superimposed Dead Load and Live Load

Definition, Code Value

Load Path

Concepts of Load Paths

Page | 4

Load Calculation

Examples

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Types of Loading

Dead Load

Self Weight / Dead

Load (Member

Weight), DL

Superimposed Dead

Load (Soil, Water,

Ceiling, Etc.), SDL

Live Load

Live Load (Human,

Furniture, Etc.), LL

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7

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Live Load, LL

Self Weight / Dead Load, DL

Superimposed Dead Load, SDL

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1) Mass (kg) (3-D)

The mass of an object is a measure

how heavy the object is. It is

measured in units of grams (g) or

kilograms (kg).

2) Pressure (kN/m2) (2-D)

Pressure is the force applied

perpendicular to the surface of an

object per unit area (kN/m2) over

which that force is distributed.

3) Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) (kN/m) (1-D)

UDL is a load that is evenly spread

along a length such as brick wall on

slab. It is measured in units of

(kN/m).

4) Point Load (kN) (0-D)

A point load is a load applied to a

single, specific point on a structural

member. It is measured in units of

(kN).

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1) Mass (kg) (3-D)

Made up of the following types of

loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ

2) Pressure (kN/m2) (2-D)

Made up of the following types of

loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ

3) Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) (kN/m) (1-D)

Made up of the following types of

loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ

4) Point Load (kN) (0-D)

Made up of the following types of

loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ

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Mass 3-D (tonnes / kN / kg)

Pressure 2-D (kN/m2)

UDL 1-D (kN/m)

Point Load 0-D (kN)

Flow Path

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MercedesOne car = 2500 kg

= 2.5 tonnes= 25kN

Proton SagaOne car = 1000 kg

= 1.0 tonnes= 10kN

Normal PersonAverage one person mass = 80 kg

= 0.8kN

Heavy PersonAverage one person mass = 100 kg

= 1.0kN [LL]

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Burj Khalifa 171 Storeys(659m High)Tower = 946,000 tonnes

= 946,000 Proton Saga’s= 9,460,000 kN= 9,460,000 Heavy Persons

Area = 280,000 m2

CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Sears Tower 113 Storeys(454.8m High)Tower = 380,000 tonnes

= 380,000 Proton Saga’s= 3,800,000 kN= 3,800,000 Heavy Persons

Area = 408,922 m2

CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Taipei 101 94 Storeys(405.8m High)Tower = 365,000 tonnes

= 365,000 Proton Saga’s= 3,650,000 kN= 3,650,000 Heavy Persons

Area = 187,110 m2

http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=18

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Petronas Twin Tower 93 Storeys(403.8m High)One tower = 330,000 tonnes

= 330,000 Proton Saga’s= 3,300,000 kN= 3,300,000 Heavy Persons

Area = 213,750 m2

CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Skyview Penang 43 Storeys(147.3m High)Block A = 114,000 tonnes

= 114,000 Proton Saga’s= 1,140,000 kN= 1,140,000 Heavy Persons

Area = 66,365 m2

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Ampang Condo 18 Storeys(63.4m High)Block B = 69,000 tonnes

= 69,000 Proton Saga’s= 690,000 kN= 690,000 Heavy Persons

Area = 51,621 m2

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Ipoh Hospital New Block 10 Storeys(46.1m High)Hospital = 183,000 tonnes

= 183,000 Proton Saga’s= 1,830,000 kN= 1,830,000 Heavy Persons

Area = 103,717 m2

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Average Car Pressure (LL) = 2.5 kN/m2

Eg. 2000kg / (2.0m x 4.8m)

= 210kg/m2 250kg/m2 = 2.5kN/m2.

[LL]

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Humans in Congregation (LL)= 5.0 kN/m2

This means 5 Heavy Persons in 1 m2 !

[LL]

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Building Function Load (kPa)

Classrooms, lecture rooms, tutorial rooms, computer rooms

3.0

Domestic uses & residential activities

2.0

Wards, bedrooms and toilet rooms in hospitals, nursing homes and residential care homes.

2.0

Kitchens 2.0

Floors for offices 3.0

Conference rooms 5.0

Stair Case 4.0

Department stores, supermarkets, markets, shops for display and sale of merchandise.

5.0

Cold storage 5.0 for each meter height[LL]

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[LL]

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[LL]

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[LL]

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[LL]

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[LL]

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[SDL]

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[SDL]

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[SDL]

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[DL]

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[DL]

Workshop

What is the Pressure From a 1m x 1m x 0.2m Solid Concrete Slab ?

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[DL+SDL]

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[DL+SDL]

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[DL+SDL]

These figures do not include vertical elements but is the DL+SDL for the floor !!!

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Burj Khalifa 171 Storeys (659m High) Concrete BuildingLoad = 9,460,000 kNArea = 280,000 m2

Pressure = 33.8 kN/m2

Sears Tower 113 Storeys (454.8m High) Steel BuildingLoad = 3,800,000 kNArea = 408,922 m2

Pressure = 9.3 kN/m2

Taipei 101 94 Storeys (405.8m High)Load = 3,650,000 kNArea = 187,110 m2

Pressure = 19.5 kN/m2

Petronas Twin Tower 93 Storeys (403.8m High)Load = 3,300,000 kNArea = 213,750 m2

Pressure = 15.5 kN/m2

Skyview Penang 43 Storeys (147.3m High)Load = 1,140,000 kNArea = 66,365 m2

Pressure = 17.2 kN/m2

Ampang Condo 18 Storeys (63.4m High)Load = 690,000 kNArea = 51,621 m2

Pressure = 13.3 kN/m2

Ipoh Hospital New Block 10 Storeys (46.1m High)Load = 1,830,000 kNArea = 103,717 m2

Pressure = 17.7 kN/m2

Note All Figures Are Indicative and Not Exact and Should Not Be Relied Upon for Detailed Structural Analysis.

These figures now include vertical elements as well in DL+SDL+LL !!!

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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On ElevationBrick Wall Load on Slab = kN/mDepends on Wall Thickness and Height.

On PlanLoading on Beam kN/m.

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Uniform LoadConcentrated Load

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Workshop

How to Obtain UDL on Beam from On Plan Loading and from On Elevation Loading ?

On Plan Loading – DL, SDL, LL

On Elevation Loading - SDL

[DL+SDL+LL+NHL+WL+EQ]

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Workshop

Method 1How to Obtain Point Load on Column from On Plan Loading and from On Elevation Loading ?

On Plan Loading – DL, SDL, LL

On Elevation Loading – SDL

Method 2How to Obtain Point Load on Column From Beam UDL ?

[DL+SDL+LL+NHL+WL+EQ]

Slab (kN/m2)

Beam (kN/m)

Column (kN)

Foundation

(kN)44

Load start on big area, and end up on small area.

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46

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One Way Slab Two Way Slab

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One Way Slab: 90% of load transfer to short direct.

Two Way Slab: Load transfer in all direction equally.

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50

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Find Load on Column ?

5 x 3/2 = 7.5 kN/m

7.5kN/m x 7/2 = 26.25 kN7 m

26.25 kN

Find Load on Beam ?

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Definitions

1. Slab – Horizontal flat member supporting loads2. Beam - Horizontal member supporting slabs3. Column / Wall – Vertical member supporting beams and/or slabs 4. Foundations – Vertical member supporting columns

Conceptual Design

1. Discretization of Physical Model - Mechanism / Determinate / Indeterminate Structures

Loading

1. Load – externally applied load • mass - kg / tonnes • load – kN• pressure - kPa

2. Dead load - externally applied v. DL (self-weight)3. Superimposed dead load - externally applied v. SDL4. Live load - externally applied v. LL5. NHL load - externally applied h. NHL6. Wind load - externally applied h. WL7. EQ load - externally applied h. EQ

Scheme Design

1. RC Two-Way Slab With RC Beams2. RC One-Way Slab With RC Beams3. RC Flat Slab4. PT Flat Slab5. ST Composite Slab With ST Beams

Analysis

1. ULS and SLS loading combinations2. Structural analysis - mathematics3. Force – internal distribution of effects

• bending moment (kNm)• axial (kN)• shear (kN)• torsion (kNm)

4. Deflections – externally displacements

Design

1. ULS Capacity- Stress

• normal (direct) stress• shear stress

2. SLS Capacity