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AD-A008 958

ACQUISITION OF CLIMATIC DATA DURING TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF CONTAINERS

Franklin D. Barca

Army Natick Laboratories Natick, Massachusetts

April 1975

DISTRIBUTED BY:

KFÜ1 National Technical information Service U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOS (**an o— ■»>»•<

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE i. REPORT Nüsin

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

2. OOVT ACCESSION NO,

TR-75-78-AMEL ». RECIPIENT'S CATALOO NUMBER

4. TITLE (and tubtltlm)

ACQUISITION OF CLIMATIC DATA DURING TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF CONTAINERS

S. TYPE OF REPORT ft PERIOD COVERED

April 1971 - July 1973 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHORf«,

Franklin D. Barca

W. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER/*)

>. PERFORMING ORG .NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

Aero-Mechanical Engineering Laboratory US Army Natick Development Center Natick, Massachusetts 01760

10. PROGRAM F.LEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA ft WORK UNIT NUMBERS

1T762713D552,05,012

II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND AODRESS

Same as above

12. REPORT DATE

April 1975 IS. NUMBER OF PAGES

J» T*. MONITORING AGENCY NAME ft ADORESSf'' dlllarant from Controlling Ottlca) IS. SECURITY CLASS, (at thU topott)

Unclassified

ISa. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRAOINO

«™« N/A 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ot thla Report;

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol thm abttrmct antatad In Block 20, It dlttartnt /ram ««port;

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Conttnum on ravmtam mldm It nacattamry and tdantlty by block number)

Data Climatic Data Temper«. fure Humidity Environmental Tests

Recorders Shipping Containers Cargo Transportation Storage Effectiveness Packaging Environment Containers Portable Equipment Transportation Loads

20. ABSTRACT (Confirm» on NWM alda II nacaaamry and Idmntlty by block number;

The purpose of the studies summarized in this paper wa» to collect data on the conditions of temperature and humidity inside of various containers during shipment and/or storage. The information collected was used as an indication of the effectiveness of the packaging against the environment and as a guide to improved packaging methods.

The data, which is present^ in Mie body of the report, was collected with a small, portable, battery operated temperature/humiu'iy recorder placed inside the various containers under study.

00,^-7,1473 ii Reproduced by

NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE

US D«p«rtmtnt of Cofnm«rc« Springfiild, VA. 22151

unclassified PRICES SULUEq TO CHANGE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whan Data Bnlarad)

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20. Abttrtct (cont'd)

On« objective of the report it to illustrate the variety of studies which this instrumentation can support.

Unclassified

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FOREWORD

This work was accomplished under the US Army Natick Development Center Project entitled "Packaging Technology - Establishment of Design Criteria for Containers - Acquisition of Shock, Load and Climatic Data During Transportation and Storage of Containers". This is Project Number 1T762713D552, Task Number 05, Work Unit Number 012.

The effort is a continuing investigation directed toward obtaining a statistical representation of the actual transportation environment to be used as a factual basis for scientific container design and laboratory transportation environment simulation tests. This report is a summary cf those experimental studies which were conducted in the area of acquisition of climatic data during transportation and storage during the final development and testing of the instrumentation. One objective of the report is to illustrate the variety of ways in which the instrumentation can be used in support of packaging development studies.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword

List of Tables

List of Figures

Introduction

Shipment

Warehouse Storage

Outdoor Storage

Concluding Remarks

References

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Table 1

Table 2

LIST Or TABLES

Internal Top Temperature versus External Top Temperature

External Top Temperature versus External Bottom Temperature

Table 3 Results of Statistical Analysis

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LIST OP . .JUffE*

Plgurt

1 Temperature/Humidity Recorder, Top View

2 Temperature/Humidity Recorder, Bottom View

3 Temperature/Humidity Recorder, Protective Cover

4 Temperature and Humidity Sensors

5 Wright Patterson Air Force Base Shipment, November/ December 1971

6 Wright Patterson Air Force Base Shipment, November/ December 1971

7 Rota, Spain Shipment, Loading

8 Rota, Spain Shipment, Loading

9 Rota, Spain Shipment, Loading

10 Rota, Spain Shipment, Warehouse Storage

11 Rota, Spain Shipment, Climatic Conditions

12 Rota, Spain Shipment, Climatic Conditions

13 Depot Tracy Storage, Sensor Installation

14 Depot Tracy Storage, Load Configuration

15 Depot Tracy Storage, July/August 1972

16 Depot Tracy Storage, May/June 1973

17 Shrink Wrapped Unit Load

18 Outdoor Storage, July/August 1972

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LIST OF FIGURES

Outdoor Storage, October 19.M

Outdoor Storage, April 1973

Outdoor Storage, May/June 1972

Outdoor Storage, Jcne/July 197 2

Outdoor Storage, April 1973

24

25

26

27

28

VI

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INTRODUCTION

One of the major obstacles in the development of effective packaging and container systems is the lack of reliable information relating to conditions encountered by supplies during shipment, handling, and storage. Container design in the past has been based chiefly 0.1 visual observations made over a long period of time of the actual performance of various package designs. In most instar-jes the packages have excellent protective qualities but are overdesigned resulting in excessive material and labor costs. In some instances they are underdesigned resulting in damaged contents.

In order to obtain reliable information on conditions normally encountered by supplies during transportation and storage, the US Army Natick Development Center developed, through in-house and contractual efforts, three environmental recording systems for instrumenting shippi ig containers. Each system consists basically of a small lightweight, four-channel, battery operated tape recorder and the appropriate environmental sensors. The units are placed in containers which are incorporated into regular shipments and monitor conditions for a maximum period of six months. Upon completion of the shipment the magnetic tape is removed from the unit, and the recorded data is retrieved by processing the tape thru a precision tape deck and suitable display device or retrieval system as detailed in reference (1). A brief description of each system follows:

The acceleration recording system, described in reference (2), records the number of impacts, the impact magnitude, and the approximate impact t<me for the three principal axes of a container. It is impact actuated and has a range of five to one thousand g's. One unit has been prototyped.

The drop height system, described in reference (3), records the number of drops, the drop height, and the approximate drop time for the three principal axes of a container. It is impact actuated and has a range of 15 to 120 centimenters, Fifteen systems have been manufactured and are being used in studies of container size versus drop height and frequency of occurrence. The drop height data is being tabulated, and when a sufficient quantity is collected, it will be summarized and issued.

Development of the temperature/humidity recording system is described in detail in reference (4). Basically, however, the four channel battery powered recording unit, figures (1) and (2), consists of a base plate upon which is mounted coaxial supply and take-up reels, the recording head, stepping motor, batteries, timer, and potted electronic assemblies for controlling, stepping and recording. This assembly is inclosed in a protective aluminum box, figure (3). The timer is an Accutron device which has a contact closure once each hour. Contact closure triggers time pulse recording, tape advancement, and a forty-five second time delay. • .pe advancement is accomplished by pulsing a otary stepping motor to move the tape reels. At the conclusion of the time delay a Univibrator is triggered causing recording on motionless magnetic tape. Two of the channels are reserved for hourly readings of the tempi rature and humidity inside the package, over the ranges of

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•40°C to 66°C and 10% RH to 95% RH. Timing marks ire recordtd one« «ach hour on tht third channel to provide a tlma rafaranca. A fourth channal li avallabla for me hourly recording of othar data such as tha static comprenlva lead on the package.

The temperature sensor, figure (4), is a network consisting of two parallel thermistor-resistor combinations in series, encapsulated in a protective Stycast resin. This sensor is used as one arm of a Wheatstone bridge across which is impressed at record time a regulated voltage pulse. The output of the bridge is fed to the recording head. The commerically available humidity sensor, figure (4), is a processed plastic wafer, which has an electrically conducting surface layer that is integral with the nonconducting substrate. The surface resistivity exhibits a logarithmic decrease with increasing relative humidity. The Univibrator pulse is fed through the this sensor and a string of diodes in series with the sensor. The voltage across the diodes is picked off, amplified, and fed to the recording head. The diodes have the effect of straightening out the overall characteristic so that the recorded signal is near linear with relative humidity.

This report presents the results of actual field studies conducted using the temperature/humidity recording system in the areas of shipment, warehouse storage and outdoor storage during the time period of April 1971 to July 1973. These studies were made during the period of testing and improving the instrumentation, and the data are presented to provide a record of the instrumentation use and to indicate the range of studies which can utilize the instrumentation.

SHIPMENT

Initial field testing of the temperature/humidity recording system was accomplished by placing an active calibrated recorder, sensors, battery pack, and cushioning in a regular slotted fibreboard container approximately 41 cm x 31 cm x 24 cm and taping the container closed. This formed a test package with a total mass of approximately nine kilograms. The test packages were then routed via truck and airplane from Natick, Massachusetts to Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio where they were subjected to a known environmental test series. Upon completion of the conditioning series the test packages were returned to Natick, Massachusetts via Air Mail, recalibrated, and the tapes were removed an- analyzed. Figures (5) and (6) are graphical presentations of data gathered in this manner during two separate shipments in approximately the same time period.

An additional field test of six temperature/humidity recorders was conducted fr^m August 1972 to January 1973 in conjunction with a packaging waste reduction stuuy, reference (5). The recorders were calibrated at Natick, packaged individually in number 10 regular slotted fibreboard can cases (approximately 48 cm x 32 cm x 19 cm), taped, and air mailed to the Navy Supply Center, Charleston, S.C. At Charleston the recorders were positioned in three unit loads as shown below, and the loads were capped and strapped.

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The loads were then transported by Navy ship to Rota, Spain, placed in warehouse storage for twenty eight days, and returned by Navy ship to Charleston. See figures (7) through (10). From there the loads were transported by truck to Williamsburg, Virginia, subjected to additional handling, and then broken down. The recorders were returned by air mail to Natick where they were recalibrated before the tapes were removed and analyzed. Figures (11) and (12) are representative traces of the temperature and humidity conditions measured inside two individually instrumented packages during this field test.

Several recorder malfunctions and subsequent loss of data occurred because of the rough handling associated with these initial test shipments. These malfunctions highlighted some design deficiencies in the recorder systems which were corrected as they developed.

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WAREHOUSE STORAGE

Th» purpoM of this study was to determine if a significant temperature gradient existed between various levels of a four pallet tall configuration during normal warehouse storage. This information was to be correlated with the warehouse location versus shelf life of food products «nd the shelf life indications obtained with prototype "time/temperature" indicators, references (6) and (7), developed at Natick Development Center.

To this end a temperature/humidity recorder was modified to accept temperature signals on all four channels. The recorder was then sent to Tracy Army Depot, Tracy, California where a stack of four unit loads, instrumented with "time/temperature" indicators was also instrumented with recorder temperature sensors as shown below:

Temperatur« Sensor

1 2 3 4

Location

External top, 4.6m above floor External middle, 2.4m above floor Internal top, 4.6m above floor External bottom, 1m above floor

Four Pallets High

F V Sensors #1 & #3

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Figure (13) shows the temperature sensor being affixed to a case of subsistance items. Figure (14) is the four pallet instrumented load. The "time/temperature" indicators are visible on the bottom pallet load and on the one directly above it. Neither the temperature/humidity recorder nor the temperature sensors are visible in this figure. Figures (15) and (16), summarized in Tables (1) and (2) respectively, are representative data gathered during the study.

A statistical analysis, summarized in Table (3), of the complete data collected with the temperature/humidity recorder indicated that several significant temperature differences did exist at the 95% confidence level between various locations on the load. The results of the statistical analysis of the temperature/humidity recorder data agreed with the independent readings obtained from the prototype "time/temperature" indicators.

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TABLE I

INTERNAL TOP TEMPERATURE VERSUS EXTERNAL TOP TEMPERATURE

Temperature (°C)

July 1972 August 1972

Sensor #3 Int Top

Senior #1 Ext Top

Sensor #3 Int Top

Sensor #1 Ext Top

Mean High 31.1 33.5 30.8 31.8

Average 29.5 29.6 29.7 28.1

Mean Low 27.9 25.8 28.7 24.4

Cycle ± 1.6 3.8 1.0 3.7

TABLE 2

EXTERNAL TOP TEMPERATURE VERSUS EXTERNAL BOTTOM TEMPERATURE

Temperature (°C)

May 1973 June 1973 Sensor #4

Ext Bot Sensor #1 Ext Top

Sensor #4 Ext Bot

Sensor #1 Ext Top

Mean High 28.9 35.8 31.4 38.7

Average 27.7 30.2 29.0 32.9

Mean Low 26.4 24.6 26.7 27.1

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RESULTS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Sensor Locations

Significant Temperature Different

Ext Top (1)vs Ext Mid (2) Yes

Ext Top (1)vs Ext Bot (4) Yes

ExtTop(1)vslntTop(3) No

Ext Mid (2) vs Ext Bot (4) No

Ext Mid (2) vs Int Top (3) Yes

Ext Bot (4) vs Int Top (3) Yes

OUTDOOR STORAGE

The purpose of this study, described in detail in reference (8), was to determine the major causes of condensation within shrink film unit loads under outdoor storage conditions and develop methods which might reduce the damago caused by condensation after prolonged storage. The temperature/humidity recorder was used to measure the conditions inside of +he unit loads in order to enable the development of a laboratory simulation test and to compare the effectiveness of several prototype unitizers designed to alleviate the problem.

The standard test procedure was to place a temperature/humidity recording system in a regular slotted fibreboard number 10 can case along with four number 10 cans. The case was then placed in the top center position of a 1 metre x 1.2 metre five course pallet load of number 10 can cases. The pallet load was then unitized with polymeric shrink film as shown in figure (17) and stored outside, subject to the weather, for various periods of time. After completion of the storage cycle the recorders were removed, and the data on the magnetic tape was retrieved and analyzed.

Figures (18) thru (20) represent the conditions in standard control loads. The relative humidity in the loads cycled from a iow of approximately 40% to a high of approximately 95% on a daily basis. When this data was correlated with observations of the prevailing

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weather condition! (rain, tun, cloudy) during the storage period It Indicated that direct exposure to sunlight and not prevailing outside humidity was the major driving factor causing moisture to collect on the top Inside of a fully enclosed shrink film unit load. Figure (19) is an excellent illustration of this point. The sixth, seventh, and tenth of October were cloudy, rainy days, and yet, the relative humidity at the top of the load never exceeded 75%. Conversely, the eighth, ninth, eleventh, and twelveth of October were bright sunny days, but the peak relative humidity in the load exceeded 90%.

The rapid rise in average relative humidity level evident in figures (20) and (21) was caused by tears in the polyethylene shrink wrap which occurred during the outdoor storage period.

Efforts were made to decrease the amount of moisture available inside the load prior to shrink wrapping and outdoor storage. To this end; one load was preconditioned at 60°C, 10% RH prior to shrink wrapping, and another load was constructed of low moisture content wax impregnated number 10 fibreboard can cases. Figures (21) and (22) represent the conditions inside these loads when subjected to outdoor storage. The peak relative humidity in these loads prior to the tear in the protective film of the 60°C, 10% RH pallet, never exceeded 70%. This indicated that a prime source of the moisture causing high relative humidities was the fibreboard can cases.

Figure (23) represents the conditions in an experimental load in which the top course of containers was isolated from the remaining load by a heat sealed sheet of polyethylene. Moisture driven out of the bottom four courses could not collect in the top course of this unit load. Peak recorded relative humidity in the top layer never exceeded 55%. This confirmed the previous indication that the fibreboard was the prime source of moisture.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The data presented in this report represent the conditions of temperature and humidity recorded inside packages during actual shipment and storage. It can be used as a guide to environmental conditions present in several specific applications and as an indication of possible uses of the temperature/humidity recorder in environmental data acquisition for scientific container design and prototype package evaluations.

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REFERENCES

1. Ahltdas, J.P. "Data Retrieval ind ProctHing Syitim - A Unr't Guide", US Army Natick Laboratories Report Numbtr 76-46-AMEL, January 1076.

2. Nickerson, C.L. "Low Power Impact Velocity and Acceleration Recording System with Piezoelectric Inputs", US Army Natick Laboratories Report Number 75-29-AMEL, December 1974.

3. Nickerson, C.L. "The Drop Height Recording System - A User's Guide", US Army Natick Laboratories Report Number 72-72-GP, AD 750095, February 1972.

4. Nickerson, C.L. 'The Temperature/Humidity Recording System - A User's Guide", US Army Natick Laboratories Report Number 74-21-GP, AD 774258, June 1973.

5. Leonardy, S.P. "Packaging Reduction Program, Phase I Test and Evaluation" Naval Supply Systems Command, Naval Logistics Engineering Group Interim Report 71-A2-R2, March 1973.

6. Hu, K.H. 'Time-Temperature Indicating System Writes Status of Product Shelf Life". Food Technology, Vol 26, No. 8, Pgs 56-62.

7. Nebesky, E.A. "Time-Temperature Indicating System", presented at American Defense Preparedness Assoc.Pkg. Handling and Transportability Div., Fall Meeting at Barton, CA., 31 Oct - 1 Nov 1974.

8. Miller, A. "Causes and Control of Condensation in Shrink Film Unit Loads Under Outdoor Storage Conditions", US Army Natick Laboratories Report 75-6-FEL, September 1974.

I i

29

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