ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room...

28
1 ACIDBASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Transcript of ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room...

Page 1: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

1

ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA

IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Page 2: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

2

Arrhenius concept of acids and bases

ارهينيوس لألحماض والقواعدفهوم م

The Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius published his theory of acids and bases

in 1887.

Arrhenius definition of acids: An acid is substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of H+ ion (or hydronium ion, H3O

+) in aqueous solution.

For example,

Arrhenius definition of bases: A base is substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of OH- ion (or hydroxide ion, OH-) in aqueous solution.

For example,

الحظ ان ،،،

المادة التي تتفكك او تتأين في الماء الى ايونات الهيدرونيومH3Oالتي تتفكك او تتأين في الماء ايضا تعتبر حمض، بينما +

تعتبر قاعدة. -OHالى ايونات الهيدروكسيد

لى ايونات الهيدرونيوما كليا المادة التي تتفكك او تتأين H3O .HCl and HNO3)ل )تعتبر حمضاً قوياً، مث +

الهيدروكسيد الى ايونات كليا المادة التي تتفكك او تتأينOH- ل )قوياً، مث تعتبر قاعدة(NaOH and Ba(OH)2.

الى ايونات الهيدرونيوم جزئيا المادة التي تتفكك او تتأين H3O .CH3COOH)ل )، مثضعيفاً تعتبر حمضاً +

الهيدروكسيد الى ايونات جزئيا المادة التي تتفكك او تتأينOH- ل )، مثضعيفة تعتبر قاعدة(NH3.

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- (Hydrochloric acid )

HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO-

3 (Nitric acid )

H2SO4 + 2 H2O 2H3O+ + Cl- (Sulfuric acid )

NaOH + H2O Na+ + OH- (Sodium hydroxide)

Ca(OH)2 + H2O Ca++ + 2 OH- (Calcium hydroxide)

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- (Ammonia)

Page 3: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

3

The Brønsted–Lowry theory is an acid–base

reaction theory which was proposed independently

by Johannes Nicolaus Brønstedand and Thomas Martin

Lowry in 1923.

Brønsted-Lowry concept of acids and bases لألحماض والقواعد لوري -برونستدفهوم م

An acid is substance that donates a proton (a hydrogen ion H+) to some other

substance.

A base is substance that accepts a proton (a hydrogen ion H+) from an acid.

For example,

When HCl dissolves in water, as below, HCl acts as a Brønsted–Lowry acid (it donates a

proton to H2O), and H2O acts as a Brønsted–Lowry base (it accepts a proton from HCl).

In the reaction between gas phase HCl and NH3, for example, a proton is transferred from the

acid HCl to the base NH3.

Brønsted Johannes Nicolaus

Thomas Martin Lowry

Page 4: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

4

( مفهوم برونستد (Brønsted يكون اكثر شموالً من مفهوم ارهينيوس(Arrhenius) وذلك

بينما مفهوم ،بسبب ان مفهوم ارهينيوس يحصر الحموض والقواعد في المحاليل المائية فقط

NH3مع غاز HClبرونستد فانه ال يقيدنا بالمحاليل المائية، ومثال ذلك التفاعل اعاله بين غاز

اجة الى وسط مائي لحدوث التفاعل.دون الح

برونستد مفهوم تعتمد قوة الحمض والقاعده في (Brønsted): على

i. مدى قابلية الحمض لمنح البروتون المائيH+

.

ii. مدى قابلية القاعدة لتقبل البروتون المائيH+

.

The stronger acids are those that lose their protons more easily than other acids.

Similarly, the stronger bases are those that hold on to protons more strongly than

other bases.

Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs األزواج المقترنة من الحمض والقاعدة

The term conjugate comes from the Latin word “conjugare,” meaning “to join together.”

Reactions between acids and bases always yield their conjugate bases and acids.

The conjugate base is the nitrite ion (NO-2) and the conjugate acid is the

hydronium ion (H3O+).

The conjugate base is the hydroxide ion (OH-) and the conjugate acid is the

ammonium ion (NH+

4).

An acid that has donated its proton becomes a conjugate base.

A base that has accepted a proton becomes a conjugate acid.

Page 5: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

5

مما سبق،،،

حمض قاعدة مقترنة ولكل قاعدة حمض مقترن. للك

( يمكن ايجاد الحمض المقترن للقاعدة بأضافة بروتون مائيH+

، بينما يمكن ايجاد القاعدة المقترنة (

Hللحمض بنزع بروتون مائي )+

.)

The strength of acids and bases قوة الحموض والقواعد

Strong acids are completely dissociated (ionized) in water. Their conjugate bases

are quite weak. بالكامل في الماء وتكون قواعدها المقترنة جداً ضعيفة كاالحماض القوية هي التي تتفك

Weak acids are only dissociated (ionized) partially in water. Their conjugate

bases are strong bases. جزئياً في الماء وتكون قواعدها المقترنة قوية كاالحماض الضعيفة هي التي تتفك

For example,

1) HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- (100 %, Dissociation)

2) HF + H2O H3O+ + F- (3 %, Dissociation)

About 3% of the HF molecules have dissociated, whereas 100% of the HCl molecules have

dissociated in water. Thus, HF is a weaker acid than HCl. F- is strong base. Cl

- is weak base.

المقترنة تصبح اضعف. هكلما زادت قوة الحمض فإن قاعدت

اضعف. يصبحالمقترنة ها حمضفإن القاعدةكلما زادت قوة

Moreover, the strength of an acid is defined by the equilibrium position of its dissociation

(ionization).

A strong acid is one for which this equilibrium lies far to the right (See the equation of No.

1). This means that almost all the original acid (HA) is dissociated (ionized) at equilibrium.

التوازن ينزاح التفاعل نحو اليمين، مما يدل على ان كل الحمض قد تفكك او تأين ) مثال ذلك المعادلة لحمض القوي وعند ل

(.اسفله a، وكذلك الرسم التوضيحي اعاله 1رقم

(a) A strong acid (b) A weak acid.

Before dissociation After dissociation,

at equilibrium

After dissociation,

at equilibrium

Before dissociation

a b

Page 6: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

6

Conversely, a weak acid is one for which the equilibrium lies far to the left. Most of the acid

originally placed in the solution is still present as HA at equilibrium. That is, a weak acid

dissociates only to a very small extent in aqueous solution.

بسبب ان الحمض االصلي في المحلول مازال متبقي كما هو ولم ينزاح نحو اليسار للحمض الضعيف فقد وجد ان االتزان

، وكذلك -الحظ السهم -اعاله 2) مثال ذلك المعادلة رقم يتفكك )يتأين ( بالكامل او تفكك بشكل جزئي بسيط اي بكمية قليلة

(.اعاله bالرسم التوضيحي

The two members of each pair are listed opposite each other in the two columns.

مالحظة:

قد وجد ان القوة الحمضية تزداد من اليسار الى اليمين،للذرة المركزية، في الجدول الدوري مثل،

CH4 < NH3< H2O < HF

ايضا من االعلى لالسفل مثل:

HF < HCl< HBr < HI

زداد بزيادة عدد الذرات ذات الشحنة السالبة والمرتبطة بالذرة المركزية مثل:قوة الحمض ايضا ت

H2SO3 < H2SO4

HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4

Increasing acid strength

Page 7: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

7

Because the oxidation number of Y (S or Cl) increases as the number of attached O atoms

increases, this correlation can be stated in an equivalent way: In a series of oxyacids, the

acidity increases as the oxidation number of the central atom increases.

Amphiprotic substances المواد المترددة

An amphiprotic substance is a substance that can donate or accept a proton, H+.

For a substance to be amphiprotic it must :

1- contain a hydrogen atom which is able to be donated to another chemical species.

2- be able to accept a hydrogen ion from another species.

هي التي تمتلك خواص حامضية وقاعدية في نفس هناك مواد تملك خاصية التردد وتسمى المواد المترددة و

:الوقت، مثل

HCO3-

HSO4-

H2O

Lewis concept of acids and bases مفهوم لويس لالحماض والقواعد An acid is a substance that accepts a lone pair of electrons.

A base is a substance that donates a lone pair electron.

.هو المادة التي لديها قابلية لتقبل زوج من االليكترونات لتكوين رابطة تساهمية الحمض

.هي المادة التي لديها قابلية لمنح زوج من االليكترونات لتكوين الرابطة التساهمية القاعدة

مثال:

BF3 + NH3 H3N-BF3

Page 8: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

8

Autoionization of water تأين الماء

Water is an amphoteric substance. It can behave either as an acid or as a base

(This is a one of the most important chemical properties of water).

In autoionization reaction for water, one water molecule can donate a proton to

another water molecule:

The autoionization reaction for water can also be written as:

Equation (1) is more accurate—hydrogen ions do not exist in water because they

bond to form hydronium.

الهيدروجين التوجد بشكل ، يعود ذلك الى ان ايونات2تكون اكثر دقة من المعادلة رقم 1معادلة رقم ال

كامل حره في الماء وذلك بسبب ان هم يكونوا مرتبطين لتكوين ايونات الهيدرونيوم .

Both equation 1 and 2 are referred to as autoionization.

The equilibrium-constant expression for the autoionization of water is:

ك الماء بالتركيز الموالري كما يلي:يعبر عن ثابت التوازن لتفك

Or

Also,

where Kw, called the ion-product constant or the dissociation constant for

water. للماء األيوني هو ثابت تفكك الماء او ثابت الحاصل Kw

H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq) (1)

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) (2)

Kw = [H3O+][OH

-]

Kw = [H+][OH

-]

Kw = [H3O+][OH

-] = [H

+][OH

-]

Page 9: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

9

Experiments show that at 25 °C in pure water,

، C° 25،عند درجة حرارة الغرفةوضحت التجارب للماء النقي

[H+] = [OH

-] = 1x 10

-7 M

which means that

Kw = [H+][OH

-] = (1x 10

-7 ) (1x 10

-7 )

Kw = [H+][OH

-] = 1x 10

-14

Problem

Calculate the concentration of H+ (aq) in:

(a) a solution in which [OH-] is 0.010 M,

(b) a solution in which [OH-] is 1.8 x 10

-9 M.

Solution

[H+][OH

-] = 1x 10

-14

[H+] =(1x 10−14)

[𝑂𝐻−]

[H+] =(1x 10−14)

0.010 = 1x 10−12 𝑀

This solution is basic because [H+] < [OH

-]

مالحظة:

-OHاما ل تعني التركيزالموالري [..…] عالمة االقواس+Hاو

a)

Page 10: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

10

[H+] =(1x 10−14)

[𝑂𝐻−]=

[H+] =(1x 10−14)

1.8 x 10−9 = 5.6x 10−6 𝑀

This solution is acidic because [H+] > [OH

-]

The pH Scale األس )الرقم( الهيدروجيني

The pH scale provides a convenient way to represent solution acidity.

Hاألس الهيدروجيني هو مقياس اسهل للتعبير عن تركيز ايونات الهدروجين +

H3Oاوالهيدرونيوم + .

Also, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion

concentration (in mol/L).

Similarly, it can express the concentration of OH- as pOH:

pH: األس الهيدروجيني pOH : األس الهيدروكسيدي

[H+OH] تركيز ايونات الهيدرونيوم او الهيدروجين :[

- تركيز ايونات الهيدروكسيد :[

b)

pH = - log [H+]

pOH = - log [OH-]

Page 11: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

11

The sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature.

الهيدروكسيدي عند درجة األس لهدروجيني ويمكن الحصول على تعبير اخر مفيد، وهو مجموع االس ا

كما يلي: 14حرارة الغرفة يكون

قاعدة هامة

Measurement of pH قياس األس الهيدروجيني

بشكل عام يمكن قياس االس الهيدروجيني بطريقتين:

1. Litmus paper ورق تباع الشمس

“Red” paper turns blue above ~pH = 8

يتحول ورق تباع الشمس االحمر الى اللون اللون االزرق في المحلول القاعدي

“Blue” paper turns red below ~pH = 5

هذه الطريقة تكون اقل دقه ، يتحول ورق تباع الشمس االزرق الى اللون االحمر في المحلول الحامضي

لقياس االس الهيدروجيني

2. pH meter

يعتمد هذا المقياس على قياس .اس االس الهيدروجيني االليكتروني اكثر دقةيعتبر استخدام عداد او مقي

ويعرض رقم األس الهيدروجيني.الجهد الكهربائي للمحلول ومن ثم

pH 0 7 14

Acidic حمضي Neutral متعادل Basic قاعدي

pH + pOH = 14

Page 12: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

12

Litmus paper pH meter

Problem

Calculate pH and pOH for each of the following solution at 25 oC.

a. 1.0 x 10-3

M OH-

b. 1.0 M H+

Solution

[OH-]

Page 13: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

13

Problem

Solution

pH + pOH = 14

pOH = 14 – pH

pOH = 14 – 7.41

pOH = 6.59

To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH:

pH = - log [H+]

Thus

7.41 = -log [H+]

or

log [H+] = - 7.41

[H+] can be calculated by taking the antilog of –pH:

(بواسطه الحاسبة )باخذ عكس اللوغارتم للقيمة السالبة لألس الهيدروجيني

[H+] = antilog (-pH)

[H+] = antilog (– 7.41)

Page 14: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

14

[H+] = 3.90 X 10

-8 M

Also, to calculate [OH-], we must go back to the definition of pOH:

pOH = - log [OH-]

log [OH-]= - pOH

log [OH-]= - 6.59

[OH-]= antilog (- 6.59)

[OH-]= 2.60 x 10

-7 M

Problem

Which of the following aqueous solutions has the highest acidity and

which has the lowest?

1) pH = 7 2) pOH = 2 3) pH = 3 4) pOH = 9

Page 15: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

15

Calculating the pH of Strong Acid and Base Solutions

حساب األس الهيدروجيني لألحماض والقواعد القوية

Strong Acid

Strong acid are strong electrolytes that ionize completely in water (H2O), for

example, HCl, HNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4.

:الماء،مثال ذلككما ذكر سابقاً، الحمض القوي هو المادة اليكتروليتية قوية والتي تتاين بالكامل في

HCl , HNO3, HClO4 , H2SO4

مع تساوي تركيز الحمض (الهيدرونيوم)او في حالة الحموض القوية فان تركيز ايونات الهيدروجين

مالحظة عدد ايونات الهيدروجين الناتجه بعد التفكك.

n :عدد ايونات الهيدروجين

Ca :تركيز الحمض

Cl-(aq) + H

+(aq)

H2O(l) HCl (g)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

التركيز االبتدائي

0.1 0.1 0 Final Concentration (M)

التركيز النهائي

𝐒𝐎𝟒𝟐−(𝐚𝐪) + 2H

+(aq)

H2O(l) H2SO4 (l)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

التركيز االبتدائي

0.1 0.2 0 Final Concentration (M)

ركيز النهائيالت

[H+] = n Ca

Page 16: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

16

Strong Base

Strong bases are strong electrolytes that ionize completely in water (H2O), for

example, NaOH, KOH and Ba(OH)2.

OH) القواعد القوية فان تركيز ايونات الهيدروكسيد في حالة-مع مالحظة عدد القاعدة،تساوي تركيز (

الناتجه بعد التفكك. الهيدروكسيدايونات

n : الهيدروكسيدعدد ايونات

تركيز القاعدة : Cb

OH-(aq) + Na

+(aq)

H2O(l) NaOH (s)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

)قبل التفكك( التركيز االبتدائي

0.1 0.1 0 Final Concentration (M)

)بعد التفكك( التركيز النهائي

2OH-(aq) + Mg

2+(aq) H2O(l) Mg(OH)2 (s)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

)قبل التفكك( التركيز االبتدائي

0.2 0.1 0 Final Concentration (M)

)بعد التفكك( التركيز النهائي

Exercise

Calculate the pH for 5 x 10-4

M of Ba(OH)2?

Solution

2OH-

+ Ba2+

H2O(l) Ba(OH)2

[OH-] = n Cb n= 2, Cb = 5 x 10

-4

[OH-]= 2 x 5 x 10

-4 M

[OH-] = n Cb

Page 17: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

17

[OH-]= 1 x 10

-3 M

[H+][OH

-] = 1x 10

-14

[H+] =

1x10−14

[OH−]

[H+] =

1x10−14

1x10−3

= 1x10-11

M

pH = -log [H+]

pH = -log 1x10-11

pH = 11

Exercise (Home work)

Calculate [H3O+], [OH

-], pH and pOH for the following solutions:

A) 750 mL aqueous solution containing 10 g of HCl (g).

B) 750 mL aqueous solution containing 10 g of H2SO4 (g).

Exercise (Home work)

Calculate [H3O+], [OH

-], pH and pOH for the following solutions:

A) 750 mL aqueous solution containing 10 g of NaOH (s).

B) 750 mL aqueous solution containing 10 g of Mg(OH)2 (g).

Page 18: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

18

Calculating the pH of Weak Acid and Base Solutions

حساب األس الهيدروجيني لألحماض والقواعد الضعيفة

Weak Acids and acid ionization constant

االحماض الضعيفة وثابت تأين )تفكك( الحمض الضعيف

:في الماء،مثال ذلكيتأين جزئياً الضعيف هو اللذي يتفكك او، الحمض كما ذكر سابقاً

CH3COOH, HNO2, HF

CH3COO- (aq) + H

+(aq)

H2O(l) CH3COOH (l)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

)قبل التفكك( االبتدائيالتركيز

[CH3COO-] = [H+] [H

+] 0.1-[H

+]

Final Concentration (M)

التفكك( بعد) التركيز النهائي

The equilibrium expression for above reaction would be:

𝐊𝐚 =[𝐇+][𝐂𝐇𝐂𝐎𝐎−]

[𝐂𝐇𝟑𝐂𝐎𝐎𝐇]

غيرة وبالتالي تكون االيونات الناتجه كمية الحمض المتفككه تكون جداً ص الحموض الضعيفة,في حالة

(H+في هذه ايضا صغيرة، ولذلك يمكن اعتبار ان تركيز الحمض االبتدائي والنهائي تقريبا متقاربة. (

الحالة يتم استخدام القانون التالي:

Ka : ثابت تفكك الحمض الضعيف (Weak acid dissociation, ionization, constant) وهو ،

ان تفاعل انتقال البروتون من الحمض الضعيف الى الماء.ثابت اتز

Ca :التركيز االصلي للحمض الضعيف original concentration of weak acid .

مالحظة:

كلما زادت قيمةKa زادت قيمة[H+ ومن ثم زادت قوة الحمض. [

ي الماء ويمكن تتحدد بمقدار مايعطية الحمض من ايون الهيدرونيوم عند تفككه ف قوة الحمض

. Kaاالستدالل علية من قيمة

يتحدد بمقدار عدد الموالت او وزن الحمض المذاب في لتر من المحلول.تركيز الحمض

[H+] = √𝐊𝐚 𝐂𝐚

Page 19: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

19

الضعيف السنبة المئوية للتأين الحمض

Exercise

The pH of a 0.10 M solution of formic acid, HCOOH, at 25C is 2.38. Calculate

Ka for formic acid at this temperature.

Solution

HCOOH + H2O H3O+ + HCOO

-

𝐊𝐚 =[𝐇𝟑 𝐎

+][𝐇𝐂𝐎𝐎−]

[𝐇𝐂𝐎𝐎𝐇] (𝟏)

To calculate Ka, we need the equilibrium concentrations of all three things.

We can find [H3O+], which is the same as [HCOO

-], from the pH.

pH = -log [H3O+]

2.38 = -log [H3O+]

-2.38 = log [H3O+]

4.2 10-3

= [H3O+] = [HCOO

-]

From the constant of acid dissociation in (1)

Ka =[4.2 10−3][4.2 10−3]

[0.10 ]

Ka = 1.8 10-4

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 =[𝐇+]

𝐂𝐚 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Page 20: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

20

Problem

Calculate pH and pOH for 0.1 M for solution of CH3COOH, Ka =

1.8x10-5

.

Solution

[H+] = √𝐊𝐚 𝐂𝐚

[H+] = √𝟏. 𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐱 𝟎. 𝟏

[H+] = 1.34 x 10

-3 M

pH= -log [H+]

pH= 2.87

pH + pOH= 14

pOH= 11.13

Exercise (Home work)

0.26 M of weak acid has pH of 2.86. Calculate Ka.

Page 21: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

21

Weak Base and Base ionization constant

القواعد الضعيفة وثابت تأين )تفكك( القاعدة الضعيف

:مثال ذلك في الماء،جزئياً تتأين او تتفكك هي التيالضعيف القاعدة، كما ذكر سابقاً

NH3, NH2OH, CH3NH2

OH- (aq) + NH4

+(aq)

H2O(l) NH3 (g)

0 0 0.1 Initial Concentration (M)

)قبل التفكك(االبتدائي التركيز

[OH -] [NH4

+] = [OH

-] 0.1-[OH

-]

Final Concentration (M)

التفكك( بعد)التركيز النهائي

The equilibrium expression for above reaction would be:

𝐊𝐛 =[𝐍𝐇𝟒

+][𝐎𝐇−]

[𝐍𝐇𝟑]

المتفككه تكون جداً صغيرة وبالتالي تكون االيونات الناتجه القاعدةكمية الضعيفة, القواعدفي حالة

(OH- في هذه الحالة يتم استخدام القانون التالي: ايضا صغيرة، (

Kb : ةالضعيف القاعدة ثابت تفكك (Weak base dissociation, ionization, constant) وهو ،

.ةالضعيف القاعدةالماء الى من البروتونتفاعل انتقال ثابت اتزان

Cb : ةالضعيف للقاعدةالتركيز االصلي Original concentration of weak base .

مالحظة:

كلما زادت قيمةKb زادت قيمة[OH- .القاعدةومن ثم زادت قوة [

[OH-] = √𝐊𝒃 𝐂𝐛

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 =[𝐎𝐇−]

𝐂𝐛 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Page 22: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

22

Problem

A) Calculate [H3O+], [OH

-], pH and pOH for an aqueous solution 10

g of NH3 (g) in 750 mL of solution. (Kb,NH3=1.8 x 10-5

).

B) Calculate Kb of a 0.56 M weak base if its pOH =5.75

(N= 14, H=1)

Solution

We need to calculate the original concentration of weak base:

V= 750 mL = 0.75 L

𝐧 =𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)

𝑀. 𝑤𝑡

𝐧 =10

17.034= 0.587 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Then, the original concentration of weak base is:

Molarity = 𝑛

𝑉 (𝐿)

𝐂𝐛 =0.587

0.75= 0.783 𝑀

[OH-] = √𝐊𝒃 𝐂𝐛

[OH-] = √𝟏. 𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐱 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟑

[OH-] = 1.409 x 10

-5

A)

Page 23: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

23

[H+] =

𝟏𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒

[𝐎𝐇−]=

𝟏𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒

𝟏.𝟒𝟎𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 = 7.097 x 10−10 M

pOH = -log 1.409 x 10-5

= 4.851

pH = 14 - 4.851= 9.149

Kb = 0.56 M, pOH =5.75

pOH = -log [OH-]

[OH-] = antilog (-5.75) =1.78 x 10

-6 M

[OH-] = √𝐊𝒃 𝐂𝐛

1.78 x 10-6

=√Kb x 0.56

Kb = 5.65 x10-12

M

B)

Page 24: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

24

Ka and Kb

Ka and Kb are related in this way:

Therefore, if you know one of them, you can calculate the other.

The Salt األمالح

A salt is defined as the substance that is produced from the reaction

between an acid and a base. There are four different types of salts:

تعرف االمالح على انها المواد المتكونه من تفاعل حمض مع قاعدة. يوجد اربع انواع مختلفة

من االمالح كما يلي:

1- Salt from the reaction between a strong acids and a strong base:

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (Neutral, pH=7)

2- Salt from the reaction between a strong acids and a weak base:

HCl + NH3 NH4Cl (Acidic, pH<7)

3- Salt from the reaction between a weak acids and a strong base:

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O (Basic, pH >7)

Ka Kb = Kw

Page 25: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

25

4- Salt from the reaction between a weak acids and a weak base:

CH3COOH + NH3 CH3COONH4

(According to the value of Ka and Kb)

Buffer Solution المحاليل المنظمة

A buffered solution is a solution of a weak acid with one of its salts or a weak

base with one of its salts, and it resists drastic changes in pH when small

amounts of strong acid or strong base are added to them.

الذي يقاوم ة ضعيفة وملحها، واو من قاعد المكون من حمض ضعيف وملحة هو المحلول المحلول المنظم

عند اضافة كمية قليلة من الحمض او القاعدة القوية. pHالتغير في قيمة

هو احتوائه على فائض من البروتونات الموجبة على pHسبب ان المحلول المنظم يقاوم اي تغير في قيمة

يلغي اثر اي حمض شكل حمض ضعيف وفائض من القاعدة على شكل انيونات سالبة، وبهذا يستطيع ان

او قاعدة قد تضاف الية.

For example, blood is a buffered solution, which can absorb the acids and bases

produced in biologic reactions without changing its pH. A constant pH for blood

is vital because cells can survive only in a very narrow pH range.

How does a buffered solution resist changes in pH when an acid or a

base is added?

1- The addition of a strong acid to a buffer solution.

CH3COO- + H3O

+ CH3COOH + H2O

H3Oمن المعادلة اعالة، عند اضافة الحمض القوي )+المحلول المنظم( فأن ايونات الخالت من ( الى ايونات الخالت )

تقريباً ثابتة. pHتتفاعل مع ايونات الهيدرونيوم )الحمض المضاف( لتزيل اثرها وتبقي قيمة

ايون الخالت من المنظم المحلول

الحمض القوي

Page 26: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

26

2- The addition of a strong base to a buffer solution.

CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO

- + H2O

OHمن المعادلة اعالة، عند اضافة القاعدة القوية )- ( الى حمض الخل )من المحلول المنظم( فأن حمض الخل يتفاعل مع

تقريباً ثابتة. pHايونات الهيدروكسيد )القاعدة المضافة( ليزيل اثرها وتبقي قيمة

The equation of Henderson –Hasselbalch can be used to calculate

or determine the pH of buffer solution before and/or after addition

small amount of strong acid or strong base.

لمحلول منظم بواسطة تطبيق معادلة هندرسون هاسلبالخ pHيمكن حساب وتحديد

.التالية

من الخل حمض المنظم المحلول

القاعدةةالقوي

pH = pKa + log [𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐭]

[𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝]

pOH = pKb + log [𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐭]

[𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞]

Page 27: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

27

Exercise

Calculate pH of a buffer solution that is 0.12 M lactic acid

CH3CH(OH)COOH and 0.1 M sodium lactate CH3CH(OH)COONa.

Calculate the change in its pH after dissolving 0.01 mol of HCl in the

solution. ( Ka CH3CH(OH)COOH = 1.4x10-4

).

Solution

CH3CH(OH)COO- + H3O

+ CH3CH(OH)COOH + H2O

Before: pH = pKa + log [𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐭]

[𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝]

pH = -log 1.4x10-4 + log

[0.1]

[.12]

pH = 3.775

After: pH = pKa + log [𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐭]

[𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝]

[Salt] = 0.1- 0.01= 0.09 M

[Acid] = 0.12+ 0.01= 0.13 M

pH = -log 1.4x10-4 + log

[0.09]

[.13]

pH = 3.694

ΔpH= pHafter - pHbefore

ΔpH = 3.694-3.775 = -0.08

Page 28: ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION · PDF fileThe sum of pH and pOH is always 14 at room temperature. ... To find [H+] we must go back to the definition of pH: pH = - log [H+]

28

Homework

Calculate the pH of a buffer solution composed of acetic acid/acetate

in which [CH3COOH] = [CH3COO-] = 1M.

What happens to the pH if we add 0.2 mol of HCl to 1L of this

solution?

What happens to the pH if we add 0.2 mol of NaOH to 1L of this

solution?

.