Achour Amiri Managing Postharvest Diseases of Apple and...
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Managing Postharvest Diseases of Apple and Pear in the Orchard and Storage
Achour Amiri
Washington state University
Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center
Fruit School-2017Wenatchee, March 15, 2017
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Postharvest Diseases of Tree Fruit
More than 90fungal species
Blue Mold
Speck Rot Yellow Rot Mucor RotSphaeropsis
Gray Mold Bull’s Eye Rot
Trade issue complex disease
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Blue Mold
Penicillium expansumPenicillium sp.
Typically postharvest
Wound pathogen
Soft and watery
Profuse sporulation
Sanitation: Rooms and bins
Use of fungicides (conventional) postharvest
Economic impact: ~$5 million
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Gray Mold
Botrytis cinerea Pre and postharvest (nesting)
Latent infections
Field sanitation: Key
Conventional: use of fungicides pre- and postharvest
High risk for resistance development
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Bull’s Eye RotNeofabraea perennans (WA)
N. Alba (OR), N. malicorticis,
Cyptosporiopsis kienholzii
Pre-harvest infections
Cankers
Latent infections (>4 months of storage)
Wet pre-harvest conditions
Orchard sanitation
Quarantine: export problems (some species)
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Speck Rot
Phaciopicnys washingtonesis(Spek rot-Apple)
Phacidiopycnis piri (pear)
Pre-harvest infections
Crab apple pollinizers: source of inoculum
Latent infections
Weak/slow pathogen
15-25 % of total decay (2005)
Quarantine: Trade problems
Orchard sanitation: key in organic/conventional
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Yellow Rot
Lambertella corni-marris Wound pathogen
Preharvest infections?
Inoculum source: unknown yet
Latent infections
First reported in 2015: 3-5 % of total decay
Quarantine: export problems
Conventional: Scholar and Penbotec effective
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Postharvest Diseases
Occurrence in WA
20160 10 20 30 40 50
Blue mold
Gray mold
Bull's eye rot
Speck rot
Yellow rot
Sphaeropsis rot
Others
Incidence (%)
Apple
Trade diseases 10 %
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Postharvest Diseases
Epidemiology and infection
timing
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Postharvest Diseases
Orchardselection
Site Selection (new orchards)
Sunny, well-aerated, Mid-high and well drained soil types Isolating large lots of trees (~1/2 mile):
Hedges, neglected neighboring tree fruit.
Planting
Density: 800 to 1000 trees/ac, more spaced trees may have less diseases
Rootstocks: Resistance known for fire blight & Phytophthora but not for storage rots
Certified disease free plant material Weed management: important for young trees Avoid areas with history of replant disease
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Postharvest Diseases
HostManagement
Cultivar Selection (new orchards)
Storability vs. consumer demand?
Basically: all mainstream cultivars can be infected by postharvest rots.
Some cultivars: Gala, Honeycrisp, Fuji, Bosc (pear) more prone to rots
No source of resistance to postharvest pathogens in current cultivars
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Postharvest Diseases
HostManagement
Cultivar Susceptibility
Disease severity index
CultivarBlue mold
Gray mold
Bull’ eye rot
Mucor rot
Epidermis strength
Fuji 5 3 2 4 6Braeburn 3 5 4 6 5Golden Del 5 4 4 4 2Empire 4 6 5 5 -Jonagold 5 4 6 4 2Royal Gala 2 3 6 1 4Granny Smith 3 3 4 6 6
Spotts et al. 1999
High variability between seasons
2: lowest susceptibility; 6: highest susceptibility
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Postharvest Diseases
HostManagement
Host resistance to postharvest diseases
Wild apple: Malus sierversii (central Asia) Lines resistant to Penicillium expansum (Blue mold) Crosses are being made and tested for resistance
and phenology (USDA-ARS-East Coast)
Wild apple selection
Wisniewski et al. 2011
Long term objective:~6-8 years
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Postharvest Diseases
HostManagement
Balanced Mineral nutrition
can mitigate diseases
Mineral Nutrition
* Ratio between the number of studies reporting increased effect/decreased effect
Mineral Crop Pathogen Effect
Nitrogen Grape Botrytis cinerea Increase
Phosphorus - - -
PotassiumAppleCabbageGrape
N. Malicorticis (Bull’s eye rot)Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinerea
IncreaseDecreaseDecrease
CalciumApple
Pear
Alternaria sp.Colletotrichum sp.Botrytis cinereaPhialophora (Side rot)
Decrease
Magnesium ApplePoppy
Replant diseaseAlternaria, Cladosporium
NoneDecrease
Manganese - Several soil pathogens Decrease
Zinc - Mycotoxin fungi: Penicillium, Aspergillus
Decrease
Copper - Serval pathogens Decrease
Increase/Decrease ratio*
1.0
0.5
0.4
-
0.8
0.2
0.1
0.1
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
Infection vs. Disease (pathogen)
Fungi (most) Bacteria (Fire blight, Bacterial canker) Viruses
How to manipulate the pathogen?
Exclusion: Certified plants (viruses, Phytophthora, Anthracnose, Nectria)
Reduce dispersion: Drip irrigation, mulch
Sanitation: preharvest (addressed) and postharvest
Apply the right biofungicides (if available) at the right time
Disease
Host
PathogenEnvironment
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Postharvest Diseases
PathogenManagement
Disease
Host
PathogenEnvironment
Pre-harvest sanitation Orchard management
Mummies Cankers
Gray mold
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Postharvest Diseases
PathogenManagement
Disease
Host
PathogenEnvironment
Pre-harvest sanitation Pruning: Manchurian crab apple trees
Sphaeropsis Phacidiopycnis Lambertella (Yellow rot)?
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Postharvest Diseases
PathogenManagement
Disease
Host
PathogenEnvironment
Pre-harvest sanitation Pruning: crab apple trees
0
5
10
15
20
Orchard Phacidio infection Speck rot in storageIn
cide
nce
(%)
Unpruned Chainsaw Detailed
Kim et al. 2016, WTRC reports
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Postharvest Diseases
PathogenManagement
Disease
Host
PathogenEnvironment
Pre-harvest practices Overhead irrigation: can increase moisture
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Postharvest Diseases
PathogenManagement
Disease
Host
PathogenEnvironment
Pre-harvest sanitation
Leaves: Source of Botrytis, Nectria Leaf removal or decomposition Sugar beet vinasse sprays
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
FieldBio-fungicides
Fungicide Active ingredient Target DiseaseOn the Label* PHI
Actinovate AG Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108*
Powdery Mildew Botrytis
++
0
DoubleNickelLC/55
Bacillus amyloliquefaciensstain D474
Fire Blight Powdery mildew Botrytis/Alternaria
++-
0
Serenade OPTI/Max
Bacillus subtilis Strain QST 713
Powdery mildew Bitter Rot Bull’s eye rot Botrytis
+++-
0
Neem products Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
P. Mildew Anthracnose Botrytis/Alternaria
+++
?
PureSprayGreen
Mineral oil P. Mildew Botrytis
+-
0
GreenCure/Kaligreen/Bi-Carb
Bicarbonates P. mildew Botrytis
+-
1
Copper products Copper Anthracnose Nectria
++
CL
+ On the label for pome fruit - Not on pome fruit label but reported on other crops
Based on label recommendations
WSU has not tested these products
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Postharvest Diseases
Management in Postharvest
Major problem for organic pome fruit
Production: 3x increase in 3-5 years
How to extend the shelf-life of larger volumes?
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
Management in Postharvest
Harvest fruit at commercial maturity
Over-ripe fruit are more susceptible
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
Management in Postharvest
Room and bin sanitation is a key
Penicillium (Blue mold) Cladosporium (Secondary pathogen) Bacteria/yeats
Amiri et al. 2005
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
Management in Postharvest
Room and bin sanitation is a key Inoculum size at start is crucial
5%
5%
Dutot et al. 2013.
Cultivar with high susceptibility
Cultivar with lowersusceptibility
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
Management in Postharvest
Room and bin sanitation is a key
5%
5%
Amiri et al. 2016. Empty rooms
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
Management in Postharvest
Physical control Hot air: used in orchards/vineyards Quarantine method: several insect pests
Thermotherapy: Heat air/hot Water (45-48C/113-118°F for 2-30 min) Bull’s eye / Alternaria / Nectria rots Gray mold (questionable)
5%
Large volume and Sustainable energy costs?
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
Management in Postharvest
Biological and alternative methods Biological: inconsistent efficacy & wet application
May help for short-term storage
Natamycin (pimaricin): From Streptomyces natalensis
Natacyn drug to treat eye fungal infections Food preservation Pace: working on the development… Hope: sustainable mid/long term storage?
Fungicide Active agent Agent type Available in USA
Bio-Save Pseudomonas syringae Bacteria +
Boni Protect Aureobasidium pullulans Yeast - (new in Europe)
Candifruit Candida sake Yeast -
Nexy Candida oleophila Yeast -
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Postharvest Diseases
The Pathogen
Management in Postharvest
Other postharvest alternatives
Method Benefits Limitations Commercial use
UV-C -Good sanitation-Induce host resistance
-Kills spores on surface-Lack or harmonization
+
Chemical elicitors
-Enhance fruit resistance-Natural products
-Wet application-Unstable efficacy-Not all allowed in organic
+/?
Ozone -Gas or fog application-Cost sustainable-Additional applications during storage
-Does not penetrate natural openings/wounds
+ (gas)
Sulfur dioxide
-Good efficacy against postharvest decay
-Fruit injury risks -Sulphite residue
+
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Ashour Amiri
WSU-TFREC 1100 N. Western Ave.Wenatchee, 98801
Tel: 509-663-8181Cell: 509-470-4980