Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings
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Transcript of Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Achieving Energy Efficiency in BuildingsMichael Gevelber, Associate Professor
Mechanical EngineeringCo-chair, BU Energy Committee
Member, BU Sustainability [email protected]
•Results of BU Energy Audit Course
•Overview of US Building Energy Use
•Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Commercial Buildings
•Residential: Perform your own energy audit
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HerePlasma Spray: TBC’s & Fuel Cells
Ebeam deposition: optical coatings Electrospinning: nanofiber
P
V H
H Crystal Growth
Advanced Control Research Application Areas
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab
What’s Global Warming & What Causes it?
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering, co-chair BU energy working group, member of
BU Sustainability Comm & CEESI
20082008 20092009
Summary of Findings from GE 520/MN 500: “Energy Audit/Conservation Analysis of BU’s Charles River Campus”
20102010
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereEnergy Intensity (Per Sq Foot)Total Energy Use
Cleveland, C. (2007, Oct 24). Energy and Emissions Footprint: Boston University Charles River Campus. Presentation to the BU Energy Club.
Results of 2007 Energy Audit
0.0E+00
2.0E+11
4.0E+11
6.0E+11
8.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.2E+12
1.4E+12
1.6E+12
1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006
Btu
Heavy oil
Light oil
Electricity
Natural gas
68% Growth in Energy Use
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006
Btu
/sq
. fo
ot
(1000)
18% Increase in Energy Intensity
• What are the reasons for these trends?
• What can be done to reverse these trends?
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Building Energy Use by FuelCharles River Campus 2005-2007
Energy Supply106 kBtu
Energy Expenses
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Overview of US Building Energy Use
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereResidential
22%
Commercial
19%
Industrial
31%
Transportation
28%
Energy Use/Inefficiencies of US End-Use Sectors
21.6
18.5
31.2
27.9
12.4 (57%)
9.2
11.7 (63%)
6.7
12 (39%)
19.2
21 (75%)
6.9
In Quads
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Buildings account for ~40% of energy use!
73% of electricity use
Based on llnl energy flow charts
Major opportunity is focusing on efficiences
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereElectricity: 4.7 direct(Electricity GenerationWaste: 10.2)
HeatingGas: 5Oil:1.2Biomass: .5
Total: 21.6
Residential
11.5 Q Direct Use
21.6 Quads Total
22% of U.S. Energy use
Heating ~58% of direct
31% overall
Energy Use/Inefficiencies in Residential and Commercial Sectors
Commercial
8.6 Quads Direct
18.5 Quads Total
19% of U.S. Energy use
Heating ~ 45% overall
9.2 to end-use (43%)
6.7 to end-use (37%)
Use
Use
Waste
Electricity: 4.6(Electricity GenerationWaste: 10)
HeatingGas: 3.2Oil: 0.6Coal and Biomass: 0.1
Total: 18.5
Input (Quads)
Direct Waste: 2.3 (20%)
Electricity Waste: 10.2
Total: 12.5 (57%)
Direct Waste: 1.7 (20%)
Electricity Waste: 10
Total: 11.7 (63%)
Waste (Q)
* 1 Quad (Q) = 1015 BTU
Waste
Direct waste assumes 80% combustion efficiency.Question: Is that really the total waste?
Where are the opportunities for greater efficiency?
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Energy Savings: Solving for the Hidden Costs of HVAC
Our Focus: HVAC is 50-70% of ALL energy used in mid/large size buildings
Achieving Energy Efficiency in Existing Commercial Buildings
Strategy: Reduce high air flow rates which were implemented when energy was cheap.
Our Solution • Develop new tool to re-optimize HVAC control • This is not addressed by current tools• Based on real buildings, experience and data
Funded by MA Clean Energy Center Professor Gevelber & Professor Wroblenski BU Mechanical Engineering
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Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab
Boston University team Aeolus: MIT Clean Energy Contest -Winners of Energy Efficiency track. 2013
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Residential: Perform Your Own Energy Audit
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Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab
How to Become an Energy Detective: Help save the world and make some money at the same time
Prof. Michael GevelberMichael Cannamela, Ph.D Candidate, Mechanical Engineering
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Home Energy AuditINPUTS
Yearly Usage Unit
ELECTRICITY 0 kWh/yr
HEATING gas 0 therms/ yr
oil 0 gal/yr
TRANSPORT
car #10 miles/yr
20 mpg
car #20 miles/yr
20 mpg
car #30 miles/yr
20 mpg
SIZEarea ft2
occupancy 0 persons
LOCATION MA -
ENERGY PRICES
electricity 0.174 $/kwh
gas 1.63 $/therm
oil 2.9 $/gal
gasoline 3 $/gal
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
RESULTS COMPARISON
yearly
use unit % totaluse value
ENERGY
electricity 0
kBtu/yr
28775 <----MA average
heat 0 86165 <----MA average
transport 0
TOTAL 0
CO2
electricity 0
tons/yr
heat 0
transport 0
TOTAL 0 32 <----US average (4 person house)
MONEY
electricity 0
$/yr
heat 0
transport 0
TOTAL 0
HOUSEEFFICIENCYPER AREA
electricity
kBtu/yr/ft2
12.87 <----MA average
heat 38.54 <----MA average
TOTAL 51.40 <----MA average
How much energy and carbon your household uses and for what end-uses?
How much money you spend on different forms of energy? Helps to understand what efficiency investments have good payback?
What is the relative efficiency [kbtu/ft2] of your house?
Which areas can more easily be made more efficient?
MA AVG
House size
2236 ft2
Occupancy
2.55 persons
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
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Why focus on energy: what problems does the US face?
• Limited energy supply & global politics– U.S. is only 5% of world population but consumes
20% of world energy
• Pollution and Green House Gas emissions
• $ energy is getting more expensive
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How do we know where to focus?
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Total Annual Energy Cost
• Being more energy efficient to reduce our carbon footprint also saves $$$$
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How’s Goldner’s class doing in terms of GHG emissions?
But how can we do better?
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Where should we focus on to reduce energy use?
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Energy Use in Your House
• What forms of energy do you use in your house?
• What are you using this energy for?
• How compare relative efficiency? KBTU/sq ft
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Household Electricity Use
• What are some ways to increase the efficiency of your electricity use?
• What are the major uses of electricity in your house?
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Household Natural Gas Use
• What are the best ways to increase the efficiency of your gas use?
• What are the major uses of Natural Gas?
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Distribution of CO2 Sources
• Where should we focus?
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Where focus to reduce energy costs?
What’s surprising?
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The Importance of Screening Data
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• Here is a histogram of the annual gasoline usage of those who participated in the home energy audits.
• Do these values make sense? What would be a good way to go about estimating someone’s average gasoline usage per year?
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• In order to estimate someone’s average gasoline usage, you would need to know: how many vehicles they use, how many miles those vehicles can travel with one gallon of gasoline (mpg), and how many miles they travel in a year.
• For example:Someone has 1 car, that gets 20 mpg, and they travel 15000 miles/year. They would use: 15000 (miles/year) / 20 (mpg) = 750 (gallons/year).
• Or:Someone has 1 car, that gets 12 mpg, and they travel 30000 miles/year. They would use: 30000 (miles/year) / 12 (mpg) = 2500 (gallons / year)
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• Here is that same histogram with the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) estimates on average annual gasoline usage.
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• Here is a histogram of the areas of the different houses that participated in the home energy audits.
• Do all of these values make sense?
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• To put things in perspective, Bill Gates’ largest house is a 66,000 ft^2 mansion in Washington (2).
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• In order to determine if these values are valid, it might help to look at the Energy Usage Index (EUI). This is a measure of how much energy is used per year, per square foot (kBtu/yr/ft^2).
• As a reference, the Massachusetts average has been added to the plot. How would an increase in area of a house change the EUI? Do you think the energy usage increase as well?
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• The house with the largest area corresponds to the house with the lowest EUI. What does this tell you about the data?
Same house
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
BU Energy Use:
SMG (220)
- Focus on high energy density buildings
Photonics (336)
LSEB (468)
140 BSR (140)
NOTES: (1) BUMC Net Area does not include NEIDL and rental properties (2) Data sources from BU energy audit class (M. Gevelber) & Facilities (P. Zhong & A. Ly)
FY2007 Net Area Energy Cost
CRC 9.3 M ft2 79%
BUMC(1)
1.2 M ft2 21%
Total 10.5 M ft2 100%
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereReduce Nighttime Exhaust (8 hrs)
•Find energy used to condition a unit volume of air
•Find volume of air exhausted
•Add energy used to condition air across all units of air exhausted
Estimated Savings
•11% of total oil ($7,400)•7% of total electric. ($10,900)
Estimated Implementation Cost
$17,500—about 1 year payback$17.5k to AndoverThe rest is Rebalance! Was it needed?
Estimate of Potential Setback Savings
Heating oil savings
Cooling electricity savings
Original Estimate Updated
13% ~$20k
$50k <2
21% $12,522
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
BU Energy Use:
SMG (220)
- Focus on high energy density buildings
Photonics (336)
LSEB (468)
140 BSR (140)
NOTES: (1) BUMC Net Area does not include NEIDL and rental properties (2) Data sources from BU energy audit class (M. Gevelber) & Facilities (P. Zhong & A. Ly)
FY2007 Net Area Energy Cost
CRC 9.3 M ft2 79%
BUMC(1)
1.2 M ft2 21%
Total 10.5 M ft2 100%
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereReduce Nighttime Exhaust (8 hrs)
•Find energy used to condition a unit volume of air
•Find volume of air exhausted
•Add energy used to condition air across all units of air exhausted
Estimated Savings
•11% of total oil ($7,400)•7% of total electric. ($10,900)
Estimated Implementation Cost
$17,500—about 1 year payback$17.5k to AndoverThe rest is Rebalance! Was it needed?
Estimate of Potential Setback Savings
Heating oil savings
Cooling electricity savings
Original Estimate Updated
13% ~$20k
$50k <2
21% $12,522