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Achieving Best Evidence course for the judges of two regions in Kazakhstan
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Transcript of Achieving Best Evidence course for the judges of two regions in Kazakhstan
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Achieving Best Evidence Interviews
Mr Ian Karsten and Mr David Cater
Place
7-8 November 2016
EU Project: Enhancing Criminal Justice in Kazakhstan
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ACHIEVING BEST EVIDENCE
UNITED KINGDOM
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INTRODUCTIONSIAN KARSTEN
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INTRODUCTIONSDAVID CATER
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MODERN MODEL 1992
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S16 YOUTH JUSTICE & CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ACT 1999
CATEGORIES OF VULNERABLE VICTIMS & WITNESSES▸ Under 18 Or any person with ▸ Mental Disorder▸ Physical disability▸ Significant impairment of intellectual or social
functioning
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S17 YOUTH JUSTICE & CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ACT 1999
CATEGORIES OF INTIMIDATED VICTIMS & WITNESSES▸ Witnesses whose quality of evidence is likely to be
diminished by reason of fear or distress▸ Court should consider a range of factors in deciding▸ Categories automatically qualifying -▸ Victims of sexual assault▸ Witnesses to certain gun and knife offences
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S. 23-30 YOUTH JUSTICE & CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ACT 1999
SPECIAL MEASURES ▸ Screens ▸ Evidence by live video link▸ Evidence given in private▸ Removal of wigs and gowns▸ Video recorded evidence in chief▸ Intermediaries▸ Aids to communication
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YOUTH JUSTICE & CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ACT 1999
VIDEO RECORDED INTERVIEW (VRI)▸ Presumption that evidence of under 18 will be
video’d▸ Witness must be available for cross examination▸ Witness may opt out of VRI▸ Obligation to inform parents / carers etc
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ACCESS TO SPECIAL MEASURES▸ Court decision▸ 3 tests:▸ Is witness vulnerable or intimidated?▸ Will special measures improve evidence?▸ Which special measures most effective?▸ [S.27(2) Video recorded evidence in chief must be in
the interests of justice]
10S.19 YOUTH JUSTICE AND CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ACT 1999
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TEXT
INITIAL CONTACT WITH VICTIMS AND WITNESSES▸ Survey (brief account) what has taken place▸ This will influence the criminal investigation plan▸ Forensic medical examination of victim▸ Crime scene examination▸ Interviewing other witnesses▸ Arrest of alleged offender
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TEXT
PLANNING & PREPARATION ▸ Need for police and prosecutors to plan together▸ Importance of timing of interview (see e.g Case
Study)▸ Consider an interview advisor ▸ Identify the aims goals and objectives of the
interview▸ Consider appropriate support for witness throughout
investigation and court process
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TEXT
CASE STUDY▸ The nine year old complainant was medically
examined and straight after that examination the police attempted to conduct an ABE recorded interview.
▸ The needs of and support for the child in this case were secondary to the process and progress of the investigation.
▸ When should a child witness receive therapy if appropriate?
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TEXT
MULTI AGENCY APPROACH▸ Consultation with social services and professionals▸ Social worker may form part of the interview team
(or support specialists e.g child psychologist)▸ Planning to reduce retelling ▸ Assessing individual needs ▸ Provide support: communication aids etc
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PRE - INTERVIEW▸ Pre - interview assessments▸ Witness gender, race, culture and ethnicity to be
considered▸ Truth and lies with children – will be recorded
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SOME DANGERS OF INTERVIEWING CHILDREN
Child’s difficulty understanding questions/communicating
Desire to please interviewer Relationship with authority figures Coaching
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THE INTERVIEW
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CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW▸ Observe conversation norms –▸ Take turns▸ No interruptions▸ Avoid contamination▸ Apply 80-20 rule – see below
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PARETO PRINCIPLE
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“PEACE” MODEL ▸ Planning & Preparation▸ Engage & Explain▸ Account, clarify (open questions) ▸ Closure▸ Evaluation
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TEXT
PLANNING & PREPARATION ▸ When – time of day etc▸ Where – location - facilities▸ Who – joint team, lead interviewer, monitor,
expertise, gender etc, ▸ What & why – objectives of interview▸ How , agree method, duration, aids, props, expert
support
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STRUCTURE 22
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TEXT
ENGAGE AND EXPLAIN▸ Introductions▸ Preliminary conversation – build rapport - lower anxiety▸ Explain ▸ "If you do not understand a question please say”▸ “If you do not know the answer please say” ▸ “Tell me everything - detail is important”▸ Context reinstatement (cognitive interview technique)▸ Handover to witness
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ACCOUNT▸ Obtain free uninterrupted narrative account from
witness using open question▸ Avoid contamination▸ Conversation management –▸ Listening position (see below)▸ Minimal encouragers (see below)▸ Echo (see below)
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LISTENING POSITION
10-2 NO OBSTRUCTIONS FORWARD LEAN
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MINIMAL ENCOURAGERS
NODS OF THE HEADSMILESHAND GESTURESENCOURAGING SOUNDS "SO", "THEN", "OK AND", "AND" …ECHO (SEE BELOW)
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ECHO
LAST WORD / ENERGY WORD
“Things have been bad recently” “Things?”; “Bad?”; “Recently?”
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28QUESTIONING
▸ Tell me in detail▸ Explain to me exactly▸ Describe to me precisely▸ Show me▸ If necessary consider non specific prompts e.g “Did
anything else happen?”. Or “Is there more you can tell me?”.
OPEN QUESTIONS
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29QUESTIONING CONTINUED
Who, What Where When How Why Closed questions as last resort (inviting yes or no
answer)
SPECIFIC - CLOSED OR PROBING QUESTIONS
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COGNITVE INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES▸ Reinstate the context triggering memory, sounds,
smells, emotions etc▸ Report eveything▸ Change perspective▸ Reverse order recall
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TYPES OF QUESTIONS TO BE AVOIDED▸ Forced – choice questions (“Would you like tea or
coffee?”.)▸ Multiple questions (“Did you see him. What did he
look like?”.) Leading questions (“Was it a red car?”.)
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TOPIC MANAGEMENT▸ Break down the narrative account into topics▸ Deal with topics in a logical order▸ Avoid topic hopping▸ Probe each topic beginning with an open question,
followed by specific – closed questions▸ Finish with closed questions if necessary ▸ Summarise at the end of each topic if appropriate
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CASE SPECIFIC INFORMATION▸ Following completion of the narrative account phase
address questions concerning case specific information e.g investigative leads
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CLOSURE▸ Thank witness▸ Explain what may happen next and what will happen
to the recording▸ Ensure witness is not distressed▸ Provide contact details to witness or carer should
they have any further matters they may wish to discuss
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EVALUATION▸ Review interview record for information obtained and
to identify any urgent actions▸ Review interview for personal development of
interviewer
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Thank you for attention!
For any questions please contact:
EU project: Enhancing Criminal Justice in Kazakhstan+77172 237019/21
www.eucj.kz https://www.facebook.com/EUCJKZ/
https://twitter.com/EUCJKZ http://www.slideshare.net/EUCJKZ
EU Project: Enhancing Criminal Justice in Kazakhstan