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Describe how body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.

Explain how/why body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.

Explain in detail how/why body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.

1. Heart rategoes up

4. Breathing is deeper

7. Body temperaturegoes up

6. Respirationrate goes up

8.Sweating

starts

5. Diffusion in the lungs increases

3. Blood pressuregoes up

2. Stroke volume

increases

Short Term responses to Exercise

1. The muscles start to work harder, requiring more oxygen and producing more carbon dioxide, which needs to be removed.

2. The brain

Heart Lungs to makethem work

harder.

detects these changesand sends a signal to the:

and

Short-Term Effects of ExerciseShort-Term Effects of Exercise

3. The lungs work harder as breathing is now faster and deeper. They take in more oxygen and remove more

carbon dioxide.

4. The heart starts working harder and as a result, greater supplies of blood are

sent around the body for use by the muscles.

The Respiratory System The Cardiovascular System

5. Blood pressure goes up, but is prevented from going too high by

6. Contracting muscles squeeze the veins, squirting blood back much faster to the heart.

7. The heart fills up more completely when it relaxes and then contracts more strongly, pumping more blood with each beat.

the widening of the arteries.

Blood is also diverted from organs like the gut and stomach and sent to the muscles which need it more, by either:

Constricting of the blood vessels. ( )

or

Widening of the blood vessels ( ) vasodilation

vasoconstriction

8. Quicker heart rate recovery

1. Heart becomes bigger with thicker walls

2. Capilliarisationof muscle tissue

4. Stroke volumeincreases

3. Resting heart rate is lower

7. More red blood cells

9. Heart rate increases more slowly asexercise begins

5. Greater cardiac output

6. Arteries largerand more elastic

Long-Term Effects of

exercise on Cardiovascul

ar system

Long-Term Effects of

exercise on Cardiovascul

ar system

Human blood smear

A. The Heart Rate

The muscular walls of the heart become stronger, making the chambers slightly larger (hypertrophy).

These chambers empty more fully increasing the amount of blood pumped out with each beat.

Long-Term Effects – CardiovascularLong-Term Effects – Cardiovascular

Unfit Heart Fit Heart

Stroke Volume Increases

The resting heart rate becomes much lower. The heart rate increases much more slowly as exercise begins Recovery rates fall more quickly once exercising has stopped

The increase in stroke volume has the following effects...

An Unfit Heart

A Fit Heart

WhileExercising

At Rest

Recovery back to the resting beat within two minutes.

Recovery back to the resting beat longer than two minutes.

1. Capilliarisation of the alveoli

6. Diffusion in the lungs increases

5. More alveoli inthe lungs

4. Lungs have a greater vital capacity

2. Greater Max VO2

3. Can cope betterwith lactic acid

Long-Term Effects of

Exercise on Respiratory

System

Long-Term Effects of

Exercise on Respiratory

System

Section of human alveoli

Vital Capacity: Increases as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles get stronger, making the chest cavity larger. This means that more oxygen can be breathed in, and carbon dioxide breathed out.

Alveoli: The number of alveoli in the lungs increases. This produces a greater surface area for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the lungs.

Capillaries: A greater density of capillaries grow around the alveoli, again increasing the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.

Long-Term Effects - Respiratory SystemLong-Term Effects - Respiratory System

3. Ligaments and tendons getstronger

2. Bones becomestronger

1. Muscles become thicker and stronger

4. Joints are more supple

5. Cartilage thicker

Long-Term Effects of

Exercise on Muscular &

Skeletal Systems

2. Alertness levels improve

4. Sleepingpatterns become more regular

5. Greater levels of self-esteem and confidence

1. Reaction times are faster

Long-Term Effects of

Exercise on Nervous System

3. Concentration enhanced

Joints – Exercise makes ligaments become stronger and cartilage thicker.

Bones – Regular exercise makes the bones grow stronger.

Muscles – The muscles which are working harder, become thicker and so can contract more strongly. This is known as hypertrophy.

Tendons – These attach muscle to bones and as a result of strength training they become thicker and stronger.

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