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![Page 1: “ACEing” Complex Population Management Past, Present, and Possible Future for ACE Models of Care UNTHSC Geriatric Grand Rounds March 25, 2015 Kellie L.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d355503460f94a0c4c7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
“ACEing” Complex Population ManagementPast, Present, and Possible Future for ACE Models of
Care
UNTHSC Geriatric Grand RoundsMarch 25, 2015
Kellie L. Flood, MDAssociate Professor
Geriatric Quality Officer, UAB HospitalDirector, Geriatric Medicine Section
Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative CareUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham
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Learning Objectives
Define the components of an Acute Care for Elders (ACE) Unit
List outcomes from clinical trials evaluating the ACE Unit model of care
Discuss the new role of ACE Units in reducing unplanned readmissions and complex population management
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In what year did these statements appear in a health care administration publication?
“The overwhelming needs of the aging population have led to increasing expenditures for hospital care….”
“How this growing elderly population will obtain and pay for health care is emerging as a major social issue……”
“This changing financial and demographic trend, coupled with the limited resources provided for the elderly population, has been called the “Geriatric Imperative””
Bachman et al, Hospital and Health Services Administration 32(4):509-20.
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19871987 Stock
Market Crash
Gallon of Gas 88¢
Simpsons Debut on TV
BAD Album Released
Movie Good Morning Vietnam Released
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2014: Healthcare Did Not Heed the WarningSilver Tsunami is Here
If you can’t stop the wave…
Learn to SURF!
10,000 Baby Boomers will turn 65 years 10,000 Baby Boomers will turn 65 years old every day until 2031old every day until 2031
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Is it just a numbers thing?
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Older Adults Are A Different Patient Population Just As Pediatric Patients Are
Medicare expenditures for beneficiaries with different numbers of chronic conditions
1%3% 6%
10%
12%
68%
0
1
2
3
4
5+
Boult et al, The Permanente Journal Winter 2008;12:50-4; Boyd et al, Guided Care for Multimorbid Older Adults, Gerontol, 2007
Older adults experiencing multimorbidity consume 96% of the Medicare budget
62% of older Americans are experiencing multimorbidity
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Older Adults are More Likely to Experience Geriatric Syndromes
Dementia Delirium Depression Gait and balance abnormalities/Falls Frailty/Functional Decline Malnutrition Pressure ulcers Polypharmacy Incontinence Caregiver Stress
Kresevic et al, Ger Nursing, 1998
Geriatric Syndromes = Increased Risk for Adverse Outcomes
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Is it just an age thing?
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Older Adults Are a More Heterogeneous Patient Population Than Younger Adults
Functionally and Cognitively Intact(some - maybe not much - room to spare)
Functionally or Cognitively Impaired (no margin for error = vulnerable)
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Why do We Need Evidence-Based Geriatric Care Models??
Baby Boomers Baby Boomers
Lack of Geriatric
Training for all
Providers
Lack of Geriatric
Training for all
Providers
Reduced Reimbursement for Care
Reduced Reimbursement for Care
Slow Economy/Deficit
Slow Economy/Deficit
Perfect StormPerfect Storm
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We Must Think Outside the Box!!
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Coordinating Person-Centered Elder Care Requires an Inter(Trans)disciplinary Team
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Types of Teams in Healthcare
Uniprofessional: Group of people all from the same discipline
working together
Multiprofessional: Group of people from different disciplines
who develop a treatment plan independently
GITT Curriculum: Teams and Teamwork; Klarare A. et al, J Pall Med 2013;16(9):1062-1069
Transprofessional:Although roles are specialized, everyone is prepared to step in/replace each other when necessary; Team leadership varies with the situation – OK to get outside your lane a bit
Interprofessional: Group of people from different disciplines
assess and plan care in a collaborative manner
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Transprofessional
“I have learned the importance of the effects of polypharmacy in the care and treatment of UAB's geriatric patients…….. A patient's life may be changed due to medications.” - UAB Trauma Unit Occupational Therapist, 2013
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Transprofessional
“One of the best things I have learned was about the different routes and half-life of IV compared to po pain meds. Last week I was able to counsel a patient and her daughter on the benefits of transitioning off IV pain meds.”
- UAB ACE Unit Social Worker, 2014
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Adapted from slide by SUMMA Health Care
What is an ACE Unit? A Model of Inter/Trans-professional Coordinated Care in the Hospital
Functional Older Person
Acute Illness, Possible Impairment
Hospitalization: ACE Unit
Depressed MoodNegative
Expectations
ACEAcute Care for Elders
Prehab Program:Specialized environment
Patient-centered, interdisciplinary careMulti-dimensional geriatric assessment and non-pharmacologic management with nurse driven
careDaily medical review
Care transition planning from day 1
Reduced Impairment
Decreased Iatrogenic Risk Factors
Improved MoodPositive
Expectations
Functional Older Person
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Participants: UAB ACE Interdisciplinary Team Meeting
Geriatrician/Geriatric NP
ACE Unit Coordinator
Nurses
Rehabilitation Services (PT, OT)
Pharmacist
Dietician (intermittently)
Social Worker
Pastoral Care (intermittently)
Psychology Interns (intermittently)
Trainees from all disciplines
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UAB Hospitalist ACE Unit Process
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Acute Care for Elders (ACE) Units are a team model of coordinated geriatric care in the hospital settingoriginally designed to maintain patient functional
status during hospitalization
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Change in ADL performance from admission to discharge (p=0.009)
Landefeld et al, NEJM, 1995
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
ACE Unit Usual Care
Much Worse
Worse
Unchanged
Better
Much Better
Secondary Outcome
SNF/rehab/LTC placement: 14% ACE Unit vs 22% Usual Care (p=0.01)
ACE Unit: Randomized Controlled Trial
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ACE in a Community Hospital
1531 community-dwelling patients age ≥ 70 admitted for acute medical illness
Randomized to ACE vs Usual Care
Demonstrated improved processes of care in the intervention unit
Reduced use of restraints
Fewer high risk meds
Earlier and more frequent involvement of physical therapy and social work
Improved patient and provider satisfaction
Counsell et al, JAGS, 2000
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Health Care Utilization and ACE
Retrospective, case-control study
Academic urban hospital
680 ACE vs 680 non-ACE patients age ≥ 65
Matched for age, ethnicity, comorbidity, and DRG (CHF, pneumonia, UTI)
ACE patients:
Shorter mean LOS (4.9 ± 4.3 vs 5.9 ± 4.5 , p=0.01)
9.7 % reduced unadjusted mean costs ($13,586 vs $15,040; p=0.012)
No difference in mean number of unadjusted readmissions 11% reduced readmission rate after controlling for age, race,
comorbidity, and pre-admission rateJayadevappa et al, Value in Health, 2006;9:186-192
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UAB ACE StudyComparison of ACE vs Usual Care: FY 10
ACE Unit Usual Care
Number of beds % patients age 70
2539.2%
2040.3%
Unit nursing staff allotment (WHPPD) 9.75 9.75
Physical therapists FTE: bed ratio 1:19 1:26
Attending Physician Hospitalists Hospitalists
Formal Geriatric Consultation available upon request
Yes Yes
Evidence-based delirium prevention care processes Yes No
Volunteer mealtime assistance program Yes No
Daily Geriatrician led IDT Rounds for Geriatric Care Management
Yes No
Counselor for patients/families Yes NoFlood et al, JAMA Int Med 2013;173:981-7.
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Patient Characteristics ACE vs UC FY 10:Age ≥ 70 who spent entire hospital stay on ACE or UC
VariablesMean (SD) or %
ACE (N=428) UC (N=390) P value
Age (years) 81.6 (6.9) 80.9 (6.8) 0.11
Gender (Female) 69.4% 65.9% 0.29
Race (White) 64.5% 59.2% 0.30
Comorbidity Score 3.4 (3.2) 3.1 (3.0) 0.14
Case Mix Index 1.1 (0.5) 1.1 (0.6) 1.00
No significant differences in patient characteristics between groups
Flood et al, JAMA Int Med 2013;173:981-7.
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Cost and Readmission Outcomes ACE vs Usual Care FY 10:Age ≥ 70 who spent entire hospital stay on ACE or UC
VariablesMean (SD) or %
All DRGs Top 25 DRGs
ACE (N=428)
UC (N=390)
P Value
ACE(N=260)
UC(N=214)
P Value
LOS (days); Mean (SD)4.0 (2.7) 4.2 (2.8) 0.34 3.7 (2.4) 4.1 (2.8) 0.11
Variable Direct Cost/Case ($); Mean (SD)
$2,109
($1,870)
$2,480
($2,113)0.009
$1693
($1063)
$2138
($1431)<.001
Daily Variable Direct Cost/Case ($); Mean (SD)
$542
($383)
$595
($227)0.01
$484
($162)
$545
($120)<.001
Patients readmitted to UAB within 30 days of discharge
7.9% 12.8% 0.02 7.3 11.2 0.14
Flood et al, JAMA Int Med 2013;173:981-7.
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Cost Savings from ACE Model
~ $371,000 savings in variable direct
cost for every 1000 patients
If UC patients experienced ACE
model
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
FY 12 FY 13
9181148
216 313
1134
1461
Inpts
Obs
Total
Number of patients age ≥ 65 discharged from ACE Unit
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So how can the ACE model, originally designed to maintain patient
functional status, possibly impact readmissions?
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Readmission Patterns for Older Adults with AMI, CHF, and Pneumonia
Medicare claims data from 2007-2009 to determine patterns
Mean age of readmitted patients = 80 yrs for all DRGs studied
Most readmits within first 15 days for all studied DRGs
Dharmarajan et al, JAMA 2013;309(4):355-63.
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Study Authors’ Thoughts: “The broad range of acute conditions responsible for readmission may
reflect post-hospitalization syndrome – a generalized vulnerability to illness among recently discharged patients, many of whom have developed new impairments both during and after hospitalization.”
Losses in mobility/functional status, nutritional status, delirium, adverse
drug events, etc.
“The heightened vulnerability to a diversity of illnesses may explain why interventions that are broadly applicable to many conditions with multiple components or are delivered by a multidisciplinary team are more likely to reduce readmissions.”
Dharmarajan et al, JAMA 2013;309(4):355-63.
Aren’t these what ACE
Units address?
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ACE Unit Models of Care Have Been Shown to:
Improved functional performance at discharge
Improved likelihood of living at home after discharge
Reduced restraint use
Reduced high-risk medication use
Improved nutritional support during hospitalization
Improved patient and provider satisfaction
Reduced length of stay
Reduced health care utilization costs
Reduced 30-day readmissions
Landefeld et al, N Engl J Med 1995; Counsell et al, JAGS 2000; Jayadevappa et al, Value in Health, 2006; Flood et al, Crit Rev Onc/Heme 2010; Flood, et al, Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2009; Baztan et al, BMJ
2009; Flood et al, JAMA Int Med 2013.
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What is the future for ACE?
Helping hospitals address complex population management via:
Higher Valued Care
Quality
Cost
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Possible Means of Leveraging ACE Model for Higher Valued Care Hospital-Wide
ACE for non-general medical patient populations
Oncology-ACE
Stroke-ACE
Ortho-ACE
ACE of Hearts
Etc, etc
“e-Geriatrician” using ACE Tracker
“Mobile ACE” Consultative Care
UAB “Virtual ACE” Pilot
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“Acefying” a Hospital via “Virtual ACE”
First UAB Virtual ACE Unit:Orthopedic Surgery
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Geriatric Info Now Feeds into theUnit ACE Tracker Report
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Key Geriatric Syndromes in Virtual ACE Training and Intervention
The “Why”
Function/Safe Mobility
Pain Management
Delirium
Care Transitions
Delirium Toolbox
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Virtual ACE Ortho Unit Staff Feedback “Before the ACE we had delirium cases so frequently, now cases
have tremendously subsided.”
“Getting them moving early on has increased their satisfaction with the care at UAB and makes their pain much better. Appetite improves too.”
“Just the awareness of delirium prevention has opened our eyes to things we wouldn’t have noticed before. As a unit it seems everyone is working well together by implementing these initiatives. It’s easy to become complacent if you don’t know how to work effectively with a geriatric patient, but the ACE initiative has made us excited to make changes and actively see results.”
“Toolbox is a great thing to have ”
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Measuring Outcomes: Pre- and Post- Pilot Test of Virtual ACE Intervention
Variable* Pre (N=31) Post (N=94) P-Value
Age Mean Range
71.5 ± 5.9
65-8974.2 ± 7.1
65-94P=.055
Gender 55% F 54%F NS
H/o Fall in last 3 months
48% Yes 48% Yes NS
Baseline Katz Score (Mean)
9.89 ± 3.7 9.9 ± 3.5 NS
Current Katz Score (Mean)
6.55 ± 5.1 6.9 ± 4.3 NS
% Abnormal Six Item Screen on Admission
21% 20% NS*Variables have missing data for some patients
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Early Process Outcomes: 8 Weeks Pre- and 20-Weeks Post-Training
45%
0%
74%
88%88%94%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Both Baseline and Current KatzCompleted
NUDESC Completed
Pre-Intervention
Post-Intervention (wks 1-4)
Post-Intervention (Katz - wks 5-12; NUDESC wks 5-20)
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Mobility in the Prior 24 Hours: All Patients
Pre: 43 assessments in 31 patients; Post: 30 assessments in 26 patients Pre vs Post Baseline Katz 10.4 ± 3.2 vs 11.23 ± 2.3, p=.278Pre vs Post Current Katz 7.0 ± 5.1 vs 7.3 ± 4.3, p=.831
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2014 Ortho Unit Fall Rate for ≥ 65 years of age
Virtual ACE Safe Mobility Training
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39% Relative Reduction in Delirium Prevalence
Pre-Training: 38 NUDESC Screens in 31 patientsPost-Training: 62 NUDESC Screens in 68 patients
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2014 Ortho Unit Restraint Usage
Virtual ACE Delirium Training
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Potential Cost Savings from Delirium Prevention
UAB Hospital Discharged 19,880 patients age ≥ 65 in FY 13
*Rubin JAGS 2006
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Learning Objectives Revisited Define the components of an Acute Care for Elders (ACE) Unit
Interdisciplinary, patient-centered, multi-dimensional geriatric assessment, non-pharmacologic management, daily medical review, and care transition planning from day 1
List outcomes from clinical trials evaluating the ACE Unit model of care
Improved functional status, processes of care, med safety, likelihood of living at home after discharge, and reduced costs
Discuss the new role of ACE Units in reducing unplanned readmissions and complex population management
ACE appears to reduce readmissions via recognition and management of “post-hospitalization syndrome”
Improved outcomes provide leverage to disseminate ACE to non-medical patient populations and throughout an entire hospital
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QUESTIONS?
UAB Hospital
1,156 beds of complex population management