Accidents Have Esse in Actu But Not an Act of Being (Esse as Actus Essendi) of Their Own

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1 ACCIDENTS HAVE ESSE IN ACTU BUT NOT AN ACT OF BEING (ESSE AS ACTUS ESSENDI) OF THEIR OWN Paul Gerard Horrigan, Ph.D., 2015. Although accidents have esse in actu, a secondary existence (existentia), they do not have an act of being 1 (esse as actus essendi) of their own, but rather are by reason of the act of being (actus essendi) which belongs to the substance. Esse in actu corresponds to esse essentiae. Accidental esse is the esse in actu in first substance (substantia prima), esse accidentale being a secondary existence derived from the real substance. Accidental being (esse accidentale) would indicate, explains Cornelio Fabro, “the reality of the accidents insofar as they are properties and acts or perfections of the individuated substance from which they proceed and in which they are received; […]. In other words, the accidents have and give a ‘modus essendi’ according to a proper content and this ‘esse accidentale,’ which is actuated according to that temporal-plexus, can be called existentia.” “…accidents are attributed a proper existence, a proper special- temporal situation in the substance, but not a proper esse as actus essendi.” 2 Concerning the act of being (esse as actus essendi) Fabro writes in his Partecipazione e causalità: “Esse ut actus essendi is the principium subsistendi of the substance, thanks to which both the essence of the substance as well as that of the accidents are in act…” “…esse in the proper sense is only actus essendi which gives subsistence to the substance. There is, therefore, esse essentiae and esse which is actus essendi; …the actualizing esse which is non-divisible actus essendi, is so because it indicates the quality of absolute act that makes the first discrimination of the real and the first foundation of truth, since it is inseparable and most simple affirmation of its act and only has non-being for its contrary.” 3 Esse in the proper sense is actus essendi. In its intensive meaning esse as actus essendi emerges over all other acts, formalities and perfections, it being the actuality of all acts and the perfection of all perfections, as St. Thomas Aquinas writes in De Potentia Dei and the Summa Theologiae: “That which I call esse is among all (things), the most perfect, and this is clear because act is always more perfect than potency. Now no signate form is understood to be in act unless it be supposed to have esse. For humanity or fiery nature may be considered as existing potentially in matter, or as existing in the power of an agent, or even as in the intellect: but when it has esse it becomes an existens in act. Wherefore it is clear than when I say esse, it is the actuality of all acts, and therefore the perfection of all perfections.” 4 Esse is the most perfect of all, for it is compared to all as act; for nothing has actuality except insofar as it is. Hence esse is 1 If essence (essentia) is that which makes a thing to be what it is, the act of being (esse) is that which makes a thing to be. 2 C. FABRO, Partecipazione e causalità secondo san Tommaso d’Aquino, SEI, Turin, 1961, p. 200. 3 C. FABRO, op. cit., pp. 201, 203-204. 4 De Potentia Dei, q. 7, a. 2, ad 9: “Ad nonum dicendum, quod hoc quod dico esse est inter omnia perfectissimum: quod ex hoc patet quia actus est semper perfectio potentia. Quaelibet autem forma signata non intelligitur in actu nisi per hoc quod esse ponitur. Nam humanitas vel igneitas potest considerari ut in potentia materiae existens, vel ut in virtute agentis, aut etiam ut in intellectu: sed hoc quod habet esse, efficitur actu existens. Unde patet quod hoc quod dico esse est actualitas omnium actuum, et propter hoc est perfectio omnium perfectionum.”

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Accidents Have Esse in Actu But Not an Act of Being (Esse as Actus Essendi) of Their Own

Transcript of Accidents Have Esse in Actu But Not an Act of Being (Esse as Actus Essendi) of Their Own

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ACCIDENTS HAVE ESSE IN ACTU BUT NOT AN ACT OF BEING (ESSE AS

ACTUS ESSENDI) OF THEIR OWN

Paul Gerard Horrigan, Ph.D., 2015.

Although accidents have esse in actu, a secondary existence (existentia), they do not have an act of being1 (esse as actus essendi) of their own, but rather are by reason of the act of being (actus essendi) which belongs to the substance. Esse in actu corresponds to esse essentiae. Accidental esse is the esse in actu in first substance (substantia prima), esse accidentale being a secondary existence derived from the real substance. Accidental being (esse accidentale) would indicate, explains Cornelio Fabro, “the reality of the accidents insofar as they are properties and acts or perfections of the individuated substance from which they proceed and in which they are received; […]. In other words, the accidents have and give a ‘modus essendi’ according to a proper content and this ‘esse accidentale,’ which is actuated according to that temporal-plexus, can be called existentia.” “…accidents are attributed a proper existence, a proper special-temporal situation in the substance, but not a proper esse as actus essendi.”2

Concerning the act of being (esse as actus essendi) Fabro writes in his Partecipazione e

causalità: “Esse ut actus essendi is the principium subsistendi of the substance, thanks to which both the essence of the substance as well as that of the accidents are in act…” “…esse in the proper sense is only actus essendi which gives subsistence to the substance. There is, therefore, esse essentiae and esse which is actus essendi; …the actualizing esse which is non-divisible actus essendi, is so because it indicates the quality of absolute act that makes the first discrimination of the real and the first foundation of truth, since it is inseparable and most simple affirmation of its act and only has non-being for its contrary.”3

Esse in the proper sense is actus essendi. In its intensive meaning esse as actus essendi

emerges over all other acts, formalities and perfections, it being the actuality of all acts and the perfection of all perfections, as St. Thomas Aquinas writes in De Potentia Dei and the Summa

Theologiae: “That which I call esse is among all (things), the most perfect, and this is clear because act is always more perfect than potency. Now no signate form is understood to be in act unless it be supposed to have esse. For humanity or fiery nature may be considered as existing potentially in matter, or as existing in the power of an agent, or even as in the intellect: but when it has esse it becomes an existens in act. Wherefore it is clear than when I say esse, it is the actuality of all acts, and therefore the perfection of all perfections.”4 “Esse is the most perfect of all, for it is compared to all as act; for nothing has actuality except insofar as it is. Hence esse is

1 If essence (essentia) is that which makes a thing to be what it is, the act of being (esse) is that which makes a thing

to be. 2 C. FABRO, Partecipazione e causalità secondo san Tommaso d’Aquino, SEI, Turin, 1961, p. 200. 3 C. FABRO, op. cit., pp. 201, 203-204. 4 De Potentia Dei, q. 7, a. 2, ad 9: “Ad nonum dicendum, quod hoc quod dico esse est inter omnia perfectissimum: quod ex hoc patet quia actus est semper perfectio potentia. Quaelibet autem forma signata non intelligitur in actu nisi per hoc quod esse ponitur. Nam humanitas vel igneitas potest considerari ut in potentia materiae existens, vel ut in virtute agentis, aut etiam ut in intellectu: sed hoc quod habet esse, efficitur actu existens. Unde patet quod hoc quod dico esse est actualitas omnium actuum, et propter hoc est perfectio omnium perfectionum.”

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the actuality of all things, even their forms. Therefore it is not compared to other things as the receiver is to the received; but rather as the received to the receiver.”5

Christian Ferraro, professor of Metaphysics at the Lateran University, explains in his

Appunti di metafisica (2013) that, although accidents do indeed have esse in actu, they do not have an esse as actus essendi of their own (which belongs to the substance), this esse as actus

essendi being that which enters into a real composition with the essence (essentia) and is the principle of subsistence of the suppositum. The suppositum, Ferraro stresses, has only one esse ut

actus, which is the esse suppositi, but he notes that the suppositum has a multiplicity of esse in

actu, according to the specific degree of the substantial essence and of the diverse accidental actuations: “Che gli accidenti allora non siano composti da essenza e atto di essere? Effettivamente. Gli accidenti non hanno un esse proprio. L’esse ut actus (l’essere come atto, l’atto di essere, ipsum esse, actus essendi) è proprietà esclusiva della sostanza, principio della sua sussistenza. Pertanto, mentre ciò che appartiene al genere della sostanza è per forza realmente composto, invece ciò che appartiene ad alcuno dei nove generi di accidenti non è composto, bensì semplice, anche se entra in composizione con la sostanza – come abbiamo appena visto.6

“Se l’accidente non ha l’esse ut actus, non è detto però che non abbia l’esse in actu.

Anche la forma accidentale infatti dà l’esse in actu, com’è proprio di ogni forma. Gli accidenti esistono, sono attuali, e questa loro attualità è l’esse in actu, con il quale arricchiscono la sostanza.

“Ora, questo esse accidentale, del quale parla più volte san Tommaso, non è però da

confondersi con l’esse ut actus, quell’esse che entra in composizione reale con l’essenza ed è il principio della sussistenza del supposito.7 Si tratta invece dell’attualità seconda che acquista la sostanza sussistente in virtù della forma accidentale. Infatti, così come la forma sostanziale specificava l’esse ut actus determinandone il grado d’intensità e conferendo al composto l’esse in actu, in maniera simile la forma accidentale determina ulteriormente il tutto sostanziale conferendo un «secondo» esse in actu, a seconda di tutte le modalità accidentali: un esse qualis, un esse quantum, un esse ad, ecc. Perciò l’accidente non è ente nel senso di eseguire o di avere esso stesso l’esse ut actus, bensì nel senso che per esso (eo mediante) un qualcosa è in un determinato modo secondario, che presuppone l’attualità e consistenza sostanziale. Il supposito

5 Summa Theologiae, I, q. 4, a. 1, ad 3: “Ad tertium dicendum quod ipsum esse est perfectissimum omnium, comparatur enim ad omnia ut actus. Nihil enim habet actualitatem, nisi inquantum est, unde ipsum esse est actualitas omnium rerum, et etiam ipsarum formarum. Unde non comparatur ad alia sicut recipiens ad receptum, sed magis sicut receptum ad recipiens.” 6 Cf. De Veritate, q. 27, a. 1, ad 8. 7 Per non aver adeguatamente distinto l’esse in actu e l’esse ut actus, molti rappresentanti della scuola tomista (Gaetano, Giovanni di san Tommaso, Gredt, Maritain, M.-D. Philippe, Elders, De Raeymaeker, per elencare soltanto alcuni) hanno attribuito agli accidenti un esse (ut actus) proprio. Si sono visti costretti ad ammetterlo, sia sulla base di certi testi di san Tommaso che sembrerebbero affermarlo (nei quali però egli parla soltanto ed esclusivamente dell’esse in actu), sia sulla base della loro fuorviante interpretazione dell’esse ut actus come exsistentia, nel senso del principio per cui la cosa è messa fuori delle cause: se infatti l’accidente è reale, esso allora dovrebbe avere una «existentia» propria. Certamente, poi aggiungevano che questo «atto di essere» era sì debole da aver bisogno di poggiare sulla sostanza. È chiaro che questa posizione non rispecchia fedelmente il pensiero di san Tommaso. D’altronde, è un esempio quanto mai eloquente dell’«essenzialismo formalista» e del da Heidegger deprecato oblio dell’essere.

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pertanto ha un unico esse ut actus, che è l’esse suppositi, ma è molteplice il suo esse in actu, a seconda del grado specifico dell’essenza sostanziale e delle diverse attuazioni accidentali.”8

8 C. FERRARO, Appunti di metafisica, Lateran University Press, Vatican City, 2013, pp. 282-283.