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![Page 1: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques
Antoine ISAACSTITCH Project
SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, UtrechtApril 11th, 2007
![Page 2: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Background
• CATCH@ NWO• Continuous Access To Cultural Heritage• 10 computer science projects applied to the CH field
• Personalization of access, image/text/audio analysis
• Integration of projects in CH institutes (museums, archives)
• STITCH • SemanTic Interoperability To access Cultural Heritage
• Exchanging and integrating metadata• Vrije Universiteit, Koninklijke Bibliotheek & Max
Planck Institute
![Page 3: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Agenda
• Cultural Heritage and Semantic Web• Two important issues
• Representing Cultural Heritage vocabularies on the Semantic Web
• Vocabulary alignment
• Demo
![Page 4: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Some Needs for CH Collections
• Representation of objects and knowledge about them • Pointing at collection artifacts: books…• Describing them: creating metadata
• Specific metadata structures (metadata schemes)• Controlled expert vocabularies (e.g. thesauri)
• Accessing artifacts using metadata • E.g. search using information contained in
thesauri
![Page 5: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
KB Illustrated Manuscripts – Iconclass vocabulary
![Page 6: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
KB Illustrated Manuscripts
![Page 7: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Some Needs for CH Collections (2)
• Communicating data to the outside world• Web portals
• Integrating different collections• Virtual collections
• The European Library, http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org
• Geheugen van Nederland, http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl
![Page 8: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
(Biased) Semantic Web
• Pointing at resources: documents, knowledge objects
• Enabling structured assertions• Metadata about entities present on the Web
• Using vocabularies with defined semanticsOntologies: formal definitions of shared conceptual
vocabulariesRDF Schema /OWL
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Bird"> <owl:disjointWith> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Mammals"/> </owl:disjointWith> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Class rdf:ID="Animals"/> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class>
<Bird rdf:about="#tweety"/>
![Page 9: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
(Biased) Semantic Web
• Web-based resources allow division/sharing of • document• vocabulary• metadata
(doc3, hasSubject, Amsterdam)
differentowners & locations
http://www.kb.nl/eDepot
http://www.geo.org/voc/
http://www.ned.nl/doc3
![Page 10: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Cultural Heritage Collections and Semantic Web
• Categorizing/classifying things
• Structuring descriptions
• Web-based approach
Semantic Web techniques are good candidates for representing and exploiting Cultural Heritage metadata
![Page 11: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Important line of research
• Long-term projects• MuseumFinland, http://www.museosuomi.fi/ • eCulture, http://e-culture.multimedian.nl/
• Common portals to (many) collections
• Exploiting the data found in the original systems• Metadata content: place, date, creator…• Semantics of vocabularies used to create this
information• E.g. hierarchical information • “A Picture featuring a crow features a bird”
![Page 12: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
![Page 13: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Agenda
• Cultural Heritage and Semantic Web• Two important issues
• Representing Cultural Heritage vocabularies on the Semantic Web
• Vocabulary alignment
• Demo
![Page 14: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Representing CH vocabularies on the Semantic Web - Similarities
• Both ontologies and thesauri bring concept hierarchies
• giving the intended meaning of a vocabulary through links between its items
• “concept/term” ≈? owl:Class• “broader” ≈?
rdfs:subClassOf• “scope notes” ≈?
rdfs:comment
![Page 15: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Representing CH vocabularies on the Semantic Web - Problems
• Thesauri designed for humans, no formal interpretation
• How to interpret a thesaurus in RDFS/OWL:• If “(Story of) Hercules” is a class, what are its instances?• Is “Hercules shooting Nessus” a subclass of “Love-affairs of
Hercules”?Thesaurus hierarchy: subsumption, mereological relation,
…
![Page 16: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Representing CH vocabularies on the Semantic Web – Different approaches
• Ontologising• Cleaning thesaurus by distinguishing roles, kinds,
etc.• Cleaning the hierarchical links
• Representing knowledge found in sources as such• Informal knowledge represented in RDF/OWL formal
framework
![Page 17: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
SKOS
• Simple Knowledge Organization Systems• (Future) W3C standard
• Model to represent controlled and structured vocabularies on the Semantic Web• Compatible with community needs• Core model for representing thesauri, classification
schemes, etc.
![Page 18: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
SKOS
• Building blocks (ontology) to create XML/RDF data about controlled vocabularies• Classes Concept and ConceptScheme• Lexical properties
• prefLabel• altLabel
• Semantic properties • broader, narrower• related
• Properties for notes and comments• scopeNote• definition
![Page 19: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
SKOS: Brinkman Trefwoorden (KB)
075607204 geneeskunde RT geneesmiddelenNT kindergeneeskunde
075607220 geneesmiddelen UF medicijnen
075611791 kindergeneeskunde BT geneeskunde noot: kinderen ouder dan 12 vallen niet
onderkindergeneeskunde
medicijnen USE geneesmiddelen
![Page 20: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
SKOS: Brinkman Trefwoorden (KB)
skos: = http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#bk: = http://www.kb.nl/brinkman/
bk:075611791
kindergeneeskundekinderen ouder dan12 vallen niet onderkindergeneeskunde
bk:075607204
geneeskunde
bk:075607220
medicijnengeneesmiddelenskos:prefLabel
skos:scopeNote
skos:broader
skos:prefLabel
skos:related
skos:prefLabel skos:altLabel
![Page 21: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
SKOS: Brinkman Trefwoorden (KB)
<skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.kb.nl/brinkman/bk075607204"><skos:prefLabel>geneeskunde</skos:prefLabel><skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.kb.nl/brinkman/bk075607220"/>
</skos:Concept><skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.kb.nl/brinkman/bk075607220">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="&skos;Concept"/><skos:prefLabel>geneesmiddelen</skos:prefLabel><skos:altLabel>medicijnen</skos:altLabel>
</skos:Concept><skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.kb.nl/brinkman/bk075611791">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="&skos;Concept"/><skos:prefLabel>kindergeneeskunde</skos:prefLabel><skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.kb.nl/brinkman/bk075607204"/><skos:scopeNote>kinderen ouder dan 12 vallen niet onder
kindergeneeskunde</skos:scopeNote></skos:Concept>
![Page 22: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Agenda
• Cultural Heritage and Semantic Web• Two important issues
• Representing Cultural Heritage vocabularies on the Semantic Web
• Vocabulary alignment
• Demo
![Page 23: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Cultural Heritage Interoperability Problems
• Problem: integrating different databases/metadata schemes/vocabularies
• Syntactic interoperability can be solved• Common format: XML (RDF)• Common vocabulary model (SKOS)
• How about conceptual heterogeneity?
![Page 24: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
The semantic interoperability problem
• There is no standard thesaurus• We don’t really want it
different vocabularies for different expertise domains, traditions, tasks
• Consequence:• “klassieke ruïnes” vs. “landschap met ruïnes”• “maagd Maria” vs. “Heilige Moeder”
• Practical problem:• Searching for “Heilige Moeder” misses “maagd
Maria”• Unless we know both vocabularies
![Page 25: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Old situation
![Page 26: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Vocabulary alignment
• STITCH aim: find correspondences between vocabulary elements• “klassieke ruïnes” ≈ “landschap met ruïnes”• “maagd Maria” = “Heilige Moeder”
![Page 27: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
New situation
![Page 28: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Automatic alignment techniques
• Lexical Labels of entities and textual definitions
• StructuralStructure of the formal definitions of entities, position in the
hierarchy
• StatisticalObject information (e.g. book indexing)
• Background knowledge Using a shared conceptual reference to find links
brainLong tumor tumorLong
![Page 29: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Lexical alignment
• Use preferred labels, synonyms, notes• Heuristic methods to discover
equivalence and specialization relations
Funeral of Patroclus PatroclusMore specific than
![Page 30: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Automatic Alignment Techniques
• Lexical Labels of entities and textual definitions
• StructuralStructure of the formal definitions of entities, position in the
hierarchy
• StatisticalObject information (e.g. book indexing)
• Shared background knowledge Using a conceptual reference to deduce correspondences
brainLong tumor tumorLong
![Page 31: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Statistical alignment
![Page 32: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Statistic approach: Koninklijke Bibliotheek case
• Situation: 2 overlapping collections indexed with different thesauri
• Comparison means: measuring overlap between concepts from the thesauri• Using the sets of books indexed by these concepts
• Results1: 9132.9 Schilderijen - schilderkunst
2: 8088.5 Kwaliteitszorg - kwaliteitsmanagement
3: 6232.7 Personeelsmanagement - personeelsbeleid
...
17: 3421.8 Diabetes mellitus - suikerziekte
![Page 33: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Agenda
• Cultural Heritage and Semantic Web• Two important issues
• Representing Cultural Heritage vocabularies on the Semantic Web
• Vocabulary alignment
• Demo
![Page 34: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Demo
• KB Illuminated Manuscripts• French National Library Mandragore
Manuscripts
![Page 35: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Manuscripts, 2nd Collection: BNF Mandragore
![Page 36: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Manuscripts, 2nd Collection: BNF Mandragore
![Page 37: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Demo
• http://stitch.cs.vu.nl/rp33333/MANDRA-SV-ICE-mandraNewNONE , amphibians
• http://stitch.cs.vu.nl/rp33333/MANDRA-SV-MANDRA-mandraNewNONE, wheat
![Page 38: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Conclusion: Semantic Web can help Cultural Heritage
• Representation of collections and associated expert vocabularies
• Semantic integration through correspondences between different vocabularies
New opportunities for exploiting cultural heritage information
![Page 39: Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections using Semantic Web Techniques Antoine ISAAC STITCH Project SIKS Semantic Web Seminar, Utrecht April 11 th, 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062620/551a749e550346545e8b6226/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Thanks!
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Accessing Cultural Heritage collections using Semantic Web techniques
Links
• Semantic Web at Vrije Universiteit• http://www.cs.vu.nl/ai/kr/• http://www.cs.vu.nl/bi/
• SKOS• http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
• Other Cultural Heritage and Semantic Web projects• MuseumFinland, http://www.museosuomi.fi/ • eCulture, http://e-culture.multimedian.nl/