Access to Justice
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Transcript of Access to Justice
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NATIONALCONFERENCEON WOMEN& ACCESS TOJUSTICEA REPORT
DECEMBER 10-11, 2006
INDIA HABITAT CENTRELODHI ROAD,NEW DELHI 110 003
ORGANISED BY
PARTNERS FOR LAW IN DEVELOPMENT, NEW DELHI
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SESSION I
4aBiXei\XjbYg[X6bagXkg $#
The Relevance of Womens Access to Justice Womens Movement and its Engagement with the Law
SESSION II
:ebhaW\aZg[X6baVXeaf\a8kcXe\XaVXf $'
Testimonies Findings of PLDs Study on Women and Access to Justice Sharing by Partner Organisations in the Study
SESSION III
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Family Courts
Counselling in matrimonial litigation
SESSION IV
6[T__XaZXfYbeJb`XaATi\ZTg\aZg[X?XZT_FlfgX` &(
Sexual Assault and Rape Prosecutions Custody in the Context of Cross-country Child Abductions
SESSION V
GT^\aZFgbV^bY6[TaZXf6[T__XaZXfTaWCbgXag\T_ &+
Divergences and Intersections Between Notions of Justice in Different Mechanisms Within the Law
Reections on the Gains of the Womens Movement Inter-agency Alliance Building as a Strategy Role of National Commission for Women
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Text of Justice Sujata Manohars presentation Text of Justice Madan B Lokurs presentation
4ccXaW\VXf *#
Extracts of Some Relevant Legal Provisions Table of Contents of the Reader Compiled for the Conference List of Participants List of Panellists PLD and its Partner Organisations
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7EVEN AFTER DECADESbYXaZTZX`XagUlg[Xjb`Xaf`biX `Xagj\g[ g[X _Tj ]hfg\VX g[ebhZ[ g[X _Tj eX`T\afYeThZ[gj\g[UTee\XefYbejb`XaXfcXV\T__lTggjb_XiX_f!Bag[XbaX[TaW\fg[X]hfg\VXflfgX`ffgehVgheT_\aTVVXff\U\_\glcTeg\Vh _Te_lYbecbbeTaW`TeZ\aT_\fXWjb`Xa!5lg[\fjX`XTag[Tgg[X_XZT_flfgX`ceXfh`Xfg[Tg\gfhfXefjbh_W[TiXTgg[XiXel_XTfgTVXegT\aWXZeXXbYTjTeXaXffbYg[X\ee\Z[gfTfV\g\mXafTYbe`T_XWhVTg\baaTaV\T_ eXfbheVXf g\`XTaW`bU\_\gl!Bag[Xbg[Xe[TaWTeXUTee\XefXaVbhagXeXWUljb`XaTYgXe g[X\eXagel \agbg[X_XZT_flfgX`!G[XfX\aV_hWXcebVXWheT_WX_TlfXi\WXaVXg[Tg`TlUXW\YVh_ggbcebWhVXUhg\fi\gT_gbg[X\eVTfXZXaWXeU\Tfg[Xaba eXVbZa\g\babY`TalZXaWXefcXV\VjebaZfTaWe\Z[gfg[TgXk\fgj\g[\ag[X_XZT_flfgX`TaWg[X_\`\gTg\babYaTaV\T_eXfbheVXf!
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@TW[h@X[eTExecutive Director
PREFACE
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cbgXag\T_bY g[XATg\baT_6b``\ff\ba YbeJb`Xa \a Yh___\aZZXaWXe]hfg\VX!G[XeXcbegXaWfj\g[g[XV_bf\aZeX`Te^fbYg[X6[T\eTaWVbafb_\WTgXfT__g[XeXVb``XaWTg\bafW\fVhffXW\ag[XgjbWTlcebVXXW\aZf!4_g[bhZ[g[XfXeXVb``XaWTg\bafTeXabgVb`ceX[Xaf\iXg[XlT_XeghfgbVXegT\a^XlTeXTfeXdh\e\aZfXe\bhfg[bhZ[gTaWTggXag\bagbTWWeXffUTee\Xefg[TgceXfXag_l[\aWXeZXaWXe]hfg\VX!
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SESSION I
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THIS SESSION SETbhgg[XVbagXkgYbeg[XVbaYXeXaVX!H`T6[T^eTiTeg\ T YX`\a\fg [\fgbe\Ta TaW WX`bVeTg\Ve\Z[gf TVg\i\fg [\Z[_\Z[gXW g[X \`cbegTaVX bY eXVbZa\f\aZ g[XUebTWXeVTaiTfbY]hfg\VXXiXaj[\_XX`c[Tf\f\aZg[XaXXWgbXa ZTZXTVg\iX_lj\g[g[X_TjTaWg[X\ffhXbY_XZT_TVVXff!G[XXa ZTZX`XagbY\aW\i\WhT_jb`XaTaWg[Xjb`Xaf`biX`Xagj\g[g[X_TjjTfabgTabcg\baUhg\`cXeTg\iXTfg[XXkcXe\XaVXfbYg[XcTeg\V\cTagf fhV[TfVb``ha\glZebhcfTaWTVg\i\fg _TjlXef\aW\VTgXW! F[X eXVbZa\fXW g[Tg g[\f W\T_bZhX UXgjXXa beZTa\fT g\bafTaWTVg\i\fgfjTfZebhaWXW\aVbaVXeafbY\aW\i\WhT_jb` XaffgehZZ_Xfj\g[g[X_Tj!;\Z[_\Z[g\aZg[Xf\Za\VTagVbage\Uh g\babYg[XgjbcTaX__\fgf\aTWiTaV\aZjb`Xafe\Z[gf\a
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G;8E8?8I4A68B9JB@8AF4668FFGB=HFG
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15SESSION I AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEXT
4_TV^bYZXaWXecXefcXVg\iX\ag[XflfgX`TaW\gfYhaVg\baTe\XfT_fb\`cTVgf]hfg\VX!:XaWXe\afXaf\g\i\gl\aeXVbeW\aZTaWWXT_\aZj\g[Xi\WXaVX\aeTcXVTfXfbej[\_XWXT_\aZj\g[ZXaWXefcXV\VVe\`Xfbej[Xag[XWl\aZWXV_TeTg\babYg[Xi\Vg\`\feXVbeWXW\ag[XceXfXaVXbY[Xe\a _Tjf[TfTaTWiXefX\`cTVgba]hfg\VXYbeg[Xjb`Ta!
4abg[XeYTVgbej[\V[TYYXVgfjb`XaTWiXefX_l\fg[XTUfXaVXbYTVe\g\VT_`TffbYjb`Xa\ag[X _XZT_cebYXff\baWXfc\gXT _TeZXah`UXebYjb`XaZb\aZgb_TjfV[bb_fbedhT_\Yl\aZTf_TjlXef!4f T eXfh_gjX[TiX iXel YXjjb`Xa _TjlXef TaW YXjXejb` Xa ]hWZXf!G[\f [Tf`TWX \g iXel W\YVh_g gb \agXZeTgX YX`\a\fgcXefcXVg\iXfj\g[\ag[X_XZT_flfgX`!4UfXaVXbYjb`Xa\af\Z a\VTagah`UXef \acTe_\T`Xag TaW \a g[X fgTgX _XZ\f_TgheX[TfceXiXagXWZeXTgXe`b`Xagh`gbg[XXaTVg`XagbY_Tjfg[TgX` cbjXejb`Xa!
7\YVh_g\Xf\aTVVXff\aZ]hfg\VXTeXfbhZ[ggbUXbiXeVb`Xg[ebhZ[beZTa\fTg\baT_eXfcbafXffgTgXeXfcbafXfTaWbg[Xece\iTgX\a\g\T g\iXf!Jb`XafbeZTa\fTg\baf g[ebhZ[Vb``ha\gljbe^XefTaWcTeT_XZT_f[TiX\agXeiXaXW\aVTfXfeX_Tg\aZgbjb`Xaj[bVTa abgTYYbeWgbZbgbTVbhegbY_Tj!G[X\eXkcXe\XaVXf[\Z[_\Z[gg[XaXXWYbe_bjXeVbfgbY_\g\ZTg\badh\V^XeWXV\f\bafTaWTYTe`beXXYV\Xag TaW ZXaWXe fXaf\g\iX _XZT_ flfgX`!
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ce\aV\c_Xf_\^XG[X8dhT_EX`haXeTg\ba4Vg!G[XZ[gYbeV\i\_e\Z[gfWhe\aZg[\fcXe\bWT_fbZTiX\`cXghfgbg[Xjb`Xaf`biX `Xag!J\g[g[X@Tg[heTeTcXVTfX%TVg\i\f`baeTcXVTfXffgTegXW!7hXgbfhV[VTfXfTggXag\baYheg[XegheaXWgbVhfgbW\T_i\b_XaVXTaW eTcX!F[X fT\W g[Tg fhVVXffbY g[X VT`cT\Za Ybe V[TaZXf \ag[XETcX?TjWXcXaWXWba g[X YTVg g[Tg g[X@Tg[heT VTfX \a ib_iXW\ffhXfbYcb_\VXUehgT_\glTfjX__TffXkhT_i\b_XaVXg[XeXUlVb`U\a\aZZXaWXeVbaVXeafj\g[g[bfXbYV\i\__\UXeg\XfTaWfgTgXUehgT_\gl!;bjXiXeg\__g[X$,,#fg[XYbVhfbYg[X`biX`XagjTfbag[X`babZT`bhfYT`\_lTaWeTcX!G[XaXkgc[TfXbYXaZTZX `XagUXZTa\ag[X$,,#fj[\V[UebhZ[gTaXjfXgbYV[T__XaZXf-_\UXeT_\fTg\baTaWZ_bUT_\fTg\baeXfh_g\aZ\a\afXVheX_\iX_\[bbWf!
G[X VT`cT\Za ba Wbjel jTf XdhT__l f\Za\VTag!@hV[ bY g[XVT`cT\Zag[bhZ[jTf`Te^XWUlTZ\gTg\baTYgXeg[XbVVheeXaVXbY g[Xi\Vg\`fWXTg[TaWabgce\be gb g[X \a\Vg\babYc[lf\VT_gbegheX"UbW\_l[Te`!G[\fVT`cT\Za_XWgbg[XXaTVg`XagbYFXV g\ba',+4\agbg[XcXaT_VbWX\a$,+'gbVbhagXeVehX_glj\g[\ag[X` Tge\`ba\T_[b`X!
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TfVbaVXeafTe\f\aZYeb`\agXeaT_Vba\VgfTaW`TffVe\`Xf_\^Xe\bgfj\__aXXWgbUXgT^XabaUbTeW!6Thg\ba\aZTZT\afgg[XWTa ZXefbY\fb_Tg\aZbhefX_iXf\ag[XfbV\Xgl
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SESSION II
:ebhaW\aZg[X6baVXeaf\a8kcXe\XaVXf
THIS SESSION WASWXf\ZaXWgbZ\iXTa\af\Z[g\agbg[X]bhe aXlg[Tg`Taljb`Xa[TWgbhaWXeZb\ag[X\efXTeV[Ybe]hfg\VXg[ebhZ[g[X_XZT_flfgX`!G[XfXjb`XaV[bfXgbTffXegg[X\ee\Z[gfj\g[g[X[X_cTaWXkcXe\XaVXbYjb`XafbeZTa\fT g\baf!G[XceXfXagTg\babY g[XaW\aZfbY g[X fghWl VbaWhVgXWUlC?7 \aib_i\aZVTfXf[TaW_XWUl&cTegaXebeZTa\fTg\baf[X_cXWVbafb_\WTgXg[X\af\Z[gfbajb`XafXaZTZX`Xagj\g[g[X_XZT_flfgX`!
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-
22
NA
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NA
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NC
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-
23
gT\a V\eVh`fgTaVXf fhV[Tfj[XeX g[Xjb`Ta[Tf YTVXWfXkhT_TffTh_gUlg[XYTg[Xe \a _TjfXkhT_Xkc_b\gTg\baUlg[X[hfUTaWYbeZT\abej[XeXg[X[hfUTaW\fVb [TU\g \aZj\g[Tabg[Xejb`Ta!G[XeXTeXgjbVTfXfbYjb`XafXX^\aZ W\ibeVX j[\V[ Wb abg YT__ j\g[\a g[\f VTgXZbel Ubg[ g[XfX jb`Xa fXVheXW cebYXff\baT_"ibVTg\baT_dhT_\VTg\bafTaWT]bUZT\a\aZcXefbaT_X`cbjXe`XagTaWaTaV\T_\aWXcXaWXaVX!G[\fcb\agfgbg[XiT_hXbYX`cbjXe`Xag _\iX_\[bbW TaW ibVTg\baT_ bccbegha\g\XfYbejb`XaTfTaXffXag\T_cTegbYg[X]bheaXlgb]hfg\VX!
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-
24
NA
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F;4E =T\che TaWITaTaZTaT6[\geT^bbgHggTeCeTWXf[!4__g[XfXbeZTa\fTg\bafXkgXaWTeTaZXbYfXei\VXfgbjb`Xa\aVe\fXff\ghTg\bafTaW[TiXeXfbegXWgb_X ZT_\agXeiXag\bagbXaTU_Xg[X\eV_\XagfgbZXg]hfg\VX!G[XfcXT^ Xef\ag[\ffXff\bafcb^XTUbhgg[XeTaZXbYTVg\i\g\XfhaWXegT^XaUlg[X\eeXfcXVg\iXbeZTa\fTg\bafTaWg[XVb`cX__\aZeXTfbafg[Tg_XW g[XbeZTa\fTg\ba gb T_fbcebi\WX _XZT_ fhccbeg TfcTegbY \gfcebZeT``X!G[XceXfXagTg\baf[\Z[_\Z[gXW g[X Vb`c_Xk\gl TaWgXW\bhfaXffbYg[X]bheaXlg[ebhZ[g[X_XZT_flfgX`TaW[bjVe\g \VT_g[\ffhccbegUlg[XfXbeZTa\fTg\baf\fYbejb`XagbVbcXj\g[g[X\ei\b_Xagf\ghTg\baf!8TV[bYg[X`X`c[Tf\fXWg[TgTVVXffgbg[X _XZT_ flfgX`W\W abg aXVXffTe\_l XafheX ]hfg\VXG[Xl [\Z[ _\Z[gXW\`cbegTagVbaVXeafTe\f\aZYeb`XTV[bYg[X\eXaVbhagXefj\g[g[X_Tj!
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VbaVXeaXWjTagfgbWbfbTfg[\fcebVXff\fg\e\aZTaWfgeXahbhf!6bhafX__\aZ \fabgeXfbegXWgb \aVTfXfbY eTcXTaWV[\_WfXkhT_TUhfX!
-
26
NA
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NA
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@FF> bYYXef \afg\ghg\baT_\fXW Ve\f\f \agXeiXag\ba gbjb`Xa \aW\fgeXff TaW \f _bVTgXWj\g[\aTcb_\VX fgTg\ba!G[XbYVX fgTYY`h_g\c_XfhccbegfXei\VXfTaWT__\TaVXj\g[g[Xcb_\VX`T^Xfg[\ffXei\VXTVVXff\U_XgbTj\WXeTaZXbYjb`XaTaWTffheXffhfgT\aTU_Xfhccbeg!5X\aZf\ghTgXW\aTcb_\VXfgTg\baTggTV[Xfgbg[X>XaWeTT[\Z[WXZeXXbYThg[be\glXiXaTf\geX`T\af\aWXcXaWXagbYg[Xcb_\VX!XaWeTcebi\WXf g[XfcTVXTaWfhccbeggbXaTU_Xjb`XagbeXUh\_Wg[X\e_\iXf!
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27
beZTa\fTg\bafg[ebhZ[_XZT_fhccbeg!F\aVX$,,*4F?F[TfUXXacTegbYg[XVT`cT\ZafTebhaWjb`Xaf\ffhXf\aET]Tfg[TaXfcX V\T__lbaVTfXfbYi\b_XaVXTZT\afgjb`Xa!
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-
28
NA
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_\XY\gX`cbjXefjb`XaUlZ\i\aZg[X`VbaWXaVX!
-
29
SESSION III
-
30
NA
TIO
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FE
RE
NC
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G[XW\eXVg\bafZ\iXaUlg[XVbhegfaXXWgbUX\`c_X`XagXW\aT__fXe\bhfaXff!G[\fjbh_W _Tl g[X YbhaWTg\ba Ybe ZXaWXe XdhT_\glTaW Vb`XhaWXe g[X YhaVg\ba\aZ bY XkXVhg\iX UbW\Xf TaW g[X\efhccbeg`XV[Ta\f`f!;XTWWXWg[Tg\g\f\afhV[`TggXefg[Tgbe ZTa\fTg\baf fhV[ Tf g[XATg\baT_6b``\ff\ba YbeJb`Xa TaWA:Bf VTa gT^X T _XTW\aZ eb_X!;X Yheg[Xe TWWXW g[Tgj\g[bhg\agXaW\aZgbUXVe\g\VT_TUbhgTalUbWl\gTccXTeXWg[TgWXV\f\baffhV[Tfg[XFhceX`X6bhegW\eXVg\baf\aI\f[T^TTaW7X_[\7b `Xfg\VJbe^\aZJb`Xaf9beh`[TiXabgUXXaYb__bjXWhcfX e\bhf_l!4fTeXfh_gg[XfT_hgTelW\eXVg\bafbYg[XFhceX`X6bheg[TiX abg UXXa \`c_X`XagXW XiXa TYgXe T WXVTWX!
-
31
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-
32
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
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RE
NC
E O
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US
TIC
E
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OR
T
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-
33
7
-
34
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
ES
S T
O J
US
TIC
E
A R
EP
OR
T
@T[TeTf[geTcb_\VXgbVb`UTgg[X[\Z[\aV\WXaVXbYVe\`XTZT\afgjb`Xa \ag[XfgTgX!F[X[\Z[_\Z[gXWfb`XbY g[XXYYbegf _\^X g[XJb`Xaf6X__TaWT__\TaVXfj\g[A:BfYbeZXaWXegeT\a\aZ!
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36
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
ES
S T
O J
US
TIC
E
A R
EP
OR
T
j[bg[XaVT__XWg[XTVVhfXWTaWVTfhT__ljTeaXW[\`gbeXYeT\aYeb`fhV[UX[Ti\bhe
3NZVYf0\b_a`
SPEAKER Geeta Ramaseshan, Advocate, Chennai High Court
:XXgTET`TfXf[TaeT\fXWVXegT\a\ffhXfVb``ba_lXaVbhagXeXWUl _TjlXef ceTVg\V\aZ \a g[X9T`\_l6bhegf! F[X fT\W g[Tg XiXag[bhZ[ fhUfgTag\iX _Tjf [TiX fXVheXW fb`X e\Z[gf Ybe jb`Xa9T`\_l 6bhegf Z\iX ZeXTgXe \`cbegTaVX gb g[X ceXfXeiTg\ba bYg[X YT`\_l g[Ta gbZXaWXe ]hfg\VX!HaXdhT_cbjXe eX_Tg\baf[\cfTaWZXaWXefgXeXbglcXfj\g[\aTYT`\_lZXgeX\aYbeVXWeTg[Xeg[TaV[T__XaZXW\ag[XVbhegebb`!49T`\_l6bhegWXT_fj\g[Tj\WXiTe\XglbYVTfXfj[\V[\aV_hWX\ffhXfbYVTfgXV_TffTaWXg[a\V\gl!;XaVX]hWZXfaXXWgbUXfXaf\g\fXWba[bjg[XfX\WXag\g\XfVb` U\aXTaWVbafg\ghgXha\dhXYbe`fbYW\fVe\`\aTg\babeW\fTWiTa gTZX!G[XlTeXabgTjTeX[bjXTV[TfcXVgbY \WXag\glVb`U\aXfgbVeXTgXcTeg\Vh_TeYbe`fbYW\fTWiTagTZXfTaW\`cTVgjb`Xafe\Z[gf!9T`\_l6bhegf[TiXUXXaTiT_hTU_XWXiX_bc`Xag\ag[Tgg[Xl[TiXUebhZ[gTaXag\eXZT`hgbYVTfXfhaWXebaXh`UeX__T!G[XeXTeXT_fbaXjV[T__XaZXfUXYbeXg[XfXVbhegfj\g[ZeXTgXei\f\U\_\gl TaW eXcbeg\aZ ba [\g[Xegb \ai\f\U_X fhU]XVgf fhV[ TfV[\_W fXkhT_ TUhfX fXkhT_\gl cebU_X`f UXgjXXa Vbhc_Xf V[\_Wfe\Z[gfTaW;
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37
6bhafX__\aZ TaW `XW\Tg\ba TeX gjb gXV[a\dhXf hfXW gb fXgg_X`Tge\`ba\T_ W\YYXeXaVXf j[XeXiXe cbff\U_X! F[X WXaXW Vbha fX__\aZTf TcebYXff\baT_eX_Tg\baf[\cgb[X_cV_\XagfhaWXefgTaWg[X\e_\YXfcTVXTaW[X_cg[X`eXTV[g[X\efX_Y WXgXe`\aXWZbT_fg[ebhZ[jX__WXaXWV[b\VXfg[ebhZ[eXfb_hg\babYcebU_X`fbYX`bg\baT_TaW\agXecXefbaT_aTgheX!@XW\Tg\ba\fhaWXegT^XagbfXgg_XTaTeZh`XagUXgjXXagjbZebhcfbYcXbc_XUlgT_^\aZgbUbg[g[XZebhcfTaWgel\aZgbaWTfb_hg\baj[\V[\fTZeXXTU_XgbUbg[!
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-
38
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
ES
S T
O J
US
TIC
E
A R
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OR
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Xa\aZg[XcebVXffbYVbhafX_\aZ!Fb`XbYg[XfXTeXqFgeXaZg[Xa\aZTaWWX`lfg\Yl\aZ_TjfqFgeXaZg[Xa\aZbYfbV\T_fV\XaVXVhee\Vh_h`j\g[eX_XiTag\achgf
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q4Wbcg\aZceXiXag\iXfgeTgXZ\XfUl\aib_i\aZZeXTgXeah` UXebY`Xa!
7
-
39
SESSION IV
6[T__XaZXfYbeJb`XaATi\ZTg\aZg[X?XZT_FlfgX`
F8KH4?4FF4H?G4A7E4C8CEBF86HG
-
40
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
ES
S T
O J
US
TIC
E
A R
EP
OR
T
\fT_gXeXWfbg[Tgg[X_XaZg[bYg[XcebVXXW\aZf\f`hV[f[begXe`bfgbYg[XXkcXegj\gaXffXfTeXWebccXWTaWg[X[bfg\_Xj\gaXff XfTeXabgVebff XkT`\aXWUlg[XcebfXVhg\ba!Bhg bY Vbhegceb VXffXfbYfXgg_X`Xagj[\V[TeXThg[beXWUl_XZT_XkcXegfTeXhfXWXYYXVg\iX_l gb XafheXj\gaXff [bfg\_\gl! G[XfX fXgg_X`Xagf Vbh_WT_fbXagT\_cTl`XaggbjTeWfg[XgjbfXgfbY_TjlXefYbeeXTV[\aZg[XVb`ceb`\fXTaWbYgXagbg[XVb`c_T\aTag!
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6HFGB7L
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41
eXVbZa\fXWTfTabYYXaVXUlg[XVbhegf!CXeVXcg\bafTaWZXaWXeU\TfbYg[X]hWZXf\fabg\VXW\afhV[VTfXf\aTWW\g\bagbg[XcebU _X`fcbfXWUl YbeX\Za ]he\fW\Vg\bafTaWW\YYXeXag _XZT_ flfgX`f!
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42
SESSION V
GT^\aZFgbV^bY6[TaZXf6[T__XaZXfTaWCbgXag\T_
THIS SESSION SEEKS gb XiT_hTgX fb`X bY g[X \a\g\Tg\iXf_XZ\f_Tg\iXfgehVgheT_TfjX__Tfg[bfXUlA:BfgbYTV\_\gTgXUXggXeTVVXffgb]hfg\VXYbejb`Xa!Hf[TET`TaTg[TafXa\be _Tj eXfXTeV[Xe YbVhffXW ba T_gXeaTgX W\fchgX eXfb_hg\ba`XV[Ta\f`fTaWaXj\a\g\Tg\iXf\ag[X_XZT_cebVXff!;XeceXfXa gTg\bafgeXffXWg[XaXXWYbeVe\g\VT_XkT`\aTg\babYg[XbU]XVg\iXfbY g[XfX`XV[Ta\f`f eTg[Xe g[Ta g[X\e TVVXcgTaVXTf TaXkgXa f\babY]hfg\VX!4eXg[Xl[X_c\aZg[XflfgX`gbfhei\iXUleXWhV\aZcXaW\aZVTfXfbeWbg[Xlgeh_lYTV\_\gTgX]hfg\VXf[XTf^XW!IXXaT:bjWTTaTWibVTgXfgeXffXWg[TgYbeg[XeXgbUXTeXT_\`cTVgg[XeXjTfg[XaXXWYbe` beXgeT\aXWcebYXff\baT_fgbgT^Xhcjb` Xaf\ffhXf!4a]T_\7TiXYeb`g[XGTgT
-
43
abg\bafbY]hfg\VX!Fb`XbYg[XfXflfgX`fj[XeXVb`ceb`\fXbefcXXWlcebVXWheXfTeX^XlgbW\fchgXeXfb_hg\ba`TlUXTW`\a \fgeTg\iX_lXkcXW\XagUhg`TlabgeXfh_g\a]hfg\VX!:\i\aZg[XXk T`c_XbY?b^4WT_TgfHf[TET`TaTg[TafT\Wg[XfXTeXceb]XVgXWTffXei\aZg[XchecbfXbYTib\W\aZWX_TleXWhV\aZVbfgfTaWUX\aZVXegT\a \a g[X\ebhgVb`X!G[\fZXgf VbageTfgXWj\g[ g[X eXZh_TeVbheg flfgX`j[XeX g[XbhgVb`X \fhaVXegT\a ]hfg\VXbYgXaWX _TlXW TaW \aiTe\TU_l XkcXaf\iX! 4_gXeaTg\iX W\fchgX eXfb_hg\ba47E` XV[Ta\f`fTeXUX\aZceb`bgXWabjj\g[Tf\`\_Te_bZ\Vj[XaVbageTfgXWTZT\afgg[XfT`XYXTgheXfbYVbhegebb`]hfg\VX!ETg[Xe g[Ta TVVXcgj[Tg \f ceXfXagXW Tg YTVX iT_hXjXaXXW gbgT^XTWXXcXeTaW[TeWXe_bb^Tgg[\fgeXaWTaWTf^j[bcTlfg[Xce\VXTaWj[bUXaXgf!J[TgWbg[XfX`XV[Ta\f`fTV[\XiX2
-
44
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
ES
S T
O J
US
TIC
E
A R
EP
OR
T
F[XTV^abj_XWZXWg[Tgg[XfXTV[\XiX`XagfjXeXfge\WXfYbejTeWUhgT_fbYX_gg[XaXXWgbeXXVgbaVXegT\af[begVb`\aZfTfjX__!
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45
eXc_\VTgXW\aET]Tfg[Ta!
G[XFcXV\T_6X__fYbejb`XaTaWV[\_WeXa\fg[XeXfh_gbYTfgeT gXZ\VT__\TaVXUXgjXXag[X:bigbY@T[TeTf[geTeXceXfXagXWUlg[X;b`X@\a\fgelFgTgXCb_\VXWXcTeg`XagbYjb`TaTaWV[\_WWXiX_bc`Xag TaW g[XGTgT
-
46
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
ES
S T
O J
US
TIC
E
A R
EP
OR
T
7
-
47
Vb`cXafTg\bagbi\Vg\`fTfcTegbYfXVhe\aZ]hfg\VX!;bjXiXeg[XA6J\fabg\aTcbf\g\bagbTjTeWVb`cXafTg\bagbTali\Vg\`j[bfXVTfX\g`\Z[g\aiXfg\ZTgXbegT^Xhc!
F[XeXYXeeXWgbfgehVgheT_UTee\XefbYg[X_XZT_flfgX`g[Tg`T^XTVVXffW\YVh_gYbejb`Xa!:\iXag[Tgjb`XaTeXXVbab`\VT__lfbV\T__lTaWcb_\g\VT__lW\fX`cbjXeXW g[Xl[TiX _\gg_XbeabeX fbheVXfgbXaTU_XTVVXffgbg[X_XZT_flfgX`gbTffXegg[X\ee\Z[gf!8iXaj[Xag[Xl`TaTZXgbWbfbg[X[\Z[_lgXV[a\VT_TaWgXW\bhfcebVXWheX` T^XfTVVXffgb]hfg\VXT_`bfg\`cbff\U_X!G[XfgTgX_X ZT_T\Wgbjb`Xa\ag[\fVbagXkg\fbYgXabYab[X_c!G[XXk\fg\aZcebi\f\bafbY_XZT_T\W\a`bfgfgTgXfTeXj[b__lWlfYhaVg\baT_!
-
48
6_bf\aZEX`Te^f
SUMMING UP THEgjbWTlVbaYXeXaVXH`T6[T^eT iTeg\fT\Wg[TgYX`\a\fg]he\fcehWXaVXWbXfabg[TiXTU_hXce\ag\g[TfXib_iXW\aeXfcbafXgbZebhaWeXT_\ g\Xf!G[Xjb`Xaf`biX`Xag[TfXaZTZXWj\g[g[X_TjgbeXfh_g\afb`XabgTU_X_XZ\f_Tg\iX\agXeiXag\baffhV[TfFXVg\baf',+4TaW'5
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49
EXVb``XaWTg\baf
THE DISCUSSIONS OVERgjbWTlfUebhZ[ggbg[XgTU_XfXiXeT_UTee\XefYTVXWUljb`Xaj\g[\ag[X_XZT_flfgX`TgfXi XeT__XiX_f!
-
50
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
ES
S T
O J
US
TIC
E
A R
EP
OR
T
g[X Vbhagel aXXWf gb UX f[TeXW TaW \gf \`c_X`XagTg\ba`ba\ gbeXW!Cebi\f\baf[bh_WUX`TWXgbXaTU_Xaba fgTgXc_TlXef gbYhaVg\baTfCebgXVg\baBYVXefhaWXeg[X4Vghag\_TaXjfgehV gheX\fVeXTgXW!6bag\ah\aZXaZTZX`Xagj\g[g[X\`c_X`XagTg\ba`XV[Ta\f`fT_baZj\g[cXe\bW\VeXi\Xj\faXVXffTel!
8kXVhg\babY@T\agXaTaVXBeWXehaWXeFXVg\ba$%(6eC6
-
51
?XZT_4\WTaWChU_\VCebfXVhgbef5bg[ g[XfXTeXTf eXdh\eX fXe\bhfTggXag\ba \Y _XZT_ T\WTaWfgTgXeXceXfXagTg\baVTaUXbYTaliT_hXgbg[Xcbbeg[XW\fTWiTagTZXWTaWcTeg\Vh_Te_lg[Xjb`Xa!
AXXWYbe@beXCebYXff\baT_fTaWCTeT?XZT_fG[XaXXWYbeTVe\g\VT_`TffbYjb`Xaj[bVbh_WXYYXVg\iX_l\ah XaVXcXefcXVg\iXf\ag[X5Teg[X5XaV[TaWg[XCb_\VXjTfX`c[T f\fXW!8dhT__lg[XeX\fTaXXWYbe`beX_TjlXefWXW\VTgXWgbdhT_\gl_XZT_T\WTfjX__g[XeXVbZa\g\babYg[Xeb_XbYUTeXYbbg_TjlXefbeVb``ha\gljbe^XefgeT\aXWgbcebi\WXcTeT_XZT_fhccbeg!
?XZT_8WhVTg\ba4abe\XagTg\bagbfbV\T_ ]hfg\VX`hfgUXcTegbY _XZT_XWhVTg\ba\agXe`fbYWXiX_bc\aZTVe\g\VT_haWXefgTaW\aZbYg[X_Tj\aeXT_fbV\T_ VbagXkgf!
-
52
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
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S T
O J
US
TIC
E
A R
EP
OR
T
gbVbage\UhgXgbg[XfXXYYbegf!
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53
4aaXkheXf
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54
ANNEXURE 1
G[XEX_XiTaVXbYJb`Xaf4VVXffgb=hfg\VXJUSTICE SUJATA MANOHAR, RETD. JUDGE, SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
I MUST THANK CTegaXef Ybe ?Tj \a 7XiX_bc`Xag Ybe \ai\g\aZ`X[XeX!4Vb`ceX[Xaf\iX6baVXcgAbgXceXcTeXWUlC?7cb\agfbhgg[TgXiXaTYgXeWXVTWXfbYXaZTZX`XagUlg[Xjb`Xaf`biX`Xagj\g[ g[X _Tj ]hfg\VX g[ebhZ[ _Tj eX`T\afUTeeXW gbjb`Xa g[ebhZ[bUfgTV_Xf TaWUTee\Xefj\g[\a g[X _XZT_ flfgX`!G[XUTee\XefTeXabj_bjXeTaWbUfgTV_XfXTf\Xegbfhe`bhagTfTeXfh_gbYg[XVb`U\aXWXYYbegfbYiTe\bhfc_TlXef\ag[XX_W!
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55
4_TV^bY]hfg\VX\ag[XUebTWfXafXj\g[\abhefbV\b XVbab`\VTaWcb_\g\VT_flfgX`fbYVbhefX[TfTW\eXVg\`cTVgbajb`XafTU\_\glgbTVVXffg[X]hfg\VXWX_\iXelflfgX`!5hg
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56
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
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NC
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\aVb`c_XgX!J[Xa
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\agXeaTg\baT_[h`Tae\Z[gfgeXTg\XfXfcXV\T__l6874JCT_Xe`bCebgbVb_fH!A!6baiXag\babag[XE\Z[gfbY6[\_WTaWbg[XefUTV^XWUlbheVbafg\ghg\baT_`TaWTgXf!
4`T]be[heW_Xgbjb`XaTccebTV[\aZg[XVbhegfYbeXaYbeVX`XagbYe\Z[gf\fg[X\e_TV^bY^abj_XWZXTUbhgg[X\e_XZT_e\Z[gf!?XZT__\gXeTVlTaWg[X^ abj_XWZXbYe\Z[gfg[XeXYbeXUXVb`XfTaXffXag\T_ceXeXdh\f\gXgbjb`XafTVVXffgb ]hfg\VX!ATg\baT_cb_\VlYbeg[XX`cbjXe`XagbYjb`Xa%##$WXT_fj\g[jb`XafX`cbjXe`Xagg[ebhZ[_XZT_TjTeXaXffTfbaXbYg[XbU]XVg\iXfbYg[\fcb_\Vl!7XT_ \aZj\g[cebcXe TaW XYYXVg\iX \`c_X`XagTg\babY _XZ\f_Tg\ba g[Xcb_\Vlcebi\WXfg[TgbaXbYg[X`T]beeXdh\eX`Xagf\fj\WXfceXTWW\ffX`\aTg\babY\aYbe`Tg\babaT__TfcXVgfbYjb`Xaf_XZT_e\Z[gfTaWbg[XeXag\g_X`XagfbYjb`Xag[ebhZ[fcXV\T__lWXf\ZaXW_XZT__\gXeTVlcebZeT``XfTaWe\Z[gf\aYbe`Tg\bacebZeT``Xf!
G[X`bfg WlaT`\V X`cbjXe\aZ YbeVX \f ^abj_XWZX !
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ON
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TaW`beX TaW`beX _XZT_ TfjX__ Tf cTeT _XZT_ geT\aXef aXXW gbUXgeT\aXWfbg[TgjXVTa`biXgbjTeWfUXVb`\aZTV\i\_\mTg\bag[TgeXfcXVgf_TjTaW[h`Tae\Z[gfTaW[TfVeXTgXW\afg\ghg\baT_YeT`Xjbe^fg[Tgceb`bgXTaWcebgXVgT_\YXj\g[W\Za\gl!
4`T]beeXfgeT\agbaTVVXff\aZg[X_XZT_flfgX`\fg[XVbfgbYTV VXff\aZ g[X flfgX`! 9\aTaV\T_ eXfbheVXf TeX T`T]be eXfgeT\a\aZYbeVXcTeg\Vh_Te_lYbejb`Xaj[bTeX`beXbYgXag[TaabgXV bab`\VT__lWXcXaWXagbabg[Xef!G[XVbfgfbYTccebTV[\aZ g[XVbhegfbY_TjTeXceb[\U\g\iX!8iXa\aYT`\_lW\fchgXfbe`Tge\`b a\T_W\fchgXfj[XeXg[X9T`\_l4VgcebVXWheX\feX_Tg\iX_lf\`c_Xg[XVbfgffg\__eX`T\aUXlbaWg[X`XTafbYTabeW\aTeljb`Xa!?XZT_T\Wbe fhUf\W\fXW _XZT_ fXei\VXf[TiX g[XeXYbeXUXVb`XTaXffXag\T_cTegbYfXVhe\aZgbjb`XaTVVXffgb]hfg\VX!
HaYbeghaTgX_lg[\f` TlabgfXVheXYbeg[Xjb`Xag[XUXfgbY_XZT_fXei\VXf!5hg\YTflfgX`bYcebi\W\aZ_XZT_T\WbeTff\fgTaVXjbe^fXYV\Xag_l \gf[bh_WUXcbff\U_XgbfXVheXYbeTcbbebe`TeZ\a T_\fXWjb`Tag[XfXei\VXfbeTVb`cXgXag]ha\be_TjlXej[bj\__UXTU_Xgb[TaW_X[XeVTfXXYV\Xag_lj\g[bhgbeeXTfbaTU_XYXXf!JXWbabg[TiXchU_\V\agXeXfg_Tje`f\aTalf\Za\VTagah` UXeYbeg[\fchecbfX!5hgg[\f\fTgeXaWj[\V[aXXWfgbUXfhc cbegXWTaWXaVbheTZXW!
G[Xg\`XgT^Xa\aWXT_\aZj\g[VTfXf\fTabg[XeYTVgbej[\V[TY YXVgfTjb`TaTWiXefX_lTaW`TleXfh_g\aWXa\T_bY]hfg\VXgb[Xe!BYVbhefXg[\f\fT`T]be`T_YhaVg\babYg[XflfgX`g[TgTYYXVgfT__j[bTccebTV[\g!5hgYbejb`XaT_baZWX_TlXWW\ibeVXceb VXXW\aZVTaWXalgbTjb`TaTe\Z[ggbTaXj_\YX!
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bYVe\`X!
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eXfb_hg\ba?b^4WT_TgfbeATe\4WT_TgfJb`XafCTaV[TlTgfTaWg[X_\^X!Jb`XafbeZTa\fTg\baf[TiXT_fbVb`XYbejTeWgbcebi\WXfhccbegfXei\VXfYbejb`Xai\Vg\`fbei\b_XaVXj[Xg[Xe\g\fWb`Xfg\VbefbV\XgT_fhV[TfeTcXWbjel[TeTff`XagfXkhT_[TeTff`XagTaWg[X_\^X!AXj_TjfTgg\`XfXaTVgfhV[fhccbegfXei\VXfYbeXkT`c_Xg[XaXj_TjWXT_\aZj\g[Wb`Xfg\Vi\b_XaVX!5hgjX[TiXlXggbfXghcg[XaXVXffTel\aYeTfgehVgheT_fhccbeg!G[XfXfhccbegfXei\VXfTeXUXfgcebi\WXWUlg[XfgTgX]b\ag_lj\g[A:Bfbejb`XafbeZTa\fTg\baf!G[XajX[TiX`TalfbV\T_be ZTa\fTg\baf jbe^\aZ j\g[ g[X cb_\VX j[\_X WXT_\aZ j\g[ Ve\`XfTZT\afgjb`Xa!G[Xlcebi\WX fhccbeg TaW VbhafX__\aZ fXei\VXfTaW[TiXcebiXWdh\gXXYYXVg\iX\a`XXg\aZfb`XbYg[XaXXWfbYjb`Xai\Vg\`f!G[XfgTgXaXXWfgb`T^X`TalYhaWT`XagT_\a fg\ghg\baT_V[TaZXf\ag[XTW`\a\fgeTg\babYeXfVhX[b`Xf`XagT_[b`XfV[\_WeXaf[b`XfTaWg[X_\^X!
4_g[bhZ[ g[X fgTgX[Tf fXg hc9T`\_l6bhegf TaW[Tfcebi\WXWVbhafX__befgbg[bfXeXfbeg\aZgb9T`\_l6bhegfTW`\a\fgeTg\ba`hfg UX fXaf\g\fXW gb g[X aXXW Ybe T W\YYXeXag fbV\b _XZT_ Tc cebTV[g[Tgg[\fVbheg`hfgWXiX_bcgbeXaWXe]hfg\VX!5XggXe\a YeTfgehVgheT_YTV\_\g\XfTaWcebcXeWXV\f\ba `T^\aZ\ag[\fVbheg\fTUfb_hgX_lXffXag\T_!G[XceXfXaVXbYjb`Xacb_\VXZXaWXefXaf\ g\fTg\baWhe\aZcb_\VXgeT\a\aZcebZeT``XfTeXfb`XbYg[Xbg[XebaZb\aZcebZeT``Xfj[\V[aXXWgbUXfgeXaZg[XaXW!
H_g\`TgX_l\g\f\a]hfg\VXTaWW\fVe\`\aTg\baj\g[\afbV\Xglj[\V[YbeVXfjb`Xa gb eXfbeg gb _Tj Ybe ]hfg\VX!G[XfX YbeVXf bY W\f Ve\`\aTg\ba \ZabeTaVXTaWceX]hW\VXTeXfg\__ eT`cTag!JXj\__[TiXg[XfbVT__XW[babhe^ \__\aZffTaVg\baXWUlTfXZ`XagbYbhefbV\Xgl!
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ANNEXURE 2
=hW\V\T_TaW4W`\a\fgeTg\iXEXYbe`f\aEX_Tg\bagb:XaWXe=hfg\VXJUSTICE MADAN B LOKUR, JUDGE, DELHI HIGH COURT
GENDER JUSTICE HAS`TWXZeXTg fge\WXf Yeb`g[X g\`Xj[Xa \a g[X XTe_l $,%#f Ta Tcc_\VTg\baUl T_TWl\a6T_VhggTEXZ\aT:h[TTaWTabg[Xe_TWl\aCTgaTFh WTaf[h5T_T;TmeTYbeXaeb__`XagTfc_XTWXefhaWXeg[X?XZT_CeTVg\g\baXef4Vg$+*,jTfeX]XVgXWUXVThfXg[XljXeXabgTcXe fbahaWXeg[X_Tj!45XaV[bYiX_XTeaXW]hWZXfeX]XVgXWg[XTcc_\VTg\ba`TWX gb g[X6T_VhggT;\Z[6bhegj[\_X g[XCTgaT;\Z[6bheg eX]XVgXW g[X Tcc_\VTg\ba g[ebhZ[ T5XaV[ bY g[eXX_XTeaXW]hWZXf$!;bjXiXefb`Xg\`X\a$,%$g[X4__T[TUTW;\Z[6bhegbag[XTW`\a\fgeTg\iXf\WXTVVXcgXWTf\`\_TeTcc_\VTg\babY6beaX_\TFbeTU]XX`T^\aZ[Xeg[Xefg_TWlTWibVTgX\ag[XVbha gel!G[XfX XiXagf h_g\`TgX_l _XW gb g[X XaTVg`Xag bY g[X ?XZT_CeTVg\g\baXef Jb`Xa4Vg $,%&j[\V[ cebi\WXW g[Tgjb`Xaj\__abgUXW\fdhT_\XWYeb`UXVb`\aZ_XZT_ceTVg\g\baXefba_lbag[XZebhaWbYg[X\efXk%!
Abgj\g[fgTaW\aZg[XfX` b`XagbhfWXiX_bc`Xagf\ag[X_XZT_X_W\aTVghT_ceTVg\VXg[X_XZT_fgTghfbYjb`XaTccXTefgb[TiXVbag\a hXWgbUXeTg[XehaXdhT_TfVb`cTeXWgb`Xa!8iXaTfeXVXag_lTf$,((g[X9\efg5TV^jTeW6_TffXf6b``\ff\ba^abjaTfg[X>T^T>T_X_^Te6b``\ff\baeXVb``XaWXW\agXeT_\Tg[TgT__jb`XaTfTV_TffUXgeXTgXWTfUTV^jTeW&!BaXbYg[XYTVgbefgT^Xa\agbVba f\WXeTg\baYbeV_Tff\VTg\baUlg[X6b``\ff\bajTfg[XcXeVXagTZXbY_\gXeTVlbeg[XZXaXeT_TWiTaVX`Xag`TWXUlg[X`'!F\aVXg[Xag[bhZ[`hV[cebZeXff[TfUXXa`TWX\a`TggXefbYZXaWXeXdhT_ \glg[XeX\ffg\__T_bggbUXWbaXTaWabbaXVTafXe\bhf_lVbagXaWbeUX_\XiXg[TgjX[TiXTV[\XiXWT__g[TgjXVbh_WbeWbaXT__g[Tg\f
1 The decisions are reported as In re
Regina Guha, (1916) 44 Calcutta 290
and In re Sudanshu Bala Hazra, AIR
1922 Patna 269.
2 Section 3 of the Act reads: Women
not to be disqualied by reason only
of sex.Notwithstanding anything
contained in any enactment in force in
the territories to which this Act extends
or in the letters patent of any High Court
or in any rule or order made under or
in pursuance of any such enactment
or letters patent, no woman shall, by
reason only of her sex, be disqualied
from being admitted or enrolled as a
legal practitioner or from practising as
such; and any such rule or order which
is repugnant to the provisions of this Act
shall, to the extent of such repugnancy,
be void.
3 http://www.answers.com/topic/other-
backward-class
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aXVXffTel\agXe`fbYbheVbafg\ghg\baT_bU_\ZTg\baf!
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cTg[UeXT^\aZi\XjfXkceXffXWUlg[XFhceX`X6bhegTaW\a:!FX f[T``Ti!:big!bY4aW[eTCeTWXf[,\gjTfabgXWg[Tgg[XcbfgbY4ff\fgTag:biXea`XagC_XTWXef\ag[X_bjXeVbhegfjXeXabgUX\aZ__XWhcTfcXeg[XeXVeh\g`Xageh_XfWXfc\gXfcXV\T_eXceXfXagTg\baYbejb`Xa!G[X;\Z[6bhegZTiXTW\eXVg\bagbg[XFgTgX:biXea `Xaggb__hc&&$"&cbfgfTfcXeg[XeXVeh\g`Xageh_Xf!
4abg[Xe \`cbegTag WXV\f\ba eXaWXeXW Ul g[X 4aW[eT CeTWXf[;\Z[6bhegcXegT\af gb g[Xjbe^\aZ[bhef Ybejb`Xa! !F!Ge\iXa\i!Ha\babY
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NA
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FE
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9be`bfgbYhf_\i\aZ\a_TeZXeV\g\Xf\gf[bh_WVb`XTfabfhece\fXg[Tgjb`XaWbjbe^ Tga\Z[g TaW g[X\e ]bU eXdh\eX`XagbYgXa`T^X\gaXVXffTelYbeg[X`gbWbfb!Fb`XXkT`c_XfbYg[\fTeXbYahefXfjbe^\aZ\a[bfc\gT_fZebhaWfgTYYTgT\ecbegfTaWjb`Xajbe^\aZ\aVT__VXageXfbeYbeg[Tg`TggXei\eghT__lTalc_TVXg[Tg\fjbe^\aZ%'[bhef!AbaXbYg[XfXjb`XaTeXcebi\WXWfXVhe\glTaW\aWXXW\g` TlfgeXgV[g[XeXfbheVXfbYg[XFgTgXT_\gg_XgbbYTe\YT__jb`Xajbe^\aZ\aa\Z[gf[\YgfTeXcebi\WXWfXVhe\gl!
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65
EX`haXeTg\ba4Vg$,*)$(!
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NA
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jTZXfgbAXXeT@Tg[heYbeg[XcXe\bWg[Tgf[XjTf\__XZT__l^XcgbhgbYX`c_bl`XagUlg[X6becbeTg\bag[ebhZ[abYTh_gbY[Xef!
@ha\V\cT_ 6becbeTg\ba bY 7X_[\ i! 9X`T_X Jbe^Xef @hfgXeEb__$,eT\fXWTeTg[Xe\agXeXfg\aZdhXfg\baaT`X_lj[Xg[Xe`T gXea\gl_XTiX\fTiT\_TU_Xba_lgbeXZh_TeX`c_blXXfbYg[X6becb eTg\babej[Xg[Xe`hfgXeeb__X`c_blXXfTeXT_fbXag\g_XWgbg[XUXaXgbYfhV[_XTiX!9beg[Xefgg\`Xg[XFhceX`X6bheg`TWXhfXbYg[Xcebi\f\bafbYg[X@TgXea\gl5XaXg4Vg$,)$eXTWj\g[4eg\V_X$$%TTaWUbYg[X6baiXag\babag[X8_\`\aTg\babYT__9be`fbY7\fVe\`\aTg\baTZT\afgJb`Xa6874J%#gb[b_Wg[Tg`hfgXeeb__X`c_blXXfjXeXT_fbXag\g_XWgb`TgXea\gl_XTiX!
7Xfc\gX\gfXk\fgXaVXbag[XfgTghgXUbb^fYbefXiXeT_lXTefg[X@T gXea\gl5XaXg4Vg $,)$[TfabghaYbeghaTgX_lUXXahg\_\fXWUljb`XaX`c_blXXfgbTffXegg[bfXe\Z[gfg[TgTeXTiT\_TU_Xgbg[X`!
;BHF
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_\UXeT_\a\agXeceXg\aZg[X_Tj\aYTibhebYjb`Xa!G[X\WXTV_XTe _l\fgbUe\aZTUbhgXdhT_\gl\aT__\`cbegTaggXe`fTaWVbaW\g\bafbYX`c_bl`XagTaWeX`biXZXaWXeW\fVe\`\aTg\baUXgjXXa`T_XTaWYX`T_XX`c_blXXf!HaYbeghaTgX_laXjTaWiTe\XWcebU_X`ffXX`gbVebchcYeb`g\`Xgbg\`XTaWjbe^\aZjb`XaTeXbYgXaYTVXWj\g[fb`Xj[TgcXVh_\Tef\ghTg\baf!@TalbYg[XfXcebU_X`fZXgfbegXWbhgTaW\g \fabgTf \YT__bYg[X`TeXUebhZ[gUXYbeXg[XVbhegYbeTW]hW\VTg\ba!8iXag[bhZ[\aVTfXfUXYbeXg[X`g[XVbhegf[TiXUXXa _XTa\aZ \a YTibhebYjb`Xa \aTaTYe`Tg\iXjTlg[XeX\ffg\__TaXXWgbfXaf\g\fXg[X]hW\V\TelTUbhgg[XcebU _X`fg[TgTe\fXYeb`g\`Xgbg\`X!@beXbiXefXaf\g\fTg\babhZ[ggbUXbaTeXZh_TeUTf\ffbg[Tgj[XaXiXeTVTfXbYW\fVe\`\aTg\baTe\fXfTYe`Tg\iXTVg\ba`hfgaXVXffTe\_lYb__bj!
86BAB@
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31 AIR 1997 Delhi 175
32 4. Appointment of Judges. (4) In
selecting persons for appointment as
Judges, (b) preference shall be given
to women.
33 4. Juvenile Justice Board.- (2) A
Board shall consist of a Metropolitan
Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of
the rst class, as the case may be, and
two social workers of whom at least one
shall be a woman, 29. Child Welfare
Committee. (2) The Committee shall
consist of a Chairperson and four other
members as the State Government may
think t to appoint, of whom at least one
shall be a woman
34 AIR 1987 Kerala 167
35 1993 Supp (4) SCC 439
g[TgTebfXjTfTUbhgj[b\fT WXfXegXWjb`Ta!
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36 (1996) 2 SCC 384
37 (2004) 5 SCC 518
38 228-A. Disclosure of identity of the
victim of certain offences, etc.(1)
Whoever prints or publishes the name
or any matter which may make known
the identity of any person against whom
an offence under Section 376, Section
376-A, Section 376-B, Section 376-C
or Section 376-D is alleged or found to
have been committed (hereafter in this
section referred to as the victim) shall
be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend
to two years and shall also be liable to
ne.
39 (2003) 4 SCC 601
FhW[T^TeEXWWli!:big!bY4!C!&(g[XFhceX`X6bheghc[X_Wg[Xcebi\f\ba\ag[X4aW[eTCeTWXf[6bbcXeTg\iXFbV\Xg\Xf4Vg$,)'g[TgXaTU_XWg[XEXZ\fgeTegbab`\aTgXgjbjb`Xagbg[X@Ta TZ\aZ6b``\ggXXbYTVbbcXeTg\iXfbV\Xgl!
G[XfX WXV\f\baf eXTYe` g[X YTVg g[Tg g[X ]hW\V\Tel [Tf T_jTlfZ\iXaTcbf\g\iX\agXeceXgTg\bagbg[X_TjfbTfgbUXaXgjb`Xa!
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40 2006 (8) AD (Delhi) 393
41 2006 (6) AD (Delhi) 26
42 (1997) 6 SCC 241
g\`bal g[ebhZ[ T V_bfX V\eVh\gGIbe Yeb`UX[\aW TfVeXXa!
i\\! G[X ge\T_ ]hWZX f[bh_W abg cXe`\g X`UTeeTff\aZ be[h`\_\Tg\aZdhXfg\baf!G[\f`TaWTgXbY g[XFhceX`X6bhegjTfeXVXag_leX\gXeTgXWUlg[X7X_[\;\Z[6bheg\a@b[W!4_T`i!G[XFgTgXA6GbY7X_[\'#!
i\\\!4 eTcX ge\T_ f[bh_W UX VbaWhVgXW \a VT`XeT TaW \gf[bh_W UX [X_W \a Ta bcXa Vbheg ba_l \a XkVXcg\baT_V\eVh`fgTaVXf!
G[XTUbiX `Xag\baXWW\eXVg\bafbYg[XFhceX`X6bheg[TiXUXXaYb__bjXWTaWfgeXaZg[XaXWUlg[X7X_[\;\Z[6bheg\aF[XX_T4U\W\i!FgTgX'$!
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43 (1995) 1 SCC 14
44 http://ncw.nic.in/newbillslaws
proposed.htm
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494. Marrying Again During Lifetime of Husband or Wife
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77EXTRACTS OF SOME RELEVANT LEGAL PROVISIONS
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498A. Husband or Relative of Husband of a Woman Subjecting Her to Cruelty
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