Accelerator Physics research in KEK...J-PARC • Joint project between JAEA and KEK. Build in...
Transcript of Accelerator Physics research in KEK...J-PARC • Joint project between JAEA and KEK. Build in...
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Accelerator Physics research in KEK
KEK, Acc. 2nd div. J-PARC center, Acc. Cont. Gr.
Noboru Yamamoto
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• Accelerators in KEK
• LINAC/PF/PF-AR/SuperKEKB
• J-PARC
• ERL/ATF/STF/(ILC)
• Introduction to Acc. Phys.
Contents
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Electron/positron injector linac
K. Furukawa
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SR rings in KEK
Soft X-ray stations
PF Ring (2.5 – 3GeV)
PF-AR Ring (6 – 6.5 GeV)
E=2.5 GeVρ=8.66 mU0=0.4 MeV
E=6.5 GeVρ=23.2 mU0=6.8 MeV
Hard X-ray stations
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Forms of synchrotron radiation
D. Attwood, “Soft X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications”,Cambridge University Press
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Brilliance of PF and PF-AR
1018
1016
1014
1012101 102 103 104 105
Photon Energy [keV]Brilli
ance
[Pho
tons
/sec
/mm
2 /mra
d2/0
.1 %
b. w
.]
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40 times higher luminosity 2.1x1034 --> 8x1035 cm-2s-1
SuperKEKB
Colliding bunches
◆Nano-Beam scheme extremely small βy*
low emittance ◆Beam current double
New e+ Damping Ring
HER e- 2.6 A 7 GeV
LER e+ 3.6 A 4 GeV
Injector Linac upgrade
Injector Linac upgrade● RF electron gun● improve e+ source
Wiggler sections upgrade
Redesign the lattice to squeeze the emittance (replace short dipoles with longer ones, increase wiggler cycles)
Replace beam pipes with TiN-coated antechamber-type ones
New superconducting final focusing magnets near the IP
Reinforce RF systems forhigher beam currents
Improve monitors and control system
IP
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CMS Energy and Luminosity
Energy Frontier
Lum
inos
ity F
ront
ier Flavor factories
SuperKEKB
ILC
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J-PARC• Joint project between JAEA and KEK. Build in Tokai-mura, Ibaraki.
• Three Exp. Facilities:
• MLF(Material and Life science Facility):Neutron, Muon
• NU(Neutrino Exp. Facility):Neutrino
• HD(Hadron Exp. Hall): π, K
• Three Accelerators: LINAC: Linear Accelerator (400MeV) RCS : Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (3GeV) MR : Main Ring (30GeV)
J-PARC紹介
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shorter wave for study of tiny matter
• higher resolution = shorter wavelength = higher momentum → High Energy Accelerators
• Different particles(interaction) show different view of matter. → Various type of accelerators and secondary beams.
de Broglie Wave
wavelength: momentumPlanck constantλ =
hp
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Brief introduction to Accelerator Physics
• Beam Transport
• Strong Focusing : Betatron oscillation
• Acceleration
• Phase stability: Synchrotron oscillation
• Beam Instability
• Betatron Resonance
• Space Charge Effect
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• Lorentz Force:
• Electric field equivalent to 1T magnetic field
• at v ~ c, B= 1T is equivalent to E ~ c B = 300 MV/m
• if we take E= 20 MV/m, v ~ E/B = 20 MV/m /1T = 2e7 m/sec,
• i.e. for Low energy particle, v << 2e7 m/sec (β~0.07, γ~ 1.002), Electric field has advantage.
• We need to have Electric field to increase energy.
• In High Energy Accelerators
• Electric field is used fo acceleration
• Magnetic field is used for beam orbit control.
Charged particle motiond pdt
= F = e E + e v × B
dEdt
= v ⋅d pdt
= e v ⋅ E + e v ⋅ ( v × B ) = e v ⋅ E
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Velocity( β = v/c)
Kinetic E (MeV)
Electron m=0.511MeV
proton m=938MeV
0.01 0.195 0.0050.1 0.548 0.0151 0.941 0.046
10 0.999 0.145400 1.000 0.7133,000 1.000 0.97130,000 1.000 1.000
Velocity and Kinetic Energy of a particle
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•In accelerators, particle travel very long distance. •In J-PARC MR: protons circulate rings 480,000 times before extraction. ~768,000 km •Uniform Field
• → Circular motion • → changes direction of motion
• → Works like a “Prism” • What about “Lenses” ?
Magnetic field for beam control
J-PARC MR bending Magnet
B = B0 ey
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What is “Lens”
x
δθ = − kx
(1 a0 1) ( 1 0
−1/f 1) (1 b0 1)
−ba
0
−a + b
ab−
ab
with 1f
=1a
+1b
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• Focusing Force:Force proportional to the displacement from origin, x.
• to satisfy Maxwell’s equation, it should be:
• Force received by a particle moving to z-direction. ->
Focusing with Magnet
B = kx ey → Fx = − evzkx
B = kx ey + ky ex
F = e𝚟0 ez × B = − ek𝚟0x ex + ek𝚟𝟶y ey
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• Combining two types of (Quadrupole) magnets, the system can have focusing forces for both X and Y directions.。
Principle of Strong Focusing
X
Y
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Transfer matrix
(1 s0 1)(1 s
0 1) (1 d0 1)(1 d
0 1)( 1 0
k1 1)( 1 0−k2 1) ( 1 0
−k2 1)(dk2
1 − k1)k2s2 − 2dk1 + dk2 + (2dk21 − (2dk1 − 1)k2 − 2k1)s + 1 (d2k2
1 − 2dk1 + 1)k2s2 − 2d2k1 + d2k2 + 2(d2k21 − 2dk1 − (d2k1 − d)k2 + 1)s + 2d
k21 k2s2 + 2(k2
1 − k1k2)s − 2k1 + k2 (dk21 − k1)k2s2 − 2dk1 + dk2 + (2dk2
1 − (2dk1 − 1)k2 − 2k1)s + 1
1 02d2 + 5ds + 4s2
d3 + d2s1
−1 0
−2d + sd2 + ds
−1
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• Combining two types of (Quadrupole) magnets, the system can have focusing forces for both X and Y directions.。
Principle of Strong Focusing
X
Y
1 02d2 + 5ds + 4s2
d3 + d2s1
−1 0
−2d + sd2 + ds
−1
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Betatron Oscillation
•The principle of strong focusing allows us to transport charged particles for long distance. •Off-centered particles will oscillate around the designed orbit while traveling. •We call this oscillation “Betatron Oscillation”.
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Acceleration by Electric Field
• DC(Static Field) :
• Van de Graaff Type:Using mechanically moving insulated belt to accumulate charges on the electrode.
• Cockcroft‒Walton Type:Cockcroft‒Walton multiplier circuit consists of capacitors and diodes. It turns input AC(or pulsed DC)
• RF Field(Alternating fields):The Cockcroft‒Walton Accelerator in KEK-PS.
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Van de Graaff Accelerator
By Dake, modified by Gonfer00 [CC BY-SA 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons
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Acceleration by Electric Field
• DC(Static Field) :
• RF Field(Alternating Field):
• Main stream method in modern accelerators.
• Supply Radio frequency wave to Cavities. Accelerate charged particles using the electric field within cavities.
• Synchronization of the RF frequency with the particles should be considered.
The Cockcroft‒Walton Accelerator in KEK-PS.
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RF Acceleration
Radio Frequency wave(Electric-magnetic wave)
inside a cavity create alternating Electric field.
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RF Acceleration
Combining Cavities for efficient acceleration.
Radio Frequency wave(Electric-magnetic wave)
inside a cavity create alternating Electric field.
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RF Acceleration
Combining Cavities for efficient acceleration.
Radio Frequency wave(Electric-magnetic wave)
inside a cavity create alternating Electric field.
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RF Acceleration
Combining Cavities for efficient acceleration.
Radio Frequency wave(Electric-magnetic wave)
inside a cavity create alternating Electric field.
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RF Acceleration
Combining Cavities for efficient acceleration.
Radio Frequency wave(Electric-magnetic wave)
inside a cavity create alternating Electric field.
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Phase stability
Time
Acceleration Voltage
Stable phase for LINAC and
Low Energy Ring Acceletor
Stable phase for High Energy Ring Accelerators
Back side of Beam
Front side of beam
Buckets
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Beam Stabilities and
Oscillation
• Beam in a ring(periodic structure) accelerators oscillate around stable orbit/phase.
• Strong Focusing:Betatron Osc.
• phase stability:Synchrotron Osc.
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Beam Instabilites.• Coupling between these oscillations can cause instabilities when a resonance condition mets.
• Space Charge Effect: Electric-magnetic fields generated by surrounding particles in a beam.
• Wake field: Electric-magnetic fields generated and left in the accelerator by beam.
• non-linear forces can also leads to resonances between these oscillation.
• Edge fields of magnets, Errors in magnet, higher pole magnet for correction.
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Space Charge Effect
Beam: a mass of charged particles
Conductor:beam pipe
Electric Field
Mirror image of the beam
each charged particle in the beam are affected by Electric field from mirror
image of the beam
Conductor:beam pipe
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Stabilization • As Beam current and Beam power increase, beam instability caused by space charge effect, wake field effect and other source become more important.
• (Possible) cures against beam instabilities
• Introduction of decives :Higher order cavity, smoothed beam pipes etc.
• Suppression of instability by Fast Feedback
• Reduce beam resonances: Optics correction/Higher order component correction.
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Example of beam control• Closed orbit correction
• Errors in magnets caused offset of averaged orbit from design orbit.
• using steering magnets, this orbit error can be corrected.
• In J-PARC MR, 186 Beam position monitors and 93 steering margets are used this this correction.
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Closed Orbit Correction
BPMorbit correction
algorithm based on model
Steering Magnetsetting valData
Orbit data before correction
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After beam Correction
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Accelerators
RF(EM wave) System
Vacuum System
Magnets
Injection/Extraction
Monitors/ Beam Instrumentation
Control System
⇨ chassis ⇨ engine/ motor
⇨ Tires
⇨ Steering/Driver
⇨ Censors
⇨ ?
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Conclusion•Wide range of Accelerator Research is essential to achieve High performance accelerator operation and Physics output.
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Any Question?