Accelerated Biology According to another theory of reproduction.
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Transcript of Accelerated Biology According to another theory of reproduction.
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Accelerated Biology
According to another theory of reproduction
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The growth of a new individual without the fusion of gametes.
Involves only one parent.
Offspring genetically identical to parent (clones).
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Binary fission – The splitting of one cell into two (bacteria)
Budding – A new individual begins as outgrowths on parent (yeast)
Spores – Asexual reproductive cells that can develop directly into a complete organism.
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Bacteria undergo binary fission
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All the organisms below use budding as a mode of reproduction Prickly pear cacti (below) Hydra (right) Yeast (below right)
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Ferns can reproduce by means of spores
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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Simple and efficient! Does not "cost" the
parent a great amount of energy or time
No need to look for and court a mate
Lack of genetic variation
All of the organisms are genetically identical and therefore share the same weaknesses. If the environment changes, the consequences could be deadly to ALL of the individuals.
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Involves the fusion of gametes.
Involves two parents.
Offspring genetically different from parents.
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Gamete – Specialized reproductive cells necessary for sexual reproduction. They contain half the genetic information.
Sperm – Male gamete
Ovum (plural: ova) – Female gamete (mature egg)
Fertilization – Fusion of nuclei from two gametes.
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SPERM OVUM
Motile – propelled by flagellum
Much smaller than egg Males begin to produce
sperm during puberty Males release millions of
sperm at one time Consist of a head,
midpiece, and a tail
Nonmotile – smooth muscle contractions of the fallopian tube move ovum towards the uterus
Much larger than sperm; can be seen by the unaided eye
Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have ~ 2 million
Females usually release one egg a month
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Zygote – Cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes at fertilization.
Gestation – The length of time between fertilization and birth.
Elephant – 22 months! Human – 9 ½ months Mouse – ~ 21 days
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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Genetic variation! Lots of time and energy spent looking for and courting a mate
Some males pay “the ultimate price” and die to ensure that their genes are passed on.
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There are three different patterns in which sexual reproduction can occur.
External fertilization and external development Most amphibians (salamanders, frogs, toads) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, sea anemones)
Internal fertilization and external development Most reptiles, birds, monotremes (egg-laying
mammals)
Internal fertilization and internal development Sharks, some snakes, placental mammals
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A female frog lays her eggs and then the male fertilizes them.
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Reptiles and birds lay eggs Crocodile, python, and bluebird hatching
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Monotreme – mammals that lay eggs There are only two examples
Duck billed platypus Echidna (spiny ant eater)
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Marsupial – Mammals that give birth at a very early age of development
Marsupium – Latin for pouch or purse A joey suckles inside the mother’s pouch for six
months
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The only marsupial native to the U.S. is the opossum
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Placental Mammals – The embryo/fetus develops inside asac–like pouch called the amniotic sac and is nourished by the placenta.