Acc600 case emba

A Case Study on Financial Reporting, Tax, and Business Decision Making

EMBA ACC600 Group Project

February 14, 2007

Adam Berk

Louis Desouza

Rachelle Ginsberg

Marta Nobo

Vince Rubiera

Irene Tzouganakis

Beach Bums ACC60062 Group Project 2

Case Requirements for Part A:

1. Calculate the cost of tanning lotion sold and the cost of tanning lotion in ending inventory under

a periodic system using (a) LIFO, (b) FIFO, and (c) weighted-average cost flow assumptions.

[Refer to Horngren Chapter 6.] FIFO LIFO AVG

Cost of Ending Inventory (560,000) (376,000) (448,000)

Costs of Goods Sold 1,680,000$ 1,864,000$ 1,792,000$ See Exhibit A

2. Calculate bad-debt expense for the year using the percentage-of-sales method, assuming

provisions of (a) 1 percent, and (b) 2 percent of sales. There are no cash sales; all sales are made

on account. Assuming an ending balance in net receivables of $742,000 prior to the adjustment

for current-year uncollectibles, what will be the end-of-year amount of net receivables on the

balance sheet under each assumption? [Refer to Horngren Chapter 9 pages 460-462]

To calculate these amounts, we multiplied each percent by the total amount of sales. This

was done since all sales were made on account. 1% 2%

Accounts receivable, net 672,000$ 602,000$ See Exhibit B

3. Assume that the production manager’s supposition about the existing equipment’s residual value

is correct (that is, it will have a residual value of $500,000 regardless of whether it is disposed of

at the end of Year 10 or the end of Year 6). Calculate the depreciation expense for the current

year (that is, Year 5 of the asset’s life) using the straight-line method, assuming that the existing

equipment has an estimated total useful life of (a) 10 years, or (b) 6 years. [Note: Depreciation

expense has not been calculated for Year 5, so the remaining useful life at the beginning of the

fifth year is assumed to be (a) 6 years, or (b) 2 years.] [Refer to Horngren Chapter 10 pages 520-

521.]

(a) We took the purchase price minus the residual and divided it by the 10 year life to

arrive at the expense for year 5.

(b) This required calculating the book value at the end of year 4, subtracting the residual

and dividing over the remainder of the years to arrive at a depreciation expense of

$1,200,000 for year 5. 10 years Switch to 6 @ yr 5

Depreciation expense (year 5) 400,000$ 1,200,000$ See Exhibit C

4. Use your responses to questions 1 through 3 and the income statement in Exhibit 1 to calculate

the highest net income that can be reported within the constraints of acceptable financial

reporting. For this question, ignore the effects of income taxes.

We arrived at this number by using the FIFO inventory, the 10 year depreciation and the

1% allowance method (percent-of-sales). Highest Pre-Tax Income 1,890,000$ See Exhibit D


5. Use your response to questions 1 through 4 to complete the end-of-year balance sheet in Exhibit

2. For purposes of this requirement, assume a retained earnings balance at the beginning of the

current year of $1,033,688.

See Exhibit E for full balance sheet

6. Repeat questions 4 and 5 with the goal of calculating the lowest net income that can be reported

within the constraints of acceptable financial reporting. What would be reported as the total

assets under this low-income scenario? [Hint: prepare an income statement and balance sheet

similar to those in Exhibits 1 and 2.]

We arrived at this number by using the LIFO inventory, switching to a 6 year depreciation

and using the 2% allowance method (percent-of-sales). Lowest Pre-Tax Income 836,000$ See Exhibit G for full income statement

Total assets 3,819,688$

See Exhibit F for full balance sheet

7. Use your responses for questions 4 through 6 to calculate the return on net sales (using pre-tax

income) for the company as a whole for the current year under both the high-income and low-

income scenarios. Also, use your responses to questions 4 through 6 to calculate the current ratio

and the debt ratio as of the current year-end under the high-income and low-income scenarios.

[Refer to Horngren Chapter 17, page 869 for ratios.]

Highest Lowest

Return on Net Sales 27% 12%

Current Ratio 9.49 8.48

Debt Ratio 16% 21% See Exhibit H for calculations


8. Determine the tax implications of each of the matters in questions 1 through 3. Will taxable

income and financial income differ? Calculate the current-year tax cost that would result from

using FIFO rather than LIFO for the inventory of tanning lotion. Also, calculate the income taxes

payable that TWC would report in the current year (Year 5 of the equipment’s life) under the

high-income and low-income scenarios. For purposes of these calculations, assume that TWC

has a marginal income tax rate of 34 percent, that it has no accounts receivables in the current

year considered worthless for tax purposes, that its equipment has a 7-year life for tax purposes,

and that it adopts the half-year convention in the year of acquisition and disposal. [Hint: TWC

uses regular half-year MACRS depreciation. It did not qualify to use Section 179 expensing.]

How does the income tax expense shown on the financial statements differ from the income tax

payable under the high-income and low-income scenarios? [Refer to tax readings that will be

posted on Blackboard.]

(a) When calculating the cost of tanning lotion, either LIFO or FIFO may be used when

accounting for COGS and ending inventory. However, if LIFO is used for tax purposes,

LIFO needs to be used for financial accounting purposes, as well. This is referred to as the

LIFO conformity rule. In a period of rising prices, LIFO will give you the highest COGS

and therefore, the lowest income tax payable. Refer to calculations below.

(b) When calculating bad debt expense, there will definitely be a difference between

financial and taxable income. According to GAAP, the allowance method is acceptable for

recording bad debt expense. However, for tax purposes, the specific charge-off method or

direct write-off method is the acceptable method. In this method, bad debts are actually

expensed when written off as uncollectible during the year. Differences of these type lead

to temporary differences between book income tax expense and actual income tax payable.

Refer to calculations below.

(c) When calculating depreciation expense, there are several methods that can be used for

GAAP purposes (ie. SL, DDB). However, for tax purposes, the MACRS system is used.

Under MACRS, cost recovery deductions begin the year an asset is placed in service, which

is, when it is set up and ready to be used for its intended business purpose. This may not be

the same as the year an asset is purchased. There are two depreciation methods used for

these MACRS properties: the 200 percent declining-balance method with a switch to

straight line to maximize deductions and the straight-line method. The 200 percent

declining-balance method applies to MACRS property in the 5 year and 7 year classes.

The straight-line method must be used for all property in the 27 1/2 year and 39 year

classes. Differences of these type lead to temporary differences between book income tax

expense and actual income tax payable. When using SL method for financial accounting

purposes and MACRS DDB for tax purposes on 5 to 7 year property, this usually leads to a

deferred income tax liability as income taxes are being saved in the current period as your

book expense is lower than your expense for tax purposes. This situation reverses in future

periods. Refer to calculations below.


Answers for #8:

COGS Tax Margin

LIFO 1,864,000$ 34% 633,760$

FIFO 1,680,000$ 34% 571,200

Tax Cost Differential 62,560$

Highest Lowest

Sales:

Water Sports Equipment 4,500,000$ 4,500,000$

Lotion 2,500,000 2,500,000

Net Sales 7,000,000 7,000,000

COGS:

Water Sports Equipment 2,500,000 2,500,000

Lotion 1,680,000 1,864,000

Total COGS 4,180,000 4,364,000

Gross Margin 2,820,000 2,636,000

Operating Expenses:

Bad Debts 70,000 140,000

Depreciation 400,000 1,200,000

GS&A 275,000 275,000

Interest 120,000 120,000

Supplies 65,000 65,000

Total Expenses 930,000 1,800,000

Pre-Tax Income 1,890,000 836,000

Provision for Income Tax* 642,600 284,240

Net Income 1,247,400$ 551,760$

* Income Tax Expense with no adj. for permanent or temporary differences

Tropical Wave Corporation

Partial Income Statement

Year Ended December 31, 2006

Exhibit I: Question 8 (Tax effect on Inventory)*

Exhibit L: Question 8 (Taxes based on financial statements only)

*Using FIFO rather than LIFO would result in a higher tax payable of $62,560, but a higher net

income per the books of the same amount.


Answers for #8 (cont’d):

Income Tax Payable per Tax Return

Type of

Difference High Low

Income per book before tax 1,890,000$ 836,000$ MACRS Depreciation

P Non deductible portion of meals & entertainment 5,500 5,500 Year 1 643,050

P Non deductible premiums on officers' life insurance 6,000 6,000 Year 2 1,102,050

P Non deductible political contributions 10,000 10,000 Year 3 787,050

T Excess of tax accelerated depreciation over book SL (1,850) 798,150 Year 4 562,050

T Excess of bad debt allowance over direct write off 70,000 140,000 Year 5 401,850

Taxable Income 1,979,650 1,795,650

Marginal Tax Rate 34% 34%

Income Tax Payable per Tax Return 673,081$ 610,521$

Exhibit M: Question 8 (Book to Tax Reconciliation)

Type of

Difference High Low

Income per book before tax 1,890,000$ 836,000$

P Non deductible portion of meals & entertainment 5,500 5,500

P Non deductible premiums on officers' life insurance 6,000 6,000

P Non deductible political contributions 10,000 10,000

Modified Income after permanent differences 1,911,500 857,500

Book tax expense adjusted for perm. differences 649,910 291,550

Adj. for temp. differences (DTL) to book tax expense

Depreciation (MACRS vs. SL) (1,850) DTL

Temporary Difference - Tax Effect @ 34% 629

Modified Tax Expense after DTL temporary differences 650,539 291,550

Adj. for temp. differences (DTA) to book tax expense

Depreciation (MACRS vs. SL) - 798,150 DTA

Bad Debt Expense 70,000 DTA 140,000 DTA

Modified Tax Expense after DTA temporary differences ** 626,739$ (27,421)$

Effective Tax Rates 34.42% 34.87%

High Method Low Method

Book Tax 650,539$ 291,550$

Taxes Paid 673,081$ 610,521$

In conclusion, the difference between your total book tax expense and actual taxes paid are as follows:

**Book tax expense was adjusted for all permanent differences and those temporary differences resulting in a

DTL (ie. MACRS vs. SL in High Income Scenario). The tax expense adjustments resulting in DTA temporary

differences will not be made as it cannot be determined if the deferred tax asset will be realized in future periods.

In conclusion, the effective tax rate becomes:

Exhibit O: Question 8 (FAS 109 Calculation)


9. Three financial-reporting decisions were alluded to during the executive meeting. They relate to the

inventory policy, the uncollectibles provision, and the depreciation provision. How did these decisions

influence the ratios you calculated in question 7? Assume that the high-income and low-income scenarios

are the financial statements of two different companies. Which “company” appears more profitable?

Which “company” appears more liquid?

The financial-reporting decisions made by management definitely affected the ratios calculated

in # 7. In the high-income scenario, the following calculations were made: 1% bad debt expense vs.

2 % bad debt expense, depreciation expense on the machinery over a 10 year useful life instead of a

6 year useful life, and FIFO instead of LIFO for ending inventory and COGS. Under the high-

income scenario, these decisions resulted in a higher pre-tax income for Tropical Wave

Corporation. In the low-income scenario, Tropical Wave Corporation results a lower pre-tax

income, which results in overall lower taxes for the company.

The high-income scenario is more favorable to companies wanting to show higher earnings at

period end due to analyst and market pressures (i.e. public company). However, the low-income

scenario is more favorable to companies wanting to report less income for tax purposes.

In the high-income scenario, total assets were higher due to using FIFO (resulting in a higher

ending inventory), 1% for bad debt expense (resulting in higher AR) and depreciation over 10

years (resulting in lower accumulated depreciation). All these calculations resulted in a higher

current ratio. In this example, it appears the company has a better ability to pay its short term

obligations vs. in the low-income scenario. For the same reason, the high-income scenario also

provides the company with a lower debt ratio. The lower the debt ratio, the less total debt the

corporation has as compared to its total assets and therefore, appears more solvent. Businesses

with higher debt are in danger of becoming insolvent. Furthermore, under the high income

scenario, it appears that the company has a much higher return on sales. For every dollar

generated from sales, $0.27 is produced of net income vs. $0.12 in the low-income scenario.

Based on the above, the high-income company appears to be more liquid, more solvent and

more profitable.


Case Requirements for Part B:

1. Advise Maria of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three forms of business.

C Corporations

Advantages

Shareholders are only at risk for their capital investment (limited liability)

Owners can be employees and receive tax-free employee fringe benefits

There’s no mutual agency among the stockholders

the transfer of corporate ownership is easy

Corporation has continuous life

Corporations can raise more money than a proprietorship or partnership

Disadvantages

Double taxation- Corporate tax paid on Form 1120 and Shareholders include dividends in

income

Net operating losses do not pass through to shareholders; they can only be used against corporate

profits

Capital losses can only offset capital gains

Government regulation is expensive

Ownership and management are separated

Partnership

Advantages

Bring together the abilities of more than one person

Can raise more Capital than a proprietorship

Less expensive to organize than a corporation

No double taxation

Disadvantages

Partnership agreements may be difficult to formulate

Each time a new partner is admitted or a partner withdraws, the business needs a new partnership

agreement

Relations among partners may be fragile

Mutual agency and unlimited liability create personal obligations for each partner

S Corporation

Advantages

Corporate losses can be passed through to the shareholders, and as the owner (and shareholder),

you may be able to take the loss against income that appears on your personal return.

You can have the protection of limited personal liability without having to pay corporate taxes.

You can minimize self-employment tax and FICA tax. Your profits, as a shareholder, are not

taxed in this manner.

Disadvantages

Numerous regulations and requirements must be upheld by an S Corporation, including a limit

on the number of shareholders (see list below).

It can be costly to set up and follow corporate formalities.

All shareholders must be U.S. citizens


2. Compute Maria’s after-tax cash flow from each form of business (assume a 6% discount rate).

Partnership Cash

out-flow

Cash

in-flow

6%

discount

NPV of

cash in-flow

Year 1 -$ 3,168$ 0.94 2,987.42$

Year 2 - 1,320 0.89 1,174.80

Year 3 (6,600) - 0.84 (5,544.00)

Year 4 - 53,600 0.792 42,451.20

Year 5 -$ 80,400$ 0.747 60,058.80

101,128.22$ See Exhibit P

S-Corp Cash

out-flow

Cash

in-flow

6%

discount

NPV of

cash in-flow

Year 1 -$ 2,640$ 0.943 2,489.52$

Year 2 - - 0.89 -

Year 3 - 9,648 0.84 8,104.32

Year 4 - 53,600 0.792 42,451.20

Year 5 -$ 80,400$ 0.747 60,058.80

113,103.84$ See Exhibit Q

C-Corp

Income

Tax

Liability

After tax

income Maria's 40%

15% Taxes

on

Dividend

Maria's after

tax cash

flow

6%

discount

NPV

NPV of after

tax

cash in-flow

Year 4 200,000$ (78,000)$ 122,000$ 48,800$ (7,320)$ 41,480$ 0.792 32,852.16$

Year 5 300,000.00$ (117,000)$ 183,000.00$ 73,200.00$ (10,980.00)$ 62,220.00$ 0.75$ 46,478.34$

79,330.50$ See Exhibit R

3. Advise Maria as to which form of business you think she should choose and explain why you

selected this form.

Maria should use an S Corporation because she will not be taxed twice when she receives her

dividends beyond the 4th

year. She will also have the protection of limited personal liability

without having to pay corporate taxes, and given the small loss in cash flow compared to a

partnership, an S Corporation’s liability protection negates that small loss. Also, given that the S

Corporation is a conduit entity, she can take the losses that occurred and use it to shelter against

other income that appears on her personal return.


FIFO LIFO AVG

Costs of goods available

Purchases 2,240,000$ 2,240,000$ 2,240,000$

FIFO 28,000 @ $20 (560,000)

LIFO 4,000 @ $10 (40,000)

24,000 @ $14 (336,000)

AVG ($2,240,000/140,000) 28,000 @ $16 (448,000)

Costs of Goods Sold 1,680,000$ 1,864,000$ 1,792,000$

1% 2%

$7,000,000 x 0.01 $7,000,000 x 0.02

Accounts receivable 742,000 742,000

Allowance for uncollectible accounts (70,000) (140,000)

Accounts receivable, net 672,000$ 602,000$

10 years Accumulated 10 year then 6 @ yr 5 Accumulated Book Value

Depreciation expense (year 1) 400,000$ 400,000$ 400,000$ 400,000$ 4,100,000$

Depreciation expense (year 2) 400,000 800,000 400,000 800,000 3,700,000

Depreciation expense (year 3) 400,000 1,200,000 400,000 1,200,000 3,300,000

Depreciation expense (year 4) 400,000 1,600,000 400,000 1,600,000 2,900,000

Depreciation expense (year 5) 400,000$ 2,000,000$ 1,200,000$ 2,800,000$ 1,700,000$

Exhibit A: Question 1

Exhibit C: Question 3

Exhibit B: Question 2


Sales:

Water Sports Equipment 4,500,000$

Lotion 2,500,000

Net sales 7,000,000$

Cost of goods sold:

Water Sports Equipment (2,500,000)

Lotion (FIFO) (1,680,000)

Total cost of goods sold (4,180,000)

Gross Margin 2,820,000$

Operating expenses:

Bad debts (1%) (70,000)

Depreciation (10 years) (400,000)

General, Selling and Administration (275,000)

Interest (120,000)

Supplies (65,000)

Total expenses (930,000)

Pre-Tax Income 1,890,000$

Current Assets: Current Liabilities

Cash 512,863$ Accts. payable 250,000$

Accounts receivable 672,000 Long-term Liabilities

Lotion inventory 560,000 Bonds Payable 450,000

Water Sports Equipment inventory 620,000 Other 100,000

Other 8,825 Total liabilities 800,000$

Total Current Assets 2,373,688$

Plant Assets: Common stock 1,150,000

Production Equipment 4,500,000 Retained earnings 1,890,000

Less: Accumulated Depreciation (2,000,000) Total stockholders' equity 3,040,000$

Net Plant Assets 2,500,000$

Total liabilities and

Total assets 4,873,688$ Stockholders' Equity & Liabilities 4,873,688$

Exhibit D: Question 4 (highest income)




Stockholders' Equity

Exhibit E: Question 5 (highest income)

Assets Liabilities


Balance Sheet

December 31, 2006


Current Assets: Current Liabilities

Cash 512,863$ Accts. payable 250,000$

Accounts receivable 602,000 Long-term Liabilities

Lotion inventory 376,000 Bonds Payable 450,000

Water Sports Equipment inventory 620,000 Other 100,000

Other 8,825 Total liabilities 800,000$

Total Current Assets 2,119,688$

Plant Assets: Common stock 1,150,000

Production Equipment 4,500,000 Retained earnings 1,869,688

Less: Accumulated Depreciation (2,800,000) Total stockholders' equity 3,019,688$

Net Plant Assets 1,700,000$

Total liabilities and

Total assets 3,819,688$ Stockholders' Equity & Liabilities 3,819,688$

Sales:

Water Sports Equipment 4,500,000$

Lotion 2,500,000

Net sales 7,000,000$

Cost of goods sold:

Water Sports Equipment (2,500,000)

Lotion (FIFO) (1,864,000)

Total cost of goods sold (4,364,000)

Gross Margin 2,636,000$

Operating expenses:

Bad debts (2%) (140,000)

Depreciation (6 years) (1,200,000)

General, Selling and Administration (275,000)

Interest (120,000)

Supplies (65,000)

Total expenses (1,800,000)

Pre-Tax Income 836,000$





Balance Sheet

December 31, 2006

Assets Liabilities

Exhibit G: Question 6 (income statement - lowest income)

Exhibit F: Question 6 (balance sheet - lowest income)

Stockholders' Equity


Highest Lowest

Pre-tax Income 1,890,000$ 836,000$

Net Sales 7,000,000 7,000,000

Return on Net Sales 27% 12%

Total Current Assets 2,373,688 2,119,688

Total Current Liabilities 250,000 250,000

Current Ratio 9.49 8.48

Total Liabilities 800,000 800,000

Total Assets 4,873,688 3,819,688

Debt Ratio 16% 21%

Exhibit H: Question 7

Partnership

Loss Income Basis Carry over Loss Gain

Tax

savings

Tax

Liability

Cash

out-flow

Cash

in-flow

6%

discount

NPV

NPV of

cash in-flow

Year 1 9,600$ 32,000$ 22,400$ 9,600$ 3,168$ -$ 3,168$ 0.94 2,987.42$

Year 2 4,000 22,400 18,400 4,000 1,320 - 1,320 0.89 1,174.80

Year 3 20,000 6,600 (6,600) - 0.84 (5,544.00)

Year 4 80,000 26,400 - 53,600 0.792 42,451.20

Year 5 120,000$ 39,600$ -$ 80,400$ 0.747 60,058.80

101,128.22$

Exhibit P: Question B 2


S-Corp

Loss Income Basis Carry over Loss Gain

Tax

savings

Tax

Liability

Cash

out-flow

Cash

in-flow

6%

discount

NPV

NPV of

cash in-flow

Year 1 9,600$ 8,000$ (1,600)$ 8,000$ 2,640$ -$ 2,640$ 0.943 2,489.52$

Year 2 4,000 (1,600) (1,600) - - - - 0.89 -

Year 3 20,000 (5,600) - 5,600 14,400 (4,752) (4,752) 0.84 (3,991.68)

Year 4 80,000 80,000 26,400 - 53,600 0.792 42,451.20

Year 5 120,000$ 120,000$ 39,600$ -$ 80,400$ 0.747 60,058.80

101,007.84$

Exhibit Q: Question B 2

C-Corp

Income

Tax

Liability

After tax

income Maria's 40%

15% Taxes

on

Dividend

Maria's after

tax cash

flow

6%

discount

NPV

NPV of after

tax

cash in-flow

Year 4 200,000$ (78,000)$ 122,000$ 48,800$ (7,320)$ 41,480$ 0.792 32,852.16$

Year 5 300,000.00$ (117,000)$ 183,000.00$ 73,200.00$ (10,980.00)$ 62,220.00$ 0.75$ 46,478.34$

79,330.50$

Exhibit R: Question B 2


Affidavit Sheet

I have not received assistance for this project from anyone other than

my group members. I have actively participated in the preparation of

this assignment and I now understand its solution.

__________________________________ Adam Berk

__________________________________ Louis Desouza

__________________________________ Rachelle Ginsberg

__________________________________ Marta Nobo

__________________________________ Vince Rubiera

__________________________________ Irene Tzouganakis

Acc600 case emba

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