ACAR-PD_May'2014-July'2015_FINAL

Himalayan Climate Adaptation Programme Action Research to Assess Factors that Facilitate or Hinder Adaptive

Capacity of Women and Men to Climate and Other Changes

PROCESS DOCUMENTATIONMay 2014 – July 2015

Prepared by Development Knowledge Management and Innovation Services Pvt. Ltd

Submitted toInternational center for Integrated Mountain Development

August 2015

Acronyms

ACAR Action Research to Assess Factors that Facilitate or Hinder Adaptive

Capacity of Women and Men to Climate and Other Changes

CICERO Center for International Climate and Environmental Research

DADO District Agriculture Development Office

DDC District Development Committee

DeKMIS Development Knowledge Management and Innovation Service Pvt. Ltd

DFO District Forest Office

DSCO District Soil Conservation Office

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

HICAP Himalayan Climate Adaptation Programme

HKH Hindu-Kush Himalayas

ICIMOD International Center for Integrated Mountain Development

PD Process Documentation

SG Spider Graph

VDC Village Development Committee

WOCAN Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource

Management

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Table of ContentsAcronyms.................................................................................................................1

1. Background..........................................................................................................3

2. Methodology........................................................................................................4

3. Process Documentation Objective.....................................................................5

4. Organization of the processes documentation..................................................6

5. Process documentation.......................................................................................6

STEP 1 Activity: Conceptualization of the ACAR and preparation...................................6

STEP 2 Activity: Consultant identification, ToR, and contract...........................................6

STEP 3 Activity: Identification/Selection of two ACAR sites..............................................7

STEP 4 Activity: ACAR orientation and training women leaders and researchers..........8

STEP 5 Activity: First Round of Focus Group Discussions.................................................9

STEP 6 Activity: Second Round of Focus Group Discussions (...........................................9

STEP 7 Activity: Preparation of field research methodology and training......................11

STEP 8 Activity: Training workshop for field researchers................................................11

STEP 9 Activity: Field data collection by field researchers...............................................13

STEP 10 Activity: Three-day field research data sharing and review workshop............14

STEP 11 Activity: Field data translation, tabulation, and preliminary analysis.............14

STEP 12 Activity: Community Sharing and Planning Workshops...................................16

STEP 13 Activity: Tabulating, finalizing and translating the ACAR action plans.........18

STEP 14 Activity: Internal reviews of the 3-month action plan implementations..........20

Table 1: Assessment of 3-month action plan implementation in Kavre..............................21

Table 2: Assessment of 3-month action plan implementation in Sindhuli..........................24

STEP 15 Activity: Post-earthquake revisit/reviewing of action plans..............................25

6. ACAR Revised Action Plans (Post-earthquake).....................................................29

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1. Background

The Himalayan Climate Change and Adaptation Programme (HICAP) is a 5-year integrated programme contributing to enhanced resilience to change, particularly climate change, through improved understanding of vulnerabilities, opportunities and potentials for adaptation, and the development of strategies and policies based on scientific and evidence-based knowledge in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region with a special focus on women.

HICAP is implemented as a part of Regional Programme of ICIMOD on ‘Adaptation to Change’ and covers five river sub-basins in HKH region including Upper Brahmaputra (Tibet-China), Eastern Brahmaputra (India), Koshi (Nepal), Upper Indus (Pakistan) and Mekong-Salween (China) basin.

HICAP is supported by the Government of Norway and Sweden and implemented in partnership with ICIMOD, CICERO, and GRID-Arendal. It has seven different components with specific outputs within HICAP that are implemented in an integrated manner. The components are: 1) climate scenarios; 2) water availability and demand scenarios; 3) ecosystem services; 4) food security; 5) vulnerability and adaptation; 6) women in adaptation; and 7) communication and outreach. All these components are implemented simultaneously, with certain autonomy while ensuring close collaboration and interactions between and among the components in coordination with each other in selected research sites.

Work under component 6 of HICAP focuses on the role of gender and women in adaptation. It aims at understanding and addressing the differences in impacts and adaptive capacities between and among women and men to climate and other drivers of change as well as identifying appropriate and sustainable adaptation strategies to ensure equitable access to resources, rights and opportunities of marginalized, minority and indigenous people, especially women. The component hopes to enhance the capacity of the mountain communities in general and the women in particular to understand and integrate the opportunities and risks in order to cope with and respond to changing socio-economic and environmental conditions.

In order to achieve this, an in-depth action research titled ‘Action Research to assess factors that facilitate or hinder adaptive capacity of women and men to climate and other changes (ACAR)’ was conceptualized to identify factors that facilitate or hinder adaptive capacity.1

1 For the purpose of the research study, Adaptive Capacity (AC) is defined as “the combination of strengths, attributes, and resources available to an individual, a community, society, or organization that can be used to prepare for and undertake actions to reduce adverse impacts, moderate harm, or exploit beneficial opportunities” (IPCC, SREX 2012). 1) Adaptation is the actual act of adapting or adjusting (the outcome). 2) AC is related to, although not the same as anticipatory capacity (often determined by the following 8

characteristics: good leadership, a vision of the future, environmental awareness, the ability to work together, agency, learning from the past, agents of change, and monitoring change) (Ref: HICAP-COMP 6, Action Research Concept Note, May 31, 2013)

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The Development Knowledge Management and Innovation Service Pvt. Ltd (DeKMIS) was contracted as the consultant by ICIMOD to carry out the ACAR in Nepal.

The general objective of the ACAR was to understand (assess, monitor, communicate, prepare for, and enhance or contest) the socio-cultural and institutional dynamics that shape gendered capacities to adapt to climate change. The term “gendered capacities”, refers to a broad conceptualization that looks at gender in combination with age, class, caste, ethnicity, (dis)ability. It is assumed here that individual identities are always co-constituted (meaning a woman is also part of a certain class or caste, and with a certain age) and often discussed under the notion of “intersectionality”.

The process documentation (PD) was prepared as one of the deliverables as per the contract between ICIMOD and DeKMIS. It aims to capture and document the stepwise processes involved in carrying out the action research and covers the period May 2014 to July 2015.

2. Approach and Methodology

The research study used combination of methods to assess adaptive capacity. The methodology provided by ICIMOD and CICERO was adapted and expanded by using the participatory approaches tied with coaching and mentoring of the local women leaders promoted by Women Organizing for Change and Natural Resource Management (WOCAN).

The local women leaders who were selected to support the field research were already trained by WOCAN and familiar with the participatory research methods. These women leaders were further trained to lead the field research and facilitate the implementation of the Action Plans (Adaptive Capacity) developed by the community.

Further, male youths were identified and trained to join the field research team. They were consciously included to reach out and bring in male perspectives and also to increase their understanding of climate change and gender issues and support the climate change adaptation initiatives in their community.

The key methodology and approaches for data collection were participatory and empowering. It was further:

Consultative, flexible and determined at each step in consultation with the consultant and according to the context. The local women leaders and youth researchers were consulted and engaged at each steps and the methodology modified and adapted accordingly.

Key informant interviews were not part of the main research – but the women leaders said that the focus group discussions alone cannot include all the groups – particularly very poor men and women particularly from socially disadvantaged groups; households living in the outskirts of the village; male politicians and elites-too busy to join the focus groups etc. so they decided to include individual level key informant meetings and developed criteria and questions together with the consultant. The trainings also had to be made more rigorous to ensure clear understanding of the adaptive capacity and methodology; the training had to be tied with close mentoring and coaching which increased interaction with the consultant and enhanced their capacity.

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For the data collection, local women leaders and male youths were trained and coached to lead field research (particularly – key informant interviews, focus group discussions/spider graphs and mobilize the community to develop the action plan) and facilitate the implementation of the Action Plans.

Key steps for the action research included:

i) Preparationii) Identification of 2 field sites (2 villages in 2 districts of Koshi Basin in Kavre and Sindhuli)iii) Training 6 grassroots women leaders and local male youths to carry out fieldwork in the 2

villagesiv) FGDs to do initial assessment of adaptive capacity (testing)v) Training of local researchers (grassroots women leaders and male youths), based on the

analysis of FGD with women leaders to understand the facilitating and debilitating factors for developing adaptive capacity

vi) Data Collection included development of the methodology, training of grassroots women leaders for further data collection; and actual data collection and recording.

vii) Data Analysis included data analyses and presentation of the findings by the consultant and the field researchers; and sharing of the analysis and findings with the community by the consultant

viii) Development of Action Plan: development of micro plans in 2 villages with community to enhance adaptive capacity

ix) Supporting and hand holding of the community in implementation of the micro plans

x) Reassessment of the adaptive capacity through spider graph

xi) Wider sharing of the findings and up-scaling of learning from the action researchxii) Review of the implementation of the action plan with the community after three months.xiii) Review and revisiting of the action plan post-earthquake to assess how the adaptive

capacity plans helped to cope with the earthquake and to make the plans relevant to the post-earthquake scenario in the communities.

3. Process Documentation Objective

The general objective of the process documentation was to document the stepwise processes involved in undertaking the action research in order to achieve it’s objective.

Specifically the Process Documentation aims to:

Capture, describe and document the stepwise processes and the outputs/outcomes in summary; and

Produce an action research’s process documentation that can be used in future for similar research works as a reference and for a peer reviewed article.

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4. Organization of the processes documentation

Stepwise processes that were involved in implementing the AR have been documented to capture the following specific aspects.

1. Steps2. Activities3. Location of activities and date4. Resources and participants5. Outputs

5. Process documentation

In line with the organization of the process documentation, the stepwise process documentation for the period May 2014 to July 2015 are as tabulated below.

STEP 1 Activity: Conceptualization of the ACAR and preparation of the ToR by ICIMOD and CICERO.

Location/DateICIMOD (Kathmandu, Nepal) and CICERO (Oslo, Norway) offices (April 2014).

Resources/ParticipantsClimate change and gender specialist and consultant researchers from ICIMOD and CICERO.

OutputsConcept note on the ACAR and the ToR were drafted and finalized. (See Annex 1).

STEP 2 Activity: Consultant identification, ToR, and contract for undertaking the ACAR.

Location/DateICIMOD, Kathmandu (May-October 2014).

Resources/Participants1 Senior Gender Specialist, ICIMOD; 1 Senior Senior Gender and Social Inclusion Specialist (GESI) Specialist/ACAR Coordinator from DeKMIS; DeKMIS management.

Outputs The ToR for the ACAR was finalized and contract signed to carry out the ACAR by DeKMIS Pvt. Ltd. (See Annex 2).

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STEP 3 Activity: Identification/Selection of two sites in a rural and semi-urban setting for the ACAR.

Location/DateApril 2014, ICIMOD/DeKMIS, Kathmandu.

Resources/ParticipantsACAR lead from ICIMOD and the ACAR Coordinator from DeKMIS.

OutputsTwo sites in Kavre and Sindhuli districts identified as the ACAR sites. These two sites were selected due to the following reasons:

It had local women leaders trained by WOCAN and different organizations and actively engaged in conservation and development of their respective villages;

Kavre was rural and Sindhuli semi-urban; Both villages were affected by climate change and had increasing male outmigration; Maximum concentration of Dalits and Tamangs in Kavre and Brahman/Chettris in Sindhuli. The Phulbari VDC in Kavre district is located about 2 hours drive from Patan, Lalitpur

(where the DeKMIS office is located). Sindhuli district is about 4-5 hours drive from Patan. The Kamalamai municipality is located about half-an-hour drive from the district headquarters.

Map showing location of Phulbari VDC in Kavre

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Map showing location of Kamalamai Municipality in Sindhuli

STEP 4 Activity: ACAR orientation, induction and introducing and training women leaders and researchers from the two project sites.

Location/DateSocial Work Institute, Patan, Lalitpur (19-20 May 2014).

Resources/ParticipantsResource required included costs for the training space, food, transportation and per-diem for the participants from the two ACAR sites.

Participants were: 1 Senior Gender Specialist and 1 Gender Specialist from ICIMOD; 1 Senior Researcher/Professor and 1 Research Student from CICERO; 1 Senior GESI Specialist (Lead Researcher/Coordinator for ACAR) from DeKMIS; and 4 each local women leaders (field researchers) from Kavre and Sindhuli.

OutputsConsultants and the women leaders/Field Researchers (FRs) from the two districts were oriented and inducted on ACAR concept and generic methodology. Issues of climate change and the need for activities like ACAR were discussed with the field researchers. The field researchers were further given training on the use of Spider Graph (SG) for gender analysis and climate change with regard to adaptive capacities. {See Annex 3a (19 May) and 3b (20 May) for the detail workshop notes}.

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STEP 5 Activity: First Round of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) in the two ACAR sites.

Location/Date Kamalamai municipality in Sindhuli district (16 May 2014); Phulbari village (now Kashikhadka Municipality, Ward 3, Phulbari) of Kavre district (21-22 May 2014).

Resources/ParticipantsResource required included costs for research team’s transportation, lodging/food and per-diem; tea/snacks for FGD participants from the villages.

Research team included: 1 Gender Specialist from ICIMOD; 1 Senior Researcher/Professor and 1 Research Student from CICERO; and 1 Leader Researcher/Coordinator/GESI Specialist from DeKMIS.

In Sindhuli in one FGD there were 26 participants with 21 women, 2 young men, and 3 children. In Kavre in two FGDs (continuation of 1st day) on 21 May 2014 of the 30 participants 19 were women and 11 men. On 22 May 2014 of the 26 participants 16 were women and 10 men.

OutputsTwo ACAR FGDs were conducted in the two ACAR sites. The ACAR was able to obtain the first round of preliminary data from the FGDs on the adaptive capacity of the two sites/communities under the eight domains framework for assessing the adaptive capacity by the ACAR. {See Annex 4a (Sindhuli), 4b1 and 4b2 (Kavre) for the FGDs notes}.

STEP 6 Activity: Second Round of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) in the two ACAR sites.

Location/DateSecond round of FGDs were conducted in Sindhuli for two days on 6 and 7 June 2014. In Kavre for one day on 11 June 2014.

Resources/ParticipantsThe FGD on 6 June 2014 in Sindhuli required resources such as costs for research team’s transportation, lodging/food and per-diem; tea/snacks for FGD participants from the ACAR site communities.

Research Team included: 1 Gender Specialist from ICIMOD; 1 Research Student from CICERO; 1 Leader Researcher/Coordinator/GESI Specialist and 1 Research Associate from DeKMIS. Participants included altogether 23 women and men from the municipality, of which 17 were women and 6 men.

On 7 June 2014 FGD in Sindhuli resources required and the research team was same as on 6 June FGD. On the second day FGD there were 9 participants of whom 7 were women and 2 men.

The Second Round of FGD in Kavre took place on 11 June 2014. It required resources such as costs for research team’s transportation, lodging/food and per-diem; tea/snacks for FGD

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participants from the village. Research team included 1 Gender Specialist from ICIMOD and 1 Research Associate from DeKMIS. Total number of participants from the village were 14, of whom 10 were women and 4 men.

OutputsThree second round of ACAR FGDs in two ACAR sites were conducted. {See Annex Annex 5a1 (6 June) and 5a2 (7 June) for FGD notes in Sindhuli); See Annex 5b for the FGD notes in Kavre (11 June)}. Consolidated SG analysis of the first and second round of FGDs were as follows.

1. Listening and understanding every2. Respecting everyone’s thoughts

1. Should be able to talk, understand and work

2. Corruption

1. Learning and Teaching through Mass Media

2. Sharing and receiving knowledge about environmental issues

1. Technical knowledge

2. Self Awareness1. To voice out and put forth their opinions

2. Knowledge regarding law, rules and regulations

1. Thoughts for conserving water sources

2. Learning to work harder for the conservation of environment

1. Planning for the environment

2. Increasing environmental development

1. Finding about the environment

2. Instruments for monitoring

0

2

4

Men Women

Sindhuli/Kamalamai Municiplaity

1. The power of listening and patience2. Working together

1. Knowledge and patience

2. Making the right decision

1. Training opportunities

2. Curiosity about new knowledge

1. Technical instruments and skills

2. Knowledge about environment1. Understand and demand for our rights

2. Knowledge about law and rights

1. Learning and teaching new things

2. Become the representative for change

1. One thought about the environment

2. Knowledge about conservation of environment

1. Knowledge about monitoring in the community

2. Technique for monitoring

0

2

4

Men Women

Kavre/Fulbari VDC

For detail scoring and analysis see Annex 6.

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Dibya Gurung, 07/31/15,

Why yellow circles?

STEP 7 Activity: Preparation and adaptation of field research methodology and training for field researcher for household survey.

Location/DateTook place on 3-5 August 2014 at DeKMIS.

Resources/ParticipantsResources required included venue for the meeting and tea/coffee.

Participants included: 1 Senior Gender Specialist and 1 Gender Specialist from ICIMOD; 1 Senior GESI Specialist (Lead Researcher/Coordinator for ACAR), 1 Senior Researcher/Manager, 1 Research Associate from DeKMIS.

OutputsACAR training methodology (sample size), household survey checklist, and a 5-day training programme/module for the field researchers were developed. The field researchers from the two ACAR sites, two women and one man each from the two sites, who were to be invited for the training and work as field researchers were identified. (See Annex 7 for the training workshop meeting’s note held on 5 August).

STEP 8 Activity: Training workshop for field researchers.

Location/Date5-day training workshop for the field researchers 6-9 August 2014 at DeKMIS.

Resources/ParticipantsResources required included costs for venue, stationeries, equipment, lunch/tea/snack; transportation and per-diem for the trainees from the two ACAR sites.

Field researcher training at DeKMIS

The lead facilitator was the ACAR Lead Researcher/Coordinator from DeKMIS supported by Senior Gender Specialist and Gender Specialist from ICIMOD, and the Senior Researcher and ACAR Research Associate from DeKMIS.

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Field researcher training at DeKMIS

Participants in the training included 2 women and 1 man each from the two ACAR districts, altogether 6.

OutputsSix field researchers were trained on collecting household survey data for the ACAR from two ACAR sites in two districts. They were trained the field data collection methodologies, techniques and plans. Training methods was based on adult learning principles and included techniques like hands-on and role-plays. Sample size or number of households for the field data collection was also discussed and finalized. It was decided to conduct the household survey in 25 households in Kavre and 28 in Sindhuli. (See Annex 8 for the training workshop notes)

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STEP 9 Activity: Field data collection by field researchers.

Location/DateThe six field researchers after the training went back to the ACAR sites and collected data from 11 August – 9 September 2014.

Field data translation (in English) and recording

Resources/ParticipantsResources required included allowance for field researchers and NRs. 100 was given to each household interviewed for data collection.

ACAR Lead Researcher/Coordinator from DeKMIS constantly mentored and guided the field researched leads in both the districts.

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Altogether as planned 25 households in Kavre and 28 households in Sindhuli participated in the household survey. OutputsACAR was able to collect primary data from 25 and 28 households respectively from Kavre and Sindhuli districts, totaling from 53 households.

STEP 10 Activity: Three-day field research data sharing and review workshop.

Location/DateThe 3-day workshop was organized from 10-12 September 2014 at DeKMIS.

Resources/ParticipantsResources required included costs for venue, stationeries, equipment, lunch/tea/snack; transportation and per-diem for the field researchers from the two ACAR sites.

Field data sharing workshop at DeKMIS

The workshop was facilitated by the Lead Researcher/Coordinator from DeKMIS supported by the ACAR Senior Researcher and Research Associate from DeKMIS. The Senior Gender Specialist and the Gender Specialist from ICIMOD also participated in the workshop.

OutputsIn the 3-day workshop 10 each (from Kavre and Sindhuli) household field data collected by the field researchers were shared, reviewed and discussed. The experience and the challenges faced by the field researchers in conducting the field data collection and issues that required clarity were also discussed in the workshop. (See Annex 8 for the sharing workshop notes)

STEP 11 Activity: Field data translation, tabulation, disaggregation, SG and preliminary analysis.

Location/DateSeptember 15 – 31 October 2014 (intermittent), DeKMIS, Kathmandu, Nepal

Resources/ParticipantsOutsourced to translate the field data in Nepali into English. Leader Researcher, Senior Researcher and the Research Associate were engaged in tabulating and analyzing the data.

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OutputsThe 25 and 28 household field data (total 53) were translated into English (see Annex 10a and 10b). The data from the field was translated and recorded into English, tabulated and disaggregated gender, caste/ethnicity and social status wise. (See Annex 10c).

Data tabulation

The data was further tabulated for Spider Graph Analysis and presentation and for preliminary analysis in terms of ‘Enabling Factors’ and ‘Challenges.’ The framework used for preliminary analysis is included as Annex 11. Instead of 5 ranking as done in the preliminary SG analysis, 3 level rankings of good, okay and not good) were used to carry out the SG analysis of the field data. Also, the women leaders by now understood the 8 characteristics and used them as against the 16 used earlier in the SG analysis. The detail narrative pre-analysis for Kavre and Sindhuli are included respectively as Annex 12 and 13. See Annex 14 for detail Spider Graph Analysis of the consolidated field data.

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1. Environmental Awareness

2. Vision

3. Change Monitoring

4. Leadership5. Unity

6. Agency

7. Sharing New Knoweldge

8. Learning from the Past

0

10

20

Kavre

Good MaleGood FemaleOkay MaleOkay FemaleNot Good Male Not Good Female

1. Environmental Awareness

2. Vision

3. Change Monitoring

4. Leadership5. Unity

6. Agency

7. Sharing New Knoweldge

8. Learning from the Past

0

10

20

Sindhuli

Good MaleGood FemaleOkay Male Okay FemaleNot Good Male Not Good Female

STEP 12 Activity: Community Sharing and Planning Workshops in Kavre and Sindhuli.

Location/DateA 3-day sharing and planning workshop from 19-21 November 2014 was organized in Phulbari village Kavre.. A 2-day sharing and planning workshop from 1-2 December 2014 was organized in Kamalamai municipality in Sindhuli.

Resources/ParticipantsResources required included costs for research team’s transportation, lodging/food and per-diem; per-diem (transportation) and tea/snacks/lunch for the participants from the ACAR communities.

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Community sharing and planning workshops in Kavre

The ACAR Lead Researcher from DeKMIS was the lead facilitator supported by the Senior Researcher, Research Associate from DeKMIS and the field researchers. The HICAP Coordinator and an intern along with the Senior Gender Specialist also participated in the sharing workshop in Kavre.

Community sharing and planning workshops in Sindhuli

In Kavre there were total 31 participants in the planning workshop including 17 men and 14 women. In Sindhuli there were a total of 30 participants in the planning workshop including 4 men and 26 women.

Spider Graph analysis sharingsOutputsThe community-planning workshop to prepare the micro and 3-month plans was combined with the sharing workshop. After sharing the preliminary analysis findings from the FGDs and field

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research data collection the planning workshop was organized. The planning workshop included group works, presentations, planning methodology adapted from WOCAN’s module, and plenary discussions. The stepwise framework for the planning workshop was:

Situation Analysis: Identification of problems with regard to climate change impacts and adaptive capacities (What is the current situation)

Development of Objectives: Setting goal and objectives to address the problems (what change you want to achieve?).

Development of Activities: Identifying activities (How will you achieve these changes?) Development of Inputs: Resource, responsibility and time planning (what do you need to

achieve these changes?) Development of Indicators: Setting indicators (How will you know if you have achieved

these changes?)

The community participants first developed a long-term micro-plan (more than 1 year) and from the micro-plan a 3-month action plan was derived. Thus for the two ACAR sites inputs for two long-term and 3-month short-term plans were received.

See Annex 15 and 16 for detail reports on the two sharing and planning workshops in Kavre and Sindhuli respectively.

STEP 13 Activity: Tabulating, finalizing and translating the ACAR action plans.

Location/DateDeKMIS Office, 5 December 2014 – 15 January 2015.

Resources/ParticipantsThe ACAR Lead Researcher, Senior Researcher and Research Associate from DeKMIS were engaged in tabulating, editing and final documenting the long-term and short-term 3-month adaptive capacity action plans for the two ACAR sites. The final plans in English were translated into Nepali.

OutputsACAR adaptive capacity long-term and short-term action plans for two sites were documented and translated into Nepali and given to the communities in Kavre and Sindhuli for implementation. The ACAR communities were first asked to try implement the short-term 3-month action plans.

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Action plans in English

The detail report capturing the process for formulating the action plans and the actual actions plans for Kavre and Sindhuli are attached as Annex 17 and 18. The Nepali versions of the plans for Kavre and Sindhuli are attached as Annex 19 and 20.

Action plans in Nepali

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STEP 14 Activity: Internal reviews of the 3-month action plan implementations in the two ACAR districts.

Location/Date Kavre: The internal review workshops were organized in Kavre for two days on 4th and 5th

April 2015 in Phulbari village. Sindhuli: For Sindhuli it was organized on 23rd and 24th April in Kamalamai municipality.

Internal SG review of 8 characteristics in Kavre after implementation of 3-month action plan

Resources/ParticipantsResources required included costs for research team’s transportation, lodging/food and per-diem; tea/snacks for the participants from the ACAR communities.

The ACAR Lead Researcher, Senior Researcher and Research Associate from DeKMIS facilitated the internal review workshops with local level coordination support by the field researchers.

In Kavre in the general internal review participants from the communities included 15 women and 9 men 24. In the controlled group session there were 11 women, 3 girls, 4 men and 2 boys totaling 20. In Sindhuli the review workshop included in the general internal review there were 19 women, 2 men and 1 boy totaling 22, and in the controlled group there were 6 women, 5 men and 1 girl totaling 12. Two field researchers each in the two districts were interviewed separately.

Internal review interviews with field researchers in Kavre

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Outputs In Kavre the community has formed an Environmental Committee that is membership based

and requires a monthly contribution of NRs. 10 every month by a member The Environmental Committee has implemented activities such as making the village free

from plastics (village cleaning campaign); plastic ponds for collecting rainwater; more awareness raising through regular meetings and discussions; project on improved compost; and have visited the local line agencies and shared the action plan for potential supports.

The 3-month action plans were found to be implemented solely by the villagers without any external help. Table 1 below presents detail assessment of the implementation of the 3-month action plan.

Table 1: Assessment of 3-month action plan implementation in KavreObjective Activities Status

To increase access to local and district level resources (financial, technical knowledge, technology) of men and women.

To establish a system of capitalizing the different knowledge of men and women and exchanging/sharing knowledge within the village for addressing the impact of climate change.

Form community environment group/committee

DONE

Conduct monthly meeting for exchange and sharing of information and knowledge

DONE

Organize leadership training especially for women and excluded groups

NOT DONE

There will be effective discussion and sharing meetings held at the village to exchange knowledge and skills.

Conduct community meetings

DONE

Training on green or bio-fuels or energy such as Improved Cooking Stove (ICS), bricket making and actual installation bio-energy

Training for bricket making and bricket making machine to be provided shortly within this year

Environment related street plays

NOT DONE

Forming a committee for conservation of water

DONE

Water source protection DONE Training regarding water

management Start a community fund for

water managementDONE

Technical knowledge of men and women of the village in forest management will be improved and increased.

Strengthening the forest group having equal men and women members

NOT DONE

Effective collaboration and engagement with Ranger Post and District Forest Office

DONE

Leadership and GESI in forest management training NOT DONE

Forest fire control The forest in our area

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demarcation and management training and implementation

are too small for making fire control pits, we need to find alternative ways to control fire

Local and traditional crops and cattle rearing are resilient to climate change and productive.

Awareness about pesticides with posters, hoarding boards and pamphlets

NOT DONE

Study visits (within and outside districts) NOT DONE

Other Activities that were done which was not included in the 3 months Action PlanActivities Status

Cleaning Campaign DONEEnvironment Awareness Classes for students and teachers of the village school. (lead by Nima and Shiva Hari)

DONE

Improved Shed Management and Manure Management for DONESongs with climate change were sung during mass get-together DONE

There were still some activities that needed to be done to complete the 3-month actions plan. Some of additional inputs/resources required were: technical advice and expertise; new

initiation for water source conservation; proper identification of water sources; Leadership trainings for women; exposure visits; and technical trainings.

The action plans in Kavre were shared with local line agencies including: Soil Conservation Office (DISCO); District Forest Office (DFO); District Agriculture Office (DAO); Livestock Office; Ranger Post; District Drinking Water Office; and RIMREK (NGO).

See Annex 21 for detail reports on the general internal review, controlled group discussion and key informant interviews with the field researchers.

In Sindhuli it was found that the ACAR community has formed an Environmental Committee within the Tole Sudhar Committee through which they distributed the micro plan. Everyone involved in the Tole Sudhar Committee are members of the environmental committee, which is about 50-60 households. There are 9 members in the working committee of the Environment Committee and they have had 2 meetings so far. Also there was a general discussion with all the members including the 50-60 households.

Internal review in Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli

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The working committee of the Environmental Committee shared the Action Plans with the local agencies such as DISCO, DDC, Livestock Office, Drinking Water Office, District Agriculture Office, District Vet nary Office and the Municipality Office.

The Environmental Committee in Sindhuli was able to get a commitment of a contribution of NRs. 50,000 from the Kamalamai Municipality Ward Office for the construction of the community hall.

The DFO office has also committed to provide the community with plants, saplings and tress. Drinking water office has committed 500 meters water pipes for the successful construction of 500 toilets in the village.

Internal review control group FGD in Sindhuli

The Environmental Committee has organized a cleaning campaign and have made some regulations regarding fine for anyone found littering in the area.

The community in Sindhuli was also able to get an exposure visit through the livestock office through which one of the elder members of the Environmental Committee was able to participate in an exposure visit to Pokhara, Bandipur, and Chitwan.

The Committee has also organized activities to clean water sources in the village. Some of the major activities, which required additional resource and inputs, include the

construction of the community hall. The community’s estimate is about NRs. 200,000 and so far they have been able to raise NRs.50,000.

Internal review field researcher key interviews in Sindhuli

There are still challenges like the participation of the community in the Environment Committee meetings and activities need to be improved.

The ACAR has been able to organize the community to discuss environmental and climate change issues but there is still the challenge of local level political support and endorsement.

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Table 2 below presents detail assessment of the implementation of the 3-month action plan in Sindhuli.

Table 2: Assessment of 3-month action plan implementation in SindhuliObjective Activities Status

To establish a community mechanism to discuss environmental issues.

Community needs technical knowledge on forest management.

Establishment of Tole Sudhar Samitee and working committee within it on environment and forest.

DONE

Forest related exposure visitOne Exposure visit organized by Livestock Office

Plan for drinking waterNOT DONE

Improved toilet campaignONGOING

Availability of hybrid and improves seeds

NOT DONE

To improve community participation by improving the community’s knowledge and information.

Establishment of Tole Sudhar Samitee and within that a working committee on environment

DONE

Cleaning water sources programme

DONE (1-2 TIMES)

Toilet building campaignONGOING

Availability of improved seedsSeeds (maize) provided by the DFO

Monthly exposure visitsMonthly exposure visit of the local community

forest conducted.

To have timely access to information on development resources available in the district or municipality and to improve the technical knowledge of the community on agriculture.

Formation of community environment group

DONE

Regular visit to and meetings with the DDC and municipality

NOT REGULARLY

Regular contact with the municipality ward secretary

NOT REGULARLY

Meetings of Tole Sudhar Samitee

ONGOING

To improve the leadership quality and community’s knowledge and skills on environmental management.

Formation of environmental committee within the Tole Sudhar Samitee

DONE

Community training on NOT DONE

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environmental managementOther Activities that were done which was not included in the 3-months Action Plan

ACTIVITIES STATUS

Contribution of NRs. 50,000/- from the Municipality for the construction of community hall

DONE

Commitment of 500 meters pipe from the Drinking Water Office on the completion of 500 improved toilets in the village

ONGOING

Cleaning Campaigns with rules and regulation of fine for any littering in the village

DONE

NRs. 25/- collected from the members of the Environment Committee to buy stationary for Community meetings

DONE

Community utensils were bought with contribution from the Environment Committee members

DONE

See Annex 22 for detail reports on the general internal review, controlled group discussion and key informant interviews with the field researchers.

STEP 15 Activity: Revisiting/Reviewing the ACAR Action Plans post-earthquake in Nepal.

Location/DateThe revisiting/reviewing of the action plans workshop in the context of post-earthquake was held for two days on 21st and 22nd April 2015 at DeKMIS.

Resources/ParticipantsResources required included costs for venue, stationeries, equipment, lunch/tea/snack; transportation and per-diem for the trainees from the two ACAR sites.

Post-earthquake reviewing and revisiting workshop with Kavre field researchers

Participants in the workshop included the ACAR Lead Researcher, Senior Researcher and the Research Associate from DeKMIS; Research Intern from ICIMOD; and 3 field researchers from Kavre and 2 from Sindhuli.

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OutputsThe overall objectives of the workshop were: Discussing the effects of the earthquake, the situation of the villages in the present context

and coping with the disaster. The ACAR Action Plan and its effectiveness during the earthquake specially with reference

to the 8 domains listed by the project (Leadership, Unity, Environment Awareness, Agency, Learning from the Past, Sharing Knowledge, Monitoring Change and Vision)

Post-earthquake Reviewing and revisiting workshop with Kavre field researchers The Sharing Workshop scheduled for early this year has been now transferred to sometime

next year. Also discussing the situation of the village with reference to making the field trips for ACAR

reviews and interviews.

Identification of Problems and Activities

Phulbari VDC, Kavre District

Training for constructing secure households and secure animal sheds. Toilets that have been destroyed need to be reconstructed. At the moment there is lack of

cleanliness due to open deification and the main reason of it being the toilets being too far away from the makeshift houses.

Lack of mobilizing local human resources due to lack of skills and training for constructing houses. Increase of youth migration as migration seems to be the only option.

Under or no productive utilization of the 15,000/- provided by the government for the victims of the earthquake. There seems to no monitoring of the distributed relief funds.

No maintenance for water resources, rain water harvesting tanks, biogas, improved cook-stoves etc. that have been affected by the earthquake.

Lack of personal awareness, disaster management and psychosocial problems, which shows increase in domestic fights, domestic violence and also negative impact on the children.

Community related problems/issues were:

People became selfish and self-centered during the resource distribution. They forgot the idea of sharing. Community work, which is otherwise very good, was a little off during the disaster.

There has been a decrease in the community work and also interest in community work after the earthquake.

Damage of community property like school and community hall Increase of deforestation in both community forests and private forests, but no afforestation.

People are also resorting to illegal means to get the fuel-wood and there has been increasing problem with the availability of land for use.

There is no solid plan and hence the relief resources are being underutilized. There seems to be no initiation for monitoring if the utility of the distributed relief materials.

Technical experts required to evaluation of land for re-settlement Technical experts required to access water level and constantly monitor sources of water and

other important things.

Some of the opportunities and achievements identified by the workshop were:

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Networking with other institutions and organizations Previously we only had maize seeds but there has been a new mechanism for seed bank (200

seeds to be distributed later double the amount of seeds to be collected then that 400 seeds to be distributed in the community again and so on). This program is started with a NGO called Naudana, so post earthquake we also got the opportunity to gain new mechanisms and knowledge.

There is also an increase in the confidence and agency of women in the community. There has been emergence of new women leaders.

There is also an increase in the recognition and exposure of the women from the community. Now even the ward and the municipality have acknowledged our hard work.

Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli

Training for building temporary shelters Addressing the problem of contagious diseases (cold, cough, diarrhea, etc.) especially

focusing on the disabled and children Building Community or Public toilets Building a community hall to stay together during disasters Precaution measures for landslides Maintenance and maintenance training for Biogas Temporary shelters for the disabled and the single women Mental or Psychological counseling specially focusing on pregnant women and children Monitoring and proper distribution mechanism for Government relief aid Arrangement for educating the orphans (due to the earthquake) Problems of drinking water caused due to the cracking of the wells, damage of water sources

and having to resort to rain water No participation for planting trees in the community forests Requirement of engineering experts to check lands for relocating purposes Inflation of wage labor Damaged irrigation channels for agriculture, depending on rainwater harvest.

Post-earthquake reviewing and revisiting workshop with Sindhuli field researchers

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Outputs from post-earthquake reviewing and revisiting workshop

See Annex 23 for detail report on the workshop.

The Action Plans for the two ACAR sites or districts were revised as given below

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6. ACAR Revised Action Plans (Post-earthquake)The Action Plans were reorganized and updated for Sindhuli and Kavre in the context of recent earthquake in Nepal.

Note: The new and immediate activities are in bold and italics. Rest of the work plan remains as it is which the community will carry out as per the need and available resources.

1. SINDHULIProblem: Lack of community level discussion and forum (group) on environmental issues and lack of technical knowledge regarding forest management.Indicators:Objective Activities Inputs Time Responsible/Partnership To establish a

community mechanism to discuss environmental issues.

Communities have technical knowledge on forest management.

Establishment of Tole Sudhar Samitee and working committee within it on environment and forest.

Community coordination and participation

< 3 months Community Tole Sudhar Samitee

Forest related exposure visit

Construction of makeshift homes for immediate rehabilitation.

Budget Decision by the group who

will participate

< 3 months Tole Sudhar Samitee DFO Community groups Other organizations

Leadership training Budget Trainer

> 1 year Tole Sudhar Samitee Community groups Other organizations

Plan for drinking water Technical expert to

support/ survey and inspect potential drinking/irrigation water sites and wetlands for protection/revival and use.

Community participation Technical Expert

(ICIMOD/DDWD); Budget/materials

< 3 months Community Village secretary Village leaders

Tree plantation programme – Not a priority at the moment

Tree sapling Public land Community participation

> 1 year Community forest groups Community DFO

Regeneration and conservation of drinking water sources

Technician Technology Expert/Trainer Fund

> 1 year Community Tole Sudhar Samitee DDWD Other organizations

Improved toilet campaign Maintenance and

reconstruction of toilets damaged by the earthquake

Technical experts and construction materials

< 3 months Tole Sudhar Samitee Community Tole Sudhar Samitee

Availability of hybrid and improves seeds

Awareness campaign for contagious/transferable disease

Budget Expert

< 3 months Tole Sudhar Samitee Community DADO

Problem: Lack of community participation in community development works due to lack of knowledge and information.Indicators:Objective Activities Inputs Time Responsible/Partnership To improve

community participation by improving the community’s knowledge and information.

Building community hall with community toilets

Fund Construction workers Construction materials

> 1 year Municipality Community groups Other organizations

Building drinking water tank at the water source

Repairing the damaged wells

Fund Construction workers Construction materials

> 1 year Municipality Community groups Other organizations DDWD

Establishment of Tole Sudhar Samitee and within that a working committee

Conduct monthly meetings for the

Community mobilization and participation

Meeting hall – construction

< 3 months Community groups

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environment committee

Cleaning water sources programme

Cleaning materials


Environmental awareness raising

Fund Trainer/environmental educator

> 1 year Community groups Other organizations

(I/NGOs) Media activities (radio

and print) on the works done by the community

Training for construction of earthquake safe houses

Fund Media service provider

> 1 year Community groups Other organizations

(I/NGOs) Media and media

organizations

Toilet building campaign

Repairing the broken bio-gas

Awareness raising unity mobilization and participation

Materials such as posters

Individual household and community

Other organizations (I/NGOs) who work on WASH (Water, Sanitation and Health)

Availability of improved seeds

Coordination with DADO DADO


Monthly exposure visits

Land survey to check for safe land to relocate

Fund Decision by the community

group on who will participate

< 3 months Community group DFO

Problem: No timely access to information and knowledge about development resources in the district or municipality, and lack of technical knowledge in agriculture.Indicators:Objective Activities Inputs Time Responsible/Partnership To have timely

access to Formation of community

environment group Tole Sudhar Samitee Community

< 3 months Community

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information on development resources available in the district or municipality and to improve the technical knowledge of the community on agriculture.

Psycho-social counseling Psycho-social counseling

training for teachers and others

mobilization and participation

Regular visit to and meetings with the DDC and municipality

Regular contact with the municipality ward secretary

Community leadership < 3 months Community Environmental group

Meetings of Tole Sudhar Samitee

Community Meeting place/hall

< 3 months Community

Meetings for Tole Sudhar Samitee

Community participation

<3months Community

Community hall construction Fund Land Construction materials

and workers Community

participation

>1 year Community DDC, Municipality Other organizations

(I/NGOs)

Agriculture training for the community

Earthquake safety training

Fund Resource

person/trainer DADO

> 1 year Environment group DADO, Municipality Other organizations

(I/NGOs)Problem: Lack of transparency in leadership and lack of knowledge and skills on environment on specific sectors such as water and agriculture.Indicators:Objective Activities Inputs Time Responsible/Partnership To improve the

leadership quality and community’s knowledge and skills on environmental management.

Formation of environmental committee within the Tole Sudhar Samitee

Leadership training for single women

Register Meeting hall/place Community

coordination and participation

< 3months Community

Community training on resource mobilization and governance

Fund Training hall

> 1 year Community groups Municipality, DDC

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accountability Resource person/trainer

Other organizations (I/NGOs)

Community training on environmental management

Fund Training hall Resource

person/trainer

< 3months Community groups Municipality, DDC, DADO Other organizations

(I/NGOs) Good Governance training for

community leaders and community

Fund Training hall Resource

person/trainer

> 1 year Community groups Municipality, DDC Other organizations

(I/NGOs)

2. KAVREProblem: Limited sharing of information, knowledge and lack of transparency in decision-making system.Indicators:Objective Activities Inputs Time Responsible/Partnership To increase access

to local and district level resources (financial, technical knowledge, technology) of men and women.

To establish a system of capitalizing the different knowledge of men and women and exchanging/sharing knowledge within the village for addressing the

Form community environment group/committee (Done)

Through local coordination and participation

<3 months Existing local groups, including youths and excluded groups

Conduct monthly meeting for exchange and sharing of information and knowledge (On-going)

Through local coordination and participation

<3 months Existing local groups, including youths and excluded groups

External organizations like ICIMOD for technical inputs

Document information for sharing on climate change and install hoarding boards (for providing information and awareness on climate change issues)

Fund Technicians on rain

pattern monitoring Technologies (rain

gauge etc.)

> 1 year Community environment group

VDC, DADO, MOEST External organizations such

as ICIMOD

Organize leadership training especially for women and excluded groups

Fund Resource person

>3 months Community environment group

DDC, VDC, WDO, ICIMOD, REMREC

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impact of climate change.

Exchange/exposure visit for obtaining information and knowledge on income-generation, enterprise development related to climate change adaptation. – Not immediately, only during the winter

Fund > 1 year Community environment group

DDC, VDC, DADO, WDO ICIMOD, JICA and other

I/NGOs/donors

Purchase computer for recording information and Internet for communications. – Not a priority, shift activity to next year

Fund Training on using

computer/internet


ICIMOD, JICA and other I/NGOs/donors

Establish/conduct environmental/climate change education/awareness

Training for government officials, private organizations and the community (sometime early September) with regards to the recent earthquakes

Fund Teacher/trainer


DDC, VDC, DADO, WDO ICIMOD, JICA and other

I/NGOs/donors

Conduct social audit – for transparency of resources and contribution for the environment. Orientation and benefit sharing

Visits to monitor the utilization of relief funds and materials.

1) Auditor or finance expert

> 1 year DDC, VDC ICIMOD and concerned

NGOs

Problem: Absence of platform or a group to discuss and lack of capacity and knowledge on environmental problems and issues in the village.Indicators:Objective Activities Inputs Time Responsible/Partnership There will be

effective discussion and sharing

Construction of community hall with community toilets for monthly meetings

Fund Community

participation (labor)


DDC, VDC, DFO, DADO,

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meetings held at the village to exchange knowledge and skills.

Repair of the damaged community hall

Construction materials for meeting hall

Builder

DSCO ICIMOD, JICA and other

I/NGOs/donors Love Green Nepal, Japanese

Embassy Conduct community meetings

(On-going) Through local


<3 months Community environment group

Conduct environmental (forest, water, soil) trainings for the community three times a year- Not a priority

Trainings to test earthquake safe lands (one to be done immediately)

Fund Resource person Community

participation

>1 year Community environment group

DDC, VDC, DFO, DADO, DSCO


Start trainings/awareness regarding climate change in schools, male and female groups (Done once)

More training and materials for environment awareness

Psycho-social counseling

Fund Resource person Community

participation


DDC, VDC, DFO, DADO, DSCO


Start IPM classes for farmers Biogas, ICS repair trainings

Fund Trainer


DADO Start seed banks (Done with

maize seeds) New initiative form Naudana

(NGO) to start 7 types of vegetable seed banking


Knowledge on seed banking


VDC, DADO Technical expertise from

outside Daily climate

monitoring/measurement – Not a priority

Fund Climate monitoring

training and devices


ICIMOD Training on green or bio-fuels or - Technician and trainer < 3 months VDC, DDC, DFO

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energy such as Improved Cooking Stove (ICS)-on-going, bricket making and actual installation bio-energy

Planting more trees

- ICS and bricket building tools, machines and materials

(training)> 1 year (actual installation)

Resource Management and Rural Empowerment Center (REMREK), Nepal

ICIMOD, IWMI, JICA and other I/NGOs

Sharing platform of traditional knowledge (On-going)

Training to compile long term planning for the village

Involvement of the older generation



Environment related street plays songs and poems (Done)


<3 months Community environment group

Problem: Lack of technical skill, technique, technician and technology to manage drinking water and irrigation.Indicators:Objective To overcome

problems of drinking water and irrigation by developing skills and techniques.

Activities Inputs Time Responsible/Partnership Forming a committee for

conservation of water Community


< 3 months Community environment group

Community Water source protection Registering the environmental

group

Tool for cleaning (shovel, spade etc.)

Community participation (voluntarism)

Technical support from DDWD


Community DDC, VDC

Training regarding water management – Not a priority

Survey for drinking water and its sources

Fund Resource person Training space Community

participation


DDC, VDC, DDWD ICIMOD, IWMI, JICA and

other I/NGOs Construction Maintenance and

repair of existing rain-water collection tank

Fund Technician Technical support Building materials for

tank construction



other I/NGOs

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Training regarding identifying, budgeting, evaluating and managing resources

Training for 10 youth on construction of earthquake safe household

Fund Resource person Training materials Record books for

database Water measurement

device Community

participation



other I/NGOs

Start a community fund for water management (Done)

Record and account keeping training

Saving collection mechanism

Donations


Water Conservation Committee

Community DDWD

Problem: Lack of skill, technique, technology and collective action in forest and environment management.Indicators:Objective Activities Inputs Time Responsible/Partnership Technical

knowledge of men and women of the village in forest management will be improved and increased.

Strengthening the forest group having equal men and women members – Not a priority

Engineer and expert to estimate and provide earthquake budget safe housing structures

Mobilization and participation of the community


Forest group committee Community

Effective collaboration and engagement with Ranger Post and District Forest Office (On-going)

Effective functioning of the forest user groups and committees


Forest group committee Community

Leadership and GESI in forest management training – Not a priority

Training for the Tole leaders who can serve as trainers for

Fund Trainer


Forest group committee DFO ICIMOD, JICA and other

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the community I/NGOs/donors Soil erosion monitoring, bio-

engineering/landslide prevention training

Fund Trainer DSCO


Forest group committee DSCO ICIMOD, JICA and other

I/NGOs/donors Herb identification and

management training – Not a priority

Resource person Herbal plant nursery



I/NGOs/donors Orientation workshop for forest

users on community forests policies – Not a priority

Resource persons (trainer)

Constitution or policy on community forest

Forest User Group (committee)

DFO


Range Post, DFO, Forest User Group, FECOFUN


Training on climate resilient crops and plants – Not a priority


(technician) Creating nursery to

provide climate resilient plant saplings

Distribution of saplings

Forest User group DDC, DFO


Range Post, DFO, Forest User Group, FECOFUN


Exposure/study visits during winter in regards to earthquake safety

Identification study visit site

Fund (travel, hotel/food etc.)


Forest group committee DFO

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Resource person (guide)

VDC Forest User Group


Forest fire control demarcation and management training and implementation

Plantation as a precaution for landslides

Technician and resource person

Tools (spade, shovel etc.)

Forest User Committee

Forest Range Post, DFO and DDC

< 3 months> 1 year

Community environment group

Forest group committee DFO Range Post, DFO and Forest

User Group

Problem: Lack of information, knowledge, skill, technology for climate resilient agricultural practice.Indicators:Objective Activities Inputs Time Who/Partnership Local and

traditional crops and cattle rearing are resilient to climate change and productive.

Organizing soil test camps and trainings on producing composts fertilizers. – To be done next year



DSCO, DADO ICIMOD, JICA and other

I/NGOs/donors Training on improved crop

identification, plant pest and disease identification, use of pesticides and on Integrated Pest Management (IPM). - To be done next year

Resource person (trainer/technician)

Training materials Fund Equipment, improved seeds


DADO ICIMOD, JICA and other

I/NGOs/donors

Awareness about pesticides with posters, hoarding boards and pamphlets - To be done next year

Fund for designing and printing and installing the awareness raising materials



I/NGOs/donors Veterinary camps, animal

waste/manure testing and Resource person

(trainer/technician)> 1 year Community environment

group

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information on animal diseases. (Done)



I/NGOs/donors Planting improved

(nutritious) fodder. (On-going)

Training to identify improved fodder

Provision of improved fodder saplings


DADO, DFO ICIMOD, JICA and other

I/NGOs/donors Training on improving

cowsheds (Done), cattle insurance schemes, identification of animal diseases

Resource person (trainer/technician)




I/NGOs/donors Study visits during winter

(within and outside districts) focusing on the recent earthquake

Identification study visit site

Fund (travel, hotel/food etc.)

Resource person (guide) VDC Forest User Group



I/NGOs/donors

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