AcadiaThe Great Deportation

Acadia, where you at?

Right over Here!

:)

Background Info The Mi’kmaq were the traditional people of

Acadia and called their home territory Mi’kma’ki.

In the 1600s, French settlers started farming and living in Acadia.

The British and French fought over it and control of Acadia went back and forth several times.

By 1713, Acadia was a British colony. They won it in a war against the French.

Britain changed Acadia’s name to Nova Scotia.

Acadia in the early 1700s The Acadians had been farming and

living in Acadia since 1604. The French and the Mi’kmaq never

fought. Some Mi’kmaq and Acadians had even

married. The Acadians created their own way of

life based on fishing and their unique way of farming.

Louisbourg In 1720, France built a fortress called

Louisbourg on what is now Cape Breton Island.

Oh no you didn’t! Britain responded by building its own

military base in 1749: Halifax.

The Acadians are Expelled By 1750, 10 000 Acadians lived on the

shores of the Bay of Fundy. Britain wanted to populate Acadia with

English-speaking people. The Governor of Nova Scotia, Charles

Lawrence worried that the Acadians might take sides with the French in any future conflicts.

The Acadians had always refused to swear loyalty to the British Crown.

The Great Deportation Charles Lawrence gave the Acadians

an ultimatum: Swear your loyalty or lose your

land!

The Acadians wished to remain neutral and they refused. This lead to le Grand Derangement – the Great Upheaval.

Canada: A People’s History https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JCGmyC7sC8

Episode 3-35:48

The Seven Years’ War1756-1763

The Seven Years’ War Territories Disputed: Europe, North

America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines.

Superpowers involved: Britain, France, Spain, Prussia (Germany-ish), Austria. Other countries were involved too.

How the action start? Louisbourg was captured by Britain in

Summer, 1758. The fortress was surrounded and its supplies was cut off.

In Spring 1759, General James Wolfe led a fleet up the St. Lawrence to Quebec. The battle lasted for three months.

The French commander was the Marquis du Montcalm. His plan was to hold off until winter so Wolfe would have to retreat.

The Taking of Quebec June 28, 1759

General James Wolfe Wolfe was attacking a well-

defended French fortress. Quebec could not be

surrounded like Louisbourg to cut off its supplies.

Wolfe needed to draw out the enemy so they could fight!

Louis-Joseph de Montcalm Montcalm was on the

defense. He thought he was safe

in his stone fortress.

The Siege of Quebec The French and British fought for nine

weeks. Quebec was in ruins. It was almost wintertime…

The Battle for the Plains of Abraham

Wolfe’s plan: The British Soldiers would secretly go to a farmer’s field behind the fortress called The Plains of Abraham and attack the French while they were weak.

Around midnight on September 12, 1759, the British snuck up a steep hill to the field.

When the French woke up, they were surprised to see thousands of British soldiers.

Aftermath Quebec was left in ruins. The remaining French soldiers fell back

to Montreal. The French surrendered on September

8, 1760. The Canadiens had created farms,

roads, fur trading networks, churches and much more. They had laid the foundations for Canada.

First Nations and the war First Nations fought in the wars with

the British and the French. They even kept fighting the British after the French surrendered.

Pontiac Pontiac was an

Odawa First Nation who convinced other First Nations to fight a war against the British for the Ohio Valley (west of the 13 colonies).

Seiges of Fort DetroitMay 7 and 9, 1763

“Englishmen, although you have conquered the French, you have not conquered us! We are not you r slaves. These lakes, these woods, and mountains were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance; and we will part with them to none.”

-Pontiac used the words of Mineweh, an Anishinabe leader, to motivate First Nations to fight.

Pontiac’s Mission He lay siege to Fort Detroit, first with

300 then 900 First Nations. He was unsuccessful but inspired other First Nations to fight against the British.

The Treaty of Paris Montreal was surrendered in 1760,

ending the fighting over New France. In 1763, Britain and France signed a

treaty in Paris. France gave up its claims in North America.

France got to keep Guadeloupe (in the Caribbean) and St. Pierre and Miquelon (near Newfoundland).

The Royal Proclamation of 1763Britain’s new rules for its colony from King George III.

New France became the province of Quebec. Quebec was much smaller. The interior was set aside for First Nations. British Laws and courts replaced French

systems. The government would be an appointed

governor and a council of advisors. The Catholic Church could no longer tithe

and Catholics could not have senior jobs in government.

The Quebec Act of 1774For when your Royal Proclamations don’t work.

The Canadiens couldn’t be “made” British just because the King said they were. They couldn’t be assimilated.

The people in the Thirteen colonies were getting restless and Britain didn’t want a rebellion in Quebec too.

Thus, Quebec Act of 1774!

Terms of The Quebec Act Quebec became bigger in size. Much of the land given to First Nations was now

part of Quebec. French language rights were recognized (the

beginnings of bilingualism). The seigneurial system stayed in place. Catholics were given freedom of religion and

could have government jobs. French civil law would be used. The Roman Catholic Church could tithe again and

hold property.