ACADEMIC & TECHNICAL - Printing Industries … & TECHNICAL Study Material* in preparation for the...

ACADEMIC & TECHNICAL

Study Material* in preparation for the Fifteenth Annual Competition at Tamayo’s Restaurant

on Friday, April 30, 2010

*The contents of this packet are reproduced with permission from the following organizations: 1) PIA/GATF–Glossary of Graphic Communications 2) International Paper Company–“Pocket Pal” 3) North American Publishing Company–Glossary of “Target Marketing” 4) Adobe–Variable Data Publishing Resource Center Glossary 5) Digital Printing & Imaging Association–Glossary “Guide to Digital Imaging”. These can be reprinted without permission for educational purposes only.

Word Definition

RAISE FOUNDATIIONACADEMIC COMPETITION2010 Word List

AREA OF PRINTING: Historical

aniline printing An early name for rotary letterpress printing with rubber plates and fluid, fast-drying inks thatcontained dyes derived from aniline oils.

archival printing Techniques for printing books, documents, and records intended to last 150 years or more.

beard In hot-metal typesetting, the beveled space below the printing surface of a type letter.

block printing Printing from wooden or linoleum blocks with the printing image cut in relief. Used before theinvention of movable type, and now limited to special art reproductions, and decorativewallpaper and fabric printing.

brayer A small hand roller used to distribute ink, on a test slab or proof press.

California job case An open box with compartments in which individual type characters are separated for thehand compositor.

calotype The earliest process of making photographic negatives and prints on sensitized paper.Alternative term: talbottype.

chromolithography Obsolete lithographic color printing process in which a separate litho stone is required to printeach color.

composing machines Typesetting machines used to cast and compose type in justified lines. Intertype, Linotype, and Monotype machines are some examples.

composing room The area in a printing plant where type is set.

counter The white space enclosed by a letterform, whether wholly enclosed or partially, e.g., as seenwith d or o or with c or m.

daguerreotype A positive image produced on a silver-coated copper plate. The first practical photographicprocess, it was invented by Louis J. M. Daguerre in 1839. The image is developed byexposing the plate to metallic mercury vapors.

electrotype A duplicate relief printing plate that is made by molding a sheet of hot plastic or wax moldagainst the original relief plate, electroplating the mold with a coating of copper or nickel,shaping the plate into a cylinder, and backing it with a plastic, wood, or metal supportmaterial.

graphic communications Allied industries, including printing, publishing, advertising, and design, that participate in theproduction and dissemination of text and images by printed or electronic means.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Historical

Laserwriter, Apple The first desktop laser printer to contain PostScript, introduced in 1985 by Apple

linecasting machine A keyboard or tape-controlled hot-metal device that sets complete lines of type.

litho stone A Bavarian limestone. A flat porous stone used as a lithographic image carrier by earlylithographers and by contemporary printmakers.

magazine In hot-metal typography, the storage compartments in the circulation system of the charactermatrices.

Rubel, Ira The man credited with the invention of the offset-lithographic press. He designed the firstpress with a blanket cylinder in 1905.

stereotype Early method of imaging cylinders for letterpress web presses. Involved pressing a flat metalrelief plate against a papier-maché mold (called a "flong"). The mold was wrapped inside acylindrical carrier, and molten metal was poured into the mold to form the relief cylinder.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Graphic Arts Materials

abrasion resistance The resistance of a paper or paperboard surface to being worn down, roughened, ordisrupted by sliding frictional contact with other surfaces, as measured by the weight loss of aweighed test sample.

accelerator (1) An alkali, or base, used to activate a developing agent to make it more effective. (2) Asubstance added, or a method used, to hasten the natural process or progress of an event orseries of events, such as ink drying.

acetone (1) a solvent used in gravure inks to accelerate drying. (2) An ingredient in many lacquerthinner compounds and adhering liquids that is used to remove lacquer-adhered knife-cutstencils and lacquer blockouts from screen-printing fabrics.

addition agent In gravure, a material added in small quantities to plating solution for the purpose ofmodifying the character of a deposit.

adhesion The state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces; measure of thestrength with which one material sticks to another.

blanket wash An oil-based solvent used for cleaning the blanket and rollers on the press.

bodying agent A material added to an ink to increase its viscosity and drying time.

china clay A natural white mineral pigment-hydrated aluminum silica-used in paper coatings and as anink extender. Alternative term: kaolin.

coating mottle A small variation in gloss that can be detected on a coated, calendered sheet by viewing it atan angle to check for specular reflection from the surface.

detergent resistance How well an applied ink or coating withstands the effects of chemicals.

dilutent A solvent that is added to reduce viscosity.

doubletone ink A printing ink that produces the illusion of two-color printing with a single impression. Theseinks contain a soluble toner that bleeds out to produce a secondary color.

dye emulsions Screen printing inks in which dyes (liquids suspended in a viscous medium), rather thanpigments (powders), contribute the color effects.

extender (1) A transparent or white pigment or binder used to adjust the working properties and reducethe color strength of a printing ink without affecting its hue. (2) The parts of the letterform thatextend below the baseling, e.g., p,q.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Graphic Arts Materials

flushed pigment The result when a wet pigment is processed in a mixer along with a selected varnish, thepigment becoming preferentially wet with the varnish and transferring from the water to thevarnish.

heavy bodied Inks with a high viscosity or stiff consistency.

indicator A dye that changes in color with shifts in pH.

lake An ink colorant formed when a soluble dye is converted into a pigment in the presence of aninorganic white base such as alumina hydrate or white gloss.

masstone The color of an ink in bulk, such as in a can, or of a thick ink film. It is the color of lightreflected by the pigment and often differs from the printed color of the ink.

nonreflective ink Most often a black ink used to form the optical characters that are read by OCR devices. Thisnonreflective ink contrasts greatly with the paper, and enables the scanner to form arecognition pattern to identify the characters.

organic dye A general classification of pigments that are carbon-based, as opposed to metallic pigments.

oxidation A slow chemical reaction of the reactive drying oil of printing ink with oxygen to produce a dryink film.

top drier A substance, typically the heavy metal cobalt, that is mixed with lithographic ink to speed theoxidation (hardening) of the ink film surface.

vehicle A liquid composed of a varnish, waxes, driers, and other additives that carries the inkcolorant (pigment), controls the flow of the ink or varnish on the press, and, after drying,binds the pigment to the substrate.

viscoelastic A material, such as an offset printing ink, that behaves as both a fluid and an elastic solid.

Zahn cup Measurement device for measuring the viscosity of a liquid based on the speed by-which theliquid passes through the cup.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Abbreviations and Acronyms

1D-MH one-dimensional modified Huffman

3GL third-generation (computer) language

AAL ATM adaption layer

AAUI Apple auxiliary unit interface

BACP bandwidth allocation control protocol

BACT best achievable control technology

BASIC beginner’s all-purpose symbolic instruction code

BER bit error rate

C2S paper coated on both sides

CAB-EDI cyber-assisted business electronic data interchange

CALS (1) computer-aided acquisition and logistic support; (2) continuous acquisition and lifecyclesupport

CAN cancel character

DC (1) direct current; (2) device context

DIL dual inline

DOLE distributed object linking and embedding

DPMI DOS protected mode interface

E-to-B emulsion-to-base

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Word Definition



EBCDIC extended binary coded decimal interchange code

ECF elemental chlorine-free (paper)

EMI/RFI electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference

EMX enterprise messaging exchange

FIFO first in, first out

FSI free-standing insert

GIBR graphics industry bar code

GIGO garbage in, garbage out

GPIO general-purpose input output

GUID global universal identification

HeNeCs helium neon laser contact screen

HSV hue, saturation, and value

I-BASIC Internet beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code

IDDE integrated development and debugging environment

IMC image color matching

IOC ISDN ordering code

ISBN International Standard Book Number

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Word Definition



JOE Java objects everywhere

LCS liquid-crystal shutter

LSL link support layer

LUT look-up table

MAC (1) medium-access control; (2) media access control; (3) metropolitan area exchange; (4)multiply accumulate

MC microchannel

MIPS million instructions per second

MMCX multimedia communications exchange server

MP multilink point-to-point protocol

MTBF mean time between failures

NAK negative acknowledge

NCR no-carbon-required paper

ODBC open database connectivity

ODG optical dot gain

PDG physical dot gain

pH potential of hydrogen

PLAR private-line auto ringdown

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Word Definition



PnP plug and play

PPTP point-to-point tunneling protocol

QWERTY standard keyboard layout

RLP radio link protocol

SCSI small computer systems interface

SMS (1) short message service; (2) storage management services

TCF totally chlorine free (paper)

TMP thermomechanical paper pulp

USB universal serial bus

VON voice on/over the Net

VxD virtual device driver

WORM write once, read many

ZM zoomed video

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Typography/Graphic Design

agate (1) Body type measuring approximately 5 1/2 points. The agate is frequently used to specifythe depth of newspaper advertising. Fourteen agate lines are equivalent to one column inch.(2) A polished stone tool used in bookbinding to burnish the edges of books after applyingmetal leaf.

aliasing A jagged or "staircase" effect in a raster image, caused by an insufficient number of imagesamples. See also: anti-aliasing.

alley The spaces between tabular copy. It is occasionally referred to as column margins orcolumns. See also: gutter.

anti-aliasing In computer graphics, a procedure whereby pixels at the edge of a diagonal or curvedsurface are averaged with those of the background in order to produce a smoother edge andminimize the effect of unwanted patterns (jaggies). Alternative term: dithering. See also:aliasing.

art assembly Preparing comprehensives and keylines with black-and-white stats, or color images, andtype.

back matter Material printed at the end of a book, including the appendix, addenda, glossary, index, andbibliography. Alternative term: end matter.

block colors Colors printed solid, i.e., with near identical opacity and density over the entire surface andwithout gradations, tints, or shading.

bodyline capacity The maximum number of lines of copy that can be contained on a page.

calligraphy Various styles of elegant handwriting, many based on classic examples from the fourteenth through the eighteenth centuries.

color density The opacity, purity, or brilliance of a color.

complementary colors Any two opposite (or contrasting) colors that produce white or gray when combined. Inprinting, complementary colors neutralize or accentuate each other, diminishing or enhancingthe attention value of the print.

diffusion disk Flat glass with a pattern of lines or concentric rings that break up and scatter light from anenlarger lens, softening the detail in a print.

ear The small stroke projecting from the top of lowercase, e.g., r, f, or a.

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Word Definition



editorial changes Modifications requested by the customer to change a particular color in the reproduction so itis unlike the original or the initial specification.

exposure setting The lens opening and shutter speed selected to expose the film.

fit (1) A term used to describe the horizontal spacing or relationship between two or morecharacters. Fit can be altered by kerning or modifying the horizontal width (set width)assigned to characters. Evaluating fit is generally subjective. (2) In regard to presswork, seeimage fit.

fold marks Guides on the pasteup that indicate where a printed piece will be creased.

greeked text Simulated (fake) text used to represent type, e.g., the use of gray bars or "dummy" characters to represent text in a layout so that the design of the document will be emphasized rather than its content.

gutter (1) A gutter is a standard size gap that separates a design or text area into columns. (2) Theinside margin between facing pages, or the margin at the binding edge. Alternative terms:gutter margin; back margin.

hairline (1) The secondary stroke of a letter, usually thinner than the stem. (2) The thinnest line thatcan be reproduced by an output device.

illustration program A program used to create object-oriented graphics.

incident light Rays of light that travel from a light source to an object.

india ink A dense black color used in the preparation of artwork and mechanical drawings.

laser typesetting A technique whereby the light source directly imprints images onto paper or film.

ligature Two or more characters that are specially modified in design to be cast or exposed togetheras one unit, frequently with connecting strokes. Some examples include "fi" and "fl."

manuscript The original text copy submitted to the typesetter electronically, on a computer disk, or intypewritten form.

margin Standard areas surrounding the image part of a page that extend from the edge of the pageto the image area.

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Word Definition



master page The page in a computer pagination program on which all headers, rules, and other elementsthat will repeat on all of the pages of a document are set.

matrix (1) An arrangement of typesetting characters in a case or font grid. (2) In hot-metaltypesetting, the molds from which relief metal type characters are formed by pouring orpressing hot metal. (3) In flexographic platemaking, the mold cast from a metal engravinginto thermosetting materials from which a rubber flexo plate is shaped.

mount (1) To secure the page elements to a layout board. (2) To fasten the plate or blanket to an offset press. (3) The wood or metal base on which a letterpress printing plate is permanentlyfastened for use on a press.

original Any artwork, mechanical, photograph, object, or drawing that is submitted to be reproducedin the photomechanical process.

panel printing A solid block of color, ink or foil, which is used as a background for other printed or stampedmaterial and sometimes surrounded by a decorative border.

pi font A collection of miscellaneous type characters, mathematical symbols, accent marks, andtechnical symbols that are not part of a normal type font.

run down A proofreading term meaning to break or end a line as noted, forcing the remainder down tothe next line.

stroke (1) Any part of a character that can be drawn with one movement. (2) The act of cutting inchanges or corrections to the original, standing film or paper.

tertiary Those colors obtained by mixing two secondary colors.

tone The degree of lightness or darkness in any given area of a print. Alternative term: tone value.

typography The art and craft of creating and/or setting type professionally.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Press

acid (1) In lithography, a dampening solution ingredient that enables gum arabic to cling to thenonimage areas of the plate. (2) Perchloride of iron used to etch gravure cylinders.Alternative term: etchant.

antifoaming agent An additive that disperses bubbles that may form in offset dampening solution or screenprinting inks during printing. Antifoaming agents are also added to plate developers andprocessors.

backlap In screen printing, a very heavy, rough application of color on one side of a print, which iscaused by color pulling through the screen behind the squeegee at the beginning of theprinting stroke.

bounce In lithography, an abnormal reaction to compression, which results in erratic rotationalmovement of the press cylinders, causing missed or imperfect impressions.

cobwebbing (1) Fine filaments of ink that appear between the screen fabric and the substrate duringscreen printing. (2) In gravure, a filmy buildup of dried ink on the doctor blade, the ends ofimpression roll, or printing cylinder.

comber A press or folder component that fans the sheets to improve separation and feedingaccuracy.

common-impression press A flexo or sheetfed or web offset press that has one large-drum impression cylinder, whichholds or supports the substrate, and several color stations (plate/blanket cylinder pairs)positioned around it.

cutoff length (1) The distance between corresponding points of repeated images on a web. (2) Thecircumference of the plate cylinder.

dampeners Paper, cloth, or rubber-covered rollers that distribute water to the printing plate in thelithographic process.

discharge printing Pattern-printing darkly dyed textile substrates with a color-removing chemical to produce a design into which lighter hues may be printed.

drawdown (1) A method of determining ink shade by placing a small amount of ink on paper and thenusing a spatula to spread it and produce a thin ink film. (2) The duration of time required toremove air from a vacuum frame to allow the original film and the contact film to achieveuniform contact before exposure.

durometer (1) A measure of the hardness of a roller surface, blanket surface, or squeegee blade. (2)Device used to measure hardness. In printing, the shore A scale is used.

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Word Definition



eccentricity A roller or cylinder that does not rotate in a true concentric circle in relation to its axis.Alternative terms: off center; out-of-round.

flagging (1) Indicating a web splice so that the spliced product can be removed from the press folderand discarded. (2) Marking printed matter to indicate a change or correction. (3) Insertingsmall strips of paper into a skid of press sheets as needed to indicate segments of defectiveprinted sheets.

front stops A series of devices that halt the forward movement of a press sheet on the feedboard. Thefront stops square the sheet in relation to the printing cylinders and determine the printmargin. The front stops are part of the three-point register system. Alternative term: frontguides.

gear streaks Parallel streaks appearing across the printed sheet at the same interval as gear teeth on acylinder.

gripper edge On a sheetfed press, the leading edge of the paper that rests at the head stops and isgrabbed by mechanical fingers known as grippers. The press operator typically marks thegripper edge with an "XXX" before sending the job to the binding and finishing area.

hickey-picking roller A roller that has synthetic fibers embedded in its surface, to help it remove hickeys from thesurface of an offset printing plate or to fill in the white ring on the plate surface. This rollerreplaces one of the ink form rollers.

incline press A screen printing press in which the screen maintains a position papallel to the printing bed,but recedes diagonally during the feed/take-off cycle.

leafing The phenomena that occurs when metal flakes in metallic inks float to the surface of the ink,giving it a particular luster.

metallic ink An ink with fine aluminum, bronze, or copper powders in its pigment.

metering nip The line of contact between two rollers in the dampening system of a lithographic press.

molleton A thick cotton fabric similar to flannel. It has a long nap and is used to cover form rollers inconventional lithographic dampening.

on-demand printing Commercial-quality printing produced as needed with turnarounds of a few hours or less.Often associated with very short runs of a hundred or fewer pieces and the use of a digitalprinting press.

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Word Definition



oscillator A driven inking or dampening roller that not only rotates but also moves from side to side,distributing and smoothing out the ink film and erasing image patterns from the form roller.Alternative terms: oscillating drum, oscillating roller, or vibrator.

overpacking Packing the plate or blanker to a level that is excessively above the level of the cylinderbearer.

palette knife A small, flexible blade used to mix small batches of ink on a slab.

perfecting Printing both sides of a sheet in the same pass through the press. In xerography, perfectingis called duplexing.

piling ghosting A ghost of an image that appears on the reverse side of coated paper printed on a blanket-to-blanket press (usually a web offset press) caused by the uneven pressure that hasresulted from piling on the blanket adjacent to the image.

plate clamp A device that grips the lead and tail edges of a printing plate and pulls it tight against thecylinder body. The position of the clamps is relevant to the image position or register of theimage in relation to the other printing plates and the image's squareness on the sheet.

platen press A printing press with a flat printing surface and a flat impression surface.

rider roller A rigid, friction-driven roller in the press inking system that helps to break down, distribute,and transfer the ink while remaining in contact with one or more resilient rollers.

safety bar A device that detects foreign objects on the feedboard and prevents their passage into theprinting unit.

sawtooth A notched effect where the lines in a design cross the fabric mesh of the screen printingscreen diagonally, distorting the design contours.

throughput The capacity of a printing system to deliver printed products, usually expressed in sheets perhour, impressions per hour, feet per minute, pages per minute, or square feet per hour.

waterlogged ink An ink that contains enough emulsified water to reduce its flow and its workability.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: General Printing

converter An individual or company that turns raw substrate into finished printed products such asbags, envelopes, etc. (1754-2007)

cracking (at the fold) An aesthetic defect that can occur when paper is folded against the grain if the paper fibers(or paper) actually break.

dog-ears Bent-over corners of paper that can occur when paper is fed through the press, as the cornercatches and folds over. Dog-eared sheets can keep the paper from feeding smoothly through finishing and binding equipment. Folding equipment infeed systems can also create dog-ears.

downtime The period of time in which a device is not working because the system is malfunctioning ormaintenance is being performed.

electrophotography In modern terminology, processes (including xerography and laser printing) that produceimages by passing toner particles over an intermediate photoconductor drum, which receivesan electrical charge that enables it to transfer and fuse the toner particles to plain (untreated)paper, forming the image.

halogen lamp A long-life gas-filled quartz envelope with an enclosed tungsten filament sometimes used asan analyzing source in a drum scanner (also called quartz-halogen or tungsten-halogen).

helical gear A gear that has teeth cut at an angle.

hydrophobic Water-repellent, as in the image areas of the printing plate.

ignition point The temperature at which the vapor-air mixture given off by the liquid continues to burn afterspontaneous combustion.

illuminant metamerism Differences in color matches of spectrally different samples reported by the same observerunder different illumination conditions.

line image A graphic composed of solid black and white areas only (with no other tones). Examplesinclude pen and ink drawings and type characters.

long inks A term used to describe printing inks that pull away in strands when touched. Long inks areused in printing processes when the ink must be transferred from roller to roller.

makeup Assembling text, illustrations, graphs, charts, rules, tabular material, and running heads orfeet into a completed page. Stripping, pasteup, and electronic pagination are all forms ofmakeup. Alternative term: page layout.

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Word Definition



monomers A chemical combination of molecules corresponding to the individual units of a polymer.

Muda Anything that interrupts the flow of products and services through the value stream and out tothe customer is designated Muda-or waste.

nonconformities Specific occurrences of a condition that does not conform to specifications or otherinspection standards; sometimes called "discrepancies" or "defects."

offset gravure A printing process in which the gravure image carrier (usually a cylinder) transfers ink to arubber blanket that deposits the ink on the surface to be printed. Offset gravure is used toachieve special printed effects on metal surfaces and, in combination with flexography, to print on flexible packages.

ohm The unit of measurement of resistance.

oleophobic Oil-repellent, as in the dampened nonimage areas of a lithographic printing plate.

pastel colors A term used to describe soft or light colors usually in the highlight to midtone range.

planography A printing process that uses a flat image carrier, such as the lithographic printing plate, whichhas no relief images and has image and nonimage areas on the same level (or plane).

printing Technology associated with preparation and reproduction of images onto permanentsubstrates (like paper, plastics, and glass) in multiple copies.

process color space The three-dimensional area where three color attributes, such as hue, value, and chroma,can be depicted, calculated, and charted

reference colors Those colors to which the eye most readily responds including flesh tones, green grass, andblue sky. Alternative term: memory colors.

reprography Copying and photoduplicating type and images by any one of several processes, includingxerography, in quantities below the commercial printing level.

rotogravure The printing process that involves the principle of engraving. Image areas are etched belownonimage areas in the form of tiny sunken cells. An engraved cylinder is submerged in a fluidink, the ink is squeegeed from the surface of the cylinder, and the ink left in the recessedareas of the cylinder is transferred to the substrate.

saturated air Air that contains the maximum amount of water vapor it can hold at its existing temperature;air whose relative humidity is 100%.

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Word Definition



sheetwise imposition A printing layout in which separate plates (and film flats) are used to print the front and theback of a single press sheet. Completely different pages appear on each side of the sheet.

slitting Cutting a sheet in a straight line along the traveling direction of the paper. Doing this on afolder can reduce the processing time on the job, because the product does not have to move to the cutting machine.

sprocket A toothed wheel engineered to engage a chain.

subtractive color system A means of producing a color reproduction or image with combinations of yellow, magenta,and cyan colorants, which serve as filters to "remove" colors from a white substrate

temperature conditioning Bringing paper to pressroom temperature before it is unwrapped and printed.

transparent A material that permits the relatively free passage of light through it. Objects beyond or underthe material are distinct.

wavy edges Edges of paper that have become wavy and distorted by moisture absorption and fiberexpansion due to exposure to a higher relative humidity than that of the paper or from coldpaper being unwrapped and exposed to warmer air.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Marketing

alternate media Any means of reaching consumers other than by using solo direct mail and telemarketingincluding: cooperative mailings, card decks, package inserts and free-standing inserts (FSIs),home-shopping programs, computer online services and broadcast.

bulk mail Mail that is rated for postage partly by weight and partly by the number of pieces in themailing.

business list Any list of individuals or companies based upon a business-associated interest, inquiry,membership, subscription or purchase.

clickstream The record of a user's Internet activity including Web sites visited, length of the visit, andwhat pages were viewed.

co-op database Two or more list owners combine their lists and access each other's names.

compiled list Names and addresses derived from directories, newspapers, public records, tradeshow registrations, databases, etc., that identify groups of people via a common link.

computer service bureaus A company that will maintain lists for list owners. Services may include: updating the list,merge/purge, data overlays and preparing the list for mailing or rentals.

continuation An order from a mailer who has previously tested or used the list within 12 months and isusing it again.

continuity program An offer of a series of products to be received in timely intervals. Most often used for books,tapes/CDs and recipe cards.

cross section A group of names and addresses selected from a mailing list in such a way as to berepresentative of the entire list.

custom publisher Any publisher who will, for a fee, create a publication for a direct marketer that is most-oftenused for self-promotion or as a premium.

data overlays The matching of two or more lists that contain the same names or addresses but where onelist adds additional data such as demographics or geographics to the other.

datacard List information including counts, demographics, pricing, etc.

demographics Socioeconomic and geographic characteristics pertaining to a group of people (county, city, postal code, group of households, etc.).

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Marketing

direct selling expenses All of the marketing expenses, including labor, associated with producing, printing andmailing a catalog.

exchange When two mailers agree to share their lists via a trade rather than charging the regular fee.

fulfillment All activities involved in the processing and servicing of mail, FAX and telephone orders.

housefile Commonly referred to as a "customer list," a housefile is a consolidated database containingeach customer's name, address and summarized order information.

hyperlink An element in an electronic document, when clicked on, links to another place in the samedocument, or to an entirely different document.

imagesetter A high-resolution device used to output fully paginated tex and graphic images ontophotographic film, paper, or plates.

key code Numbers or letters appended to a record that appear on a label, letter, reply, etc., whichindicate a source of that name or segmentation for a mailing. This data is used for trackingand evaluation purposes.

modeling (1) In database management, the process of using data attributes to build profiles of potentialbuyers. (2) The apparent detail in a picture that shows an article has surface texture or relief,such as the surface of an orange.

oversize A term for standard mail pieces that have dimensions exceeding standard sizes. Oversizepieces involve higher postal costs and usually cost more to produce.

schema The structural description of records or facts in a database and the relationship betweenthem.

seed A name especially inserted into a mailing list for verification of list usage. It has uniquecharacteristics, such as an order number or a unique spelling, that indicates order for which itwas used.

selective binding The process which allows an advertisement to be inserted into only certain select issues of amagazine, or allows selected pages to be inserted in a catalog.

thermal dye sublimation Proof-making process where pigments are vaporized and float to desiredproofing stock.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Variable Data

affinity group marketing Targeting small groups of individuals who have similar characteristics or needs.

authoring tool A software package that allows the creation of variable information jobs by defining layoutsthat include variable and, usually, static elements.

bounce back An offer enclosed with mailings sent to a customer in fulfillment of an order.

channel manager Software that enables a company to capture relevant information from every point ofcustomer contact, pass it to the central information repository, perform meaningful analysis,and finally send key data back to every point of contact for execution.

coding Identifying devices used on reply devices to identify the mailing list or other source fromwhich the address was obtained.

collaborative filtering A web interactive channel through which a company can collect information about itscustomers by monitoring what pages are visited on its Web site and where the most time isspent.

collateral management A system that records details of the various marketing materials (printed and electronic) foruse in any campaign. It enables customer contact staff to access the exact materials to whicha customer has been, or should be exposed.

customer retention The marketing goal of keeping your customers from going to the competition. The rule ofthumb is that it costs five to ten times less to keep a customer than it does to acquire a newone.

data driven graphics Graphics, such as charts, which are generated by sending the raw numerical data to the DFEor RIP rather than creating individual charts in advance for each document in a print run.

Database ManagementSystem (DBMS)

Software used to create and maintain a database. Provides a layer of transparency betweenthe physical data and application programs.

direct mail advertising Any promotional effort using the Postal Service for distribution of the advertising message.

doubling day A point in time established by previous experience when 50% of all returns to a mailing willnormally be received.

Enterprise CustomerManagement (ECM)

The concept of moving ownership of the customer up to the enterprise level, and away fromindividual departments.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Variable Data

extract file A subset of a large database used for analysis, often formatted as a flat file for downloadingto a personal computer or workstation.

geocoding Analysis of geo-demographic data such as ZIP codes, counties, regions, etc.

image personalizationapplication

An application for variable-data printing that allows personalized or variable information to beincorporated directly into an image. The graphic image would be saved and thenincorporated into a VDP layout as a variable image.

Lifetime Value ("LTV") ofCustomer

Viewing the value of a customer in terms of how much product or service he will purchaseduring his lifetime, not just on the current transaction.

marketing campaignlifecycle

The full cycle of events in a marketing campaign including planning, execution andassessment.

page caching Processing all the static elements on a VDP job only once and saving the result for reuse onevery page in the print job. The variable elements for each sheet are then merged with thecached page to make the final printed piece.

personalized marketing A form of targeted marketing-i.e., sending a specific message to a specific person-that usesinteractive media such as the Internet, personalized web pages, and personalized emails.Alternative terms: one-to-one marketing; customized marketing.

promotion Marketing communication activities that further the awareness, acceptance and sale ofmerchandise or services.

push marketing Communications with a customer that are originated by the company.

relational database A database built using the relational model, based on tables linked by a common key.

response tracking Recording responses received in answer to a marketing campaign.

reusable component Component reused within a personalized print job.

sales force automation Automating the business processes involved in sales such as contact management,information delivery, and proposal configuration.

segmentation Dividing customers into groups, each with common demographic attributes.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Digital Imaging

absolute white In theory, a material that perfectly reflects all light energy at every visible wave length.

alpha channel An eight-bit channel reserved by some image-processing applications for masking orretaining additional color information.

bi-cubic interpolation Matrix for comparison of central pixels to surrounding pixels. Used to increase the apparentresolution of digital image.

cache Small portion of high-speed memory used for the temporary storage of frequently used data.

CCD (Charged CoupledDevice)

Light-detection device used in many popular scanners, digital cameras, and video camerasthat generates electrical current in direct proportion to how much light strikes areas of thesensor.

chroma A term used in the Munsell system of color specification to indicate the extent to which thecolor is diluted by white light. The intensity or strength of a color. Its saturation, or degree ofdeparture from black and white.

color curve A graphic mechanism for displaying color measurements and for making color changes to animage. User adjustments to the angle and slope of the curve implement color changes to oneor all of an image’s color channels.

continuous tone A photographic image or art (such as a wash drawing) that has not been screened. It hasinfinite tone gradations between the lightest highlights and the deepest shadows. Alltraditional photographs (prints and transparencies) are continuous-tone materials.

device-independent Describes a color space that can be defined using the full gamut of human vision, as definedby a standard observer, independent of the color-rendering capabilities of any specificdevice.

digital copier Machine that integrates scanning and printing functionality to perform the copy function.Unlike an analog (light-lens) copier, it creates an electronic representation of the image.

direct digital proof A proof made directly from a digital database without the use of an intermediate image.

dot area The proportion of a given area which is occupied by halftone dots. Usually expressed as apercentage.

dye sublimation A imaging process that utilizes a sublimable dye imprinted on a carrier sheet to transferimages to a receiving sheet by placing them in direct contact with each other.

firmware Programming embedded onto a computer’s ROM chips. 31

Word Definition



flash memory A special type of RAM memory that stores data without electrical current. This type ofmemory is currently used in a number of digital cameras and some portable computers.

flatbed printer An inkjet printer that prints onto surfaces oriented on a flat, horizontal plane.

fuser In electrophotography, the device that uses a high-temperature heating element to cause thetoner to adhere to itself and the paper. Alternative term: fixing assembly.

hexachrome A color-matching system that allows for the combination of six colors in order to create alarger gamut of reproducible color.

histogram A graphical display which represents the distribution of tones within an image. The horizontalcoordinate represents each pixel value possible from black to white. The vertical valuesindicate the number of pixel in the image that occur at each value level.

illuminant Mathematical description of the relative spectral power distribution of a real or imaginary lightsource, that relative energy emitted by a source at each wavelength in its emission spectrum.

ink limiting A control within a program that limits the percentage of ink applied to an area of print.

metafile Files that can be sheared by more than one application program.

monitor calibration The process used to bring monitor’s display of color saturation and brightness intosynchronization with the final output device, allowing the user to assume that what is seen onthe screen will be extremely close to the final output.

optical sampling rate The number of samples, in pixels per inch, that are taken by a scanner per linear distance asdetermined by the CCD array, the optical system, and the motion of the carriage.

raster image An image that is defined as a collection of pixels arranged in a rectangle array of lines of dotsor pixels.

resampling Changing the resolution of a bitmap file without altering its physical size.

thermal transfer A technology used in many color printers in which ink or dye is transferred to the page usinga heat process.

vector image A computer image that uses mathematical descriptions of paths and fills to define thegraphic, as opposed to individual pixels.

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Word Definition



weatherability The ability of a material to withstand the effects of exposure to weather conditions, significantchange in physical or chemical properties.

33

Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Paper

acid-free paper A paper having no acidity and no residual acid-producing chemicals. Acid-free papers mayalso be slightly alkaline to resist the harmful effects of an acidic environment and providegreater longevity.

adhesive-coated paper Paper covered on one side with an adhesive that is activated by moistening (for gummedpapers) or heating (for heat sealing). Adhesive-coated paper may also be permanently tackyon the coated side (for pressure-sensitive applications).

beater The original mechanical refiner, in which paper fibers suspended in water are circulatedaround an oval tub and passed between the refining surfaces of the rotating metal bars of thebeater roll and the stationary metal bars of the bedplate.

blank (1) A thick paperboard, coated or uncoated, produced on a cylinder machine and designedfor printing. Thickness ranges from 15 to 48 points (0.380 to 1.220 millimeters). (2) Anunprinted page or sheet side. (3) Unprinted cardboard, metal sheets, or other substratesused for making displays and signs.

bright enamels Papers that have been coated on one side and highly polished and calendered.

bristol board A laminated cardboard with a smooth finish, which is used as a drawing surface.

bursting strength The resistance of paper or paperboard to rupture as measured by the hydrostatic pressurerequired to burst it when a uniformly distributed and increasing pressure is applied to one ofits sides. Alternative term: Mullen test or "pop" test.

business forms bond A paper manufactured for the specific requirements of producing continuous business formswith web printing and converting methods.

casein A sizing and adhesive used in manufacturing coated papers. It was also used in place of albumin as a sensitizer in early plate coatings and as a binder in aqueous dispersions ofpigments.

clay-coated Paper or board with an earthy material added to one or both sides to improve the quality ofthe printing surface.

comparative weight The size-to-weight ratio of paper in a size that is larger or smaller than its basic size.

conformability The extent to which a paper's surface will change its contour under printing pressure tocontact the ink on the printing plate more completely.

cross-direction The position across the grain, or at a right angle to the machine direction, on a sheet ofpaper. The stock is not as strong and more susceptible to relative humidity in the cross-direction. 35

Word Definition



cylinder machine A type of paper machine that forms a web of paper on a cylindrically shaped mold revolvingin a vat of water-suspended fibers.

dandy roll A hollow wire-covered roll that rides on the paper machine wire and compacts the wet, newlyformed web to improve its formation and, if required, impart a watermark or laid finish to thepaper.

decalcomania paper An absorbent paper made of cotton fiber mixed with chemical wood pulps. The finishedpaper, which is coated with decal solution to receive a screen-printed image, has a smooth,uniform surface with good wet strength.

deckle edge The untrimmed feather edge of paper produced at the edges of the web on the papermachine. Deckle edges are sometimes artificially produced.

dielectric-coated paper A printing substrate that has been electrostatically charged in a dot pattern in the imageareas and then passed through a liquid toner suspension of charged particles. The tonerparticles adhere to the paper wherever a charge exists, resulting in a permanent, high-contrast image.

digester The vessel in which wood chips and other fibrous raw materials are cooked with chemicals toliberate cellulose fibers for the production of chemical pulp.

dimensional stability The degree to which paper maintains its size in the face of temperature and moisture contentchanges, as well as applied stresses.

eggshell finish A paper with a relatively rough texture.

glassine A smooth, semi-transparent paper used to print book dust jackets, candy wrappers, etc.

grain (1) The distribution, coarseness, and size of silver particles in photographic emulsions andimages. (2) The roughened or irregular surface of a printing plate. (3) In papermaking , themachine direction, or the direction in which the fibers lie.

grain-long Having grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.

Gurley densometer A device for measuring the resistance of paper to the passage of air, expressed as the timerequired for the passage of 100 cm3 of air through 1 sq.in. of paper under specifiedconditions.

handling stiffness The ability of a paper to support its own weight when being used, for example, during thereading of a newspaper.

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Word Definition



headbox The part of the paper machine that delivers a uniform dispersion of fibers in water at theproper velocity through the slice opening to the paper machine wire.

hygro-expansivity The percentage that a paper shrinks or elongates as a result of a change in its moisturecontent.

internal tear resistance The amount of work required to tear paper through a fixed distance after the tear has beenstarted.

jute Paper fibers obtained from cutting burlap or sacks made from the original jute plant, whichgrows principally in India and Pakistan. Jute is used to form exceptionally hard and durablepapers such as tag.

kaolin A fine, white clay used as a filler or coating pigment in paper manufacture.

kraft A thick, usually brown paper or cardboard made from unbleached sulfate wood pulp. It isoften used as bag and wrapping paper.

laid paper A substrate that shows the wire and chain marks when light passes through it.

ledger paper A paper similar to bond, but made in heavier basis weights to provide the stiffness anddurability needed for data entry, ruling, and record systems.

manifold paper A lightweight bond paper used for making carbon or manifold copies or for airmailcorrespondence.

nonwoven Fabric-like materials, made from fibers longer than those normally used for papermaking andbonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat, or solvent treatment.

papyrus A tall plant native to the Nile region, the pith of which was sliced and pressed into mattedsheets by the early Egyptians to produce the first writing material with many of the propertiesof paper. The word "paper" originated from papyrus.

pulp The substance produced mechanically or chemically from fibrous cellulose raw materials foruse in papermaking.

quire One-twentieth of a ream of paper. In fine papers the quire is twenty-five sheets, and incoarse papers it is twenty-four sheets.

substrate Literally means "the layer beneath," a term to describe any printing surface (paper, plastic,wood, glass, metal, etc.)

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Word Definition



supercalender A calender consisting of alternate hard steel rolls and soft filled rolls, giving a high-glossfinish to paper passing through the nips because of slippage that occurs between a hard andsoft roll. A supercalender is operated separately from a paper machine or coater.

tag A strong, dense, hard, heavily calendered paper made from sulfate pulp and used for heavy-duty applications.

tensile breaking strength The maximum tensile stress paper will withstand before breaking, when tested underprescribed conditions.

text paper Fine-quality printing paper available in many finishes and textured surfaces, in white andcolors, and with plain or deckle edges. Text is designed for deluxe printed booklets,programs, announcements, and advertising, and may be watermarked.

vellum A fine cream-colored writing or printing material originally made from unsplit calfskin. It has afine-grained finish, smoother than antique.

water finish A high, glossy finish obtained by moistening the paper web as it passes through the calenderor by applying water to the calender rolls.

wax test A pick test method using a series of graded adhesive stick waxes to measure the surfacestrength of paper.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Bindery/Finishing

adhesive bleed Adhesive that seeps from pressure-sensitive stock before or after processing the finishedproduct. This condition is caused by cold flow or clamp pressure. Alternative term: adhesiveooze.

air-knife coater A device that applies excess coating to paper and then removes the surplus by striking thefluid coating with a flat jet of air, leaving a smooth, metered film on the paper.

automatic reject A quality control feature on binding equipment that routes flawed products to a special traywithout interrupting the production flow.

buckle folder A bindery machine in which two rollers push the sheet between two metal plates, stopping it and causing it to buckle at the entrance to the folder. A third roller working with one of theoriginal rollers uses the buckle to fold the paper. Buckle folders are best suited for parallelfolding.

chopper fold Conveying a signature from the first parallel fold in a horizontal plane, spine forward, until itpasses under a reciprocating blade that forces it down between folding rollers to completethe fold. Alternative terms: cross fold, right-angle fold, quarterfold.

converting paper A paper made to be altered, fabricated, or changed into a paper product through aconversion process or treatment; for example: envelope paper, carbonizing base paper, andbusiness forms bond.

counter die On a folder, a die with recessed surface (groove) or a gap between the two halves that isused with a wheel-like scoring die (which has a raised score blade) to score the paper beforeit is folded.

double spread A printing image that extends across and fills two pages of a brochure, book, or folder. If located in the center of a book or folder, it is called a center spread. Alternative terms: spread, double-page spread, double truck.

dump gate A switch on binding equipment that diverts products from an automated line to a handworkstation.

French stitch A method of binding a prestitched booklet into a saddle-bound magazine.

friction feeder An add-on piece of equipment used to facilitate the insertion of a piece with an open leadingedge, such as an accordion-folded piece.

gluing wheels Devices that apply a small coating of glue to the binding edge of a sheet. Gluing wheels aresometimes used instead of stitching on small pamphlets.

gusseting A waviness and, in extreme cases, actual creases that form at the top of the inner pages in aclosed-head press signature. 40

Word Definition



heat tunnel On the shrink-wrap equipment, the heat unit that "shrinks" the plastic film around the productbeing wrapped.

hopper A device with side and rear guides that holds a stack of the signatures in place in the feedunit of an adhesive binder or saddle stitcher.

indexing (1) In bookbinding, printing or affixing refrence tabs along the edge of a book to mark themajor divisions or subjects found within. (2) To prepare an ordered reference list of keywords and subjects along with notations indicating where they can be found within adocument or file.

interleave To insert separate sheets of paper between foil, printed paper, or other stacked sheetmaterial to facilitate handling or to prevent blocking or smudging.

leveling Cutting off a small amount of the backbone after roughening on a perfect-bound book. This isdone to give the book a flat, square appearance.

milling head The device on a perfect binder that chops off the folded spines of the signatures to exposethe individual sheets to the glue.

nippers In bookbinding, the flat irons on a "building-in" machine or casing-in line. When heated, thenippers clamp the book joint, joining the case and the book at the base.

notch binding Small serrations cut in the spine of a perfect-bound book and filled with glue. This methodeliminates the need to mill material off the spine of the book.

numbering Printing figures by hand or machine in a consecutive order.

off square A paper or cardboard sheet that has been cut or trimmed in such a way that two or morecorners deviate from an exact 90 degree angle.

overcut In paper cutting, the condition in which the paper at the top of the pile is cut shorter thanpaper further down

parallel fold Any fold made in a sheet of paper or other substrate that is oriented in a direction parallel toa previous fold. A single fold can be called a parallel fold because it creates two panels thatare parallel to each other.

pinless folder A folder that uses a set of belts (rather than impaling pins), one on each side of the cutsignature, to grip and guide the cut signature through the folding mechanism.

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Word Definition



plastic binding A form of mechanical binding using plastic strips, combs, or coils in place of stitching. Thebinding edge is punched with slots or holes through which the formed plastic material isinserted.

post binder A looseleaf binding method in which straight rods are used instead of rings to hold the pagestogether. The binder can be expanded as the bulk of the contents increases. The front andback covers are separate pieces.

premelter A separate piece of equipment attached to the gluing station of an adhesive binder and usedto gradually and uniformly melt the glue.

quarter binding A method of casebinding in which two different materials are used for the front and backcovers and the spine of a book, e.g., cloth or leather for the spine, and paper for the front andback covers.

rounding and backing Shaping a book to fit its cover. Rounding gives the book a convex spine and a concave fore-edge. Backing makes the spine wider than the thickness of the rest of the book to provide ashoulder against which the cardboard front and back covers rest. It also provides the hingecrease for the joints of the book.

semi-concealed cover In mechanical binding, a single piece of material that is scored and slotted or punched andcombined with the actual binding device to form a closed backbone on bound units.

side gauge On a paper cutter, a metal guide that works with the back gauge to square piles of paperbefore cutting. The side gauge is stationary and should be at a perfect right angle to the back gauge

side-sewing A book binding method in which the entire book is sewn as a single unit, instead of asindividual sections. Side-sewn books will not lie flat when open.

skid (1) A platform on which paper is packed for delivery to or from the pressroom. (2) Anyquantity of paper packed on a skid. Standard skids usually contain in excess of 3,000 poundsof paper.

slip case A decorative box into which a finished book is inserted with the spine remaining visible.

slitter dust Small particles of fiber, coating, or both that are chipped off during slitting and may adhere tothe edge of the sheet. Slitter dust may interfere with subsequent converting operations.

three-knife trimmer Located after the stitching head on a saddle stitcher and after the nipping station on anadhesive binder, this device cuts each booklet on three sides to the product's final size.

trimout The area between two books that is removed when a job bound two-up is cut apart by thefourth and fifth knife of a trimmer. 42

Word Definition



unit set (1) A multipart business form with a carbon tissue interleaf or an individual NCR (carbonless)business form. (2) A term used to describe type characters in terms of unit dimensionsinstead of points.

43

Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Quality Control

85:15 rule Dr. Deming defined this rule by observing that 85% of quality is a function of managementwith only 15% being operator controllable

andon board A visual control device in a production area, typically a lighted overhead display, giving thecurrent status of the production system and alerting team members to emerging problems.

best-in-class A best-known example of performance in a particular operation. One needs to define boththe class and the operation to avoid using the term loosely.

blitz A fast, focused process for improving some component of business-a product line, amachine, or a process. It utilizes a cross-functional team of employees for a quick problem-solving exercise, where they focus on designing solutions to meet some well-defined goals.

characteristic A distinguishing feature of a process or its output on which variable data can be collected.

conformance A positive indication or judgment that a product or service has met the requirements orcritical specification.

control limit Lines on a control chart used as a basis for judging the significance of the variation fromsubgroup to subgroup. Variation beyond a control limit is evidence that special causes areaffecting the process. Control limits are calculated from process data and are not to beconfused with engineering specifications.

current state map Helps visualize the current production process and identify sources of waste.

EQC Executive quality council; a permanent team that coordinates team efforts, authorizesprojects, gives financial support, and has authority for final decisions as to what will beimplemented.

inspection Measuring, examining, testing, or gauging one or more characteristics of a product or serviceand comparing the results with specified requirements to determine whether conformity isachieved.

normal distribution A continuous, symmetrical, bell-shaped frequency distribution for variable data that underliesthe control charts for variables and the process capability study.

overproduction Producing more, sooner or faster than is required by the next process.

Poka-Yoke A mistake-proofing device or procedure to prevent a defect during order taking ormanufacture.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Quality Control

probability Statistical determination of the likelihood of a random event occurring. Used in a processcapability study to predict what percentage of a product is likely to be in/out of specification.

production workflow A sequence of production steps required to produce any printed item.

queue time The time a product spends in a line awaiting the next design, order processing, or fabricationstep.

regression analysis A statistical technique for determining the best mathematical expression describing therelationship between dependent and independent variables.

sample In process control applications, a synonym for a subgroup, group of subgroups, or othermeasurements taken from a process.

Sensei An outside master or teacher that assists in implementing lean practices.

sigma The Greek letter used to designate the sum of a series of data

standard deviation A measure of the variability of a process.

sub-optimization A condition where gains made in one activity are offset by losses in another activity oractivities, created by the same actions creating gains in the first activity.

total productivemaintenance (TPM)

A series of methods, originally pioneered to ensure that every machine in a productionprocess is always able to perform its required tasks so that production is never interrupted.

value stream mapping A Lean Manufacturing tool that creates a visual picture or map of material and information flow through an organization. It highlights the sources of waste and eliminates them byimplementing a future state value stream that can become reality within a short time.

value-added analysis With this activity, a process improvement team strips the process down to it essentialelements. The team isolates the activities that in the eyes of the customer actually add valueto the product or service. The remaining non-value adding activities ("waste") are targeted forextinction.

visual control The placement in plain view of all tools, parts, production activities, and indicators ofproduction system performance so everyone involved can understand the status of the system at a glance.

x-bar chart Average chart; used for plotting and evaluating subgroup averages over time.

46

Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Computer Terms

ablation Method of imaging digital proofs or CTP plates by vaporizing small amounts of material,typically with a thermal laser. Also refers to the process of writing data to optical memory witha laser that burns holes into thin metal film.

access time The interval between the instant at which a call for data is initiated and delivery of the data iscompleted.

application program The computer software designed to perform actual jobs as opposed to the system programsthat manage equipment operation.

archival storage The long-term storage of image information on photographic, magnetic, or other media.

assembly language Low-level computer language that is translated directly into machine code by an assemblyprogram.

background processing Procedure by which a computer can execute one function, such as printing, while the usersimultaneously executes another function, such as word processing or image editing.

basic input/output system(BIOS)

The code that controls basic hardware interactions, such as the keyboard and hard drive, ona computer system.

baud rate The speed of information transfer between electronic devices expressed in data bits persecond or the maximum number of changes that can occur per second in an electrical circuit.Baud is often used interchangeably with bits per second but this is incorrect.

binary file Information stored as binary digits; in other words, in machine-readable form. Imagestransported over the Internet are encoded as binary files.

bitmapped graphics display A computer system that can control individual pixels, allowing the monitor to show high-resolution graphics (an accurate reproduction of arcs, circles, or other curved images), inaddition to text.

bug A computer program error.

bus A pathway for transferring data among several devices, located between two end points withtransmission restricted to one device at a time. Also the interconnection of a series ofcomputer processors.

chip A wafer-shaped medium of specially formulated silicon or a similar substance used formicromanufactured electronic circuits, principally in computer systems.

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Word Definition



computer graphics The process of integrating text and art and completing page layout on a computer beforeoutputting it to a laser printer or imagesetter.

data transmission In computing, the sending of computer information-such as a file-over a network or otherform of telecommunications link.

database A collection of information about a particular topic, such as sales or billing. An electronicprogram used to efficiently organize, store, retrieve, and modify information. The data can bequickly rearranged and sorted or searched alphabetically or numerically.

dedicated equipment A word processor, typesetter, or other device permanently assigned, either by configurationor software, to one task.

dialog box Window appearing on a computer screen requiring the user to provide additional informationbefore a command can be completed or to choose among different options.

digital device A scanner, computer, or other equipment that uses discrete electronic pulses, signals, ornumerical (binary) codes to represent information. The values are stored as a series of onesand zeros.

dongle A small piece of hardware that plugs into a computer port to allow access to restricted areasof a network or to copy-protected software.

file allocation table (FAT) A hidden record of how files are stored in clusters on a hard or floppy disk.

floptical A 3 1/2-in. high-density floppy diskette with closely spaced optical-servo tracks embeddedinto the disk by a laser, allowing the device to store information. The term "floptical" is acontraction of "floppy" and "optical."

frame buffer Memory used to store an array of image data. Each element of the array corresponds to oneor more pixels in a video display or one or more dots on a laser printer or other output device.

function keys Those keys on a computer keyboard that, when used instead of a mouse, instruct thecomputer to perform specific operations, ranging from executing a program to clearing thescreen.

handshake An exchange of signals between modems or computer terminals to verify compatibility andestablish whether or not transmission can begin.

ideogram A picture or symbol used in a system of writing to represent an idea.

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Word Definition



interface (1) The electronic device that enables one kind of equipment to communicate with or controlanother. (2) The combination of hardware and software that allows difference electronicdevices to share resources.

internal hard drive A nonremovable computer data storage device, comprising a series of magnetic disks, and located within the body of the computer.

machine code A computer command in language that the computer or typesetter can understand withouttranslation.

magnetic storage Any disk, film, tape, drum, or core that is used to house electronic information.

math coprocessor The secondary microprocessor that performs complex calculations thereby increasing thespeed of the central processing unit.

mnemonic Something that is easy to remember, such as a mnemonic code used in typesetting todenote a typeface (TR for Times Roman) or the size of a headline or text.

modem A communications device that converts digital information into analog signals suitable fortransfer over (analog) telephone lines. It also converts the analog signal from phone lines intodigital information.

node Any device capable of identifying itself on a computer network.

nozzle The orifice through which jets of ink are ejected to form an image in the ink-jet printingprocess.

port The connecting point between an electronic device and the equipment that transfers data tothe rest of the system.

print engine The engineering name given to internal components, such as those in copiers, that produceelectrostatic proofs or images.

print spooler A program that temporarily stores a file to be printed until the output device is available.

printhead (1) The mechanical or electrical part of a printer that generates the type characters, usually acomponent of a nonimpact printer like an ink-jet or thermal printer. (2) The screen carriage,squeegee/ flood bar assembly, and mechanical controls and fixtures on a screen printingpress.

rasterization The process of converting a vector-based or other image into a bitmap. Also known asRIPing when performed by a raster image processor. 50

Word Definition



recording density The number of bits of data recorded per linear inch on magnetic media, as affected by thespeed of the moving surface on which the data are recorded and the rate of data transfer.

reformatting Changing a magnetic tape format from one arrangement to another more usable one. Alsoreferred to as list or tape conversion.

shareware Software marketed directly by its author at a cost that is usually much lower than name-brandsoftware.

thermal printer A nonimpact printer that uses heat-sensitive paper to form the image. The paper passes overa matrix of heating elements that act to change its color.

twisted-pair wire Wire commonly used for network cabling; the least expensive kind of cabling and can carry amaximum of 10 megabits of data per second.

utilities A set of computer routines, used primarily for system maintenance or to facilitateapplications, such as copying to disks, creating directories, or searching for information.

wireless data transmission Using microwave and satellite communications or systems based on the exchange ofinfrared, laser, or radio frequency signals to enable the long-distance exchange ofinformation even where cabling is not present.

workstation A full-featured computer that is used for work production and is connected to a network. It istypically dedicated to use by one person.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Mailing, Fulfillment and Warehousing

ABC stratification andclassification

Process of categorizing inventory into groups based on criteria such as turnover, size ofproduct, required, storage space, sales dollars and amount of product sold. This processhelps determine the inventory management policy and optimizes inventory turnover.

accuracy audit Process of verifying the accuracy of inventory. This involves reconciling the inventory datawith a physical count of stored inventory.

backorder An order that is past its specified ship date because the required items are out-of-stock.

bag tag and tray tag A small marker placed on the mail sack or tray for the purpose of identifying both the originand the destination point of the mail contained within a sack.

batch picking A style of order picking where all orders are grouped into small batches. All order in the batchare then picked in one pass.

BRC (Business Reply Card) A card that is mailed back, generally to the marketer, by a prospective customer, at no costto the customer. A specific address and indicia are printed on the card so that the postage iscollected from the marketer.

bundle A group of packages fastened together in a single unit under the standards applicable to therate claimed.

chargeback A credit card transaction that is debited back to the customer from the merchant after a returnhas been settled.

cheshire labels Mailing labels printed on 132-column computer paper with pin feeds on each side. The paperstock is less expensive than pressure sensitive or peel and stick labels. They are machineaffixed by a mailing house.

consignment inventory The inventory owned by the supplier but in possession of the customer. Supplier often useconsignment inventory as a marketing tool to make it easier for a customer to stock theirinventory. The customer only pays for the inventory after it is used or resold.

count frequency The number of times an item is counted each year. Count frequency is used to calculate thecycle count period.

courtesy reply mail Envelopes or postcards that a mailer provides to its customers to expedite delivery of theirresponses back to them. The customer affixes the reply postage before mailing.

dunnage Term used to describe the package filling material such as bubble wrap, paper, styrofoampeanuts, paper and corrugated inserts.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Mailing, Fulfillment and Warehousing

envelope - #10 An envelope size. This is the standard size for business or commercial envelopes. It allowsseveral sheets of 8 1/2” x 11” paper to be folded in thirds and fit into this envelope.

floor load A shipping container loaded with freight from floor up rather than on pallets. Full floor-loadedcontainers are able to hold more freight than a palletized load but take longer to load and unload.

inventory Stock of finished products, product components, raw materials used for production,collaterals and other supplies.

live stamp A payment method for postage. It is an actual stamp affixed to your mail piece. It can be afirst class stamp or “Bulk Rate” stamps. Other methods of payment include “Indicia” andMetered”

occupant list Mailing lists that do not have the recipient's name or company name on the label, only theaddress. It is less expensive than a named list.

precancelled stamps Stamps canceled by printing across the face before they are sold to large mailers. Avoidsusing the canceling machine at the time of mailing.

refurbishing The reparation or restoration of a product to its original condition according to the client’sstandards. The refurbishing process involves testing the returned items, replacing parts ofthe item, product repackaging and returning of products to the inventory.

resident list A mailing list to individuals at their home address, not businesses. It can include homes,condominiums, apartments, trailers and mobile homes.

shared labor costs Shared labor costs are a result of two or more client firms sharing labor costs due tosimultaneous shared overhead within a warehouse in which their operations are executed.

skid A skid refers to the actual platform used to move or store items. A skid also refers to thegoods that are on a skid. The standard measurement for a skid is 40: by 48” and a height of4”. Also known as pallet.

unit load An amount of materials that can be moved as a single unit. A unit load is usually a filledpallet.

walk sequence (WS) This code allows your mail piece to go one step further than ZIP + 4 and Carrier Route. The mail is in the exact order that the mail carrier walks. No sorting is needed by the PostalService. This results in the lowest postage under “Bulk Mail”.

zone A specific location in a warehouse that represents a storage area.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Social Media

blog post/entry Content published on a blog. Entries may include pictures or embedded videos and linksURLs for online sources used.

blogs A website where individual(s) provide entries of any type of content from video and postcaststo traditional text and photos in order to inform or create discussions; presented in reversechronological order.

Facebook An online community for people to connect or re-connect with others. Enables people toshare videos, pictures and information about themselves. One of the fastest growing socialnetworks of the past two years.

influencer A person specialized in a specific subject matter and highly recognized in an onlinecommunity that has the ability to sway others’ thoughts; key influencers are seen asreferences or for assistance on specific subject matters.

Linkedin A professional online community used to network with fellow professionals; an online resume sharing site.

micro-blogging A form of blogging where the entries/posts are limited to a certain amount of characters orwords, i.e. Twitter.

multimedia Media and content in different forms such as videos, pictures, etc. Examples includeYouTube and Flickr.

MySpace A site where people can meet others with similar interest, creating online communities bysharing videos, photos, and personal information.

online community A group of people using social media tools and sites on the Internet.

podcasts Online audio or visual recordings syndicated on the Internet and available to download to portable media players such as an iPod.

social media A term used to describe tools and platforms people use to produce, publish and share onlinecontent and to interact with one another. Social media tools include blogs, poscasts, videos,microblogs, wikis, etc.

Twitter A micro-blogging community where posts and links are 140 characters or less.

wiki Webpage(s) used to collect content about a topic. Anyone with access to the page(s) canedit or modify the information.

YouTube An online site for uploading and discussing videos; Videos can also be embedded formYouTube onto other social media sites such as blogs or social networks. 56

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