Academic Research Integrity: Practical applications …...y I 8 Academic Research Integrity:...
Transcript of Academic Research Integrity: Practical applications …...y I 8 Academic Research Integrity:...
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Academ
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Practicalapplicationsinthelab
MaryC.Walsh,Ph.D.ChiefScientificInvestigatorOfficeforAcademicandResearchIntegrity(ARI)[email protected]
DanielH.Wainstock,Ph.D.AssociateDirectorforResearchIntegrity
OfficeforAcademicandResearchIntegrity(ARI)HarvardMedicalSchool
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https://www.wordclouds.com/
Whatdoesthephrase“researchintegrity”meantous?
What are we doing everyday in the lab that helps us “do it right”?
22surveyresponses~86% have participated
in seminars and/or discussions concerning
research integrity
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Whathelpsus“doitright”?
Our approach to research and data integrity
Labpractice
Institutionpractice
Stateoftheart
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Whathelpsus“doitright”?ResearchandDataIntegrity
Think“local”v Whatdoesmylab(labPI)expectofme?v Systemformaintainingrawandanalyzeddata(localnetworks)v Systemfortrackingexact protocolsandstatisticalanalysis
(notebooks/ELNs)v Availablehardwareandsoftwarev Trackimportantbiologicalmetadata
Think“field”v Federalgrants:understandexpectationsofmaintainingandsharingdatav Publishingdata:whatarethenormsinthefield(s)?
Think“organizational”v Doesmyhomeinstitutionhaveexpectationsarounddatamaintenance?v Whataremyresourcestomeettheseexpectations?v HowaboutmylocalDepartmentorCenter?
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FieldResourcesResearchandDataIntegrity
o RequirementsforOpenAccessandDataSharingØ Federalfundingmandates*sharing!(NIH,NSF)
* whileNIHPublicAccessisaglobalrequirementDataSharinghasapplicabilityguidelines
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FieldResourcesResearchandDataIntegrity
o NIHRigorandReproducibilityInitiativeØ Consensusofthoughtleadersonscientificdata(FAQs onRigorandTransparency)
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FieldResourcesResearchandDataIntegrity
o Reportingguidelinesthatmayberequired/applicable/helpfulTheEQUATOR network(EnhancingtheQUAlityandTransparencyOfhealthResearch)
Ø ARRIVE (AnimalResearch:ReportingofInVivoExperiments)Ø CONSORT (ConsolidatedStandardsofReportingTrials)Ø PRISMA (PreferredReportingItemsforSystematicReviewsandMeta-Analyses)
o Datamanagementplans(DMPs)Ø NISOPrimerØ DMPTool
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FieldResourcesResearchandDataIntegrity
o WhatguidancedoAssociations/Societiesprovide?Ø SocietyofNeuroscience(JournalofNeuroscience)
§ ImprovingYourScience:Sample-sizePlanning,Pre-Registration,andReproducibleDataAnalysis
§ Datascienceresources [BigData:Whatyoushouldknow]§ Webinar(membershiprequired):DataScienceApproachesforNeuroscientists
Ø AAAS (Science)
o Whataboutjournals?Ø Nature(TransparencyandReproducibility)
Ø Neuron(CellPress/Elsevier*)§ STAR methods§ Mendeley*
ü Importer andDesktopü MendeleyData
*Elsevierhaspartiallysupportedotherwork independentofARIOutreachinitiatives
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OrganizationalResourcesResearchandDataIntegrity
o DMWG (DataManagementWorkingGroup)Ø LinkstofantasticresourcessupportingtheResearchDatalifecycle
§ HMSDataStorageü OMERO
§ Repositories§ ELNs
o HarvardMedicalSchool ResearchComputingØ LinkstoITresourcesforHMS
§ StorageandTraining§ EnterpriseLicensedSoftware§ HMSSoftwareWiki
o CountwayLibraryØ Inadditiontoaccesstooutstandingelectronicjournalsandliterature(Hollis)
§ ResearchServices§ HarvardGuidelinesregardingpublicaccessandtools
o CatalystØ Great researchresources(forbasicandtranslationalwork)andtrainingopportunities
§ Biostatistics andBioinformatics consulting§ ProgramsandClasses available
o edXØ Greatfreeclassesfromexpertsonmanytopics
§ Principles,StatisticalandComputationalToolsforReproducibleScience
o LocalDepartmentResourcesØ e.g.,DepartmentofGeneticshasaComputerFacility intheNRB.Windows,Macintosh,andLinuxoperating
systemsonawidevarietyofhardware.Installation/maintenanceofdesktopcomputersandservers;automatedbackupsofservers;emailfortheGeneticsDepartment;assistancewithwebsitesandprogramming.
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Biomedicalmetadata
LabDataStorageStructureandLabNotebook(NotebooksandStorage)o ELNso DirectoryStructureo Filenamingconventions
§ ReadMefiles§ Protocols(standardsand,importantly,adaptation!)–
Checkoutprotocols.io§ StatisticalAnalysis
Reagents*[andAnimals!]o antibodieso celllineso reagentbatching andlot#so animalwork!(ARRIVE,IACUC,localfacility,etc.)o biologicalvariables(e.g.,sexasabiologicalvariable
[SABV])
HardwareandSoftware(Tools)o Rawdataproduction!o understandandtrackspecso HMScorefacilitiesequipmentthatmayhave
networkeddatastorageonhardwareo labequipment(networkedorlocaldatastorage)o pairedsoftware(proprietaryorotherwise)o Code?CheckoutGitHub,Jupyter andCodeOcean
LocalResourcesandPracticeResearchandDataIntegrity
RESULTS/RAW DATA
ReproducibleData/literature
*NIHrequiresareagentvalidation statementinallgrantapplications.TheirResourceChartisahelpfulwaytothinkaboutoveralldataorganization.
Data Integrity
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X
LocalResourcesandPractice
original/analyzed/publisheddata(a“synthetic” * examplepartI)
*“L&A”disclaimer:anyresemblancetoactualpersons,livingordead,oractualeventsispurelycoincidental.
“Figure2”Data.NomodificationstooriginalimagesreportedinMaterialsandMethodsorlegends.Whenaskedtomakerawdataavailableforeditorialreview,thecomposite.jpegfigurewasprovided
“Figure2”Data.Allmodificationstooriginalimages(global) reportedinMaterialsandMethodsandLegend.Whenaskedtomakerawdataavailableforeditorialreviewallrawimages(.oib)analyzedfiles(.tif)andthecomposite.jpegfigurewithandwithoutmodificationwereprovided
ü
ORIGINAL dataacquisition-staysthatway!
MCW9OMEROmw100318DymeckiDiscussion/SyntheticDataPartI
.OIBfile(s) “rotate.OIB”OlympusFluoViewFV1000
PUBLISHEDResultsandDiscussionsection(Welshetal2018)
ANALYZED datainfigurepreparationsoftware• trackallmodifications/alterations(.jpeg)• Labpresentationmw100918.Dymecki
discussion.ARI.pptx• DataIntegritymanuscriptinpreparation
COPY oforiginaldataintomw100318DymeckiDiscussion/SyntheticDataPartI/ANALYSIS• .tifseriescreated• namingconventions/identificationconsistent
originalè analyzedè publisheddata
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PUBLISHEDMaterialsandMethods section(Welshetal2018)
Notebook6(MCWMBLKOwork:05.25.18- )pp.22-mw082118-“CytokineexpressioninisolatedMBLKOvsWTmicroglia”
LocalResourcesandPractice
protocols/finalprotocols(a“synthetic”*examplepartII)
SnapshotstakenbyMaryC.Walshfrom:DraughtofLivingDeath- HarryPotterandtheHalf-BloodPrinceYouTube·7,000+views·5/31/2013·byAceGoins
X
*“L&A”disclaimer:anyresemblancetoactualpersons,livingordead,oractualeventsispurelycoincidental.
09251835
10.11.18
MicrogliawereisolatedandhomogenizedaccordingtotheprotocolsfoundinMicrogliaMethodsandProtocols(Springer2013,Chapter9)MicroglialActivation:MeasurementofCytokinesbyFlowCytometryhttps://link-springer-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-62703-520-0_9.pdf
MicrogliawereisolatedandhomogenizedaccordingtotheprotocolsfoundinMicrogliaMethodsandProtocols(Springer2013,Chapter9)MicroglialActivation:MeasurementofCytokinesbyFlowCytometryhttps://link-springer-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-62703-520-0_9.pdf withthefollowingnotableadaptations:Optimalintermittentvortexingofinitialisolationofhomogenateswasdeterminedtobe2xvortex,@15minand@45minfornotlongerthan10seconds/applicationduringthe1hrhomogenateicingperiod.
ü
ORIGINALNotebook6:pp.23-24,mw082518MicrogliaMethodsandProtocols (Springer2013)MicroglialActivation:MeasurementofCytokinesbyFlowCytometry(Chapter9)
ANALYZEDNotebook6:pp.24-35,mw082518-mw092518AdaptationofMicrogliaMethodsandProtocols(e.g.,intermittent vortexing 1hr on ice= 2x vortex, @15 min and @45 min for not longer that 10seconds/application)
originalè analyzedè publisheddata
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*“L&A”disclaimer:anyresemblancetoactualpersons,livingordead,oractualeventsispurelycoincidental.
LocalResourcesandPractice
“statistics”forthought(a“synthetic”*examplepartIII)
ORIGINALDymeckiDiscussion/SyntheticDataPartIII/mw082118/DataPlan
“CytokineexpressioninisolatedMBLKOvsWTmicroglia”• Variables• Samplesizes• Statisticaltests
CC0 CC0
ANALYSIS PartIDymeckiDiscussion/SyntheticDataPartIII/mw090518/ANALYSIS• realizesamplesizesmaybetoosmall(not
seeingsignificantdataonearlysamples)• addmoreanimals
ANALYSIS PartIIDymeckiDiscussion/SyntheticDataPartIII/mw092218/ANALYSIS• theoriginalstatisticaltestsproposeddonot
providesignificance(evenwithadditionalanimals)
• realizeappropriatealternativetestavailable,applicationresultsinsignificance
X
PUBLISHEDMaterialsandMethods section(Welshetal2018)
XFormicrogliacytokineexpressionexperiments“wecontinuouslyincreasedthenumberofanimalsuntilstatisticalsignificancewasreachedtosupportourconclusions.”Statisticaltestswereappliedtoassesssignificanceofdifferentialcytokineprofiles(p<0.05).
Formicrogliacytokineexpressionexperimentsweprovideallsamplesize,dataexclusionandreplicationinformationaspartofadetaileddatamanagementplanoutlinedattheinitiationofexperimentationandprovidedaspartofthesubmitted“Lifesciencesstudydesign”.Anydeviationsfromthisplanareclearlydetailedwithaccompanyingrationale.Additionalstatisticalassessmentsondatasetswereincludedtoprovideacompleteprofileofhypothesistestingandresultinganalysisrationale.
ü
originalè analyzedè publisheddata
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https://www.theonion.com/national-science-foundation-science-hard-1819566466
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"Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known."- (Carl Sagan) Sharon Begley
“Genius is 2% (1%) inspiration and 98% (99%) perspiration."-Thomas Edison
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Thank You!v ResearchandDataIntegrityandtheresponsibleconductofresearchcan
havemanymeaningsv Thestepswetakeeveryday,bothlargeandsmall,canhaveanexponential
impactv Buildingcarefuldataandmetadatamanagementintoexperimentaldesign
canspeedupanalysis,andeasetrouble-shootingandreplicationv Whenplansaren’tenough,documentchangesv Revisitthediscussionssuchastheonewearehavingtoday(innovate)v Sharethewealth(disseminate)
MaryC.Walsh,Ph.D.ChiefScientificInvestigatorOfficeforAcademicandResearchIntegrity(ARI)[email protected]
DanielH.Wainstock,Ph.D.AssociateDirectorforResearchIntegrity
OfficeforAcademicandResearchIntegrity(ARI)HarvardMedicalSchool
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AcknowledgementsHMSOfficeforAcademicandResearchIntegrity(ARI)TeamGretchenBrodnicki,J.D.JenniferRyan,J.D.MortimerLitt,M.D.BlakeTalbot,M.P.H.
Disclosures:MaidstoneConsultingGroup,LLC
ColumbiaUniversityOfficeofResearchComplianceandTrainingTheResearchandDataIntegrity(ReaDI)ProgramMichelleBenson,Ph.D.
HMSDataManagementWorkingGroupJessicaPierce
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SURVEYFEEDBACK:Elements(orresources)specifictoresearchintegrity,dataintegrity,transparency,and/orexperimentalrigorandreproducibilitythatyouwantedtolearnmoreabout
o Electroniclabnotebookorganizationandrigor,reproducibility,andnotetaking?Ø Checkoutslide10Ø DMWGmatrixonELN (hyperlinkedtothesiteswhereyoucangetasenseoforganization)andguideson
BiomedicalMetadataØ ColumbiaReaDIprogram(seeslide24,andGoodLaboratoryNotebookPractices)Ø TakealookatOSF (OpenScienceFramework)– searchfor“electroniclaboratorynotebook”somegreat
examples
o Statisticaltests?Ø Checkoutslide10Ø UCLAidre:ChoosingtheCorrectStatisticalTestinSAS,STATA,SPSSandRandthereareotherexamplesout
there…Ø TalktoyourlabmentorandcolleaguesØ Askastatistician– CatalystBiostatisticalConsultingØ Reviewyoursoftwareguides(e.g.,Statahandbookisactuallygreatguideforappliedstatistics)
o GitHubandpostingcode?Ø Checkoutslide10Ø GitHub,Jupyter andCodeOcean
o Reproducibilityofcomputationalresearchandworkingwithlargedata?Ø DepartmentofBiomedicalInformaticsØ HarvardChanBioinformaticsCoreØ BigDatatoKnowledge(BD2K)
Ø BestPracticesforBiomedicalResearchDataManagementØ BigDataSciencewiththeBD2K-LINCS(LibraryofIntegratedNetwork-basedCellularSignature)Data
coordinationandIntegrationCenterØ Fieldspecificfieldexamples(e.g.,checkoutslide8forneuroscienceexample- Datascienceresources [Big
Data:Whatyoushouldknow])
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SURVEYFEEDBACK:Elements(orresources)specifictoresearchintegrity,dataintegrity,transparency,and/orexperimentalrigorandreproducibilitythatyouwantedtolearnmoreabout
o Researchmisconductthatwouldbeanaccidentorthroughignorance,notanythingdeliberate?Ø HonesterrorisnotresearchmisconductØ Corrections(andretractions)areanappropriateelementoftypicalscientificdiscourseØ Ifyouwanttolearnmoreaboutthestandardsformisconductdecisions(42CFR§ 93.104)
o Havetherebeencasesofresearchmisconductthatwouldn'tbeobvioustothoseofuswhohavetakencoursesonresearchmisconduct?Ø DependsontheaudienceandthecaseØ CheckoutRetractionWatch togetasenseofexamplesofpossiblecasesandcommunitydiscoursearound
processandoutcome
o Statisticsformisconduct?Ø ORIWebsite– CaseSummaries
o Howcanwesupportorencourageourentirelabtoevaluate(andpossiblyupdate)datamanagementpractices?Ø Discussionwithyourmentor(s)regardinglocalpracticeØ Discussionsatlabmeetingsregardinglocalpractice(inviteARItocomeifhelpful!)
o Atwhatpointisreproducibilityconsideredsignificant?Ø Fromday1.Consider:Ifyouandonlyyoucandoathingonce,howdoesitmovetheknowledgebase
forward?Andkeepinmind:youareyourmostfrequentcollaborator!Sodoyourselfasolidandinvestthesweatequitysoonerratherthanlater.
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Resources- slides
NIHPublicAccessPolicyhttps://publicaccess.nih.gov/NIHDataSharingPoliciesandImplementationGuidancehttps://grants.nih.gov/policy/sharing.htmhttps://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/data_sharing_guidance.htm#appNIHDataSharingPoliciesTablehttps://www.nlm.nih.gov/NIHbmic/nih_data_sharing_policies.htmlNSFPublicAccessRepository(NSF-PAR)https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/public_access/about_repository.jsp
TheEQUATORnetworkhttps://www.equator-network.org/DMPToolhttps://dmptool.org/NationalInformationStandardsOrganization.ResearchDataManagement:APrimerhttps://www.niso.org/publications/primer-research-data-management
NIHRigorandReproducibilityhttps://www.nih.gov/research-training/rigor-reproducibility/principles-guidelines-reporting-preclinical-researchNIHRigorandReproducibilityFAQshttps://grants.nih.gov/reproducibility/faqs.htm
FreeOnlineWordCloudGeneratorhttps://www.wordclouds.com/
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Resources- slides
SocietyforNeurosciencehttp://www.sfn.org/SfNProfessionalDevelopment(Neuroscience2017):ImprovingYourScience:Sample-sizePlanning,Pre-Registration,andReproducibleDataAnalysishttps://www.sfn.org/sitecore/content/Home/OMP/Articles/Professional-Development/2018/Improving-Your-Science-Sample-Size-Planning-Pre-Registration-and-Reproducible-Data-AnalysisSfNScientificResearch:DataScienceResourceshttps://www.sfn.org/sitecore/content/Home/OMP/Articles/Scientific-Research/2016/Data-Science-ResourcesAAAShttps://www.aaas.org/Naturehttps://www.nature.com/authors/policies/reporting.pdfCellPressSTAR«METHODShttps://www.cell.com/star-authors-guideMendeleyReferenceToolshttps://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/web-importer#id_1https://www.mendeley.com/download-desktop/MendeleyDatahttps://data.mendeley.com/
TheDataManagementWorkingGrouphttps://datamanagement.hms.harvard.edu/hms-data-management-working-groupHMSResearchComputinghttps://rc.hms.harvard.edu/HarvardMedicalSchoolSoftwareResources(HMSwiki)https://wiki.med.harvard.edu/Software/CountwayLibraryhttps://www.countway.harvard.edu/HMSCatalysthttps://catalyst.harvard.edu/edXhttps://www.edx.org/DepartmentofGeneticshttp://genetics.hms.harvard.edu/
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Resources- slides(con’t)DMWGELNMatrixhttps://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ar8fgwagOh30E31EAPL-Gorwn_g6XNf81g3VDQnQ_I8/edit#gid=0DMWG(BestPracticesMenu)https://datamanagement.hms.harvard.edu/UCLAidre:WhatStatisticalTest?https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/other/mult-pkg/whatstat/Protocols.iohttps://www.protocols.io/AntYbuddY https://www.antybuddy.com/InternationalCellLineAuthenticationCommitteehttp://iclac.org/databases/cross-contaminations/GlobalBiologicalStandardsInstitute https://www.gbsi.org/AnimalResearch:ReportingofInVivoExperiments(ARRIVE)https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelinesHMSCoreFacilitieshttps://corefacilities.hms.harvard.edu/GitHubhttps://github.com/Jupyterhttp://jupyter.org/CodeOceanhttps://codeocean.com/AuthenticationofKeyBiologicaland/orChemicalResourceshttps://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-17-068.html
TheBookDesignerhttps://www.thebookdesigner.com/2010/01/6-copyright-page-disclaimers-and-giving-credit/NaturePublishingImageIntegrityandStandards https://www.nature.com/authors/policies/image.htmlMicrogliaMethodsandProtocols(Springer2013)https://experiments-springernature-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/springer-protocols-closure
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Resources- slides(con’t)
TheOnion(Science&Technology)2002NationalScienceFoundation:ScienceHardhttps://www.theonion.com/national-science-foundation-science-hard-18195664661977August15,Newsweek,Volume90,SeekingOtherWorlds(ProfileofCarlSagan),StartPage46,QuotePage53,Newsweek,Inc.,NewYork.(Verifiedonmicrofilm)https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/03/18/incredible/1898April,TheLadies’HomeJournal,TheAnecdotalSideofEdison,Subsection:HisEstimateofGenius,StartPage7,QuotePage8,Column2,CurtisPublishingCompany,Philadelphia.(ProQuestAmericanPeriodicals)https://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/12/14/genius-ratio/#note-5018-3
Mousepichttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-k9rfuvH0IFI/Tqq6LtQxfJI/AAAAAAAAALQ/6duHJ4osYVQ/s1600/Mus_Musculus_Unibe.jpegStatspichttp://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/05%20About%20Parliament/54%20Parliamentary%20Depts/544%20Parliamentary%20Library/Flagpost/Statistics/125806739.jpg?as=1&w=250
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AdditionalresourcesColumbiaReaDI Programhttps://research.columbia.edu/ReaDI-Program• GoodLaboratoryNotebookPractices• BestPracticesforDataManagementwhenUsingInstrumentation• ReproducibilityResourcesandGuidelinesbyTopic• ResourcesbyDiscipline:Neuroscience
InternationalSocietyforPharmaceuticalEngineering:GMPResourceshttps://ispe.org/initiatives/regulatory-resources/gmp
RigorandReproducibilityinNIHApplications:ResourceCharthttps://grants.nih.gov/grants/RigorandReproducibilityChart508.pdfRigorandReproducibilityinNIH:Traininghttps://www.nih.gov/research-training/rigor-reproducibility/training
NIHResearchIntegrityandRCRhttps://grants.nih.gov/policy/research_integrity/index.htm
PenelopeAIhttps://www.penelope.ai/
OSF(OpenScienceFramework)https://osf.io/“TOP”[TransparencyandOpennessPromotion]Guidelineshttps://osf.io/ud578/?_ga=1.211230620.829898984.1435325845