Academic Patenting in Sweden: New Evidence from the 2011 Database Evangelos Bourelos Maureen...
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Transcript of Academic Patenting in Sweden: New Evidence from the 2011 Database Evangelos Bourelos Maureen...
Academic Patenting in Sweden: New Evidence from the 2011 Database
• Evangelos Bourelos • Maureen McKelvey
Swedish Data : 3 sets
• 2005: KEINS. Full analysis. List of academics => matching EPO. All positions, most all universities and technical/medical universities– 6 universities tend to patent– University invented completely diff uni-owned– Most all uni invented are assigned to firms
• 2009: MSc project. Analysis of the 6 unis that patented• 2011: ESF. Full analysis. List of academics => matching
EPO. All positions, same univ (minus 1)– Just finishing the database
Swedish ESF 2011 Creation: Continuation of Keins=>ESF
• The Data• 27 Universities• 48 220 Employees• 36 231 Academics
Variables for all individual researchers
• Name• Surname• Year of Birthday, Birthday• Address-Zip, City• Rank, Position type• University• Discipline• Faculty, Department, Devision• Email, Phone (Personummer)
Matching this list with EPO Data
• Data- Retrieved from “DISCO” server• -Clean characters From Swedish letters(Ä,Ö,Å)(Already done in EPO Data)-Split names to eliminate middle initials(Mats j. Andersson Mats Andersson)- Match according to initials on surname and name(Mats Johansson MAJO)
Matching
• Matching Initials 635 951 Combinations • Calculate Similarity ScoresName, Surname, Address, Zip Code, CityTotal Similarity ScoreLeft joint from Academic’s database to EPO dataIf 0 on right side, observation omitted
Filtering
• 1. (+) Pairs with SIMILARITY_TOT = 0; (Excluded SLU and UMU where address was missing)2. (+) Verified inventors in 2005 and or 2009 database3. (-) Minimum age to file a patent is set at 22 (to improve)4. (-) Matches in disciplines with very small probability of patenting were excluded.Excluded: Humanities apart from linguistics, Social sciences apart from Business and Economics, applied psychology, media
Filtering Mutual
• 4. (+-) Similarity name= similarity surname=0• 5. (+-) Same University• 6. (+-) Uncommon name• 7. (+-) Criteria 3, 4
Inventors by Year-Country Level
Year Universities Academic Inventors
2005 26 741
2009 6 787
2011 27 930
UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC INVENTORS SHARE IN TOTAL % ACADEMIC EMPLOYEES AI/AE %
UPPSALA UNIVERSITY 122 13.08 2306 5,29
KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE 119 12.75 1840 6,47
LUND UNIVERSITY 109 11.68 4904 2,22
CHALMERS UNIVERSITY 95 10.18 1817 5,23
KTH-ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY88 9.43
2621 3,36
LINKOPING UNIVERSITY 80 8.57 2751 2,91
GOTHENBURG UNIVERSITY 72 7.72 3755 1,92
LULEA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 43 4.61 1116 3,85
STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY 30 3.22 2684 1,12
UMEA UNIVERSITY 22 2.36 3827 0,57
MALMO UNIVERSITY 21 2.25 867 2,42
MID SWEDEN UNIVERSITY 21 2.25 786 2,67
SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE20 2.14
1517 1,32
KARLSTAD UNIVERSITY 17 1.82 911 1,87
BLEKINGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 13 1.39 373 3,49
OREBRO UNIVERSITY 13 1.39 1059 1,23
HALMSTAD UNIVERSITY 11 1.18 413 2,66
JONKOPING 11 1.18 592 1,86
MALARDALENS UNIVERSITY 10 1.07 695 1,44
SKOVDE UNIVERSITY 9 0.96 394 2,28
UNIVERISTY OF BORAS 5 0.54 469 1,07
GAVLE UNIVERSITY 1 0.11 534 0,19
Total 932 100% 36 231 2,57
6 Top Universities
Uppsala University Karolinska Institute Lund University Chalmers University KTH Linkoping0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
122 119
109
9588
80
Academic Inventors 2011
Uppsala UniversityKarolinska InstituteLund UniversityChalmers UniversityKTHLinkoping
Distribution by Discipline
1. Natural Sciences
2. Engineering and Technology
3. Medical and Health Sciences
4. Agricultural Sciences
5. Social Sciences 6. Humanities0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Academic Inventors by Discipline
1. Natural Sciences
2. Engineering and Technology
3. Medical and Health Sciences
4. Agricultural Sciences
5. Social Sciences
6. Humanities
Number of Patents by field
1. Natural Sciences
2. Engineering and Technology
3. Medical and Health Sciences
101 Mathematics 12 201 Civil Engineering 45 301 Basic Medicine 88
102 Computer and Information Science 78 202
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering 56 302
Clinical Medicine 49
103 Physical Sciences 58 203 Mechanical Engineering 38 303 Health Sciences 12
104 Chemical Sciences 61 204 Chemical Engineering20401Kemiska 16 304
Medical Biotechnology 21
105
Earth and related Environmental sciences 13 205 Materials Engineering 7 305
Other Medical Sciences 2
106 Biological Sciences 37 206 Medical Engineering20601Medicinsk 1
207 Environmental Engineering 2
209 Industrial Biotechnology 8
210 Nano Technology 20
Distribution by Rank
3.061.93
19.52
38.48
11.12
9.19
16.69
Inventor Freq.%
Visiting professor Visiting Lektor
Researcher Professor
Other Lektor
Assistant professor
Age of Inventor
• Average inventor born 1960
University Year of BirthKI 1957LIU 1958LU 1957UU 1959
Some notes on Sweden
• Legal framework: Professor’s privilege• Mainly university-invented. if TTO, likely Karolinska• Still owned by companies, skewed to MNCs, plus TTO
(Karolinska) but also SMEs and individuals• Top patenting at: Comprehensive universities (Uppsala, Lund,
Linköping) as well as specialised medicine (Karolinksa) and specialised engineering (KTH, Chalmers)
• From other research: These 6 have high science or publications (exemption of Linköping) and high R&D investment from firms (exemption of Uppsala)
• Only 38% by professors – important to include the personnel categories
Increasing-controlling for precision
• Manual check/contact for 404 inventors-not existing in previous databases.
• Using the co-inventors dimension for verification
Next step
• Cross sectional dataset 2005, 2011 • Three level analysis• -Individual Level• Discipline Level• University Level• (potential for country level as well)
Thank you!
• Questions?• Comments..