Academic Citation StyleAcademic Citation Style

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

You will be able to:You will be able to:

1.1. Determine what information needs Determine what information needs to be citedto be cited

2.2. Demonstrate ability of cite a source Demonstrate ability of cite a source in one of the citations formatsin one of the citations formats

Using APA Format to Using APA Format to Document SourcesDocument Sources

Why Cite Information?Why Cite Information?

Three Three ImportantImportant Reasons Reasons

1.1. So the reader can locate and read the So the reader can locate and read the exact same sourcesexact same sources

2.2. To give credit to the original authorTo give credit to the original author

3.3. To give you credibility as a writer and To give you credibility as a writer and protect you from being accused of protect you from being accused of plagiarismplagiarism

Where Do I Find APA Where Do I Find APA Format?Format?

Publication Manual of the American Publication Manual of the American Psychological AssociationPsychological Association, 5th ed., 5th ed.– Library Call Number: REF BF76.7 P83 2001Library Call Number: REF BF76.7 P83 2001

WebsitesWebsites

http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html

http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.htmlhttp://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html

AS BookstoreAS Bookstore

APA Style: Two PartsAPA Style: Two Parts

Parenthetical CitationsParenthetical Citations–in the body of the paperin the body of the paper

Reference PageReference Page–at the end of the paper at the end of the paper

When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?

When When quotingquoting any words that are any words that are not your ownnot your own– Quoting means to repeat another Quoting means to repeat another

source word for word, using source word for word, using quotation marksquotation marks

When Should You Not Use Parenthetical Citations?

When When summarizingsummarizing facts and ideas facts and ideas from a sourcefrom a source– Summarizing means to take ideas from a Summarizing means to take ideas from a

large passage of another source and large passage of another source and condense them, using your own wordscondense them, using your own words

When When paraphrasing paraphrasing a sourcea source– Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from

another source but change the phrasing into another source but change the phrasing into your own wordsyour own words

When Do You Cite?

Don’t fall into the trap of plagiarism!Don’t fall into the trap of plagiarism!

If the idea or information you are If the idea or information you are using did not originate in your own using did not originate in your own mind . . .mind . . .

CITE IT!CITE IT!

Paraphrasing activityParaphrasing activity

Example #1Example #1During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of

effective and safe drugs to deal with effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.dramatically reduced.

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Example #2Example #2During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of

effective and safe drugs to deal with effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced. (Rang et al, 1999)dramatically reduced. (Rang et al, 1999)

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Example #3Example #3

““During the last 60 years the development During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.” (Rang et al, 1999)dramatically reduced.” (Rang et al, 1999)

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Example #4Example #4In the 4th edition of their textbook Pharmacology In the 4th edition of their textbook Pharmacology

(1999), Rang, Dale and Ritter state that: (1999), Rang, Dale and Ritter state that: “During the last 60 years the development of “During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.” Such a disease has been dramatically reduced.” Such a bold assertion understates the ongoing threat bold assertion understates the ongoing threat posed by microbial infection. It is estimated, for posed by microbial infection. It is estimated, for example, that worldwide there were over 8 example, that worldwide there were over 8 million cases of tuberculosis in 1998 (WHO, million cases of tuberculosis in 1998 (WHO, 2000).2000).

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.

Example #5Example #5

The development of safe and effective drugs The development of safe and effective drugs to deal with bacterial infection has to deal with bacterial infection has dramatically reduced the death rate dramatically reduced the death rate arising from microbial diseases.arising from microbial diseases.

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Example #6Example #6During the post-war years, the During the post-war years, the

development of effective and safe drugs development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infection has to deal with bacterial infection has transformed medical treatment, and transformed medical treatment, and death and illness resulting from death and illness resulting from microbial disease has been dramatically microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.

Example #7Example #7

The availability of antimicrobial The availability of antimicrobial compounds has transformed healthcare compounds has transformed healthcare in the period since the second world in the period since the second world war. People are far less likely to die or war. People are far less likely to die or even be seriously ill than they had been even be seriously ill than they had been prior to the introduction of these drugs.prior to the introduction of these drugs.

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

To paraphrase is to put ideas expressed To paraphrase is to put ideas expressed by someone else into your own words. by someone else into your own words.

– Should not simply replace words with Should not simply replace words with synonymssynonyms

– Should not follow the same sentence Should not follow the same sentence structure of the originalstructure of the original

– Must be cited or accompanied by an in Must be cited or accompanied by an in text reference to the original source text reference to the original source even if the source is in your bibliographyeven if the source is in your bibliography

Keys to Parenthetical Citations

Readability!Readability!

Keep references briefKeep references brief Give only information needed to Give only information needed to

identify the source on your reference identify the source on your reference page--cross-referencing!page--cross-referencing!

Do not repeat unnecessary Do not repeat unnecessary informationinformation

Handling Quotes in Your Text

Author’s last name, publication year, Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must and page number(s) of quote must appear in the textappear in the text

Caruth (1996) states that a Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).phenomena” (p.11).

A traumatic response frequently A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

Handling Parenthetical Citations

Sometimes more information is Sometimes more information is necessarynecessary

Example: more than one author with the Example: more than one author with the same last namesame last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Example: Two or more works in the same Example: Two or more works in the same

parenthesesparentheses(Fussell, 1975; Caruth, 1996; (Fussell, 1975; Caruth, 1996;

Showalter, 1997)Showalter, 1997) Example: Work with six or more authorsExample: Work with six or more authors

(Smith et al, 1998)(Smith et al, 1998) Example: Specific part of a sourceExample: Specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

Handling Parenthetical Citations

A reference to a personal A reference to a personal communication:communication:Source: email message from C. Everett Source: email message from C. Everett KoopKoopCitation: (C. E. Koop, personal Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)communication, May 16, 1998)

A general reference to a web siteA general reference to a web siteSource: Purdue University web siteSource: Purdue University web siteCitation:Citation: (http://www.purdue.edu)(http://www.purdue.edu)

Handling Parenthetical Citations

Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).

However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6). individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).

Handling Quotes in Your Text

There are There are many different combinationsmany different combinations and and variationsvariations within APA citation within APA citation format. format.

If you run into something unusual, look If you run into something unusual, look it up! it up!

Example of a Reference Page

Shell Shock 36

References

Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern memory.

New York: Oxford University Press.

Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women, war,

and madness—is there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser (Ed.),

The New Historicism (pp. 132-151). New York: Routledge.

Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the

central nervous system. The Lancet, 1, 331-38.

Showalter, E. (1997). Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and

modern media. New York: Columbia University Press.

Reference PageReference Page

A list of every source that you make A list of every source that you make “reference to” in your paper“reference to” in your paper

Provides the information necessary for a Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essaycited in your essay

Each retrievable source cited in the essay Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference page, and must appear on the reference page, and vice versa--cross-referencing!vice versa--cross-referencing!

Reference Page DetailsReference Page Details

Starts on a new pageStarts on a new page Type the word “References” centered at Type the word “References” centered at

the top of the pagethe top of the page Use hanging indent form.Use hanging indent form.

– The first line of each reference is set The first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are flush left and subsequent lines are indented on half inch.indented on half inch.

Arrange alphabetically, not by format of Arrange alphabetically, not by format of publication (ex.. Book, journal, etc.)publication (ex.. Book, journal, etc.)

What to Include in a Reference Citation

Most citations should contain the Most citations should contain the following basic information:following basic information:

Author’s nameAuthor’s name Title of workTitle of work Publication informationPublication information

book: date, place, publisher name, etc.book: date, place, publisher name, etc. article: date, volume, page numbers, etc.article: date, volume, page numbers, etc.

References: Some Examples

BookBook

Shay, J. (1994). Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Combat trauma and the undoing of trauma and the undoing of charactercharacter. New . New York: Touchstone.York: Touchstone.

Article in a MagazineArticle in a Magazine

Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The The New Yorker, New Yorker, 40-45.40-45.

References: Some Examples

A newspaper articleA newspaper articleTommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27).

Master teachers whose artistry Master teachers whose artistry glows in glows in

private. private. New York TimesNew York Times, p. B2., p. B2.

A source with no known authorA source with no known authorCigarette sales fall 30% as California tax Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises. rises.

(1999, September 14). (1999, September 14). New York New York TimesTimes, ,

p. A17.p. A17.

References: Some Examples

Web page citations need 2 additional Web page citations need 2 additional pieces of information:pieces of information:1.1. URLURL

2.2. Accessed (retrieved) dateAccessed (retrieved) date

Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button. button. RoughcutRoughcut. Turner Network . Turner Network Television. Television. Retrieved October 28, 1998 Retrieved October 28, 1998 from from http://www.roughcut.comhttp://www.roughcut.com

Citing a bookCiting a book

LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print:

Fraud, plagiarism, and misconduct in

scientific publishing. Berkeley: University

of California Press.

How would you cite this How would you cite this newspaper article?newspaper article?

Citing a newspaper articleCiting a newspaper article

McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dogwrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 7.

OR:

McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dogwrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 43.

Citing an article from aCiting an article from alibrary databaselibrary database

Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy.

(2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,

18, 40-43. Retrieved November 16, 2004,

from Academic Search Elite database.

OR

Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy.

(2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,

18, 40-43.

Citing a WWW pageCiting a WWW page

Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the

web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from

http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm

Final Reference ListFinal Reference ListReferences

LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print: Fraud, plagiarism, and misconduct in scientific publishing. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm

McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog wrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 7.

Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy. (2004, September 1). Nursing Standard, 18, 40-43. Retrieved October 21, 2004, from Academic Search Elite database.

The Reference List: Final Words of Advice

There are many different types of materials There are many different types of materials you could cite you could cite

If you run into something unusual, look it If you run into something unusual, look it up! up!

Final words of adviceFinal words of advice

Realize that plagiarizing is always Realize that plagiarizing is always the worst solution to any the worst solution to any academic problemacademic problem

When in doubt, ask for help.When in doubt, ask for help.

People and places and People and places and things things

that can help youthat can help you

The Writing CenterThe Writing Centerhttp://www.csuchico.edu/uwc/students/index.http://www.csuchico.edu/uwc/students/index.htmlhtml

Your InstructorYour Instructor The LibrariansThe Librarianshttp://www.csuchico.edu/library/ask.htmhttp://www.csuchico.edu/library/ask.htm

A Style ManualA Style Manual