(Abstract) - University of Calicutuniversityofcalicut.info/syl/Malayalam_Sylla_16.pdf ·...
Transcript of (Abstract) - University of Calicutuniversityofcalicut.info/syl/Malayalam_Sylla_16.pdf ·...
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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT(Abstract)
UG Programme in Malayalam under Choice based Credit Semester System –Scheme andSyllabus - implemented with effect from 2009 admission – approved - Orders issued.————————————————————————————————————————
GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH – I ‘B’ SECTION
No.GAI/B2/368/09 Dated, Calicut University. P.O., 25.06.2009————————————————————————————————————————Read: 1. U.O.No. GA I/J2/3601/08 Vol. II dated 19.06.2009.
2. Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG) held on30.01.2009 and 28.04.2009.
3. Minutes of the meeting of the Faculty of Language & Literature held on06.05.2009 item II 6
4. Minutes of the meeting of the Academic Council held on 14.05.2009 itemNo. II H6
O R D E R1. Choice Based Credit Semester System and Grading has been introduced for
UG Courses in affiliated colleges in the University with effect from 2009 onwards and theregulation for the same implemented vide paper cited 1 above
2. The meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG)at its meeting held on28.04.2009 and 30.-1.2009 prepared the syllabus under Choice based Credit SemesterSystem and resolved to approve the same vide paper read 2nd above. The minutes of themeeting of Board of Studies was approved by the meetings of Faculty of Language andLiterature and Academic Council vide papers read 3rd and 4th above.
3. Sanction has therefore been accorded for implementing the scheme andsyllabus for UG Malayalam under CCSS in affiliated colleges in the University with effect from2009 admission.
Orders are therefore issued accordingly.
The scheme and syllabus is appended herewith.
Sd/-
DEPUTY REGISTRAR (G&A-I)For REGISTRAR.
ToThe Principals of all Arts and Science Colleges.
Copy to: CE/EX Section/PG.DR/AR BA Branch/System Administrator
With a request to upload in the University WebsiteLibrary/GAI ‘F’ Section/SF/DF/FC/EG Section
Forwarded / By Order
SECTION OFFICER
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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTMALAYALAM B.A DEGREE PROGRAMME
CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM
SYLLABUS
2009 - 10
3
BapJw
2009˛10 A≤y-b\ h¿jw apX¬ tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-im-ebv°v Iogn-ep≈ tImtf-Pp-
Ifnse _ncp-Z-]-T\w Choice Based Credit & Semester (CCSS)- tebv°v amdp-I-bm-Wv. hm¿jnI
]co-£-Ifpw am¿°ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ aqey-\n¿Æ-bhpw CtXm-Sp-IqSn C√m-Xm-Ipw.
D∂X hnZym-`ymk cwKØv temI-sØ-ºmSpw D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ß-fpsS ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \mSn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-SpØp sIm≠p≈
]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb P\-߃ GsXmcp kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw
kº-Øm-Wv. cmjvS \n¿ΩmW ]In-b-bn¬ Xß-fp-tS-Xmb ]¶v hln-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Ah¿°v
e`y-am-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠v. Aßs\ kw`-hn-®n-s√-¶n¬ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy¿
_m[y-Xbpw Ib-‰n-A-b-°m-hp∂ D¬∏-∂-hpambn amdpw. Cu ÿnXn Hcp kaq-l-Øn\pw qjWa√.
Adn-hns‚ hnX-c-W-a√, Adn-hns‚ krjvSn-bmWv D∂X hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠v e£y-am-
°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p- klm-b-I-am-IWw ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw t_m[-\-k-º-Zm-b-hpw. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂
]m]y-Xbpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Xpey-\o-Xnbpw GsXmcp ]cn-jv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-Ø-d-bm-bn-
cn-°-Ww.
tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk cwKØv \S-∏m°nb ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jv°-cWw Hcp
hymg-h´w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-°-gn-™p. hnZym¿∞n tIµn-Xhpw ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb B ]mTy-
]-≤-Xn-bn-eqsS s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Snb hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWv Ct∏mƒ tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ FØp-
∂-Xv. _ncp-Z-tIm-gvkp-I-fpsS ]p\x-kw-Lm-S\w AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
Cu hkvXp-X-Ifpw D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymk Iu¨kn-ens‚ am¿§ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw IW-°n-se-
SpØp sIm≠mWv _ncpZ ]T-\-Øns‚ kne-_kv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
hyXy-kvX-ambn At\Iw A[ym-]-I¿ kne-_kv Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]In-b-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-
´p≠v. XpS°w F∂ \nebv°v t]mcm-bva-Iƒ D≠m-Ipw. AsXms° ASpØ L´-Øn¬ Xncp-
Øm-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q.
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn kl-I-cn® F√m-h¿°pw \µn.
28.04.09
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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTMALAYALAM B.A DEGREE PROGRAMME
CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM
1. ]co£ Dƒs∏sS 90 ]hrØn Znh-k-ß-fp≈ 6 ska-Ã-dp-Iƒ sIm≠mWv Cu t]mKmw ]q¿Øn-
bm-Ip-∂-Xv.
2. 4 Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImgvkp-I-fmWv Cu t]mKm-an-ep-≈-Xv.
A. tIma¨ tImgvkv, B. tIm¿ tImgvkv, C. tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv, D. Hm∏¨ tImgvkv
3. F√m tImgvkp-Iƒ°pw IqSn 120 sIUn-‰m-Wp-≈-Xv.
4. 5˛mw ska-Ã-dnse Hm∏¨ tImgvkn\v 3 hnj-b-ß-fmWv \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm tImtf-
Pn\pw Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu tImgvkp-Iƒ ae-bmf `mjbpw
kmln-Xyhpw sF—n-I-ambn FSpØv ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp-≈-X-√.
5. 6˛mw ska-Ã-dnse tIm¿ tImgvknse 15˛m-asØ tImgvkv Ce-IvSohv tImgvkm-Wv. 3 hnj-b-߃
\n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm tImtf-Pn\pw Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
6. 5, 6 ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-embn tImgvkv h¿°v/t]mPIvSv h¿°v \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v. 2 aWn-°q¿ hoXw
CXn\p th≠n \o°n-sh-®n-´p-≠v. 6˛m-asØ ska-Ã-dn-emWv ]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm°n ka¿∏n-
t°-≠-Xv.
7. tImgvkv h¿°v/t]mPIvSv h¿°ns‚ `mK-ambn sNøm-hp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃:
(a) 25 ^pƒ kvIm∏n¬ Hcp ]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.
(b) Hcp t\mh¬/sNdp-IYm kam-lmcw/IhnXm kam-lmcw/\mSIw/Xnc-°Y/kmln-Xy-]-T\w
Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.
(c) Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp tUmIyq-sa‚dn/lkz-NnXw \n¿Ωn-°p-I (So-aw-K-߃
7 t]cn¬ IqS-cp-Xv)
8. aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øns‚ 75% FgpØp ]co-£bpw 25% Ct‚-W¬ Ask- vsa‚pw Bbn-cn-°pw.
9. ]co-£bv°v 4 Xcw tNmZy-߃ D≠m-Ipw.
(a) Objective Type , (b) Short Answer, (c) Short Essay, (d) Long Essay
10. Assk≥sa‚ v, sSÃv t]∏¿ (Np-cp-ßn-bXv 2 FÆw), lmP¿, skan-\m¿ F∂n-h- ASn-ÿm-\-
am-°n-bmWv Ct‚-W¬ A kvsa‚ v. kne-_- ns‚ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn\v skan-
\mdpw Assk≥sa‚pw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
* * * * *
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B.A. Malayalam Degree ProgrammeCarriculam
Core Course kz¥w `mj-tbm-Spw kwkvIm-c-tØmSpw ⁄m\-hy-hÿtbmSpw D≈ Xm¬]cyw kmln-Xym-
kzm-Z-\-Øn-eqsS hnI-kn-∏n-°¬.
ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb
kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-im-kvXhpw kn≤m-¥hpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.
ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf kmwkvIm-
cnI ]cn-t]-£y-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°¬.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI hyXn-cn-‡-X-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb coXn-
bn¬ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ tijn ssIh-cn-°¬.
kuµ-cy-im-kvX-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-bs∏S¬
tIc-f-Ønse Iem-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sfbpw ]ÿm-\-ß-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-߃ a\- n-em-°¬
B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kvX-Øns‚ kmam-\y-k-¶¬∏-߃ ]cn-N-bn-°¬.
emwKzPv em_ns\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb `mjm-]-T\w
ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xhpw thdn´ hgn-Ifpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-
ج.
KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hgn-Ifpw cq]-ssh-hn-[yhpw a\- n-em-°¬.
Zriy-˛-im-hy-˛-A-®Sn am[y-a-ßsf Bi-bn-®p≈ `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
Ie-I-fpsS cq]-s∏-S¬, hnImkw F∂n-h-bpsS Ncn-X-]-Xyb-imkvX ]cn-k-c-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈
[mcW cq]-s∏-S¬.
]T-\-bm-X-I-fn-eqsS tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI apZ-Isf t\cn´p ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.
Complementary Course tIc-f-Øns‚ NcnX L´-ßfpw kwkvIm-chpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
B[p-\nI tIc-f-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw a\- n-em-°¬
NcnX cN-\-bpsS kn≤m-¥-ßfpw k¶¬]-t`-Z-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈¬
\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\hpw KmaoW kwkvIr-Xnbpw Dƒs°m-≈¬
Open Course kmln-Xy-]-T-\sØ ka-Im-enI ]k-‡n-tb-dp-∂, sXmgn¬ km[yX h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ a‰p Iem-
ta-J-e-I-fp-ambpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-I-fp-ambpw _‘n-∏n®v ]Tn-°¬
* * * * *
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I Common Course (English) 4 3 3
Common Course (English) 5 3 3
MA1A07(01) Common Course 7 25% 75% 18
k¿Km-flI cN\bpw
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijnbpw 4 4 3
MA1B01 Core Course I `mjbpw kmln-Xy-hpw˛
]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkvXw 6 4 3
Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw) 3 2 3
MA1C01 IInd Complementary
tIc-f-]-T-\w ˛ BZy-Ime tIcfw 3 2 3
II Common Course (English) 4 4 3
Common Course (English) 5 4 3
MA2A08(01) Common Course 8 hnh¿Ø\hpw 4 4 3
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
MA2B02 Core Course II IYm-km-lnXyw 6 4 3 25% 75% 20
Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw) 3 2 3
MA2C02 IInd Complementary tIc-f-]-T-\w ˛ 3 2 3
a[y-Ime tIcfw
III Common Course (English) 5 4 3
MA3A09(01) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnXyw 5 4 3
MA3B03 Core Course III am[ya ]T\w 5 4 3
MA3B04 Core Course IV \mSIw 4 4 3 25% 75% 20
Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw) 3 2 3
MA3C03 IInd Complementary tIc-f-]-T-\w˛ 3 2 3
A[n-\n-thiIme tIcfw
IV Common Course (English) 5 4 3
MA4A10(01) Common Course 10
kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw 5 4 3
MA4B05 Core Course V ae-bmf IhnX˛]q¿∆-L´w 5 4 3
MA4B06 Core Course VI mjm imkvXhpw
`mjmNcn-Xhpw 4 4 3 25% 75% 20
Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw) 3 2 3
MA4C04 IInd Complementary tIc-f-]-T-\w ˛ 3 2 3
B[p-\n-I tIcfw
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTMALAYALAM B.A DEGREE PROGRAMME
CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM
Sem. Course TitleInsti/hrs/week
CreditExamHrs.
Marks
Int Ext
TotalCreditCode No.
7
Sem. Course TitleInsti/hrs/week
CreditExamHrs.
Marks
Int Ext
TotalCredit
V MA5B07 Core Course VII hymI-cWw 5 4 3
MA5B08 Core Course VIII ae-bmf IhnX
\thm-∞m-\-L´w 5 4 3
MA5B09 Core Course IX kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ 5 4 3
MA5B10 Core Course X KZykmlnXyw 5 4 3 25% 75% 20
MA5D01 Open Course I \mS-I-]-T\w 3 4 3
MA5D02 kvXo]-T\w
MA5D03 Ne-®n-X-]-T\w
Course Work/Project Work 2 -
VI MA6B11 Core Course XI \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw 5 4 3
MA6B12 Core Course XII ae-bmf IhnX
˛ DØ-c-L´w 5 4 3
MA6B13 Core Course XIII ae-bmf
kmlnXyhna¿i\w 5 4 3
MA6B14 Core Course XIV tIc-fob-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ 5 4 3 25% 75% 22
MA6B15(E)01 Elective ssk_¿ ae-bmfw 3 2 3
MA6B15(E)02 hnh¿Ø\w
MA6B15(E)03 \h-kw-kvImc ]-T-\-߃
MA6B16(Pr) Course Work/Project Work 2 4
Code No.
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
B.Com DEGREE PROGRAMME
I MA1A07(02) Common Course 7 25% 75%
k¿Km-flI cN\bpw
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijnbpw 5 4 3
II MA2A09(02) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnXy 5 4 3
]cn-Nbw
Sem. Course TitleInsti/hrs/week
CreditExamHrs.
Marks
Int Ext
TotalCredit
Code No.
8
B.Sc DEGREE PROGRAMME (In Other Pattern)
I MA1A07(03) Common Course 7 25% 75%
k¿Km-flI cN\bpw
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijnbpw 5 4 3
II MA2A09(03) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnXy 5 4 3
]T\w
Sem. Course TitleInsti/hrs/week
CreditExamHrs.
Marks
Int Ext
TotalCredit
Code No.
9
ska-ÿ I
tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 7
k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
Dt±iye£y-߃
k¿§m-flI Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I, kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-hm\p≈ tijn hf¿Øp-I.
Bi-b-hn-\n-ab-tijn hf¿Øp-I.
hnhn[ kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS cN-\m-X-¥-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
cN-\m-ti-jnsb hn]p-e-am-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-w hn[w hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ Adnhpw
Ah-t_m-[hpw \¬Ip-I.
\ΩpsS ImesØ Zriy-˛-im-hy˛ Bib hn\n-a-tbm-]m[n-Iƒ ^e-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥
]m]vX-cm-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1 : FgpØns‚ kmam\y \nb-a-߃
a) sNdp-I-Y, Ihn-X, t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y F∂o kmlnXycq-]-߃, hnhn[-Xcw Fgp-Øp-I-
fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
b) ]apJ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS cN-\-Isf°pdn®p \S-Ønb \nco-£-W-߃ hmbn-°p-I.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v :
k¿K-km-lnXn
Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p (ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc) ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
Fs‚ IhnX ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n
(sshtem-∏n≈n kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw˛2)
Fs‚ ]Wn-∏pc (C-S-t»-cn-bpsS ]_-‘-߃) ˛ CS-t»cn
cwK-]-km-[\w ˛ Hcp Ie-˛(-\m-S-I-Z¿i\w) ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈
IY-bn¬ \n∂v Xnc-°-Ybntebv°v B¿.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jnWn 2006 s^_p-h-cn)
samUyqƒ 2 : cN\m ]cn-io-e\w
a) ^o®¿ ssd‰nßv (td-Un-tbm, Sn.-hn., ]Xw XpS-ßnb hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-te-°p≈ ^o®-dp-Iƒ
Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w) eLp-te-J, en‰n¬ amK-kn≥, hmƒ amK-kn≥ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°¬
b) hn⁄m-\m-[n-jvTnX ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS kvIn]v‰v, imkvXw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, kn\n-a, kwKo-Xw,
kvt]m¿Svkv XpSßn hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fnse hy‡n-I-fp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-Jw, PohN-cn-X-°p-dn-
∏p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w.
c) \ne-hn-ep≈ Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn tdUn-tbm, Sn.-hn. XpS-ßnb hyXykvX am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-ew-_n-t°≠ coXn-Iƒ.
d) ae-bmf `mj-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. D®m-c-Ww, hymI-c-Ww, ]Z-tIm-iw, hc-
samgn F∂n-h-bn¬ hnhn-[-am-[y-a-cq-]-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ ]cn-io-e-\w \S-Øp-I.
Code. MA1A07(01)
]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
10
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
ae-bmf ssien ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω
^o®¿ cN\ ˛ Fw.-]n. kptc-µ≥ (Heo-hv)
Zriy `mj ˛ -sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ ---hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬
]X `mj ˛ tIcf ] v A°m-Z-an
ae-bmfw ssì ]pkvXIw ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
samUyqƒ 3 : ae-bm-fhpw P\-]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw
P\-]n-b-kw-kvImcw ˛ ]cky cN\, ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w, hnhn[ P\-]nb amkn-I-Iƒ, h\nXm
amkn-I-Iƒ, Btcm-Ky-am-knIIƒ, Ne-®nX amkn-I-Iƒ, _me-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃, h¿Ø-am\ ]X-
߃, kvt]m¿Svkv amkn-I-Iƒ, o®¿ cN-\, F v.-Fw.-F v F∂o mjmhy-h-lmc coXn-I-fn¬ ]mtbm-
KnI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-I. (hnhn[ P\-]nb am[y-a-ß-fnse hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw Fgp-Øns‚
khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw a\- n-em-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿t±-in-°mw.)
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
`mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ˛ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥
am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw ˛ tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬
Zriy- mj ˛ -sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥
]X-temIw ˛ FUn.-Sn.-th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥ (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw
ae-bmf `mj C‚¿ s\‰n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I. C˛Fgp-Øns‚ kmt¶-
XnIhi-߃, sh∫v Fgp-Øns‚ D≈-S°w ˛ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, D≈-S° \n¿Ωn-Xn, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v-
sh-b-dp-Iƒ, sh∫v t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C˛-tP¿W-ep-Iƒ, tªmKpI-ƒ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ][m\ ssk‰p-Iƒ,
tªmKpI--fp-sS ]cn-N-bw˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw Iºyq-´-dn¬, hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn‚bpw hnX-c-
W-Øn-s‚bpw hgn-Iƒ C‚¿s\-‰n¬, ssl∏¿ sSIvÃns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, sh∫v Unssk-\n-ßv, tªmKv
\n¿Ωm-Ww Ch-bn¬ ]mtZ-in-I-amb Adn-hp-≠m-°p-I. ae-bmfw sh∫v I≠‚ v \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-io-
e-\w.
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ tUm. ANypXv i¶¿ F v. \mb¿
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
B temIw apX¬ C ˛ temIw hsc ˛ tUm.-sP.-hn.-hn-f-\new
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ tUm.-_n.-C-Iv_m¬, sI.-c-ho-µ≥ (Unkn _pIvkv)
ssk_¿ ae-bmfw ˛ FUn.-kp-\n-X.-Sn.-hn., Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿
C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fßn-s\, -˛ tUm.-_n.-C-Iv_m¬, sI.-c-ho-µ≥ (Id‚ v _pIvkv,
F¥n\v? Xr»q¿)
* * * * *
11
ska-ÿ II
tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 8
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Dt±iye£y-߃
hnZym¿∞n-bpsS `mjm-ti-jnbpw kmln-Xy-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw hnkvXr-Xhpw kº-∂-hp-am-°p-I.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XmØzn-I-h-i-߃ a\- nem-°p-I, ]mtbm-KnI hi-߃ ]cn-io-en-°pI.
samUyqƒ 1
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmwKXyw. \n¿h-N-\-ßfpw XXz-ß-fpw, hnh¿Ø-\w, hymJym-\w, ]cm-h¿Ø-\w,
krjvSn, ]cn-`m-jm-]-In-b, hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI [¿Ωw.
hnh¿Ø-\hpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw
b¥-X¿÷-a, Iºyq-´¿ X¿÷-a, B\n-ta-j≥, X¿÷-a-bpw C‚¿s\-‰-pw, b¥-X¿÷-a-bpsS km[y-X-
Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
hnhn-[-Xcw hnh¿Ø\ßfpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
1. kmlnXyw
2. kmln-tXy-Xcw
3. aoUn-b-Sm≥kv-te-j≥
samUyqƒ 2
hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ][m\ kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fpw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ D¤-hn-°p∂ ]iv\-ßfpw a\-
n-em-°p-I, hnh¿Ø\ coXn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI F∂n-h-bmWv Cu samUyqƒsIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-
∂Xv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v :
hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ (teJ\ kam-lm-cw)
A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w -˛ sI.-]n.- i-¶-c≥
Imhy hnh¿Ø\w˛ Nne \nco-£-W-߃ ˛ tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥
hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX ˛ tUm. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿
IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-߃ ˛ hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym¿
]mThpw ]mcm-b-Whpw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ (kmln-Xy-temIw 99 sabv ˛ Pq¨
e°w, kmlnXy A°m-U-an, Xr»q¿)
Code. MA2A08(01)
]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
12
]tbm-K-am-XrI (hn-h¿Ø-\-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Is≠-Øm≥ \n¿t±-in-
°Ww)
hm\-ºmSn (ssh-tem-∏n-≈n) ˛ Ode to the Skylark (Shelly)Cµp-te-J-bpsS H∂m-a-≤ymbw - W.DUMERGUE, C.S- s‚ Cw•ojv ]cn-`mj
(am-Xr-`qan ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)
KoXm-RvPen-: Pn.bpsS hnh¿Ø-\w -˛ Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w
`P\w ]qP-\-am-cm-[-\bpw ˛ Leave this chanting and singing
km[-\bpw tl \n¿ØpI kmt[m.......... and telling of beads............................................................ .......................................................................
tNcq th¿s∏m-sgm-Is´ Meet him and stand by him in toil and
(PnbpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, Unkn _pIvkv, 1999) sweat of thy brow (Collected poems and plays of
RabindranathTagore, Macmillan, 1967)
kzman hnth-Im-\-µs‚ Nn°mtKm ]kwKw -Address at the Final Session ( 27 September 1893)
kam-]\ ktΩ-f-\-Ønse ]kwKw AdvaitaAshrama (Publication Department) Kolkata(1893 sk]vXw-_¿ 27)
io cma-IrjvW aTw, ]pd-\m-´p-I-c, Xr»q¿
]hm-N-I≥ ˛ J-eo¬ Pn_m≥ ˛ Prophet - Kahlil GibranBcw`w apX¬ ""Ch-sb√mw D®-cn-°-s∏´ These things he said in words. But much in hishm°p-I-fm-sW-¶nepw Dcn-bm-SmØ hN-\-ß-fm¬ heart remained unsaid. For he himself couldnotlrZbw \n`r-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ ALmX speak his deeper secret - F∂-Xp-hsc. (Greatest\nKq-V-X-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah\v works of Kahlil Gibran, Jaico Publishing House,Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.'' F∂p hsc-bp≈ `mKw Bombay).(J-eo¬ Pn_m≥ IrXn-Iƒ, t]Pv 471 ˛ 473,
Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)
samUyqƒ 3
Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°p-I.
]Z-߃
hmIy-߃
ssien-Iƒ
]gw-sNm-√p-Iƒ
]c-ky-߃
]i-kvX-cpsS ]kw-K-߃
teJ-\-߃ (kmlnXy imkvX am\-hnI hnj-b-߃)
13
samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°pI
]Z-߃
hmIy-߃
ssien-Iƒ
]gw-sNm-√p-Iƒ
]c-ky-߃
]i-kvX-cpsS ]kw-K-߃
teJ-\-߃
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
1. X¿÷a : kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb
k°dnb)
2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4.
3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI tUm.hn.-B¿.]t_m-[Nµ≥ , tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZh `´-Xn-cn, kvssI _p°v]ªn-tj-gvkv,
amth-en-°c
6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm.-F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
Assk≥-sa‚ v
k¿§m-fl-Ihpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-hp-amb GsX-¶nepw IrXn-I-fpsS/]T-\-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Cw-
•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-fØn-tet°m ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te-t°m.
GsX-¶nepw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw
imkvX-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-߃°v XØp-e-yamb ae-bmf ]Z-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
Cw•ojv kn\n-abv°v ae-bmfw k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
ae-bmf kn\n-abv°v Cw•ojv k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
* * * * *
14
ska-ÿ III
tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 9
ae-bmf kmlnXyw
Dt±iye£y-߃
ae-bmf kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpIbpw kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Xmev]cyw
P\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
hy-XykvX kmlnXy cq]-߃, ]ÿm\-߃ F∂n-hsb hnZym¿∞n-°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
kmlnXymkzm-Z-\tijn hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
ka-Im-eo\ kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßsf°pdn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw D≠m-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xsb°pdn®v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n-°p∂ ]mT--`m-K-ß-fmWv Cu `mKØv \n¿tZ-in-°p-
∂-Xv. CXn-lm-kw, alm-Im-hyw, JWvU-Imhyw, `mh-Ko-Xn F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]ÿm-
\-ßsf°pdn®pw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww hni-Z-]-T\w \S-tØ-≠-Xv.
a) sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥ \ºym¿, ]q¥m-\w, cma-]p-cØv hmcy¿, DÆmbn hmcy¿ XpS-ßn-b-
h-cpsS cN\m coXn-Isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-߃ hni-Z-ambn
]Tn-°p-I.
1. tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw (IrjvW-KmY) ˛ sNdp-t»cn
Xs∂-b-h-∂p-t≈m-sc-√m-cp-an-ß-s\.........
...............................-B-\-µ-Km\w XpS-ßn--\m-t\..)
2. Km‘m-co-hn-em]w (kvXo]¿∆w) Fgp-Ø-—≥
3. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw ˛ Ip©≥ \ºym¿
AXp-I-≠p-l-\p-am-\p-a-Xp-ew.......
...........-ho-Wp-h-Wßn ]Zm-t¥.....)
b) Bim≥, D≈q¿, h≈-tØmƒ F∂n-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb `mhp-IXz
hyXn-bm\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. Ch-cpsS Hcp Jfi-Im-hytam Ihn-Xm-`m-Ktam hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°pIbpw
A°m-e-sØ-gp-Xnb a‰p Ihn-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp--Ibpw sNøp-I.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Nfim-e-`n-£pIn (c≠mw-Jfiw) ˛ Ipam-c-\m-i≥
ae-tI-d¬ (X-]vX-lr-Z-bw) ˛ D≈q¿
Hcp-tXm-Wn-bmX ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
c) \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hpap≈ IhnXm NcnXw kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I, ]pXnb
Code. MA3A09(01)
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
15
Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I. Bdp Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-Øn¬ aqs∂Æw hni-Z-
ambn ]Tn-°p-I.
1. k¿∏-°mSv ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n
2. Idp-Ø-sN-´n-®n-Iƒ ˛ CS-t»cn
3. _m°n-h-√-Xp-apt≠m ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvWhmcn-b¿
4. ]mhw- am-\hlrZbw ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
5. amº-g-°mew ˛ ]n.-]n. cma-N-µ≥
6. Ae-™p-Xn-cn-bp∂ IhnX ˛ d^o°v Al-ΩZv
(ssh-tem-∏n≈n, kpK-X-Ip-am-cn, d^o°v Al-ΩZv F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-
t°-≠Xv.)
samUyqƒ 2
ae-bmf kmlnXy NcnXw, hnIm-kw, ]cn-Wmaw F∂nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. 6 IY-I-
fn¬ \n∂v 3 FÆw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww. Hcp t\mhepw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn°-Ww.
sNdp-IY
1. ssSK¿ ˛ _jo¿
2. Hcp \km-Wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn-im-kvXhpw ˛ k°-dnb
3. hf¿Øp-ar-K-߃ ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
4. aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ ˛ ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip´n
5. LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw ˛ kp`m-jvN-µ≥:
6. taml-a™v ˛ sI.-B¿ aoc
(_-jo¿, Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, sI.-B¿. aoc F∂nhcpsS IY-IfmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-
t°≠Xv.)
t\mh¬
hr≤-k-Z\w ˛ Sn.-hn. sIm®p-_mh
samUyqƒ 3
a. KZy-km-ln-XysØ Ipdn®v kmam\y ]cn-Nbw D≠m-°-Ww. D]-\ym-kw, hna¿i-\w, kmlnXy
kwkvImc ]T-\-߃ apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ 6 teJ-\-ßfn¬ 3 FÆw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-
Ww.
1. [¿Ω-cmP (ssZ-h-\o-Xn°v Zm£n-Wy-an-√) ˛ sI. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿
2. ac-°p-cnipw hnip≤ inc pw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
(sI.-]n. A∏s‚ sXc-s™-SpØ teJ-\-߃ hmfyw˛1)
3. A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Zcn-Z-am-°p∂ hyh-kmb kwkvImcw ˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥
(h¿Æ-ß-fpsS kwKo-Xw)
4. kmln-Xy-hnZy (km-ln-Xy-hn-Zy) ˛ Ip´n-IrjvW amcm¿
5. Imhy-tlXp-°ƒ ˛ Fw.-sI. km\p
(Im-hy-XØz ]th-in-I) Un.-kn. _pIvkv
16
6. Zn hm-°¿ (thdn´ ImgvN-Iƒ) ˛ hn.-sI. iocm-a≥
(sI. mkvI-c≥ \mb¿, Ip´n-IrjvW amcm¿, Fw.-sI. km\p F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ßfmWv Cu ska-Ã-
dn¬ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv.)
b. cwK-I-e-Iƒ, aXw, tImf-\o-I-c-Ww, tZio-b-X, Ne-®nXw, P\-]nb kwkvImcw, am[y-a-߃ F∂n-
h-sb-Ip-dn®v kmam\y ]cn-N-bw D≠m-IWw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v Htc-Im¶\mSIw As√-¶n¬ eLp\mS-Iw, Hcp Xnc-°Y F∂nh \n¿tZ-in°mw.
1. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv (GIm¶ \mSIw) ˛ Pn. i¶-c-]n≈
2. ImgvN (Xn-c-°-Y) ˛ ª n
samUyqƒ 4
ka-Im-eo\ kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ß-fnse ][m\ k¶-ev]-\-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hni-Z-amb ]T\w
th≠.
1. LS-\m-hmZw
2. kqN-Iw, kqNnXw
3. Nn”-imkvXw
4. A]-\n¿ΩmWw
5. tZiobX
6. ]Xy-b-imkvXw
7. kzXzw
8. hyh-lmcw
9. B[p-\n-IX
10. at\m-hn-⁄m-\obw
11. AkvXnXzhmZw
12. ]Xn-\n-[m\w
13. _lp-kz-cX
14. Iogmf ]T-\-߃
15. ]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-imkvXw
16. kvXohmZw
17. A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw
18. kwkvImc hyh-kmbw
19. \h-N-cn-X-hmZw
20. BJym-\-imkvXw
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥cw ˛ ]n.-]n.-c-ho-µ≥, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-߃ ˛ FUn.-kn.-sP.-tPm¿÷v, _p°v thw, Xr»q¿
* * * * *
17
ska-ÿ IV
tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 10
kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw
Dt±iye£y-߃
tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p≈ ][m\ hkvXp-X-Ifpw kao-
]-\coXn-Ifpw hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p≈ k¶-ev]-\-߃ a\- n-em-°pI
C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°p-I. hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-
]n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-sØ-Ip-dn®pw \mK-cn-I-X-sb Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb Adn-hp-≠m-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIm-chpw, kwkvIm-c-Øn‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-߃, kwkvImc ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tSbpw
]cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚bpw L´-߃ ˛ hn`P\w ˛ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ am\-Z-WvU-߃, kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-ß-
fpsS BZm\ ][m-\-߃, imkvXhpw kwkvIm-chpw, kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw, \mK-cn-I-Xbpw
\K-c-h¬°-c-W-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw kwkvImcw Hcp ]Inb F∂ \nebv°pw Dev]-
∂sa∂ \ne-bv°pw, kwkvIm-csØ Ipdn-®p≈ hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ˛htc-Wy-kw-kvImchpw P\-
Iob kwkvIm-chpw ˛ sXmgn-emfn h¿§ kwkvImcw ˛ kmam\y kwkvImcw ˛ kwkvImc hyh-kmbw
˛ kwkvImchpw BtKm-foI-c-Whpw ˛ hnh-c-ß-fpsS ]hmlw, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-
Ww.
samUypƒ 2
C¥y≥ kwkvImcw ˛ hnhn[ kao-]-\-߃ ˛ sImtfm-Wn-b¬, kmam-PyXz, anj-Wdn kao-]-\-
߃ ˛ Hmdn-b‚en-Ãp-I-fp-sS-bpw tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw kzman hnth-Im-\-µ≥, Ac-hnµv tLmjv, cho-
µ-\mY SmtKm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, aX\nc-t]£
kao-]-\-߃ ˛ _m“Wta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ]t£m-`-W-ßfpw ZfnXv apt∂-‰-ßfpw
taml≥P-Zmtcm lmc-∏≥ kwkvImcw ssP\nkw _p≤nkw Ch-bpsS kmaqly ]k‡n,
apKf cmP-kw-`m-h\ ˛ `‡n ]ÿm\w, Iebpw kmlnXyhpw ˛ _n´ojv A[n-\n-th-ihpw kmwkvIm-
cnI kzm[o-\hpw, kmap-Zm-bnI aX ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-߃, Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Kma-kz-cm-Pv, C¥y≥
aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-sb Ipdn-®p≈ s\lvdp-hns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ
Code. MA4A10(01)
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
18
samUyqƒ 3
Zmhn-U-kw-kvImcw ˛ tIc-f-Ønse ]mMv NcnX kaq-lhpw kwkvIm-chpw, tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-
Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw kzm[o\ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬, ssXh¿ÆnI kwkvImcw
˛hnhn[ aX-ßfpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw (C-…mw˛InkvXy≥˛_p-≤-˛-ssP\ apX-em-b-h) ae-bm-f
kmlnXyw ˛ cma-N-cn-X-Im-c≥, IÆ-i≥, sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥\-ºym¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛ `mjm hnImkw ˛ \mS≥-I-e-Ifpw ¢mkn-°¬ Ie-Ifpw ˛ ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-
Øns‚ hf¿®
samUypƒ 4
kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ ]X-am-knI ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ tZiob ]ÿm\w ˛
tZiob ]ÿm\Øns‚ kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ˛ sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\w, tIcf cq]o-
I-c-Ww. Im¿jnI ]cn-jvI-c-Ww, tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I, km£-cXm ]h¿Ø-\w, A[n-ImchntI-µo-
I-cW ]h¿Ø-\-߃, B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw tIc-fhpw ˛ \h-km-aqly
]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ tIc-fhpw ]hm-kn-I-fpw.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃:
kwkvImc ]T\w : NcnXw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbmKw ˛ ae-bmf ]T\ kwLw, Id‚ v _pIvkv,
tIm´bw
P\-]nb kwkvIm-cw-˛-N-cn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ jmPn tP°-_v, amXr- qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t°mSv
tIcf NcnXw ˛ cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿
h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw, FS-∏mƒ
tIcf kwkvImcw ˛ F.-io-[-c-ta-t\m≥
tIcf NcnXw ˛ F.-io-[-c-ta-t\m≥
tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ ˛ sI.-F≥.-K-tWjv
tIc-fo-bX˛Ncn-X-am-\-߃ ˛ Fw.-B¿.-cm-L-h-hm-cn-b¿
lnµp kzcmPv ˛ almflm Km‘n
C¥ysb Is≠-ج ˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp
C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew ˛ F.-B¿.-tZ-imbn (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI NcnXw ˛ ]n.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
a[y-Ime tIcfw˛k-º-Øv, kaq-lw,-kw-kvImcw ˛ Fw.-B¿.-cm-L-h-hm-cy¿
(Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv)
kwkvIm-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw ˛ tUm.-sI.-F≥.-]-Wn-°¿,
Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿
tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥, Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´bw
ka-\z-bhpw kwL¿jhpw ˛ hn.-A-c-hn-µm-£≥, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv
Culture - RaymondWilliams
19
Composite Culture in a Multi Cultural Society - Edi: Bipin Chandra & Sucheta MahajanThe Idea of Culture - TerryEagleton
InterpretingEarly India - RomilaThaparCulture andCivilisationof India - D.D.KosambiAncient IndianSocialHistory - RomilaThapar
* * * * *
20
ska-ÿ I
tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛7
ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw
k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw
Dt±iye£y-߃
hmWnPy imkvX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmln-tXy-X-c-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab
coXnIƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn Ahsc Bi-bhn-\n-a-b-Øn\v ]m]vX-cm-°p-I.
k¿§mflI cN-\-I-fn¬ Xmev]cyw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I. teJ-\w-˛-IØv F∂nh Fgp-Xp-hm\pw
X¿÷-a-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I.
hmWnPy imkvX]c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1: kvac-W-Iƒ
(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mse-Æ-w ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)
\mS-I-Øn\p ]n∂nse \mSIw (I¿a-hn-]mIw) ˛ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv
\nd-IpSw (Pohn-X-∏mX) ˛ sNdp-ImSv
hntZ-im-\p-`-h-߃ (Hm¿Øm¬ hnkva-bw) ˛ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cen
Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc (Fs‚ Pohn-X-IY) ˛ F.-sI.-Pn.
B a\p-jy≥ \oXs∂ (Ch≥ Fs‚ ]nb kn.-sP.) ˛ tdmkn tXmakv
AºXv cq] iº-f-ap≈ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ ˛ Fw.-sI.sI \mb¿
(BtcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an-√msX)
(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ sNdpImSv, G.-sI.-Pn., Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cm-en, Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb¿ F∂n-h-cpsS
cN-\-Iƒ ]Tn-t°≠Xv.)
samUyqƒ 2: hnNm-c-km-lnXn (te-J\ kam-lm-cw)
(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mse-Æ-w ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)
ae-bmfw ad-°p-∂-h¿ (In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS) ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
kvXo ]mXn-\n-[yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw ˛ Aa¿Xym-sk≥, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2004
(hn-I-k\w Xs∂ kzmX-¥yw)
ASp-°f Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°pI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k-^v
tIc-fo-b-Xbpw kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥, NBS tIm´-bw, 1998
(kn-\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-hpw)
^mkn-k-Øns‚ a\ximkvXw ˛ Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-µ-Ip-am¿
(_p≤s‚ Nncn)
Code. MA1A07(02)
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
21
Ie-bnse kztZin ]ÿm\hpw ]p\cp-≤m-c-Whpw ˛ hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥
(`m-c-Xo-b-Ie 20˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬)
(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Aa¿Xym-sk≥, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥ F∂n-
h-cpsS teJ-\-ßfmWv ]Tn-t°≠Xv)
samUyqƒ 3
1. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb hnhn[ Fgp-Øp-IfpsS kz`mhw
2. hnhn-[-Xcw IØp-I-fpsS amXrI (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw)
3. ]c-ky-`mj (Z¿Lm-kp-Iƒ, Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, Fkv.-Fw.-F-kv., a‰p-]-c-ky-߃)
4. _nkn-\ v tP¿W-enkw ( hnhn[ B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØWw Ah-bnse `mjbpw
ssienbpw a\- n-em-°-Ww)
klm-bI KŸ-߃
hmWn-Py-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ 12˛mw A[ymbw hsc (tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
samUyqƒ 4: hnh¿Ø\w
hnh¿Ø\w ˛ \n¿∆-N-\-߃ ˛ tkmX-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language)
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-Ifpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw
˛ kmlnXy hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ]iv\-߃ ˛ imkvX-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ]tXyI ]iv\-
߃ ˛ ]kw-K-]-cn-`mj ˛ ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-߃°p-th-≠n-
bp≈ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ ˛ ]c-ky-߃, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-
Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\w. b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-cWw (Translitera-
tion) hnh¿Ø\ ]p\x-krjvSn (Transaction) F∂n-h-sb°pdn-®p≈ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-
Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
tØ-≠-Xm-Wv).
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
1. X¿÷a : kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb k°dnb)
2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4.
3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI ˛ tUm.hn.-B¿.]t_m-[Nµ≥ ,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZh `´-Xn-cn,
kvssI _p°v]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°c
6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm.-F≥.-C.hniz-\mY Aø¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
7. `mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw.-]n.-k-Zm-in-h≥
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
* * * * *
22
Dt±iye£y-߃
ae-bmf `mj, kmlnXyw kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb Ipdn®v s]mXp-[m-c-W-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
`mj-bnse hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI
k¿§m-flI cN-\-bn-te¿s∏-Sm-\p≈ hnZym¿∞n-bpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.
samUypƒ 1 : IY-Iƒ
(Bdv IY-I-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)
Bcm-[\ ˛ Ddq_v
lmb,v F¥p-c-k-ap≈ Ifn-Iƒ ˛ AIv_¿ I°-´n¬
Xcn-ip-\new ˛ am[-hn-°p´n
£pcky-[mc ˛ kn.-hn. iocm-a≥
hnhm-l-∏n-t‰∂v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.
U¬ln 1981 ˛ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥
(Cu ska-Ãdn¬ Ddq-_v, am[-hn-°p-´n, kn.-hn. iocm-a≥, hn.-sI.-F≥. F∂n-h-cpsS IY-IfmWv ]Tn-t°-
≠Xv)
samUyqƒ 2 : Ihn-X-Iƒ
(Bdv IhnX-I-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)
Fs‚ `mj ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
Du™m¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n
\nanjw ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v
am™p-a-d™ ]q°mew ˛ ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿
ag-°mew ˛ A≥h¿ Aen
arK-in-£-I≥ ˛ hnP-b-e£van
(Cu ska-Ãdn¬ h≈-tØmƒ, sshtem-∏n-≈n, hnP-b-e£van, A≥h¿ Aen F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-
IfmWv ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv.)
samUyqƒ 3 : t\mh¬
thcp-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-‰p¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥
samUyqƒ 4 : Xnc-°-Y/\mSIw
s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew ˛ ]Zva-cm-P≥ (Xn-c-°-Y)
* * * * *
ska-ÿ II
tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 9
ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw
Code. MA2A09(02)
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
23
ska-ÿ I
tIma¨tImgvkv 7
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]T\w
k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw
Dt±iye£y-߃
]c-º-cm-K-X-a-√mØ t]mKm-ap-Iƒ°v ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI
taJe-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw hf¿Øp-I.
hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI.
imkvX-hn-j-b-߃ amXr-`m-j-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-°p-I.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ _me-]m-T-߃ ]Tn-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1 : ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXy cN\
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hnI-kn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp kmln-Xy-im-J-bmWv imkvX-km-lnXyw. imkvX
kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w hºn-®-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂
imkvX Imcy-߃ efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv imkvX-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v D≠m-th-≠Xv
AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. AØcw cN-\-I-fpsS ]iv\-ßfpw ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu
tamUyq-fns‚ e£yw.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ÿm\w, ssh⁄m-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn\pw k¿Km-
fl-I-kmlnXyØn-\pw D≈ hyXym-k-߃ ˛ ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS ]iv\-߃ ˛ `mj
˛ ssien ˛ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃ ˛ ]Xn-]m-Z\ coXn-bpsS ]m[m-\yw. imkvXhnj-b-߃ k¿Km-flI-
cN-\bv°v hnj-b-am-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ ]iv\-߃.
samUyqƒ 2 : imkvX-kmlnXn (imkvX teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-cw)
1. Nne-¥n-he ˛ sI. `mkv°-c≥ \mb¿
2. Bcp-sS-bmWo `qan ˛ B¿.hn.-Pn. tat\m≥
3. \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn-s°m-cm-apJw ˛ Sn.-]-Zo]v,
(Ip-™p-I-W-߃°v hk-¥w) Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.
4. hwi-ß-fpsS AXn-Po-h\w ˛ Poh≥ tPm_v tXmakv
(hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ico-c-im-kvXw) Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.
5. Pem-h-Imiw: `c-W-IqSw, Itºm-fw, kaqlw ˛ hµ\ inh, amXr- qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t°mSv
(P-e-bp-≤-߃)
Code. MA1A07(03)
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
24
samUyqƒ 3 : Hcp imkvX-⁄s‚ Poh-N-cnXw
bq-dn-K-Km-dn≥ ˛ kn.-Pn. im¥-Ip-am¿,
tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv, Xr»q¿
samUyqƒ 4 : hnh¿Ø\w
hnh¿Ø\w ˛ \n¿∆-N-\-߃ ˛ tkmX-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language)
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-Ifpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw
˛ kmlnXy hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ]iv\-߃ ˛ imkvX-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ]tXyI ]iv\-
߃ ˛ ]kw-K-]-cn-`mj ˛ ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-߃°p-th-≠n-
bp≈ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ ˛ ]c-ky-߃, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-
Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\w. b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-cWw (Translitera-
tion) hnh¿Ø\ ]p\x-krjvSn (Transcreation) F∂n-h-sb°pdn-®p≈ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-
Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
tØ-≠-Xm-Wv).
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃:
1. X¿÷a : kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb k°dnb)
2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4.
3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI ˛ tUm.hn.-B¿.]t_m-[Nµ≥,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZh `´-Xn-cn,
kvssI _p°v]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°c
6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm.-F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
* * * * *
25
ska-ÿ II
tIma¨tImgvkv 9
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]T\w
Dt±iye£y-߃
ae-bmf `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw Xmev]cyw hf¿Øp-I. Bkzm-Z-\-tijn hf¿ØpI.
ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb Ipdn®v kmam-\y[mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
amXr-`m-j-bpsS sshIm-cn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-bm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-
°pI.
hnhn-[-ssh-⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Iƒ kz¥w `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-°p-I.
k¿Km-fl-I-tijn ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1 : t\mh¬
BSp-Po-hnXw ˛ _\ym-an≥ (Ko≥ _pIvkv, Xr»q¿)
samUyqƒ 2 : IYm-k-am-lmcw
(6 IY-I-fn¬ 4 FÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)
sabn¬ dÆ¿ ˛ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv
kz-]v\w-t]mse ˛ ]nb F.-F-kv.
h≠n-th-j-߃ ˛ sshim-J≥
aI≥ ˛ Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥
tNme-a-c-߃°n-S-bn¬ ˛ hn.-B¿. kp[ojv
s]e-a-dpX ˛ \mcm-b≥
(Cu- ska-Ã-dn¬ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°m-Sv, ]nb F.-F-kv., sshim-J≥, \mcm-b≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-
IfmWv ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv).
samUyqƒ 3 : \mSIw
A[n\n-th-i-Øns‚ Bkp-c-h-gn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-Fw. cmL-h≥ \ºym¿
(kzm-X¥yw Xs∂ Pohn-Xw) (tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan)
samUyqƒ 4 : IhnX
]pØ≥ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw ˛ CS-t»cn
* * * * *
Code. MA2A09(03)
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
26
ska-ÿ ˛ 1tImgvkv ˛ 1
`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw: ]T\Øns‚ coXn-im-kvXw
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
`mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw, kaqlw F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ ]mY-anI [mc-W cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hni-I-e-\-co-Xn kzmb-Ø-am-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
kaqlw ˛ ]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-N-\w. kaq-l-]-T\w ˛ `n∂coXn-Iƒ. `mc-Xo-bhpw ]mivNm-Xy-hp-
amb ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ. ]T-\-k-º-Zm-b-߃. kaq-l-Øn-\p-≈nse hy‡n-I-fpsS Iao-I-c-Whpw hy‡n-I-
fpsS [¿Ω-hpw˛ kaq-lhpw hy‡nbpw ˛ kwL¿jw, ka-\zbw. `mjbpw kaq-l-hpw. kaq-l-Øn-\p-
≈nse D]-k-aq-l-߃ ˛ enwKw, PmXn, aXw, h¿§w, hwiw F∂n-h-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Ah-bpsS
Iq´m-bva-I-fpw. kaq-l-Øns‚ hnI-k-\w, ]mIv NcnX kaqlw, Im¿jnI kaq-lw, \mK-cnI kaq-lw,
\mK-cn-I-Xbpw kwkvIm-chpw, s]mXp-k-aq-lhpw cmjvSob kaq-lhpw. A[n-Imc LS\, kmaq-lnI
aqey-߃, aqey-ß-fpsS Bt]-£n-I-X, kmaq-lnI imkvXhpw (Sociology) CX-c-am-\-hnI hn⁄m\
imJ-Ifpw (N-cn-X-hn-⁄m-\w, \c-hwi imkvXw, hwio-b-]-T\w (Ethnology)samUyqƒ 2
`mj˛ ]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-N-\-w ˛ `mjmLS\ (`mj Hcp hyhÿ F∂ \nebv°v ZznL-S\ hni-
Zo-I-cn-°-Ww) mjm Nn”-߃, mjm-Nn-”-ßfpw CXc Nn”hyhkvYIfpw Symbolic, Iconic, indexi-cal XpS-ßnb Nn”-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw `mjm Nn”-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw. `mj Bhn-jvImc
am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ D®-cnX i_vZw `mjmam[y-a-Øns‚ hkvXp-sh∂ \nebv°v ˛ `mjm i_vZ-
Øns‚ (Sound) ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛ ÿmbn (Pitch) _ew (Stress) ssZ¿Lyw (Length) `mjm-[¿Ω-߃
˛ hmsamgn, hc-samgn ˛ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w, hyXymkw (`mj kwkvIm-cm¿÷-\-Øns‚ D]m[n F∂
\nebv°pw kwkvIm-c-hm-l-I-sa∂ \nebv°pw Du∂¬ \¬In ]Tn-∏n-°-Ww) `mjbpw kaq-lhpw ˛
`mjm t`Z-߃ ˛ `mjm ]cn-Wmaw. `mj-bpsS A¿∞-\n¿Æb LS-I-߃ ˛ A¿∞-hn-\n-ab coXn-
Iƒ. A`n-[, e£-W, hyRvP\ connotative, Dinotative, Emotive, Phatic.enwKw, h¿Æw, PmXn XpS-ßn-
b-h-bpsS ]-Xn-^-e\߃ `mj-bn¬.
samUyqƒ 3
kmln-Xyw˛ \n¿h-N-\w, kmln-Xy-`m-j. Bkzm-Z-I≥, IrXn, I¿Ømhv Chsb°pdn-®p≈ `mc-
Xo-bhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb A`n-]m-b-߃. kmln-Xy-cq]w, A¿∞t_m[-\-X-¥-߃, A¿∞-X-e-
Ønepw am[y-a-X-e-Ønepw I¿Ømhv kzoI-cn-°p∂ cN\m X¥-߃ ˛ ]m-kw, coXn, KpWw, Ae-¶m-
cw, _nw_-߃, Oµ v XpS-ßn-b-hbpsS \n¿Æ-b-\hpw hnh-c-W-hpw. kmlnXy IrXn-I-fpsS hymJym\w
kn≤m-¥-ßfpw kao-]-\-ßfpw ˛ [¿Ω-hm-Z-]-cw, a\-»m-kvX-]-cw, kmaq-lnI imkvX-]cw, Poh-N-cn-
X-]cw XpSßn B[p-\nI Imew hsc-bp≈ hna¿i\ kn≤m-¥-ßsf Ipdn®v GI-tZi [mcW
hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v e`n-°-Ww. kmln-Xyhpw kuµ-cyhpw ˛ kmln-Xym-\p-`qXn ˛ kmln-Xyhpw kmln-
tXy-Xc `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw ˛ imkvXw, Ncn-Xw, Poh-N-cn-Xw, Bfl-I-Y, XXz-Nn-¥, cmjvSobw
XpS-ßn-b-h.
Code. MA1B01
]T-\-k-abw : 108 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
27
samUyqƒ 4
kwkvImcw ˛ ]m-tbm-KnI \n¿h-N-\w˛ ]T-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n˛ ]T-\-coXn ˛ tZin/am¿§n, D]cn
˛ P\-Iob Zzµz-ß-fpsS _‘hpw hyXym-khpw. kmwkvIm-cn-Im-hn-jvIm-c-߃ hmkvXp, NnX-sagpØv,
kwKo-Xw, A`n-\-bw, \rØw, inev]w XpS-ßn-b-h. kmlnXyw kwkvIm-cm-hn-jvIm-c-sa∂ \nebn¬.
kwkvIm-c-ssh-hn[yw h¿Æw, h¿§w, hwiw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬. kmwkvIm-cnIm[n-\n-
thiw, ]Xn-tcm-[w, ka-\z-bw.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃ :
]uc-kvXy-km-lnXy Z¿i\w ˛ FUn.-Fw.-F-kv.-ta-t\m≥
Imhy-Nn¥ ˛ NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\pÆn
Imhy-]o-TnI ˛ ap≠-t»cn
Imhy-X-Xz-]-th-inI ˛ Fw.-sI.-km\p
`mc-Xob Imhy-imkvXw ˛ Sn.-`m-kv°-c≥
kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ Uªyq.-F®.vlUvk¨
(H∂pw Bdpw A[ym-b-߃) hnh: Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥
StudyingLiterary theory-an Introduction - Roger Webster
TheoryofLiterature - Wellak and Warren
Modern Criticism and theory - Ed.David Lodge with NigelWood
Dialecticofenlightenment - Max Horkheimer andTheodorAdorno
OnLanguage - Roman Jakobson
Culture and thought - Cole, Michel and Scribner
AScientific theoryof culture - Malinowski
FundamentalsofSociology - P.Gisbert
Structuralist poetics - JonathanCuller
Thepursuit ofSigns - JonathanCuller
Orality andLiteracy - Ong
HumanSociety - KingslyDavis
PremitiveCulture - J.B.Taylor
AncientSociety - Morgan
Culture andAnarchy - MathewArnold
Civilization - CliveBell
Literary theory - Ananthology (Ed.JulieRivkinandMichaelRyan)
* * * * *
28
ska-ÿ II
tImgvkv ˛ 2
IYm kmln-Xyw
Dt±iye£y߃
t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D≠m-°p-I.
ae-bmf t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb a\- n-em-°p-I.
ka-Im-eo\ t\mh-en-s‚bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
Ncn-X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp D¬]-∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu kmlnXy cq]-ßsf Dƒs°m-
≈p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
t\mh¬ ˛ ]m›mXy ]uckvXy \n¿h-N-\-߃ ˛ t\mh¬ apt∂m-Sn-Iƒ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬
˛ sdmam≥kp-Ifpw t\msh-√-Ifpw ˛ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ hniz-]-kn-
≤-ß-fmb t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-Ifpw ˛ hnt\m-Zhpw hn⁄m-\hpw ˛ a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn, Pohn-Xw,
kwkvIm-c-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temIw apgp-h≥ ]c-°p-∂Xv t\mh-ep-I-fn-
eqsS. `mc-Xob t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-Ifpw ˛ t\mh¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬
˛ap-t∂m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ BZysØ ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ hyXy-kvXm`n]mb-߃ ˛ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse t\mh-ep-
Iƒ ˛ Cµp-te-Jbpw A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw ˛ Cµpte-JbpsS Ncn-X-]-c-hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]m[m-
\yw.
Ncn-X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥ ]n≈-bpsS Ncn-X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛
]m[m\yw.
X¿÷a t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ, tSmƒtÃmbv, hnIvS¿ lyqtKm,
Nmƒkv Un°≥kv, slan-Mvth XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXnItfm cho-µ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿, _¶n-wN-µ-Nm-‰¿Pn,
Xmcm-i-¶¿ _tµym-]m-[ymb, ic-®-µ-Nm-‰¿Pn, Bim-]q¿Æm-tZ-hn XpS-ßnb C¥y≥km-ln-Xy-Im-c-
∑m-cpsS t\mh-ep-Itfm BImw.
tIc-fob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ t\mh-
ep-I-fn-eqsS amXw A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏´ AXp-hsc ]pdwtemIw Adn-bm-Xn-cp∂ Pohn-X-߃ ˛
km[m-W-°m-cp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw PohnXw ˛ ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-
hhpw kzm[o-\hpw t\mh-en¬, kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI ]iv\-߃ t\mh-en¬ ˛ t\mh¬ km[m-c-W-
°m-cs‚ Iem-cq-]-ambn amdnb kml-Ncyw. XI-gn, tIi-h-tZ-hv, _jo¿, Fkv.-sI. Ddq_v, apØn-cn-
tßmSv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.
Code. MA2B02
]T-\-k-abw : 108 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
29
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. imcZ ˛ N¥p-ta-t\m≥
2. [¿a-cmPm ˛ kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n≈
3. c≠n-S-ßgn ˛ XIgn
samUyqƒ 2
kmaq-lnI am‰-߃ hy‡nsb tIµo-I-cn®p sIm≠p≈ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ a\-»m-kvX-
Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛ hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw ˛ s]mcp-Ø-ßfpw s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Ifpw ˛ hy‡nbpw am\-
knI ]iv\-ßfpw ˛ `mj-bp-tSbpw cN-\-bp-tSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
cmP-e-£van, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-´n, sI. kptc-µ≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, sNdp-Im-Sv, ]md-∏p-d-Øv, ae-bm-
‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥, kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, h’-e, F≥. ]n. apl-Ω-Zv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ.
t\mh-en¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o\-ßfpw, Bhn-jv°cW coXn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃
˛ hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ ˛ hy‡n kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ ]iv\-߃ ˛
imkvX-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛ hnizm-k-Ø-I¿®-Iƒ ˛ aqey-Nyp-Xn-Iƒ ˛ A¥¿ap-JXzw ˛ AkvXn-Xz-kw-
_-‘n---bmb ]iv\-߃ ˛ cmjvSob k¶-ev]-ß-fn¬ h∂ am‰w ˛ kz]v\-ß-fpsS \jvSw ˛ ]Xo-£-
I-fpsS ssItamiw ˛ am\-knI hn`m-¥n-Iƒ, Bi-b-°p-g-∏-߃/A\yh¬°-cWw
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw -˛ ]md-∏p-dØv
aøgn-∏p-g-bpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬ ˛ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥
am‰mØn ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
t\mh¬ kmlnXy NcnXw ˛ s]m^. sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥
ae-bmf t\mh¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ˛ tUm.-tPm¿Pv Ccp-ºbw
BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ tUm. tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw
ae-bm-f-t\mhens‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ ˛ s]m^. Xpº-a¨ tXmakv
Ncn-X-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ Iev]‰ _me-Ir-jvW≥
kn.-hn. Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS ˛ Fw.-sI. IrjvW≥
]Xn-]mXw `mjWt`Zw ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈
ssZh -\o-Xn°p Zm£nWy-an√ ˛ tUm. sI. `mkvI-c≥\m-b¿
t\mh¬ \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw ˛ Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿
t\mhepw cmjvSo-bhpw ˛ F.-Fw. hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈
samUyqƒ 3
sNdp-I-Y-˛\n¿∆-N-\-߃ hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse
sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ hniz-]-kn-≤-cmb sNdp-IYmIrØp-°ƒ sNdp-I-Y-sb∂ kmlnXy cq]-Øns‚ hf¿®
˛ bqtdm-]y≥ mj-I-fn¬ em‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥˛ B^n-°≥ mj-I-fn¬˛ a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£va-km-
£m¬°m-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ sNdp-IYbpsSÿm\w.
30
sNdp-IY `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬˛ hf¿®˛ sNdp-IY ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ sshtZin-I-kzm-[o\w BZy-
Im-e-sN-dp-I-Y-Iƒ˛ ]X-]-h-¿-Ø-\w˛ ]X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS ]Nm-cw˛ A\p-I-c-W-߃˛ tIc-fo-bm-¥-co-
£-Øn¬ \S-Ønb ]p\xkrjvSn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c≥˛ BZy sNdp-I-Y˛ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\w.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°w 1930-˛-I-tfmsS cq]-s∏´ \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn h∂
XI-gn, tZhv, _jo¿, Ddq-_v, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Imcq¿, hn.-Sn. Fw.-B¿.-_n., efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P-
\w, sI.-k--c-kz-Xn-bΩ F∂nh-cpsS IY-Iƒ bYm-X-Y-k-t¶-Xw˛ km[m-c-W-a-\p-jy--cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-I-
fmb IYm-]m-X-߃, kzmX¥y-k-a-c-]-›m-Ø-ew˛tIc-f-Ønse CS-Xp-]£ cmjvSob kzm[o-\w˛
]Xyb imkvX-]-c-amb kzm[o-\w˛ ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ]`m-h-Imew sNdp-I-Y-bpsS aWvU-
e-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-߃
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
hmk-\m-hn-IrXn ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb\m¿
ac-∏m-h-Iƒ ˛ Imcq¿
a\p-jy-]p-Xn ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w
samUyqƒ˛ 4
a. sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ h∂ `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-a-߃˛ 1950 ItfmsS IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS am\-knI
temI-ßsf NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-
Xn¬ \n∂p amdn B¥-c-kz-XzsØ Bhnjv-I-cn--°p-∂-Xn\p ]m[m-\yw, Sn ]fl-\m-`≥, Fw.-Sn, am[-hn-
°p-´n, F≥. taml-\≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Ccp-´ns‚ Bflmhv ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿
]£nbpsS aWw ˛ am[-hn-°p´n
sN´n-∏q-°ƒ ˛ tImhn-e≥
b. B[p-\n-IXm ]ÿm\w ˛ ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xzw˛bmYm¿∞ysØ A]-cn-NnX h¬°-cn-°p-I˛
B[p-\n--IXm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cN\mX-¥w˛ hyXykvX BJym\ coXn-Iƒ˛ bqtdm∏nse AkvXn-Xz-
hm-Zw, iq\y-Xm-hmZw apX-emb Bi-b-K-Xn--I-fpsS kzm[o-\w˛ (km¿Xv, Im^vI, Iayq F∂n-h-cpsS
Z¿i-\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ASp-∏w)˛ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf XI¿°p∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°¬˛
Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-≈, H.hn hnP-b≥, Fw. apIp-µ≥, ]fl-cm-P≥, tkXp, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp-≈,
hn.-sI.-F≥. Im°-\m-S≥, k°-dn-b, B\-µv, kn.-hn. iocma≥, ]´-Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb
IYm-Ir-Øp-°ƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ ˛ k°-dnb
apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm´n ˛ Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n≈
e©v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.
c. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ka-Im-enI apJw Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ B[p-\n-IXm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚
hgn-I-tfmSv Htc kabw ASp-∏hpw AI-ehpw ]pe¿Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h¿ ˛ ]mc-Un, ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘w, arK-
I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw sFXn-ly-ß-fp-sSbpw LS\ BJym\ cq]-߃ B[p-\n-I-X-s°-Xnscbp≈ Ielw
31
˛ ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xz-Øns‚ At\z-j-Ww˛ -kvXohmZw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w, ]m¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-
´-h-cpsS kzXzm-hn-jvIm-cw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnscbp≈ ]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS ]Xn-tcm[w ˛
kmaq-lnI PmK-X, kq£va cmjvSob ss\Xn-I-[m-cW
F≥.-F-kv. am[-h≥, F≥. ]`m-I-c≥, kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥, hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am¿, sshim-J≥,
AIv_¿ I°-´n¬, Atim-I≥ sNcp-hn¬, sI.-]n. \n¿a¬ Ipam¿, tKkn, taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥,
inlm-_p-±o≥ s]mbvXpw-I-S-hv, hn.-B¿. kp[o-jv, kmdm tPmk-^v, KoXm lnc-Wy≥, Ajn-X, Nµ-a-Xn,
knXmc Fkv., kp[o-c, sI.-B¿. aoc, sI.-]n. cma-\p-Æ-n, _n. apc-fn, kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\w, ]n. kptc-
µ≥, kp`mjv Nµ≥, B¿. DÆn, Cµp-ta-t\m≥, sI.-tcJ, [\y-cmP,v kn. A\q]v XpS-ßnb ]pXnb
Fgp-Øp-Im¿.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
H‰ ˛ hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am¿
Cu `qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠ ˛ kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥
]¥n-t`m-P\w ˛ kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
sNdp-IYm kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
sNdp-IY C∂se C∂v ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥
IYm-]-T-\-߃ ˛ ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ KŸm-hen
IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµ v ˛ tUm. hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥
\n»-_vZ-Xbpw \n¿Ωm-Whpw ˛ C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
IY-bpsS IY ˛ tUm.-sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿
ae-bm-f-Ønse BZyIme sNdp-IYIƒ ˛ ì î '' ''
100 h¿jw 100 IY ˛ '' ''
sNdp-IY hm°pw hgnbpw ˛ '' ''
IY-bpw `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-ahpw ˛ '' ''
* * * * *
32
ska-ÿ III
tImgvkv ˛ 3
am[y-a-]-T\w
DtZiye£y-߃
Bib hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ Bib hn\n-ab taJ-
e-I-fpsS km[yX Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
_lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\w (mass communication) ]›m-Ø-ew, am[y-a-]-T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkvXw F∂n-
hsb Ipdn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-I.
am[y-a-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ am\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw (Dimensions) XXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kmam\y t_m[-
ap-≠m-°p-I.
B[p-\n-I-km-t¶-XnI hnZyIfpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS am[y-a-]-h¿Ø\w F∂ -sXm-gn¬ taJ-
e-tbm-Sp≈ A`n-cpNn hf¿Øp-I.
Ne-®nX Bkzm-Z-\w, ]T-\w, Ne-®nX \ncq-]Ww F∂n-h-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-°p-I.
A®-Sn˛Zriy˛imhy˛C‚¿s\‰v taJ-e-I-fn¬ `mj-bpsS ]tbm-K-ssh-hn-≤y-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp-I.
kmaq-ln-I-˛-cm-jvSo-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]cn-kc-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hna¿i-
\-_p-≤n-tbmsS ]Tn-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw ]m]vXcm-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-߃˛]-e-Xcw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-߃ _lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\
(mass communication) Øns‚ ]›m-Øew, A®-Sn-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw C¥y-bnse ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-
Øns‚ NcnXw, C¥y≥ ]X]h¿Ø-\-cwKw kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w
anj-W-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h\, ]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-
\hpw ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-hpw. ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XXz-ßfpw am\-ßfpw (principles and dimensions)
Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw˛hnImkw˛tdUntbm˛sSen-hn-j≥, kn\na F∂n-h-bpsS
kzm[o\w.
A®Sn am[ayw ˛ dnt∏m¿´nß.v F¥mWv hm¿Ø, hm¿Ø-bpsS Dd-hn-S-߃ ˛ hm¿Ø cq]-s∏-
Sp-ج ˛ C≥sh¿´v ]nc-anUv coXn ˛ A®Sn am[y-a-ß-fn-tebpw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fn-tebpw
dnt∏m¿´n-ßnse hyXymkw ssd‰nßv (writing) FgpØv ˛ Fgp-Øns‚ hnhn-[-cq-]-߃ ˛ F¥mWv
^o®¿ FgpØv, hm¿Øm ^o®¿ ˛ A`n-ap-J-߃ ˛ tImf-sa-gpØv ˛ apJ-]-kwKw (editorial) Ce-IvtSm-
WnIvkv am[y-a-ß-fnse hm¿Ø Xøm-dm-°¬ ˛ ]t£-]-W-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v th≠ KpW-߃, FUn-
Code. MA3B03
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
33
‰nwßv (editing) FUn-‰nßv ]Inb ˛ hnhn[ L´-߃. tIm∏n FUn-‰nßv hm¿Ø ˛ Xe-s°´v \¬I¬
˛ C√p-kvtSj≥, ]q^v doUn-ßv, t]Pv cq]o-I-c-Ww.
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø NcnXw -˛ ]pXp-∏≈n cmL-h≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan
hrØm¥ ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈
am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw -˛ Fw.-hn. tXma-kv, kmwkvIm-cnI
]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v
]X-]-h¿Ø\w `n∂-ap-J-߃ ˛ tIcf ] v A°m-Zan
\m\m \mZw Htc temIw ˛ ko≥amIv ss_U-v, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
hm¿Ø ˛ ]Xhpw hm¿Øbpw ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v
dnt∏m¿´nwKv ˛ ,, ,,
kºq¿Æ ]X-kw-hn-[m\w ˛ ,, ,,
hm¿Ø-bpsS inev]-ime ˛ F≥.-F≥. kXy-h-X≥
]X-`mj ˛ tIcf ]kv A°m-Uan
]X temIw ˛ Sn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v
samUyqƒ 2
Zriy-˛-imhy am-[ya߃ ˛ ]t£-]-W-Øns‚ NcnXw ˛ ]t£-]Wkmln-Xy-Øns‚ ]tXy-
I-X-Iƒ tdUn-tbm-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw hnImkw tIc-f-Øn¬ tdUntbm ]t£-]-W-Øns‚ Bcw`w
tdUn-tbm-bv°p-th≠n kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°p-tºmƒ i≤n-t°-≠ Imcy-߃ tdUntbm ˛ ^o®¿
˛ tdUntbm \mS-I-߃, hnZym-`ymk Im¿jnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ. P\-Iob am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ tdUn-
tbm-bpsS ]k‡n ae-bmf kmln-Xy˛ kwkvIm-c ]Nmc-W-Øn¬ tdUntbm hln® ]¶v.
sSen-hn-j≥ Bhn¿`m-hw-˛-hn-Im-kw-˛-Sn.-hn. C≥Uy-bn¬˛ tIc-f-Øn¬˛ hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ˛ Sn.-
hn.-bnse hnhn[ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°¬ hm¿Ø ˛ sSen-hn-j≥ ˛ P\-]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛hn-⁄m-
\-hn-t\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ (tSm°v tjm, dnbm-en-‰n-tjm, kvt]m´v ssehv)
klmbIKŸ-߃
Zriy-˛-imhy am[y-a-߃ ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v
Zriy-`mj ˛ sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v
sSen-hn-j≥ tPW-enkw ˛ hn.-cm-P-tKm-]m¬, Id‚ v _pIvkv
B temIw apX¬ "C'temIw hsc ˛ tUm. sP hnf-\new
samUyqƒ 3
kn\na˛Bhn¿`mhw, hf¿®, kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-߃, temI-kn-\na, tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-
bpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ tUmIyp-sa‚dn ˛ ^o®¿ kn\n-a-I-fpsS hyXymkw, C≥Uy≥ kn\na ˛ ae-bmf
kn\na ˛ kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw, Xnc-°Y \n¿ΩmWw ˛ A\p-I-ev]\w (adaptation) Xnc-°-Ybpw
kwhn-[m-b-I\pw ˛ kn\n-a-bpsS kmt¶-XnI hi-߃. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn-Xw, Ne-®n-Xhpw
t]£-I\pw, Bkzm-Z\w \ncq-]Ww, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[m-\-߃ ae-bmf kn\n-
a-bn¬ hcp-∂-sX-ßns\, ]mtZ-in-I-kz-Xz-t_m[w (tI-c-fo-b-X) kn\na Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX-ßs\ ˛
34
kn\na ]T\w kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ. Xnc-°Ym cN-\-bpsS Iebpw kn≤m-¥hpw
klmbI KŸ-߃
Ne-®n-X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v
temI-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
ae-bmf kn\n-abpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, amXr-`q-an _pIvkv
ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶-c, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
Hcp kn\na Fßs\bp≠m-Ip∂p ˛ sI.-sI. Nµ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv
temI kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv
kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\n°v ˛ tUm. apc-fo-IrjvW, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw ˛ tUm. B¿.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c≥, amXr-`q-an _pIvkv
Xnc-°Ym cN-\ Iebpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬
kn\n--abpw ]Xy-b-im-kvXhpw ˛ hn.-sI. tPmk^v
Aen-hns‚ aµm-c-߃ ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c
kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw ˛ sI. the-∏≥
ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n ˛ hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥
kn\n-a-bpsS CS-߃ ˛ kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥
cmXnbpw aqS¬a™pw ˛ H.-]n. cmPvtam-l≥
NnXw Ne-®nXw ˛ a¶S chn-h¿Ω
ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp-tºmƒ ˛ sF. j¨ap-J-Zmkv
^nenw Ub-d-£≥ ˛ kmP≥ sXcph-∏pg
samUypƒ 4
ssk_¿ am[y-a-߃ : \h-am-[y-a-߃ ˛ C≥^¿ta-j≥ bpKw ˛ hnh-c kmt¶-XnI hnZy Bi-
b-hn-\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠m-°nb hnπ-h-߃ ˛ Iºyq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v ˛ C˛kmln-Xyw, C‚¿s\‰v Broadcast-
ing C‚¿s\‰v tdUn-tbm, C˛-sa-bn¬, thƒUv sshUv sh_v W.W.W) hm¿Øm-[n-jvTnX sh_vssk-‰p-
Iƒ, C˛-_p-°v, tªmKv, web ]km-[\w hnhn[ sh_v t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ kmam\y ]cn-Nbw
klm-bI KŸ-߃
C‚¿s\‰v -˛ ANyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿,
tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v
C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ ANyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿,
tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v
C‚¿s\‰v Hcp ]T\w ˛ ]n.-tk-Xp-am-[-h≥, en]n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
C‚¿s\-ddpw C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ sI.-c-ho-µ≥ & tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, Unkn _pIvkv
B temIw apX¬ "C'temIw hsc ˛ tUm. sP hnf-\new, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v
ssk_¿ kmlnXyw ˛ kp\nX Sn.-hn. (F-Un), Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿
35
samUyqƒ 5
am[ya hna¿i\w : am[y-a-ß-fpsS [m¿Ωn-IX ˛ kaq-lsØ \nb-¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-߃, H∏o-\n-
b≥ eoU¿ ˛ ka-hm-b-Øn-s‚bpw kΩ-X-Øn-t‚bpw D¬∏m-Z\w ˛ am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-th-iw, P\-
]nb kwkvIm-chpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ _lp-kz-c-Xbpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw
hn]-Wnbpw
hni-Z-]-T-\Øn\p≈ teJ-\-߃
a\- pw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥
am[ya [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am-‰-®-´hpw ˛ F≥.-]n. cmP-µ≥
ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm.-SnsI cma-N-µ≥
am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]Xn-tema ]IrXw ˛ cho-µ≥
ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse kvXo ˛ tUm. kp[m-hm-cy¿
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm.-Sn.sI. cma-N-µ≥, amXr-`q-an
GIm-¥-\-K-c-߃ ˛ ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ kn.-_n. kp[m-I-c≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
t_m[-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ Imew-an-Sn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ F. Nµ-ti-J¿, sdbn≥t_m _pIvkv
kn\n-a, kaq-lw, ]Xy-b-imkvXw ˛ cho-µ≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv
am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw ˛ FUn-‰¿: ^m≥kn-kv Imc-bv°m´v
]km: tP¿W-enkw Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v
tUm¨t_mkvtIm tImtfPv
IÆq¿ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n
P\-]nb kwkvImcw ˛ jmPn tP°∫v
* * * * *
36
ska-ÿ III
tImgvkv ˛ 4
\mSIw
Dt±iye£y-߃
ae-bm-f-\-mS-I-sØ°p-dn®v Ncn-X-t_m[w ]Tn-Xm-hn\v e`y-am-°p-I.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI kmwkv°m-cnI cmjvSob Ncn-X-Øn¬ \mSIw sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w
t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-I.
\mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ LS-\m-X-e-Ønepw Bhn-jv°m-c-X-e-Ønepw D≈ khnti-jX
t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
cwK-`m-j, ico-c-`m-j, \mS-I-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-`m-j-bnse `mjm-t`-Z-hn-kva-b-߃, i_vZ-\n-b-
¥Ww F∂nh a\- n-em-°p-I.
Acßv, kwhn-[m-\w, Na-bw, ]›m-Ø-e-kw-KoXw, i_vZ-I-ao-I-c-Ww, shfn-®-I-ao-I-cWw F∂n
h-sb-Ip-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-⁄m-\w t\SpI.
\mS-I-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-Ønepw \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-Ønepw XpS¿]-T-\-Ønepw Kth-j-W-Ønepw
Xmev]cyw P\n-∏n°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
(a) cwK-I-e-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-߃-˛-A-\p-jvTm-\m-fl-Ihpw A\p-jvTm-t\-X-c-hp-amb cwKm-hn-
jv°-c-Ww- -sX-øw- -ap-Sn-tb-‰v- -s]m-dm- v- -]q-X\pw Xnd-bpw- -Im-°-c-in-\m-S-Iw- -Xp-S-ßn-b-h- -\m-tSm-Sn- -¢m-knIv-
-\mSI ]mc-º-cyw- -hn- -P-\-Øns‚ ]am-W-߃. IqØv- -Iq-Sn-bm- w- -I-Y-I-fn- -kw-kvIr-X-\m-S-I-߃- -B -
°YIƒ˛-Iq-Ø-º-ew-˛-B-´-]-Im-c-߃ Ia-Zo-]n-I.
(b) ]q¿∆-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂v \mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øn-te-bv°p≈ hnIm-kw- -]u-c-kvXyhpw ]m›m-
Xy-hp-amb \mS-I-k-¶¬]-߃, \mS-I-Øns‚ LS-I-߃-˛-Ir-Xn-˛-\m-S-I-Ir-Øv-˛-th-Zn-˛-cw-K-]mTw cwK-
Ønse hkvXp-°ƒ-˛-sk-‰v-˛-t]m-∏v etc˛ A`n-\-bw-˛-A-`n-t\-Xm-hv-˛-t]-£-I≥-˛-\m-S-I-]-tbm-P-\w-˛-\m-S-
Im-\p`qXn.
]uc-kvXy-\m-SI k¶¬]w- - -c-Xs‚ \mSy-imkvXw B[m-c-am-°n- -\m-Sy-[¿Ωn- -tem-I-[¿Ωn- -A`n-
\-b-co-Xn-Iƒ˛(-N-Xp¿hn-[m- n-\-bw) hrØn-Iƒ- -\m-S-I-L-S-\- -]-©-k-‘n-Iƒ- -k-‘n-I-fpsS LS-I-ß-fpsS
ckm-\p- q-Xn- -c-k-\n¿∆-N-\w- -hn- m-hw- -A-\p- m-hw- -k-©-mcn- m-h߃- -c-k-\n-jv]-Øn- -hym-Jym-\-t -Z-߃.
\mS-I-hn- m-K-߃- -Z-i-cq-]-I-߃- -cw-Kw- -A-c-ßnse LS-I-߃- -hn-hn-[-Xcw thZn-Iƒ- -\m-S-I-c-N\m X¥-
߃-˛-\m-µn-˛-]-th-i-Iw-˛-hn-jv°w`w Bfl-K-Xw-˛-A-]-hm-cn-Xw-˛-\m-S-I-kw-hn-[m-\w-˛-kq-X-[mc≥.
]m›m-Xy-\m-S-I-k-¶¬]w- -A-cn-tÃm- n-ens‚ s]mb-‰n-Ivkns\ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn- -Sm-PUn tImaUn-
Code. MA3B04
]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
37
˛-\m-S-Ihpw CXc BJym-\-cq-]-ß-fpw-˛-C-Xn-lm-kw-˛-N-cn-Xw. SmP-Un-bpsS LS-I-߃-˛-\m-S-I-Øns‚
^e-ip-Xn-˛IYm¿kn-kv-˛-hym-Jym-\-߃ ˛ -Ko°v \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]tXy-I-X.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
CuUn-∏kv cmPmhv ˛ tkmt^m-¢nkv
Ducp-`wKw ˛ `mk≥
ae-bm-f-Ønse Ko°v-˛-kw-kvIrX \mS-I-hn-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v GI-tZi [mcW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
Cu samUyq-fn¬ \¬I-Ww.
samUyqƒ 2
B[p-\nI \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-te-bv°p≈ hnImkw ]m›m-Xy-k-º¿°w-˛-an-Ã-dn-tπ-kv-˛-]m-j≥tπ-
kv sjbvIvkv]o-cn-b≥ \mS-I-th-Zn- -t•m_v Xob-‰¿- -\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ C_vk\pw Ãn≥
_¿Kn-\p-ap≈ ]¶v-˛-kp-L-SnX \mS-I-߃˛ (Wellmade Drama) ]iv\-\m-S-I-߃- (Problem plays) ˛-\m-S-
I-Øns‚ ]nc-an-U¬ LS-\-˛-Xm-Zm-flo-I-c-Ww-˛-b-YmXYm thZn-˛-]p-Xp-]-ta-b-߃-˛-km-aq-ln-Iw-˛-cm-jvSo-
bw˛F∏nIv Xob-‰¿- -A-\y-h¬°-c-Ww- -A-_vtk¿Uv Xob-‰¿- -]ph¿ Xob-‰¿- -sX-cphv \mS-Iw- - -am-flI
\mS-I-߃-˛-Uow-tπ-˛-]p-Xp-]-co-£-W-߃-˛-Cw-]-j-\nÃv˛-F-Iv]-j-\n-Ãv-˛-]-Xo-Im-flI \mS-I-߃.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
I\y-I- ˛- F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈
Cuiz-c≥ Ad-Ãn¬ ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈
ka-Xz-hmZn ˛ ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈
samUyqƒ 3
tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xv \mS-I-k-¶¬]-߃-˛-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-߃-˛-X-angv kzm[o\w ˛-]-l-k-\-߃-
˛-knhn-˛-C.hn.Ir-jvW-]n-≈-˛-lm-ky-\m-S-I-߃. hS-t°-a-e-_m-dnse hnhn[ \mS-Imh-X-c-W-k-`-Iƒ-˛-
Ip- -a-Øv hnZzm≥ ]n.-tI-fp-\m-b¿ tZio-b-t_m-[-Øns‚ kzm[o\w cwK-th-Zn-bn¬- -km-aq-lnI cmjvSob
]iv\-߃-˛-tbm-K-t£-a-k-`-bpsS \mS-Im-h-X-cW ]cn-i-a-߃-˛-\-ºq-Xncn \mS-I-X-bw-˛-E-Xp-a-Xn-˛-A-
Sp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-ß-tØ-bv°v-˛-a-d-°p-S-bv°p≈nse alm-\-cIw ˛ ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy ]ÿm-
\hpw \mS-I-th-Znbpw ˛ Im¿jnI ]iv\-ßfpw \mS-I-th-Znbpw ˛ ]m´-_m°n ˛ Iq´p-Irjn XpS-ßnb
\mS-I-ß-fpsS ]k-‡n-˛-a-e-_m¿ Iem-k-an-Xn-˛-]o-∏nƒkv Xob-‰¿ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥˛-sI.-]n.-G.-kn-˛-
tI-c-f-Ønse \mS-I-I-em-k-an-Xn-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Aiz-ta[w ˛ tXm∏n¬`mkn
CXp`qan-bmWv ˛ sI.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv
samUyqƒ 4
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn¬ h∂-am-‰-߃ ˛ s]m^-j-W¬ Ata-Nz¿ hn`-P\w ˛ Kmao-W-I-em-k-an-
Xn-Iƒ \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS cwK-thZn Ip´n-I-fpsS thZnbpw apXn¿∂ hcpw kvXo]£-
thZn ˛ ae-bmf cwK-th-Znbpw kvXoIfpw ˛ tdUntbm \mS-I-߃ ˛ ]t£-]-W-Ie ˛ kvIn]v‰n¬
i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ Ah-X-cW coXn ˛ kv°n‰p-Iƒ ˛ tamtWm BIvSv ˛ anan-In˛Imºkv Xob-‰¿
˛ ]Nm-cW \mSIthZn.
38
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
cmhpÆn ˛ ]n.-Fw.-XmPv
A∏-acw ˛ Un.-]mWn, tIcf _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
sXmgn¬ tIµ-Øn-te°v ˛ FUn.-F≥.-B¿.-Km-a-]-Imiv
tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-im-e, ]ªn-t°-j≥
Unhn-j≥
ka-Xew (k-a-X-ew) ˛ ap√-t\-gn,
tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Xr»q¿
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃:
\mSy-imkvXw ˛ H∂mw-`mKw ˛ hn-h¿Ø\w -˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-bW ]njm-cSn
tIc-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \mS-I-߃ ˛ tUm.-F-kv.-sI.-\m-b¿
kwKo-X-\m-SI NcnXw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv.-ta-t\m≥
ae-bmf \mSI NcnXw ˛ s]m^.-Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈
Db-cp∂ bh-\nI ˛ kn.-sP.-tXm-akv
\mS-I-]-th-inI -˛ G.-kn.-l-cn-i¿Ω
]uckvXy \mS-I-Z¿i\w ˛ ]pØ≥Imhv amØ≥ Xc-I≥
Z-i-cq-]-I-߃ ˛ hn.-F-kv.-i¿Ω
th\¬Xp-ºn-Iƒ ˛ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
cwK-`mj ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈
ae-bmf \mS-I-]-ÿm\w ˛ Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥
tIµ-I-em-k-an-Xnbpw Iem-k-anXn ]ÿm-\-hpw ˛ ]h-\≥ ˛ tIfn Pq¨ 1976
\mS-I-Z¿∏Ww ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈
I¿´¨ ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈
A`n-\-b-Øns‚ ck-X¥w ˛ apcfn
hnZzm≥ ]n.-tI-fp-\m-b-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ FUn.-C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥
t_m[-\-\m-S-I-thZn ˛ F≥.-B¿.-Km-a-]-Imiv
Dramatic experience - J.L.StyanIntroduction to study of Literature - Hudson (Chapter on Drama only)Theatre of theAbsurd - Martin Esslin
* * * * *
39
ska-ÿ ˛ IV
tImgvkv ˛ 5
ae-bmf IhnX ˛ ]q¿∆-L´w
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
ae-bmf Imhy-im-J-bpsS D¬]Øn apX¬ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ hyXy-kvX- Imhy-k-º-Zm-b-
ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
]mNo\ a≤y-ImeL-´-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm≠ ImhyimJ-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. ae-
bm-f-`m-jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I.
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cq]w-sIm≠ kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-k-chpw tIc-fo-b-Xsb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-
°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu IrXn-Iƒ°p≈ ]¶pw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°pI.
samUyqƒ 1
]mNo-\-km-lnXyw ]m´v, ]m´ns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, eoem-Xn-e-Iw \¬Ip∂ \n¿∆-N-\w, e£-
W-bp-‡-amb cma-N-cn-Xw, ]m´n\v ]n¬Im-e-Øp-≠mb ]cn-Wm-aw, \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-Km-Y,
Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ, ‡n-]-ÿm-\w. CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\w, _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚
kzm[o-\w, _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ ]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ka-\zbw, \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-
Km-Y, IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip∂ kzXzt_m[w, tIc-fo-bX Oµ- n¬, mj-bn¬, PohnX kµ¿ -
ß-fn¬. Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ ˛ `mj, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w, kmaqly ]k-‡n, kmaqly ]cn-k-cw,
_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw, ]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-chpw _rlXv ]mc-º-cyhpw, Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-I-fnse ka-
\zb kwkvImcw, tIc-f-ob Ncn-Xhpw Fgp-Ø-—≥Ir-Xn-Ifpw, kwkvIm-chpw [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw ]N-cn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ hln® ]¶v.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
cma-N-cnXw ˛ 3˛mw ]Sew
IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw kpµ-c-Imfiw ˛ BZysØ 11 ]m´p-Iƒ
IrjvWKmY ˛ tla-¥-h¿Æ\w (sNdp-t»-cn)
A[ymfl cmam-bWw Infn-∏m´v ˛ Injv°n-‘-mImfiw (Fgp-Ø-—≥)
kya-¥Iw Xp≈¬ ˛ Ip©≥\-ºym¿
samUyqƒ 2
aWn-]-hmf kmlnXyw, aWn-]-hmf `mj, eoem-Xn-eI \n¿∆-N-\w, aWn-]-hm-fsØ \n¿Æ-bn-
°p∂ 1˛mw inev]-Øns‚ khn-tij ]T-\w, kwkvIrX kzm[o\w, kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-cq]ß-fpsS
ae-bmf amXr-I-Iƒ, Nºp, kwkvIrX Imhyw, kvtXmX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ÿe-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
DÆp-\oeo ktµiw ˛ ]kvXm-h\ Hgnhm°n BZysØ 10 t«mI-߃
`mjm cmam-bWw Nºp ˛ koXm-kz-bw-hcw 26˛36 t«mI-ß-fpw, KZyhpw
Code. MA4B05
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
40
samUyqƒ 3
17, 18 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ, kmlnXyIrXn-Iƒ, ]m›mXy anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w, kmlnXy cq]-ß-
fpsS InkvXo-b-amb \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ, [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-t_m-[hpw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ ]q¥m\w
IptNe-hrØw h©n-∏m´v (Zzm-c-Im-h¿Æ-\hpw ˛ cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿
IrjvW-Ip-tNe kwK-ahpw amXw)
""C∏m-cn-en-∂n√o-h-Æ-sam-cp-a-lm-cm-P-[m-\n...........
.................................................................................................
amXw t]mepw [\-lo-\-\mb hn]≥ apIp-µs\
am\kw sIms≠-Sp-Øn´v IqsS sIm≠p-t]mbv''˛
F∂p-hsc
]pØ≥]m\ 12˛mw ]mZw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚
hymIp-e-]-em]w (""AΩ I\ym-a-Wn-X-s‚.......- ˛ A¿tÆmkv ]mXncn,(km≥tPmkv
-`hn-°-X-kvam¬'' F∂p-h-sc) _pIvÃmƒ, am∂m-\w, 1992
\f-N-cnXw 4˛mw Znhkw \f-Z-a-b¥o kwKaw ˛ DÆmbn hmcy¿
(""hmtXmlw irWp-\-f-`q-X-hr-µ- km£n''F∂
t«mIw- Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `mKw amXw.)
samUyqƒ 4
\mtSmSn kwkvIm-csØ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ ]m´pIfpw \mtSmSn Km\-ßfpw, ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww.
Ah-bpsS `mjm]chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°-Ww.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
hS-°≥ ]m´v ˛
DÆn-bm¿® IqØv ImWm≥ t]m-b IY
(""B‰p-Ω-W-Ωte DÆn-bm¿®'' apX¬
""Im‰-Øp-]-™n-]-d°pw t]mse
hn´n´p Xs∂bpw t]mIp-∂p≠v'' -˛ F∂-Xp-hsc)
am∏n-f-∏m´v
_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿ lpkv-\p¬P-am¬ ˛ sambo≥Ip´n sshZy¿
(""]qa-I-fms\'' apX¬
""aXn-a-d-∂n¬km-sbØpw'' Km\w hsc)
ssIs°m-´n-I-fn-∏m´v
imIp-¥fw -˛ hnZzm≥a®m-s´-f-bXv
\memw-JWvUw (""IeymWn If-hmWo sNm√p kn.-]n.-Ir-jvW-s\-f-bXv
\obm-sc-∂Xpw'' apX¬ ""AXp-e-hn-I-a≥ (km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿)
]mWn-K-lWw sNbvXp'' hsc)
41
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃ :
kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm\ß-fn-eq-sS ˛ FUn : tUm.-sI.-Fw.-tPm¿Pv, NBS, tIm´bw
]Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ˛ Sn.-Fw.-Np-Ωm¿
ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈
tIcf kmlnXy NcnXw ˛ D≈q¿
ae-bmf kmlnXy NcnXw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen
* * * * *
42
ska-ÿ IV
tImgvkv ˛ 6
`mjm-im-kvXhpw mjm-N-cn-Xhpw
Dt±iye£y-߃
B[p-\nI `mj-imkvX kn-≤-m¥-ßsf kw_‘n®v kmam\y ⁄m\w hnZym¿∞n°v D≠m-
°n-sb-Sp-°p-I.
B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kvX-Øns‚ kmam-\y-]-cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI. Ahsb ae-bmf
`mj-bpsS hyXykvX hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn a\- n-em-°pI
`mjbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ _‘-ßsf tIc-fob kµ¿`-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w
sNøm-\p≈ tijn t\SpI
`mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw, enwK-hn-th-N-\-w, `mjm-a-t\m-`mhw XpS-ßnb am\-߃ ae-bmf
kµ¿`-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-I.
ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sf-∏‰n Ah-t_m[w P\n-∏n-°pI
ae-bmf `mj-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI
samUyqƒ 1: `mjm-im-kvX-]-T\w : BapJw
1. `mj ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hy-hÿ ˛ `mjm Nn”w ˛ kqNIw/kqNnXw
2. `mjm-ssh-hn-[y-߃: amXr-`m-j, ]Y-a-`m-j, ZznXo-b-`m-j, HutZym-KnI `mj, hyh-lmc `mj,
hmsam-gn, hc-sam-gn, am\-I-`m-j, am\-tI-X-c-`m-j, Poh¬`m-j, arX-`mj
3. `mjm-imkvX kao-]-\-߃ : Ncn-Xm-fl-Iw, Xmc-X-aym-fl-Iw, hnh-c-Wm-fl-Iw, hyXn-tc-Im-fl-
Iw, LS-\m-flIw
4. `mjmhn`-P-\-co-Xn-Iƒ : B\p-hw-in-Iw, I£ym-]cw
5. ]bp-‡-`m-jm-imkvXw : ZznXob `mjm-t_m-[-\w, \nL-≠p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, hnh¿Ø-\w, Iºyq-
t´-j-W¬ `mjm-im-kvXw, ]m‹m-‰nIvkv
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
B[p-\nI `mjm-imkvXw ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, im¥ AK-Ãn≥
`mjm-h-tem-I\w ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
`mjm imkvX-hn-thIw ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
`mjm-K-th-jWw ˛ sI. Ip©p-Æn-cmPm
ACource inModernLinguistics - C F Hockett
ModernLinguistics - S KVerma & Krishnamurti
Code. MA4B06
]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
43
samUyqƒ 2 : `mjm-LS\
1. kz\-hn-⁄m\w : kz\w/ kz\naw/ D]-kz\w; hyXn-tcIw/ ]qc-I-hn-X-cWw; ae-bm-f-Ønse
i_vtZm¬∏m-Z\w; kzcw, hyRvP-\w, Nn√v ˛ hn`-P\w tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse h¿Æ-߃°v
]e-am-Xncn ipXn-t`Zw hcp-∂Xv F∂ `mKw; -A-£cw, A£-c-am-e, (tI-c-f-]m-Wo-\ob N¿®-
Iƒ) h¿Æw ˛ en]n ˛ A£cw Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kw, hrØ-im-kvX-Ønse k¶-ev]w-
en]n, en]n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]tXy-I-Xbpw ]iv\-ß-fpw, en]n-]-cn-jv°-c-W-i-a-߃
2. cq]n-a-hn-⁄m-\w, ae-bm-f-Ønse cq]n-a-߃, ]IrXn/]Xy-bw, kzX¥w/_≤w
3. hmIy-hn-Nm-cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ cN-\m¥c hymI-cWw ae-bmf `mj-bpsS
ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°pI
4. A¿∞-hn-Nm-cw, ]cym-bw, \m\m¿∞w, hn]-co-Xw, B¿∞n-I-t£-Xw, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-\n¿ΩmWw
5. ]Z-tImiw
samUyqƒ 3
1. kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkvXw kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w
2. `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw
3. `mjm-kq-XWw : B-[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww, am\-Io-I-c-Ww, en]n-h¬°-cWw (a-e-bmf kµ¿`-Øn¬)
4. `mjm-a-t\m-`m-hw, `mjm-kw-c-£-Ww, `mjm-]-Z-hn, `c-W-`m-j A[y-b-\-am-[y-aw ˛ ]iv\-߃
5. ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, LS-\m-X-e-Ønepw ]Z-X-e-Øn-ep-ap≈ kzm[o-\-߃
6. `mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m-\w, tIc-f-Ønse `mjmt`Z-߃, s]mXp-a-e-bm-fw, am\-I-a-e-bmfw XpS-ßnb
]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
kmaq-lnI `mjm-imkvXw ˛ Djm-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
eoem-Xn-eIw kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-im-kvX-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ ˛ hn.-F-kv. j◊pJw
hm°ns‚ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Sn.-_n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿
A[n-Im-chpw `mjbpw ˛ ]n.-Fw. Kncojv
`mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m\w ˛ ]n. tkma-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿
`mjm-temIw ˛ Sn.-_n. thWp-tKm]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿
ae-bm-fn-bp-sS-a-e-bm-fw ˛ Fkv. cmP-ti-J-c≥
\ΩpsS `mj ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv.
hwio-b-Xbpw `mjbpw ˛ sI.-sI. _m_p-cmPv (`mj, kzXzw,
A[n-Im-cw ]n.-Fw. Knco-jns‚ ]T\w)
hmIy-L-S\ ˛ C.-hn.-F≥.-\-ºq-Xncn
tIc-f-Ønse BNm-c-`mj ˛ ]n.-Fw. Kncojv
LanguagePlanning - E.Annamalai
LanguageMovements in India - E.Annamalai
SociolinguisticsAnIntroduction - PeterTrudgill
44
samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS NcnXw
1. `mj-bpsS Ncn-X-]p-\¿\n¿ΩmWw ˛ B¥-cnI/_mly-]p-\¿kr-jv-Sn, ]mKv`m-jm-k-¶ev]w
2. ae-bmf mjm-cq-]o-I-cW kn≤m-¥-߃ : kwkvIr-X-P-\yw, kzX-¥-hm-Zw, D]-im-Jm-hm-Zw, ]q¿∆-
˛-X-angv ae-bmf hmZw, `mjm-kw-I-a-W-hmZw
3. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ]oTn-I-bnse N¿®-Iƒ
hna¿i-\m-flI ]T\w
4. `mjbpsS h¿Ø-am-\m-hÿ
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]cnWma-߃ ˛ Cf-wIpfw Ip™≥]n≈
`mjm-N-cnXw ˛ Fkv.-hn. thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿
]q¿∆-tI-c-f-`mj ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
ae-bm-f-`mjm ]cn-Wmaw: kn≤m-¥-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥
tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
ssIcfo i_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c-∏n≈
ae-bmf `mjm Nc-nXw ˛ C.-hn.-F≥. \ºq-Xncn
ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
* * * * *
45
ska-ÿ ˛ V
tImgvkv ˛ 7
ae-bmf hymI-cWw
Dt±iye£y-߃
`mjsb hni-I-e\w sNbvXv `mjm-kz-cq]w \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\p≈ ]m]vXn-bp-≠m-°pI.
ae-bm-f-`m-jsb A]-K-Yn®v ]tbm-K-ßsf a\- n-em-°pI
`mjm-˛-hym-I-cW ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-ßsf kzcq-]n-°pI
At\z-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS e`n® hkvXp-X-Isf tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøpI
`mjm ]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw \nb-a-ß-tfbpw kw_-‘n®v kz¥-amb A`n-]mbw cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI
samUyqƒ 1: [z\n, -h¿Æw
1. A£cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-am-e, A£ckwJy kw_-‘n® hnhn[ A`n-]m-b-߃, A[n-
Im-£-c-߃, kwhr-tXm-Im-cw/tIµ-kzcw/ AIm-c-߃, kz\w/kz\n-aw, ]ZmwKw F∂o ]cn-I-
ev]-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I.
2. k‘n ˛ ]eXcw hn`-P-\-߃, kwln-Xbpw k‘nbpw, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse Imcn-I-Iƒ,
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS k‘n-hn-Nm-csØ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I, eoem-Xn-e-I-Ønse
k‘n-k-¶-ev]-ß-fp-ambn tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-bØnse hn[n-Iƒ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI
3. KZyw, ]Zyw ]X-`mj XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse k‘n-Im-cy-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]Nmc-
Øn-ep≈ kwkvIr-X-k-‘n-cq-]-߃.
4. h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-߃: ae-bm-f-Ønse h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-ßfpw Ahbv°v tIc-f-]m-Wn\n \nc-Øp∂ Imc-
W-ßfpw ˛ `mjm-]-cn-Wm-a-tl-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-N-bw, i_vZ-X-e-Ønepw A¿∞-X-e-
Ønepw kw`-hn-°p∂ ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fpsS `mjm-_m-ly-amb Imc-W-ßsf Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°p-I.
5. `mj-bnse Nn”-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃, enJn-X-`m-j-bn¬ Nn”-߃°p≈ ÿm\w,
]Zw ]ncn-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ CS (spacing) bpsS A¿∞-X-e-߃.
samUyqƒ 2: i_vZ- hn-`m-K-߃
1. ]Z-ß-fpsS hn`-P\w: [¿Ωw; cq]w; D¬]Øn Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Z-ßsf A]-K-Yn-
°p-I. ]Ir-Xn, ]Xybw, CS-\ne Ch tNcp-tºmgp≈ k‘n-Im-cy-߃ a\- n-em-°p-I.
2. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS i_vZ-hn-`-P\w hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈
Kp≠¿´v, amØ≥, tij-Kn-cn-]`p F¬.-hn.-B¿, kn.-F¬. B‚-Wn, sI.-kp-Ip-am-c-]n≈ F∂n-h-
cpsS A`n-]m-b-߃ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I-.
3. \maw, IrXn, t`ZIw F∂o hI-t`-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hn`-P-\-ßfpw tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw
i_vtZm¬]Øn ]I-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n a\- n-em-°p-I.
4. hnh¿Ø\ ]Inb, AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ, aqe-]-Ir-Xn FIm-£-c-ambncps∂∂ k¶-ev]w,
Code. MA5B07
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
46
Ncn-X-]-c-amb hne-bn-cp-ج, `mjmhn-I-k-\-k-¶-ev]hpw hnh¿Ø\ ]In-b-bpw, h¿Ø-am-\-
Ime `mjm-hn-I-k-\hpw F.-B-dns‚ k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS km[p-X-bpw
5. tZymX-I-߃, G.-B-dns‚ \nK-a-\-ß-fpw Ah-bpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw
t`ZIw ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse t`Z-I-߃
samUyqƒ 3: \ma-hn-`mKw
1. \maw, \ma-hn-`m-K-߃, hn`-P-\-I-aw, hn`-P-\-Øn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm-\w, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS \ne-
]m-Sp-Iƒ
2. enwKw: ae-bm-f-Ønse enwK-K-W-\, ]Xy-b-߃, kam-k-cq-]-߃, \]pw-k-I-cq-]-krjvSn
3. hN\w: hN-\-\n¿Æ-bw, ]Xy-b-߃, ]Xy-b-\n-cm-k-Øn-\p≈ kµ¿`-߃.
4. hn`-‡nbpw Imc-Ihpw: hmIy-Ønse ]Z-_‘w, hn`‡n \n¿∆-N-\w, ]Xy-b-߃, hn`-‡ym-`m-
kw, Imc-I-_-‘w, G Bdn-s‚bpw a‰p sshbm-I-c-W-∑m-cp-tSbpw aX-߃
5. \njv]-∂-\m-a-߃: \njv]m-Z-\-]-Xy-b-߃, X≤n-X-߃, cq]-\n-jv]m-Z-\hpw `mj-bpsS ]tbm-
K-£-a-Xbpw
samUyqƒ 4: Inbm-hn-`mKw
1. Inb: Inbm-hn-`-P\w D]m-[n-Iƒ, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob-Ønse N¿®
2. Imew: ]Xy-b-ßfpw hnX-c-Whpw h¿Ø-am-\-Ime ]Xy-bw, \nKo¿Æ I¿Xr-Iw, ]Im-cw,
]tbmKw, ]Ir-Xn, \ma-[m-Xp, Jne-[m-Xp, A\p-]-tbm-Kw, \ntj[w XpS-ßn-b-h.
3. AwKInb : ]q¿Æ-In-bbpw A]q¿Æ-In-bbpw, ]‰p-hn-\-I-fpsS hn`-P\w t]sc-®-ß-fpsS hyt]-
£-I-hm-Iy-[¿Ωw, hn\-sb-®-ß-fpsS hn[-ßfpw coXn-I-fpw, Inbm \njv]∂ \ma--߃, IrØp-
°ƒ, IrXn-Ir-Øv, Imc-I-IrØv XpS-ßn-bh. Ah-bpsS [¿Ωw, coXn, hn`-P\w.
samUyqƒ 5: hmIy-hn-Nmcw
1. hmIy-\n¿∆-N-\-߃, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-L-S-\psS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, hmIy-hn-`m-K-߃, eLp-
hm-Iy-߃, k¶o¿Æ-hmIyw, alm-hmIyw
2. BImw£ F∂ k¶-ev]w, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Z-I-aw, hmIymw-i-߃ XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Øw,
]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmk N¿®
3. kam-k-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hmIy-[¿Ω-hpw, ka-kvX-]-Z-ßfpw `mj-bpsS ]tbm-K-£-a-Xbpw Ah-
kw-_-‘n® \nb-a-߃
4. hymt£-]-I-ß-fpsS hmIy-[¿Ωw
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
i_vZ-tim-[n\n ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\nbw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw `mjyw ˛ kn.-F¬. B‚Wn
`mjm-]-T-\-߃ ˛ kn.-F¬. B‚Wn
ssIc-fo-i-_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI.-kp-Ip-am-c-]n≈
47
kmln-Xy-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Pn i¶-c-°p-dp∏v
]q¿∆-tI-cf `mj ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-cWw ˛ tPm¿÷v amØ≥
`mjm-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv
hymI-c-W-]-T-\-߃ ˛ Sn.-_n. thWptKm]m-e-]-Wn-°¿ (F-Un.)
tIc-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw ˛ C.-hn.-F≥. \ºq-Xncn
`mjm-im-kvX-Ønse tNmwkv°n-b≥ hnπhw ˛ sI.-F≥.-B-\-µ≥
* * * * *
48
ska-ÿ ˛ V
tImgvkv ˛ 8
ae-bmf IhnX ˛ \thm-∞m-\-L´w
Dt±iye£y-߃
20˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-cw-`n® hnhn[ Imhy-c-N\m kt¶-X-ß-tfbpw Ihn-I-tfbpw ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
kmaqlnI \thm∞m\w Ihn-X-bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-sX-ßs\sb∂v a\- n-em-°p-I.
Ihn-X-bn¬ kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf Ncn-X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I--hp-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-IfpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
\thm-∞m\ Ihn-X-Isf h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ hyXykvX hmb-\m-co-Xn-I-fn-eqsS A]-K-Yn-°p-
Ibpw ]k-‡nbpw ]m[m-\yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
samUyqƒ 1
IhnX IhnXbØn-\p-apºv ˛ sh◊-Wn- ]ÿm\w, ]®-a-e-bmf ]ÿm-\w, sImSp-ß-√q¿ If-cn,
tIc-f-h¿Ω ]ÿm-\w, a-Wn-]-hmf ]mc-ºcyw BJym-\-I-hn-X-bn¬, kwkvIrX \mS-I-X¿÷-a-Iƒ,
alm-Im-hyw, ]mk-hm-Zw, ]mk-hm-Z-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]m[m-\yw.
tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-kw, A®-Sn, ]X]-h¿Ø\w
Ch ˛ tIc-fob \thm-∞m\w ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-®p˛ tZiob t_m[hpw kmaq-
lnI-]-cn-j-vI-c-tWm-Zy-a-ßfpw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w.
B[p-\n-I -I-hn-Xbw ˛ ]ta-b-ß-fpsS ]pXp-a. Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse \ho\ ]h-W-X-Iƒ. ae-
bmf Imev]-\nI Ihn-X, hnem-]-Imhy]ÿm-\w, mh-Ko-X-߃, IYm-Im-hy-߃, mh-\m-fl-I-X, hnIm-
c-]-c-X, hy‡n-]-c-X, BZ¿im-fl-I-X, kzIo-b-tem-I-kr-jvSn, kz]v\m-S-\-Iu-Xp-Iw, Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, KX-
Im-e-`-‡n, ]Ir-Xym-`n-ap-Jyw, ]pXp-a-tbm-Sp≈ Bk-‡n, kzmX¥y-hmRvO, CS-∏≈nbpw Nß-ºp-
gbpw ˛ Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]m[m-\yw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
eoe -˛ Ipam-c-\m-i≥
A—\pw aI-fpw ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
t]a-kw-KoXw ˛ D≈q¿
aWn-\mZw ˛ CS-∏≈n
bh-\nI ˛ Nß-ºpg
Code. MA5B08
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
49
samUyqƒ 2
IhnX Ihn-X-b-Øn\pw CS-∏≈n ]ÿm-\-Øn\pw tijw, Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS Im¥n ˛ ]pXp-
tem-I-Øns‚ ]h-W-X-Iƒ, hntZim-[n-]XytØmSp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, tZio-b-X, kmaq-lnI ]Xn-_-
≤X.
Ip‰n∏pdØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿, shÆn-°pfw, Fw.-]n. A∏≥, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v,
]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm Ihn-X.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Kma-e£van ˛ Ip‰n-∏p-d-Øp-tI-i-h≥ \mb¿
kqcy-Im¥n ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v
If-¶-a-‰ssI ˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ
\c-_en ˛ ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿
samUyqƒ 3
tZiob ]ÿm-\hpw a‰p-km-aqlnI cmjvSob kw`-h-ßfpw Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w
t_mt[-iz-c≥, ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ≥, Sn.-F-kv. Xncp-ap-ºv, Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-
fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm IhnX.
kln-°-tbm-Zmkyw ˛ t_mt[-iz-c≥
hnj∏-£n-tbmSv ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ≥
Ime-h¿jw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥
Fs‚ bphXzw ˛ Sn.-F-kv. Xncp-apºv
samUyqƒ 4
Imev]-\n-Im-\-¥c Ihn-Iƒ ˛ Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw AXns‚ ]Xn-tcm-[hpw, ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-
Xyw, aebmf Ihn-X-bpsS ]pXp-∏n-d-hn, ]mem \mcm-b-W≥ \mb-¿, ]n. mkv-°-c≥, hb-em¿, H.-F≥.-hn.,
Hf-∏-a-Æ, A°n-Øw, t]wPn XpS-ßnb Ihn-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Hm¿°pI h√t∏mgpw ˛ ]n.-`m-kv°-c≥
l\p-a¬tkh Xp©≥ ]d-ºn¬ ˛ CS-t»cn
bpK-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n
B^n° ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
* * * * *
50
ska-ÿ ˛ V
tImgvkv ˛ 9
kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃
Dt±iye£y-߃
kmln-XysØ Hcp km¿∆-eu-InI ]Xn`m-k-ambn I≠v hyXykvX ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Ime-ß-fn-
epw D≠m-bn-´p≈ hna¿i\ kn≤m-¥-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw hna¿i-\-Øn-
s‚bpw kn≤n-Iƒ hn]p-e-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
samUyqƒ 1
Ihn, IhnX F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® `mc-Xob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ. ckw, [z\n, coXn, KpWw, Ae-¶m-
cw, HuNn-Xyw, htIm‡n F∂o kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃˛Chsb kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
hni-Z-amb ]T\w Bh-iy-an-√.
hni-Z-amb ]T\w
1. kmlnXy \n¿∆-N\w ˛ NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\pÆn ˛ Imhy-Nn¥
2. `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ `mK-߃ :-˛
KpW-]-I-cWw, i_vZm¿∞-]-I-c-Ww, [z\n ]I-c-Ww, ck-]-I-cWw (D-]-hn-`mK߃ th≠
\n¿∆-N-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw amXw aXn.)
samUyqƒ 2
hrØhpw Ae-¶m-c-hpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Ae-¶m-c \n¿∆-N-\hpw hn`-P-\-hpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-
Ønse Ae-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW thWw. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h amXw
aXn.
kmtaym‡n hn`mKw ˛ D]-a, Zo]-Iw, cq]-Iw, D¬t]-£, ]Xn-h-kvXq]-a, ZrjvSm-¥w, A]-
kvXpX ]iwk (-A-e-¶m-c-ß-fpsS kmay hyXym-k-߃ A]-K-Yn®v Imhy-`m-j-bpsS cq]o-I-c-WsØ
kw_‘n® `mc-Xo-b-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \nco-£n-®-dn-b-Ww,)
AXni-tbm‡n hn`mKw :˛ cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm‡n, Dt√-Jw, hntcm-[m-`mkw
hmkvX-thm‡n hn`mKw :˛ kz`m-thm-‡n, A¿∞m-]Øn, Imhy-enwKw, A¿∞m-¥-c-\ymkw
t«tjm‡n hn`mKw :˛ t«jw, kam-tkm‡n
i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam\y [mcW thWw. Imhy-Øns‚ `mh-cq] inev]-ßsf cq]-
s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p∂-Xn¬ i_vZm-e-¶m-c-߃°p≈ ]¶v ]T-\hnt-[-b-am-°-Ww. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v
ba-Iw, ZznXo-b-£-c-]mkw F∂nh amXw aXn.
hrØw :-˛ hrØhpw Ihn-X-bpw, ][m-\-s∏´ kwkvIrX hrØßfpw `mjm-hr-Øßfpw amXw
hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-®m¬ aXn. hrØ-a-RvP-cn-bnse hrØ-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-cn-°-Ww.
Code. MA5B09
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
51
hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v kwkvIrX hrØ-ß-fn¬ A\p-jvSp-∏v, Cµ-h-P, ctYm≤X, ZpX-hn-f-w_n-
Xw, hk-¥-Xn-e-Iw, im¿Zq-e-hn-Io-Un-Xw, kKv≤-c, Ipkp-a -a-RvP-cn, hntbm-Kn-\n, ]pjv]n-XmK F∂nh
amXw aXn. `mjm hrØ-ß-fn¬ Infn-∏m´p hrØ-߃, Xp≈¬∏m´p-hr-Ø-߃, KmY, k¿∏n-Wn,
\tXm-∂X F∂nh amXw aXn.
ZmhnU kuµcy imkvXw
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
XnW k¶ev]w:
(C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w ˛ ]k‡nbpw km[y-Xbpw) ˛ sI. Aø-∏-Wn-°¿.
samUyqƒ 3
]m›mXy kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ B[p-\nI Ime-L-´w-hsc. tπt‰m, Acn-tÃm-´n¬ XpSßnb-
h-cpsS kn≤m-¥-߃. tπt‰m-bpsS A\p-I-c-WhmZw, Imhy ]tNm-Z-\sØ kw_-‘n® A`n-]mbw
Iem-Im-c-∑msc Ipdn®v tπt‰m, tπmt‰m-bpsS Ncn-X-]m-[m\yw
Acn-tÃm-´n¬ :˛ A\p-I-c-W-hm-Zw, SmP-Un-bpsS \n¿∆-N\w, Bdp-L-S-I-߃ CXn-hr-Ø-sØ-
°p-dn®p≈ A`n-]m-b-߃, hyXykvX kmlnXy cq]-߃, tIma-Unbpw F∏n°pw SmP-Unbpw.
IYm¿knkv
sdmam‚nIv bpKw ˛ th¿Uvkv h¿Øv, endn-°¬ _meUvkns‚ Bap-J-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw
th¿Uvkvh¿Øns‚ Imhy-\n¿∆-N-\w, `mh-\bv°v sImSpØ ]m[m-\yw, Imhy-`m-j-sb-°p-dn®v
th¿Uvkvh¿Øv. ˛ tImƒdnUvPv Ihn ]Xn-`-sb-°p-dn®v ˛ Cam-Pn-t\-j\pw ^m‚knbpw.
Imhy-`m-h-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tImƒdn-UvPns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
]m›m-Xy-km-lnXy XXz-im-kvXw ˛ sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥
]m›mXy kmlnXy Z¿i-\w ˛ Fw. A®yp-X≥
\h-X-cwKw ˛ Fw. eoem-hXn
samUyqƒ 4
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. ssieo\njvT \ncq-]Ww ˛ tUm.hn.B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿,
(ka-Im-e \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-߃) ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen
2. LS-\m-hm-Zhpw Nn”-im-kvXhpw ˛ tUm. kn. cmtP-µ≥
3. am¿IvknÃp \ncq-]Ww ˛ ]n. tKmhn-µ-]n-≈
(ka-Im-e \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-߃)
4. A]-\n¿ΩmWw XØzhpw ]tbm-Khpw ˛ hn.-kn. ioP≥
(B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy- kmlnXy kao]\߃)
5. s^an-\nÃv kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ F≥.-sI.-c-ho-µ≥
(B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy- kmlnXy kao]\߃)
* * * * *
52
ska-ÿ ˛ V
tImgvkv ˛ 10
KZy-km-lnXyw
Dt±iye£y-߃
GI-tZiw Bbncw h¿j-߃°v apºv Bcw-`n®v H´-[nIw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS cq]w ]m]n®
ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Imen-I-amb hnIm-k ]In-b-Isf Ipdn®v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t_m[y-
s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-Sp-°p-I.
KZykmln-Xy-Øns‚ kmam\y hnh-c-Whpw ]mNo\ a≤y-Ime B[p-\nI KZy-cq-]-ß-fpsS
amXrIbpw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-XysØ Ipdn®v kmam\y
]cn-⁄m\w t\Sm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
a. KZyw ˛ KZy-km-lnXyw ˛ KZy-Øn-s‚bpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw NcnXw ˛ ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚
Ncn-X-]-c-amb Ah-tem-I\w
imk-\-Imew ˛ imk-\-ß-fpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, en]n-hn-\ym-kw, `mjm-]-c-amb
khn-tij-X-Iƒ, imk-\-`mj ka-Im-eo\ `mjsb FX-amXw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. sIm√-h¿jm-cw-
`-Ønse `mj- im-k-\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n a\- n-em-°pI. hm°p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, k‘n, h¿Æ-]-cn-
Wmaw F∂o `mjm-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬IWw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. hmg-∏n≈n imk\w \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-c-W-w ˛ tI-cf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃
2. `mjm IuS-eobw \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-c-W-w ˛ tI-cf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃
b. a≤y-Ime KZyw˛ aWn-]-hm-fhpw KZy-km-ln-Xyhpw a≤y-Im-esØ KZy-cq-]-߃, IqØpw IqSn-bm-´-
hpw KZy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w. B´ ]Im-c-ßfpw IaZo-]n-I-I-fpw, \ºym¿
Xangv ˛ `mjm-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛ a[y-Ime KZy-sØ-Ip-dn®v eoem-Xn-eIw \¬Ip∂ kqN\-I-ƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Aw_-co-tjm-]m-Jym-\w : ˛ tUm.]n.sI.-\m-cm-b-W-]n≈
""io]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥...... Pzen-°n‚nXp'' - D≤-cWw : ]mNo\ ae-bmfKZyamXr-I-Iƒ
iq¿∏-WJm¶w \º¿.1 D≤-c-W-w : tI-cf `mj-bpsS hnIm-k ]cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛
samUyqƒ 2
sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w ˛ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w. ae-bmf `mj-bv°p-≠mb hf¿®, DZ-bw-
t]cq¿ kp\l-tZm-kns‚ Imew, A®-Sn, ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w, kwt£-]-th-Zm¿∞w, ]pt√en Ip©p XpS-
ßnb IrXn-Iƒ. ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam IØ-\m¿, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, Kp≠¿´v, B¿®v Uo°≥ tImin
XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ. ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, B[p-\nI KZy-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-]pkvX-
I-߃ ˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥, F.-B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, A∏≥ Xºp-cm≥, kztZ-im-`n-
Code. MA5B10
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
53
am\n cma-Ir-jvW-∏n≈ XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime KZy-Im-c-∑m¿, KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hn`n∂ imJ-Iƒ,
k¿§m-fl-Ihpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-amb `mj, D]-\ym-kw, IY, t\mh¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D¤-hw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw ( BZy-]m-Zw) ˛ ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-\m¿
Fs‚ arK-bm-kva-c-W-Iƒ ˛ tIc-f-h¿ΩhenbtImbnغp-cm≥
\ms´-gp-Ø-»≥am¿ ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿
`mh-\m-i‡n ˛ aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c≥
samUyqƒ 3
ka-Im-eo\ KZyw ˛ B[p-\nI KZy-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃ KZy-c-N-\-bnse ]pXnb kao-
]-\-߃. ka-Im-eo\ KZy-`mj ˛ ]pXnb hm°p-Ifpw `mjm-L-S-\bpw
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. B\bpw A¬]w sXep¶pw ˛ F.-]n.DZ-b-`m\p
(D-Z-b-`m-\p-hns‚ sXc-s™-SpØ D]-\ym-k-߃,-
Un-kn-_p-Ivkv)
2. \mS-Im-`n-\bw Nne Nn¥Ifpw ˛ ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n≈
kvac-W-Ifpw (ssI-\n-°-c-bpsS ]_-‘-߃,
en‰n¬ ]n≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-cWw)
3. Nn¥n-t∏mb HtcSv ˛ Fw.-B¿.-_n. (ap-J-—m-b-Iƒ)
4. A∂-hn-Nmcw ˛ Ip™pÆn (Ip™p-Æn amjpw Ipt´ymfpw)
samUyqƒ 4
Poh-N-cnXw, Bfl-I-Y, kva-c-W-Iƒ, bmXm-hn-h-c-W-߃ F∂o kmlnXy im-J-I-fn¬ ae-bmf
`mj-°p-≠mb hf¿®.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
_m“-Wy-Øn-\p-t\sc (B-fl-IY) ˛ C.-Fw.-F-kv., Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv
taa\ (a-\-km-kva-cm-an) ˛ s]m^. Fkv. Kp]vX≥ -\m-b¿
Hm¿a-bn¬ `oXn-Z-amb Hcp-bmX ˛ Fw.-]n. hotc-µ-Ip-am¿, amXr-`qan _pIvkv
(ssl-a-h-X-`q-hn¬)
alm-Ihn (Nn-Zw-_-c-kva-c-W) ˛ _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv
klm-b-I K-Ÿ-߃
tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈
tIcf kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ˛ D≈q¿
ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. Irjv-W-]n≈
KZyw ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿
]mNo\ ae-bmfw ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ≥
]mNo-\ae-bmf -K-Zy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ˛ tUm. ]nsI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈
sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃ ˛ tUm. sI.-F≥. Fgp-Ø-—≥
ae-bmfssien ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n.-sP. tXma v
a[y-Im-e-a-e-bmfw ˛ tUm.-]n.-hn.-th-em-bp-[≥]n≈
amkn-Im-]-T-\-߃ ˛ Pn. ]nb-Z¿i≥
kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
* * * * *
54
ska-ÿ ˛ VI
tImgvkv ˛ 11
\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw
Dt±iye£y-߃
\mtSm-Sn-kw-kvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\w kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzXz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-
t_m[w krjvSn-°p-I.
\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-im-Jsb AXn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ ]pXnb Nn¥-I-fpsS shfn-
®-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-I.
tIcf kwkvImc ]T-\-Øn\v A\p-_-‘-amb [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.
t^mIv-tem-dns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-sf°pdn®pw ka-K-amb [mc-W- cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp--I.
tIc-fob kaq-l-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw hnIm-khpw cq]-s∏-Sepw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-
⁄m-\ob Nn¥-Isf ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]m]vXn-t\-Sp-I.
t^mIv-tem¿ tiJ-c-W-Øn-\p≈ imkvXobamb ]tbmK sshZKv[yw t\Sp--I.
tiJ-cn® t^mIv-tem-dp-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ]T-\-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ ]m]vXn t\Sp--I.
PmXn-˛-aX \nc-t]-£-amb tIc-fob s]mXp-PohnX kwkvIm-csØ DƒsIm-≈p--I.
\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]cn-t]-£y-Øn¬ Zen-Xv, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kvXohmZ Nn¥-Isf cq]-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
. ae-bmf `mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw A¥ v Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kzXzm`n-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\pw ian-°p-I.
. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m\ob-Øn¬ D∂-X-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw th≠ ASn-ÿm\w cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øp-I.
samUyqƒ 1 : \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m\obw (Folkloristics)
1. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-imJ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cyhpw Ncn-Xhpw
2. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ e£yhpw hym]vXnbpw ]T-\-co-Xnbpw
3. ^o¬Uv kb≥kv (Field Science) F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw. ]km-
c-I≥, Bth-ZI≥, afiehrØn, (Field work) A`n-apJw, tNmZym-hen Xøm-dm-°¬
4. ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ˛ t^mIv-tem-dn-kw, ]bp‡ t^mIv-tem¿, \mK-cnI t^mIv-tem¿
5. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ka-Ime ]cn-k-cw˛ P\-]nbIe-Iƒ, am[y-a-߃, ]c-ky-߃,
kvt]m¿Svkv F∂nhsb Ipdn-®p≈ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\-]-c-amb hymJym-\-߃
6. t^mIv-tem¿ h¿§o-I-cWw ˛ km¿h-euInI h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
7. ae-bm-f-Ønse t^mIv-tem¿ ]T-\-ßfpw tIc-f-Ønse t^mIv-tem¿ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
8. t^mIv-tem¿ kwc-£-Whpw t^mIv-tem¿ ayqkn-bhpw
Code. MA6B11
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
55
klm-bI KŸ-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]mTy-`m-K-ßsf°pdn®v
kmam-\y-amb [mc-W- t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
t^mIv-tem¿ ]T\w: C∂se C∂v
(t^mIv-tem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw k¶-ev]-\-ßfpw) -˛ tUm cmL-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv
F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
]ø-∂q¿; 1999
t^mIv-tem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ cmjvSobw ˛ F®v.-sI. kt¥mjv
(t^mIv-tem¿ hgnbpw s]mcp-fpw)
samUyqƒ 2: hmsam-gn-h-g°w
1. \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ
a) \mtSmSn CXn-lm-k-߃
b) \mtSmSn IYm-Km-\-߃
c) sXmgn¬ ]m´p-Iƒ
e) Ip´n-I-fpsS ]m´p-Iƒ
f) hnt\m-Z-Km-\-߃
g) A\p-jvTm\ Km\-߃
2. \mtSmSn KZy-I-Ym-Jym-\-߃
a) \mtSmSn°Y-Iƒ
b) ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃
c) sFXn-ly-߃
d) ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ
e) ISw-I-Y-Iƒ
f) \mtSmSn`mjWw
Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw DZm-l-c-W-߃ tIc-f-Ønse hmsamgnhg° t^mIv-tem-dp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
Is≠-tØ-≠-XmWv. klm-bI KŸ-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Hmtcm C\-Ønepws]´ t^mIvtemdp-
Isf°pdn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Btcm-ap-Æn-bpsS A¶-∏p-d-∏mSv ˛ tUm.-Fw.-B¿.-cm-L-h-hm-cy¿,
(tIc-f-t^m-Iv-tem¿) FUn-‰¿. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
]ø-∂q¿,1997
hb-\m-´p-Ip-e-h≥ (tIc-f-t^m-Iv-tem¿) ˛ Fw.-F. dlvam≥
FUn-‰¿. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv,
]ø-∂q¿, 1997
56
samUyqƒ 3: \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ
1. \mtSm-Sn-\rØw ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-߃, kwL-\r-Ø-߃
2. \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-Iw˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-߃, kwL-\r-Ø-߃
3. \mtSmSn kwKoXw : klm-bI KŸ-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-I-
sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
tIc-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \rØ-ß-fmb sXøw, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, tImacw, k¿∏w Xp≈¬, Ifw-
]m-´v, Imf-I-fn, BZn-hmkn \rØw, Xncp-hm-Xnc Ifn, H∏-\, am¿KwIfn F∂n-hsb Ipdn®pw \mtSm-Sn-
\mSI-ß-fmb apSn-tb-‰v, Im°-c»n \mS-Iw, IWym¿I-fn, ]pdm-´v, NmØn-cm¶w F∂n-hsb Ipdn®pw
kmam-\y-amb [mcW t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
\mtSm-Sn-kw-KoXw (tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥I-e-Iƒ) ˛ tUm.-F.-sI. \ºym¿
F≥.-_n.-Fkv., tIm´bw, 1989.
the-h-chv (tKmX-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ) ˛ tUm.-kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tIµw, IWn-awKew.
samUyqƒ 4 : \mtSmSn `uXn-I-kw-kvIm-cw, kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ßfpw \m´-dn-hp-Ifpw
1. \mtSm-Sn-ssI-th-e-Iƒ a¨]m-Xw, ssIØdn
2. \mtSmSn kmt¶-XnIhnZy Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-߃, DuØm-e-Iƒ
3. \mtSmSn hmkvXp-hnZy tIc-fob Krl-\n¿ΩmWw
4. \mtSm-Sn-sshZywAΩqΩ sshZyw Huj-[-k-ky-߃
5. \m´p-`-£Ww `£-W-ssh-hn-[y-߃, ]mN-I-hnZy
6. \m´m-Nm-c-߃ hnhm-lm-Nm-c-߃, ac-Wm-\-¥c BNm-c-߃
7. \mtSmSn hmZy-߃ ]p≈ph hoW, ]p≈p-h-°p-Sw, \¥p-Wn, ]d
8. \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ Irjn, a’y-_-‘-\w, kky-k-ºØv
klm-bI KŸ-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn F√m-hn-`m-K-ßsf Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW
t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
tKmX-h¿§ kky-hn-⁄m\w (kky-ß-fpsS ˛ tUm. C.-D-Æn-Ir-jvW≥
\m´dnhv) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw, 2004
DuØme ˛ hn.-F-®v. Zncm¿
kwkvIr-Xn, IÆq¿ (c≠mw ]Xn-∏v,
Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2009)
]h¿Ø-\-߃
1. Hmtcm samUyq-fp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp skan-\m¿ F¶nepw Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
2. Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw Hcp t^mIv-tem¿ C\-sa-¶nepw imkvXo-b-ambn tiJ-cn®v ]_-‘-cq-]-
Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
3. t^mIv-tem¿ ayqknbw Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbv Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw ]-cn-iant°≠-Xm-Wv.
57
4. GsX-¶nepw Hcp t^mIv-tem-dns‚ Ah-X-c-W-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ sN∂v t\cn-´p≈ \nco-£W ]cn-
Nbw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
5. arXhpw A⁄m-X-hp-amb t^mIv-tem-dp-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-hm\pw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ ]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\hpw Xmev]-cyhpw ]pe¿tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
6. t^mIv-tem¿ Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
7. HmUntbm hnjz¬ km[y-X-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
t^mIv-tem¿ ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
tIc-f -`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v; Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw; 1992
t^mIv-tem¿]-T\w ˛ -kn-≤m¥Xew; F≥. `‡-h-’e sdÕn
\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ tUm. Fw.-hn. hnjvWp-\ºq-Xncn
Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw
t^mIv-tem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw ]cn-I-ev]-\-Ifpw ˛ tUm.-cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
]ø-∂q¿
t^mIv-tem¿ \nL≠p ˛ tUm. Fw.-hn. hnjvWp-\ºq-Xncn
Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw
tIcf t^mIv-tem¿ ˛ FUn-‰¿ tUm.- cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
]ø-∂q¿
tKmX-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ ˛ tUm.-kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tIµw
IWn-aw-Kew.
t^mIv-tem¿ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ tUm.-kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
tIc-f -`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw; 2007
tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ ˛ tUm.-F.-sI. \ºym¿, F≥.-_n.-F-kv.
tIm´bw 1989.
tUm.-kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ FUn‰v sNbvXv Un.-kn. _pIvkv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Xmsg ]d-bp∂]pkvX-
I-߃.
1) \mtSmSn ssIthe
2) Irjn-bpsS \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ
3) kky-ß-fpsS \m´-dnhv
4) \m´p-`-£-Ww
* * * * *
58
ska-ÿ ˛ VI
tImgvkv ˛ 12
ae-bm-f-I-hnX ˛ DØ-c-L´w
Dt±iye£y-߃
ka-Im-en\ ae-bm-f Ihn-Xsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏´ ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Isf°p-dn®p ]Tn-
°I. Ihn-X-b-Øn\pw sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»-cn, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, i¶-c-°p-dp∏v XpS-ßn-
b-h¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Ihn-Xm-[m-c-Iƒ°pw tijw ae-bmf IhnX k©-cn® hgn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-
bpI. ka-Im-enI Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]-chpw `mh-]-c-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw Imev]-\n-I-amb `mhp-I-Xz-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ ˛ -¢m-
knIv B`n-apJyw ˛ ]mc-º-cy-O-µ- p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te°v Xpd-∂n-Sp∂ am¿§-
߃˛ H.-F≥.-hn. Ipdp-∏v, kpK-X-Ip-amcn, hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn, B¿ cma-N-µ≥, Fw.-F≥.-]m-
eq¿, Pn. Ipam-c-∏n≈, ap-√-t\-gn XpS-ßnb Ihn--I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v
tNmdqWv ˛ H.-F≥.-hn. Ipdp∏v
IrjvWm, \osbs∂ Adn-bn√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
D÷-bn-\n-bnse cm∏I-ep-Iƒ ˛ hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn
H∂p-an√ ˛ B¿. cma-N-µ≥
samU-ypƒ 2
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS BZy-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-I-X˛ Cd-°p-aXn sNø-
s∏´ B[p-\n-IX F∂ hna¿i\w t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ kml-N-cyw˛ ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-bpambp≈
kmayhyXym-k-߃, Imev]-\n-I-X-tbm-Sp≈ Ielw F∂ \ne-bn¬ B[p-\n-IX, F≥.-F≥. I°mSv,
F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, A°n-Øw, Aø∏∏-Wn-°¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v
]m¿°n¬ ˛ F≥.-F≥. I°mSv
]≠sØ taim¥n ˛ A°n-Øw
aZn-cm-inbn¬ Hcp kmbm”w ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
arXyp-]qP ˛ Aø-∏∏-Wn-°¿
samUypƒ 3
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse DØ-c-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v tijw cq]-s∏´ cmjvSob B[p-\n-
I-X. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Nph∂ hm¬ F∂v hnti-jn∏n-°-s∏´ cmjvSob Ah-ÿ˛ CS-Xp-]£ Xoh-
Code. MA6B12
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
59
hmZw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mhp-I-XzsØ Fßs\ kzm-[o-\n®p F∂ ]T-\w. IS-Ω-\n-´, sI.-Pn. i¶-c-
∏n≈, k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, B‰q¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Ihn-XIƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v
IpdØn ˛ IS-Ω-\n-´
kwI-aWw ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω
_wKmƒ ˛ sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈
]\n ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥
samUypƒ 4
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-L-´-Øn¬ Fgp-X-p-Ibpw cq]-]-c-hpw, cmjvSo-b-hpamb B[p-\n-I-
X-bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ \n∂v amdn k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w. F.-A-ø-
∏≥, Un. hn\-b-N-µ≥, _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sv, tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥, Ipco-∏pg ioIp-am¿ XpS-
ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w.
_p≤\pw B´n≥Ip-´nbpw ˛ F. Aø∏≥
Imbn-°-c-bnse IS¬ ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-µ≥
FhnsS tPm¨ ˛ _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv
Nm¿hm-I≥ ˛ Ipco-∏pg ioIp-am¿
samUypƒ 5
ka-Im-enI Ihn-X-bnse hnhn[ ]h-W-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bpI. ]cn-ÿnXn ˛ kvXo˛ ZenXv ]Xn-
\n-[m-\-߃ Ihn-X-bn¬ Fßs\ ]I-S-am-Ip∂p F∂ ]T-\w. ]pXnb Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ. ]n.-]n. cma-N-µ≥, d^oIv Al--ΩZv, cmhp-Æn, sI.-hn. t__n, ]n. cma≥, sI.-B¿ tSmWn,
Fkv. tPmk-^v, taml\ IrjvW≥ Ime-Sn, hn.-Fw. Kncn-P, A\nX Xºn, kmhnXn cmPo-h≥, at\mPv
Ipdq¿, A≥h¿ Aen, hn.-Pn. Xºn, Aar-X, hocm≥Ip´n XpS-ßn-b- Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-XIfpsS khn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v
efnXw ˛ ]n.-]n. cma-N-µ≥
inh-KwK ˛ AarX
ag-s∏m´≥ ˛ taml-\-Ir-jvW≥, ImeSn
]qh-c-ins‚ tNm´n¬ ˛ Fkv. tPmk^v
klm-b-IKŸ-߃
B[p-\nI kmlnXy NcnXw ˛ F-Un: sI.-Fw. tPm¿÷v
]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS
ae-bmf IhnXm kmlnXyNcnXw ˛ tUm.Fw. eoem-hXn
B[p-\n-IX ae-bmf IhnX-bn¬ ˛ tUm. F≥. AP-b-Ip-am¿
B[p-\n-I-XbpsS cmjvSob kuµ-cyw ˛ tUm. ]n. tkma≥
60
F¥mWv B[p-\n-I-X ˛ Fw. apIp-µ≥
IhnXbpw ]mc-ºcyhpw ˛ F≥.-F≥. I°mSv
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-߃ ˛ FUn: kn.-sP. tPm¿÷v
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX: h¿Ø-am-\hpw hwim-h-enbpw˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
Ihn-Xm-cXn ˛ tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn
h¿W-cmPn ˛ tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn
* * * * *
61
ska-ÿ ˛ VI
tImgvkv ˛ 13
ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w
Dt±iye£y-߃
ae-bmf hna¿i\ kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. Ime-L-´-ß-f-n-eq-sSbp≈ hf¿®
a\- n-em-°p-I. hnhn[ hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Fßs\ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®p--
sh∂v a\- n-em-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
Ah-Xm-cnI (ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) -˛ Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿
]mk-hmZw (kmlnXy ka-c-߃) ˛ sI. `mkv°-c ]n≈, NBS, tIm´bw
abq-c-k-tµiw (ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥
\f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bv°p≈ ˛ F.-B¿. cmPcmP -h¿Ω
Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw Ah-Xm-cnI
sNdp-t»cn (]©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-X-bw) ˛ kmlnXy ]©m-\\≥ ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W]n≈
Ihn-Xbpw ]Zyhpw (ae-bmf\ncq-]Ww C∂se) ˛ kn. A¥-∏mbn
samUyqƒ 2
I∂n-s°m-bvØns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-Øns‚ Zmk≥ ˛ ap≠-t»cn
\nXy-X-bn¬ Aen-bp∂ \nanjw ˛ Fw.-sI. km\p
(Aim-¥n-bn¬ \n∂v im¥n-bn-te°v)
DZ-b-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw (EXp-]-cn-h¿Ø\w) ˛ sI.-]n. i¶-c≥
samUyqƒ 3
hmg-°pebpw ]n≥ap-d-°mcpw ˛ Xmbm-´p-i-¶-c≥
(sXc-s™-SpØ ]-_-‘-߃)
IÆo¿∏mSw (Im-hy-hyq¬∏-Øn) ˛ Fw.-]n. i-¶pÆn \mb¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)
hf-f-tØmƒ Ihnbpw a\p-jy\pw (\-h-X-cw-Kw) ˛ tUm. Fw.-eo-em-hXn
klys‚ aI≥ (io¿jm-k\w) ˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥ ˛
IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬ (Ah-Xm-cnI) ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
samUyqƒ 4
]W-b-Øns‚ A[-c-kn-µqcw sIms≠-gp-Xnb IY -˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥
(IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`hkØbpw )
Code. MA6B13
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
62
F≥.-hn. Ihn-X-bnse tZiob ]cn-t]£yw ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿
(hmb-\-bpsS hgn-Iƒ)
h≈-tØm-fns\ hos≠-Sp-°¬ (hos≠-Sp-∏p-Iƒ) ˛ ]n.-]n. cho-µ≥
]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw (]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw) ˛ ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥
Ihn-X-bpsS Ipcp-Ø-t°Sv, hm-b-\-bp-tS-bpw ˛ hn.-kn. lmc-n-kv
(FgpØpw hmb-\bpw)
klm-b-IKŸ-߃:
ae-bmf\ncq-]Ww C∂se ˛ FUn: Fkv.-Kp-]vX≥ \mb¿
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°mSv
ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: ]mcw- -L´w ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen
ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: a[y-L´w ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen
ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: B[p-\nI L´w ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen
ka-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXykvX apJ-߃ ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen
* * * * *
63
ska-ÿ ˛ VI
tImgvkv ˛ 14
tIc-fob cwK-I-e-Iƒ
Dt±iye£y-߃
\mtSmSn A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ apX¬ ssieo-\njvT Ie-Iƒ hscbp≈ Ie-I-tfbpw ]m›mXy
kzm[o-\-Øn-eqsS kz¥-ambn cq]w sImSpØ Ie-I-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Ch-bpsS Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-amb ]T-\-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-I.
`mc-Xo-bhpw hntZiob-hp-amb \mSy-k-¶¬]-߃°-Xo-X-ambn Hcp \mSy-]m-c-ºcyw tIcfw
Fßs\ t\Sn-sb-SpØp F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv D≠m-°p-I.
hniz-]-kn-≤-amb Hcp ]c-º-cm-K-X-ssien Zriy Ie-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\p-≠v. ChsbIpdn®p kmam-
\y-⁄m\w t\Snbn-cn-°p-I.
cwK]mT-sØ-°qSn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v Zriy kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS ]T\w \n¿∆-ln°m≥
]m]vX-\m-°p-I.
kmlnXy]T\w kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-am-sW∂ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu Ie-I-fpsS
kwkv°mc ]cn-k-chpw Ch-bn¬ D≈S-ßn-bn-cn°p∂ kmwkv°m-cn-Imw-i-ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-
am-t°-≠-Xns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
B[p-\nI cwK-k-¶¬∏-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd Awi-߃ Cu Ie-I-fn¬ kzcq-]n-°-s∏-´n-
´p≠vî C-hsb Is≠-Øm≥ hnZym¿∞nsb ]m]vX-\m-°p-I.
P\-Io-bhpw P\-]n-b-hp-amb B[p-\nI Ie-I-fpsS kwkvImc ]cn-kcw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
samUyqƒ 1: cwK-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw˛ BZym-¶p-c-߃î î
]T-\-ta-Je
cwK-I-e-Ifpw Bhn-jv°m-chpw tIc-fob ]cn-t]-£y-Øn¬
tIc-f-Øn¬ kz¥-amb cwK-Iem ]mc-º-cyw. A\p-jvTm\/ \mtSmSn cwK-I-e-Iƒ, cwK ]mc-º-cy-
Øns‚ BZym-¶p-c-߃ ˛ G‰hpw efn-X-hpw ]mNo-\hp-ambî cq]w ˛ shfn-®-∏mSv Xp≈¬. thj-∏-
I¿®bpw `mh-∏-I¿®bpw. cwK-I-e-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kz`mhw Gdnbpw Ipd™pw hcp∂ a‰p-I-e-Iƒ
tImXmΩq-cn, sIt¥m≥]m-´v, Xoøm-´v, ]mt\-¶fn, ]m\, IWn-bm¿I-fn, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, If-sa-
gp-Øv, ]mºn≥ Xp≈¬, tht´-°m-c≥ ]m´v, Aø∏≥]m´v, ]qc-°-fn, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn, X´n-t∑¬I-fn,
h´-°fn, Z^v ap´, H∏\, Ad-_-\-ap-´v, IpØ-vdm-Øo-_v, am¿§w-I-fn, apSn-bm-´w, tafw, taf-]m-c-º-cy-
Øns‚ Zriy-ihy kwkv°mcw sN≠-ta-fw, ]©-hm-Zyw, in¶m-cn-tafw, in¶m-cn-ta-f-Øns‚ P\-]nb
kwkv°mcw.
Code. MA6B14
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
64
Cu Ie-I-fpsS kmwkv°m-cn -I-]-cn -kcw˛ Dt±-i-e-£y-߃, Cu Ie-Isf°p-dn -®p≈
kmam\y⁄m\w amXw aXn. hnti-j-]-T\w Bh-iy-an-√.
Ie-bpsS hnI-kn-X-cq-]-߃ sXøw, Xnd, ]S-b-Wn, apSn-tb‰v apX-em-bh
apSn-tb‰v - Hcp\m-S-I-Øns‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb ]q¿Æ-X. Imhp-h- -Øns‚ hnim-e-amb cwK-ÿen k¶¬∏w
tÃPns‚ ]cn-[n-bn-te-°v. cwK-k-¶¬∏w, Blm-cyw, Bkzm-Z-I≥.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃ ˛ tUm. F.-sI. \ºym¿
2. \mSy-th-Zn-bn¬ \S≥ ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿ (F≥ IrjvW-
]n≈bpw `mc-Xob \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw, ]n.-hn.
them-bp-[≥]n-≈)
3. apSn-tb-‰v ˛ Fkv.-sI.-\m-b¿
(tI-c-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃)
4. tIc-fob hmZy-I-e-I-fpsS D¤-hhpw hnIm-khpw ˛ F.-F-kv.-F≥. \ºo-i≥
(Xm-f-߃ Xmf-hm-Zy-߃)
5. am∏n-f-I-e-Iƒ Hc-h-tem-I\w ˛ F≥.-Im-Xn-cn-t°mb amÿ,
(am-∏nf Iem Z¿i-\w) tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, Xr»q¿, 2009
samUyqƒ 2: IqSn-bm´w
]T-\-ta-Je
kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS tIc-fob A`n-\b kº-Zmbw, IqSn-bm-´-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw,
sXfn-hp-Iƒ, Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, DÆp-\o-eo-k-tµiw Ncn-X-]m-[m-\yw, `‡n-]-ÿm-\w, _m“-Wm-[n-]-
Xyw, t£X-tI-µnX kwkv°mcw Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bpsS Imew, tXme≥, IqSn-bm-´-Øn\p]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ ][m\ \mS-I-߃. A`n-t\-Xm-°ƒ, IqØ-º-ew, ]mtZ-inI kwkv°m-c-Øn-\p-ta¬ _rl-
Xv]m-c-ºcyw hnZq-j-I≥. ]mtZ-in-I-kw-kv°m-chpw `mjbpw ]m[m\yw t\Sp-∂p. NmIym¿Iq-Øv. IqSn-
bm-´hpw IqØpw, kmaq-ly-hn-a¿i\w t]°-Y-IfpsS kmaq-ly-]-k-‡n, ]pcp-jm¿∞-°q-Øv, NXp¿∆n-
[m-`n-\b kº-Zm-b-߃, ss]¶p-fw-cm-a-®m-Iym-cpsS kw`m-h-\.
kvXo-]m-Xn-\n[yw ˛ \ßym¿IqØv
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1) Iqغe-ß-fpsS kw`m-h-\ ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-jm-c-Sn
(Iq-Ø-º-e-ß-fn¬)
2) A`n-\bw ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v
(cw-Km-h-X-cWw `mKw aq∂v JWvUw c≠v)
3) IqSn-bm-´w, kp`Zm [\-RvPbw H∂ma¶w ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-c-Sn
(Iq-Ø-º-e-ß-fn¬)
4) IqSn-bm-´-Ønse hnZq-j-I-∑m¿ ˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-c-Sn
(AtX ]pkvX-Iw)
65
5) `K-hZ÷pIw ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn
(]-cn-`m-j)
klm-bI KŸ-߃
IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw ˛ AΩm-a≥ Xºp-cm≥
\mSy-I-ev]-Zpaw ˛ amWn-am-[-h-®m-Iym¿
]pcp-jm¿∞-°qØv ˛ IrjvW-N-µ≥
\ßym¿Iq-Øv (-Cw-•o-jv) ˛ \n¿Ωem ]Wn-°¿
IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬ ˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn
samUyqƒ 3: IY-Ifn
]tbm-Kw, Ncn-Xw, hnIm-kw, kwkv°mcw
]T-\-ta-Je
17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ sIm´m-c-°-cØvXºp-cm≥ cq]w sImSpØ cma-\m-´w, IY-I-fn-bpsS ]mKq]w
cmam-b-WsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n F´p-Zn-h-ksØ IY-Iƒ, sIm´m-c-°-c-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ. B´-°-Y-I-fpsS
LS-\, hnImkw
tIm´bw Xºp-cm≥, alm-`m-c-XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbp≈ \mep IrXnIfpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb
]q¿Æ-X, ]mX k¶¬∏w, CXn-hrØw ]n¬°me kzm[o\w I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ kº-Zmbw.
DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS \f-N-cn-Xw. kmlnXy]c-amb Hu∂-Xyw, CXn-hr-Øw, IYm-]m-Xw, `mj
cwKm-hn-jv°m-c-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, \√-km-ln-Xy-a√ \√ -cwKkmln-Xy-sa∂ ]am-Ww. DÆmbn
Bhn-jv°-cn® A¿∞-]-]-©sØ IY-I-fn-bpsS Zriy-`m-j-bn-eqsS kwth-Z\w sNøp-hm≥ km-[y-
as√∂ hmZw ˛ DØ-c-cm-am-b-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cNn-°-s∏´ It√-°p-f-ßc cmL-h-]n-jm-c-Sn-
bpsS cmh-tWm-¤hw IY-I-fn-bpsS kuµcy k¶¬∏-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb ]I-S-amb am‰w ]Xn-\m-b-
I≥am¿°v e`n® ]m[m\yw
IoN-I-h-[w, DØ-c-mkz-bw-hcw (C-c-bn-Ω≥Xºn) \c-Im-kp-c-h-[w, cmP-kqbw (Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-
\mƒ), _men-hn-P-bw (I-√q¿ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv) F∂n-ßs\ ]Xn-\m-bI ][m-\-amb IrXn-Iƒ IØn-
th-j-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Ønse kmwkv°m-cnI LS-I-߃.
cmP-k-]-[m-\-ß-fmb IØn-th-j-ß-fpsS Bhn-jv-°-c-WsØ CØcw IY-I-fn-eqsS Nn´-s∏-Sp-
Øn-sb-Sp-°¬ Iπn-ßm´v \ºq-Xncn.˛ Iπn-ßm´v cq]wsImSpØ Iπn-ßm-S≥ kº-Zmbw ˛ hS-°≥
]tZ-i-ß-fnse I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ kº-Zmbw ˛ `‡n kwh¿≤I-ß-fmb IptN-e-hr-Øw t]mep≈ P\-
]nb IY-Iƒ IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-tim-`sb \ne-\n¿Øp-∂n√, F∂ hmZw, I√p-hgn kº-Zmbw
Ipbn¬sØm-Sn-bn¬ C´n-cm-cn-®-ta-t\m\pw injy≥ ]´n-°m-s¥mSn cmhp-Æn-ta-t\m\pw, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥
kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaw, I√p-hgn kº-Zm-bw, kuµ-cy-k-¶ev]w, ico-c- m-jbv°pw \mSy-[¿Ωn°pw
h∂ ]m[m\yw I√p-hgn kº-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ IY-I-fn-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩnXn, Iem-a-fiew B[p-
\n-I-oIcWw, ]Nmc-Ww, ]mtZ-in-I-Xbv°XoX-amb kmam-\y-h-ev°-cWw P\-]nb IY-Iƒ, amen-
bpsS I¿Æ-i]Yw Cu IY-bpsS kmaqly cmjvSob ]k‡n, IY-Ifn A`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw,
If-cn-∏-b‰pw IY-I-fn-bpw
66
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS cmXn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥
(a-e-bm-fn-IƒI-fpsS cmXn-Iƒ)
2. I¿Øy-]mTw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-S,v
(IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mT Ncn-Xw) Iem-a-fiew Fw.-]n.-F-kv. \ºq-Xn-cn
3. cma-\m´w apX¬ IY-I-fn-hsc (I-Y-Ifn kzcq]w) ˛ at¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈,
kn.-sI. inh-cma-∏n-≈,
4. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw ""Imte IZm-NnZY'' F∂ t«mIw apX¬ B cwKw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc
5. \f-N-cnXw c≠mw Znhkw BZy-cwKw (\f-N-cnXw B´-]-Imcw Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿),
klm-bI KŸ-߃
IY-I-fn-cwKw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv. tat\m≥
sNm√n-bm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿ (c≠p hmey-
߃)
IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mT NcnXw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv
Iem-a-fiew Fw.-]n.-F-kv. \ºq-Xn-cn
IY-Ifn kzcq]w ˛ at¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, kn.-sI. inh-cm-a-
∏n-≈
Iem-a-fiew NcnXw ˛ eoem \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
tIm´bw IY-Ifn ˛ B‰q¿ IrjvW-]n-jm-cSn
\f-N-cnXw Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw hymJym\w ˛ F.-B-¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
\f-N-cnXw B´-]-Imcw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿
DÆmbnhm-cn-b¿ ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈
(ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY ]k-‡-`m-K-߃)
\mSym-Nm-cys‚ Pohn-X-ap-Z-Iƒ ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿, RmbØv
_me≥
Fs‚ PohnXw Ac-ßnepw AWn-b-d-bnepw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥\m-b¿
Xnc-t\m´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew cma≥Ip´n \m-b¿
Hm¿Øm¬ hnkvabw ˛ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cen
IY-I-fn-thjw ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m`≥\m-b¿
]pd∏mSv ˛ IpΩnWn
IY-Ifn ˛ ]n.-hn. IrjvW≥\m-b¿
knUn/UnhnUn
tIm´bw IY-Iƒ ˛ thZnI. Xriq¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)
cmPkqbw ,,
67
samUypƒ 4: ]n¬°me cwK-I-e-Iƒ
Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ Xp≈¬, D¤-h-hn-Im-k-߃, A`n-\-b-k-º-Zmbw, hI-t`-Z-߃
tamln-\n-bm´w hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃
sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w, Nhn´p-\m-S-Iw, ][m\ \mS-I-߃, Ah-X-cW coXn-Iƒ, kwkvIr-X-
kzm[o-\w, Xangv kzm[o-\w, kwKoX \mS-I-߃, B[p-\nI \mS-Ik¶-ev]-߃, kn\n-a, sSen-^n-enw,
IYm-]-kwKw, anan-In, Imcn-t°-®¿ XpS-ßnb P\-]nb Ie-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI
khntij-X-Iƒ. ]cn-k-chpw kzm[o-\hpw amXw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bm¬ aXn. hni-Z-]-T\w Bh-iy-
an-√.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. Ip©≥ \ºym¿ kmlnXy ]©m-\\≥ ˛ ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W∏n≈
2. Hm´¬-Xp-≈¬ (ta-f-∏-Zw) ˛ Iem-a-fiew Ir-jvW≥Ip´n- -s]m-Xp-hmƒ
3. taml-n\n-bm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew I√ym-Wn-°p-´n-bΩ
4. Nhn-´p-\m-SI kzcq]w (Nhn-´p-\m-SIw) ˛ k_o\-dm^n, (\mj-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ,
tIm´bw 1964)
5. kwKoX \mSIw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈
(a-e-bmf \mS-I-km-lnXy NcnXw)
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
tIc-f-km-lnXy NcnXw ˛ D≈q¿
ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n.-sP. tXmakv
Iem-a-fiew NcnXw ˛ eoem-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈
tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃ ˛ Fkv.-sI. \mb¿
Nhn-´p-\m-SIw ˛ k_o-\m-dm^n
Assk-≥sa‚pw t]mPIvSpw
t^mt´m kn.-Un. tiJ-cWw
Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, ]K¤ Bkzm-Z-I¿ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw
Iem-tI-µ-ß-fpsS kµ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v
a‰p Ie-Ifp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw
Ie-I-sftbm IYm-]m-X-ß-tf-tbm, IrXn-I-tf-tbm, ssien-I-tftbm Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ,
Hcp Ah-X-cWw I≠v Bkzm-Z\w \n¿_-‘-ambpw Xøm-dm-°-Ww.
P\-]nb Ie-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]T\w Xøm-dm-°¬
* * * * *
68
ska-ÿ 6
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv
ssk_¿ ae-bmfw
Dt±iye£y-߃
hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-X-sb-∏‰n kmam-\y-ambpw ae-bmfw Iºyq- nw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-∏‰n khn-
ti-j-ambpw a\-kn-em°n AXv ]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xm-°sf ]m]vX-
cm-°pI.-
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw ]kn-≤o-IcWØn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fn¬
ssk_¿temIw sNep-Ønb kzm[o\sØ∏-‰n-bp≈ ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb kmam-
\y-⁄m-\w D≠m-°p-I.
ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kns‚bpw ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-
∏‰n kmam\y [mcW \¬Ip-I.
ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kn¬ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I.
C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmf D≈-S° \n¿Ωn-Xn°v (Web content making) hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]m]vX-cm-
°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
ae-bmf mjsbbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw ssk_¿temIw Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Is≠-
Øp-I.
taev]-d™ taJ-e-I-fnse Kth-j-W-]-T-\-߃°v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t]cn-∏n-bv°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
`mjm-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy AXns‚ Ncn-Xhpw hnIm-khpw (km-am-\y-ambn amXw), ae-bmfw A®-Sn-
bpsS Bcw`w ˛ tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv ˛ _©-an≥ s_bven ˛ Kp≠¿´v ..., ssS∏v ssd‰-dns‚ IS-
∂p-h-chv ˛ ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jv°-cWw ˛ ]gb en]nbpw ]pXn-b- en-]nbpw, Iºyq-´¿ ˛ ASn-ÿm\
hnh-c-߃, ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kns‚ XpS-°w, hnhn[ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-߃, DS-a-ÿXm tkm^v‰v-sh-
bdpw kzX-¥-tkm-^v‰v-sh-b-dpw, sUkvIvtSm∏v ]ªn-jnw-Kv, hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v-sh-b-dp-Iƒ (In-
put Tools), hnhn[ ae-bmfw t^m≠p-Iƒ ASCIIbpw ISCIIbpw. bq\n-tIm-Uv, F≥tIm-UnwKv F∂m-
se¥v? bq\n-tImUv t^m≠p-Iƒ, ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-apJw +OCR, Text to speech,
Speech to Text, Spell checker F∂n-h-bpsS ae-bm-f-Ønse km[y-X-Iƒ.
samUyqƒ 2
F¥mWv C˛-km-ln-Xyw? C˛-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn[ ]Xy-£o-I-c-W-߃, ae-bmfw sh_vssk-
‰p-Iƒ, sh_vt]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, Hm¨sse≥ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃ ˛ ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw ktlm-Z-
c-kw-cw-`-ß-fmb hn°n-K-Ÿ-im-e, hn°n-\n-L-≠p, hn°n-sNm-√p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ˛ k¿∆-hn-⁄m\-
Code. MA6B15(E)01
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 2
69
tImiw sh_v-F-Un-j≥, kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-I-amb sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ/t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C˛-_p-°v, C˛-sse-
_-dn, UnkvIIw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-߃, tªmKp-Iƒ F∂ Aa-Nz¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cW taJ-e, "ªqtemIw'
(Malayalam blogosphere), kn‰n-k¨ tP¿Wenkw, tªmKvkm-ln-Xyw.
samUyqƒ 3
F¥mWv ssk_¿km-lnXyw? ssk_¿ imkvX-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ, ssk_¿ ]¶p-Iƒ (Punk) XpS-
ßn-bh, ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿I-Y-Iƒ, ssk_¿ hnj-b-I-amb t\mh-ep-Iƒ (Fw. apIp-µs‚ \rØw),
ssk_¿hn-j-b-I-amb kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-߃/]T-\-߃ (]n.-sI. cmPtiJ-c≥, Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥),
Xnc-samgn (hyper text)bpw hmb-\-bpw, bmYm¿∞yhpw ]XoXn bmYm¿∞yhpw (Virtual Reality),
ssk_¿kz-Xzw, ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿_-‘-ap≈ ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ß-fpw.
samUyqƒ 4: (]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w)
a. ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nwKv
hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v-sh-b-dpIsfbpw (Input Tools) H∏w en]y-¥-cW (Translation) tkm^v‰v-
sh-b-dp-I-sfbpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw bq\n-tImUv t^m≠v D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp ae-bmfw
ssS∏nwKv tkm v‰v-sh-b¿ F¶nepw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]cn-io-en-°p-Ibpw th-Ww. t\m v]mUv t]mep≈
Hcp t_knIv FUn-‰¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Um‰m-F≥Sn ]cn-io-en-∏n-®m¬ aXn. (ssS-∏nw-Kns‚ thKX ]co-
£n-t°-≠-Xn-√). bq\n-tImUv t^m≠p-I-fmb Im¿Øn-I, ARvP-en, cN-\, aoc, ZypXn XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-
N-b-s∏-´n-cn-°-Ww. en]y-¥-cW tkm^v‰v-sh-b-dp-I-fmb hc-sam-gn, samgn Ioam≥, kz\-teJ F∂n-h-
bpambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S-Ww.
b. ae-bmfw D≈-S-°-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw t]mj-Whpw
ae-bmfw D≈S° \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬I-Ww.
hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw A\p-_‘ kwcw-`-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ teJ-\-߃ Fgp-
X¬, FUn‰p sNø¬, tªmKv \n¿Ωn-°p-I, tªmKnw-Kv, hn°n KŸ-im-e, teJ-\-kq-Nn, KŸ-ti-J-cw
XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ D≈-S°w \n¿Ωn-bv°¬ F∂nh ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]cn-io-en-°-Ww. Hmtcm tImtfPpw
(Un-∏m¿´vsa‚pw Hcp ae-bmfw sh_vsskt‰m As√-¶n¬ ae-bmfw tªmtKm \n¿Ωn®v AXv ÿnc-
ambn A]vtU‰v sNbvXv \ne-\n¿Øn ]cn-io-en-°Ww (sh-_vssk‰v ]cn-]m-e-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cn-io-
e-\hpw \¬In-bm¬ \∂v. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬ teJ-\-߃ Fgp-Xp-
hm\pw ]cn-io-en-°mw.)
Reference1. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn : tUm.- A-Nyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿ (tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v , 2000)
2. B temIw apX¬ C˛-temIw hsc : tUm.-sP.-hn. hnf-\new (tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v , 2000)
3. C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw : tUm._n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-µ≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,
tIm´bw, 1999 6˛m-aXv FUn-j≥)
4. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fß-s\, F¥n\v? : tUm._n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-µ≥
(Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2003)
5. ssk_¿ ae-bmfw : FUn-‰¿ : kp\nX Sn.-hn (Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2009)
70
6. `mh-\m-XoXw (a-e-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿ IY-Iƒ) : tUm.-]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,
tIm´-bw)
7. GIm¥ \K-c-߃ : tUm.-]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)
8. `mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ : Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)
9. \rØw (t\m-h¬) : Fw. apIp-µ≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)
10. Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmfw (te-J-\w) : ]n.-hn. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥, C.-Fw. io[-c≥
(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 1999 k]vXw-_¿ 5, ]p.8)
11. Xnc-samgn (te-J-\w) : ]n.-]n. cma-N-µ≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jn-Wn, 2008 sabv, Pq¨)
12. C‚¿s\‰pw bqWn-tImUpw ae-bm-f-`mjm ]iv\-ßfpw (te-J-\w) : tUm. atljv awK-em´v
(amXr-`qan Bgv-N-∏-Xn∏v 2008 s^_p-hcn 17, ]p. 85, e°w 51)
13. tªmKnwKv : am[y-a-tem-IsØ hnπ-h-h-gn-Iƒ (teJ-\w) : hn.-sI. BZ¿iv (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-
]Xn∏v, 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 7, ]p.85, e°w 32)
14. C˛-km-lnXyw (te-J-\w) : tUm.-Fw.-F≥. Imc-t»cn (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2006 P\p-hcn 1)
15. ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ : km[y-X-Ifpw ]c-an-Xn-Ifpw (te-J-\w) : kp\nX Sn.-hn. (`m-jm-km-ln-Xn,
2007 Unkw-_¿ ]p. 23, e°w 2)
16. Cyberspace : First steps (Article) - Micheal Benedict (in 'Cyber Culture Reader' - Ed. David Bell)
Routledge, London, 2000
17. How Cyberculture Delete Nature (Article), Jerry Mander, The Ecologist, Vol. 29, No. 3, March/April
1999)
18. China working paper, CWP, 2005 (Article - Available online - google search)
19. Blogging : Personal participation in public knowledge building in the web (Article - available online
- google search)
20. ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb (http://ml.wikipedia.org)
21. hn°n- KŸ-ime (http://ml.wikisource.org)
22. hn°n- \nL≠p (http://ml.wiktionary.org)
23. hn°n- ]mT-ime (http://ml.wikibooks.org)
24. hn°n- sNm√p-Iƒ (http://ml.wikiquotes.org)
25. k¿∆-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw sh_v-F-Un-j≥
26. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ
27. hnhn[ ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ
˛ªq-tem-I-I-Y, ªqtem-I-I-hn-X, ªqtemI ImcpWyw F∂nh Dƒs∏-sS.
28. amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏n¬ hcp∂ tªmKv
* * * * *
71
ska-ÿ 6
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv
hnh¿Ø\w
Dt±iye£y-߃
hyXy-kvX-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS kwkvIm-csØ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Isf ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.
hnh¿Ø\ kmln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp s]mXp-[m-c-W-bp-≠m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\hpw Hcp k¿§-kr-
jvSn-bm-sW∂ Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\-ßsf°pdn®v kmam\y t_m[-ap-≠m-°p-I.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]mtbm-KnI ]mT-߃ ]cn-io-en-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
hnh¿Ø\w F∂m-se¥v? F¥n\v? hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kam-\-cq-]-߃ ˛ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚
`n∂-cq-]-߃ ˛ ]Zm-\p-]Zw kzX-¥w, ]p\xkrjvSn ˛ Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\w, kwK-l-hn-h¿Ø\w, A\p-
I-cWw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ aqeyw hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ ˛ hnh¿ØIs‚ tbmKy-X-Iƒ
samUyqƒ 2
hnh¿Ø\Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb am\-߃. aqe- m-j˛ e£y- mjm kwkvIm-
c-߃ ˛]-Z-ykm-ln-Xyw, KZy-km-lnXyw, imkvX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, imkvtXXc IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn‚ ]iv\-߃ ˛ ssi-en-I-fpsSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fp-sSbpw \m´p-`m-jm-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw
hnh¿Ø\w.
samUyqƒ 3
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. `mc-Xob t\mh¬ X¿÷-a-Iƒ ˛ Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥
2. _jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ˛ hnh. tUm. Fkv. them-bp-[≥
Nne-Nn-¥-Iƒ
3. X¿P-a-]-T-\-Ønse ]pØ≥]p-Xp-a-Iƒ ˛ tUm.-kvI-dn-b-k-°-dnb
4. hn-h¿Ø-\w- ˛ F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿ (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v)
5. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n˛ s]m^.-]n.-am-[-h≥]n≈
samUyqƒ 4
]mtbm-Kn-I-]-cn-io-e\w
Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te-bv°pap≈ ]cn-`mj.
Ihn-Xm-Jfiw/IYm-Jfiw/KZy-`mKw
ssien/]g-s©m√v/]Z-߃
Code. MA6B15(E)02
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 2
72
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
hnh¿Ø-\-hnNmcw -˛ tUm.-F≥.-C.-hn-iz-\m-Y-Aø¿
(tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-Ãyq-´v)
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm imkvX-`q-anI ˛ tUm.-hn.-B¿.-]-t_m-[-N-µ≥
(tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-Ãyq-´v)
hnh¿Ø\w ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
`mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw.-]n.-k-Zm-in-h≥ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
X¿÷pa-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZ-h-`-´-Xncn
(kvssI-_p°v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°-c)
X¿÷a:kn≤m-¥hpw -]-tbmKhpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ FUn.-P-b-kpIp-am-c≥, kv°dnb k°-dnb
Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXy ]oTnI ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXy ]cn-Nbw ˛ FUn.-tUm.-Nm-Ø-\mØv A®p-X-\pÆn
`mjbpw `mjm-¥-c-Whpw ˛ sI.-Fw.-tImin
hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ ˛ FUn: -tUm.-hn.-B¿.-]-t_m-[-N-µ≥
* * * * *
73
ska-ÿ VICe-IvSohv tImgvkv
\h-kw-kvImc ]T\߃
Dt±iye£y-߃
kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]mNo-\hpw \ho-\-hp-amb k¶-ev]-
ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
\h-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w `uXn-I- Xe-Ønepw _u-≤n-I- Xe-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse kzm[o\w sNep-
Øp∂ hyh-lm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. A°m-Z-an-IvXe-ß-fn¬ Ch Gsd ]k-‡-am-Wv.
\ΩpsS cmjvSob kmaqly ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ch Fßs\ k∂n-th-in-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p F∂p≈
\nco-£Whpw kmam-\y-amb Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°epw Cu tImgvkns‚ e£y-am-Wv.
samUyqƒ 1
]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw, Zen-X-\pw, kvXo°pw th≠n-bp≈ i_vZ-߃ kam-\-X-tbmsS kaq-l-Øns‚
s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂p-b-tc-≠-Xm-Wv. Ch-bpsS aqeyw BXy-¥n-I-ambn am\-hn-I-Xsb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-
°p-∂p. AtX-k-abw hnI-k-\-Øns‚ sX‰mb \b-ßsf hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
sske‚ vhmen ]t£m`w ˛ Nn]vtIm ]ÿm\w ˛ \¿ΩZ _®mthm Bt¥m-f≥ ˛ ]Ir-Xn-kw-
c-£W kanXn ˛ πm®n-aS ka-c-k-anXn XpSßn hnhn[ Iq´m-bva-Iƒ.
]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw kvXosb-bpw Ahn-`-‡-ambn I≠ ]q¿∆n-I-cpsS Bi-b-߃, ]m¥-h-ev°-
cn-°-s∏-´-h-cpsS \oXn-°p-th≠n i_vZn® ]XybimkvX- kw-ln-X-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS hni-I-e-\w.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CØcw hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn® \h-kn-≤m-¥-߃ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kulrZw
]pe¿Øp∂ hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, ]Ir-Xn-Po-h\w ˛ ]Ir-Xn-Irjn ˛ ]c-º-cm-KX Ipe-sØm-gn-epI-
fpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w ˛ \m´-dn-hp-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Whpw tImUo-I-c-Whpw ]p\x]-tbm-Khpw ˛ kvXo]p-
cpj kaXzw hn`m-h\w sNbvX ]pXnb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ ChbpsS kmln-Xy-Ønse ]Xn-^-e\w.
A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v
]md-Iƒ ˛ H.-hn. hnP-b≥,
thcp-Iƒ hnev]-\bv°v ˛ kn.-hn. iocm-a≥
s]m¥≥amS ˛ kn.-hn. iocm-a≥
tKm]n-Im-Z-WvUIw ˛ Aø-∏-]-Wn-°¿
Ib‰w ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥
abn-eΩ Hcp PohnXw ˛ Bfl-I-Y
ssZh-Øns‚ IÆv ˛ F≥.-]n. apl-Ω-Zv
Imem-Xo-X-amb ⁄m\w ˛ kp[m-aq¿Øn.
Code. MA6B15(E)03
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 2
74
I≠¬Im-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Fs‚ PohnXw ˛ s]m°p-S≥
\¿Ω-Z-bvs°mcp ]m´v ˛ Ip™-∏-]-´m-∂q¿
samUyqƒ 2
]cn-ÿn-Xn ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ ssPh-ssh-hn[yw F∂o kw⁄-I-fpsS A¿∞-hpw,
hym]vXnbpw a\-kn-em-°-Ww.
hnhn[ ]cn-ÿnXn kao-]-\-߃ : ]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-imkvXw ˛ lcn-X-cm-jvSobw ˛ ]cn-
ÿnXn B[ym-fln-I-hmZw ˛ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kvXohmZw ˛ `uXn-I-k-ZmNmcw F∂o ]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw
kn≤m-¥-ß-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m[w \m´-dn-hp-Isf ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°p∂p ˛ \m´-dn-hp-
Ifpw \mS≥ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-chpw ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Btcm-
Ky-kw-c-£-Whpw.
hni-Z-am-b-]-T-\-Øn\v
Imhp-Xo-≠t√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
Im‰p-]-d™ IY ˛ H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥
]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-im-kvX-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ Sn.-]n. kpIp-am-c≥
sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ ˛ sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈
`mc-X-∏pj ˛ ]n.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥
samUyqƒ 3
Zen-X≥ F∂ kw⁄ ZenXv k¶-ev]\w ZenXv kmlnXyw ae-bm-f-Ønse ZenXv kmlnXyw.
kzXzm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ \qX-\-ta-Je ]m¥-h-evIrX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Bfl-]-Im-i-\-߃ Bfl-
IY ˛ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse Zen-Xv-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-h-g°w ˛ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-
fnse Zen-XvPo-hnXw ˛ Zen-XvPo-hnXhpw cwK-th-Zn-bpw.
hni-Z-am-b-]-T-\-Øn\v
PmXn-°pΩn ˛ sI.-]n.-I-d-∏≥
Nmshmen (t\m-h¬) ˛ ]n.-G.-D-Ø-a≥
ZenXv ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw ˛ Ihn-bq¿ apc-fn, Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´-bw
(Z-enXv `mj Bdmw A≤ym-bw).
Idp-∏ns‚ kuµcy imkvXw ˛ sI.-C.-F≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tj-gvkv,
(Idp-∏ns‚ kuµcy imkvXw) Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
Zen-X¿ BcmWv?, ZenXv kmlnXyw F¥v? ˛ sI.-kn.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥,
F¥n\v? F∂o A≤ym-b-߃ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, 2008.
(Z-enXv kmlnXy ]ÿm-\w)
samUyqƒ 4
kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃, kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpamb Ah-Im-i-Øn\pw
ka-Xz-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ kvXo apt∂-‰-߃ ˛ hnZym-`ym-kw, sXmgn¬, Ie-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \thm-
75
∞m-\-Øns‚ ]mX-Iƒ ]n∂n´ kvXoi‡n ˛ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ em‰n-\-ta-cn-°, ^m≥kv, Cw•-≠v,
B^n° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ s^an-\n-k-Øn-\p-≠mb DZ-bhpw hf¿®bpw ˛ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w.
hnhn[ s^an-\nÃv hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ
DZm-c-kvXo-hm-Zw, kmaqly kvXohm-Zw, Ct°m-s^-an-\n-kw, ªm°v s^an-\n-kw, ae-bm-f-Ønse
kvXo]£ kmlnXyw ˛ BZy-Ime Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ tXm´-°m´v C°m-h-Ω, efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-
\w, sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ XpS-ßn-b-hsc Ipdn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW, _u≤n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hn`n-∂-
ambn kvXosb Hcp \h-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS ]p\-kr-jvSn-bpsS ]pXnb ]iv\]cn-k-cw.
hni-Z-am-b-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. kp`-Zm¿÷p\w \mSIØns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v (s]m^. ]n.-i-¶-c≥
\ºym¿ ^ut≠-j≥, Xr»q¿)
2. PmK-cqI ˛ ]nb F.-F-kv.
3. sNdnb Icn-]p-c≠ temIsØ
kvXobpsS kz]v\-߃ ˛ hn.-Fw.-Kn-cnP
4. apSn-sØøw Dd-bp-tºmƒ (km-dm-tPm-k-^ns‚ ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥
]m]-Ød F∂ IrXn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI)
5. kvXobpw kwkvIm-chpw :
⁄m\-im-kvX-]-c-amb Hcp At\z-jWw ˛ efnXm se\n≥ (hn-th-N-\-Øns‚ `n∂-
ap-J-߃, tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-
jØv)
* * * * *
76
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
]m›mXy `mc-Xob cwK-I-em-X-Xz-߃, NcnXw F∂nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp--I.
tIc-fob cwK-I-e-bpsS ]cn-Wm-ahpw Ncn-Xhpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS kz`mhw, ka-Im-enI cwK-thZn F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p-I.
cwK-I-e, cwKm-hn-jv°m-cw, kwhn-[m\w F∂n-ßs\ \mS-I-Øns‚ ]mtbm-KnI Xe-߃ ]cn-N-
b-s∏-Sp-I.
samUyqƒ 1
]m›mXy ˛ `mc-Xob cwK-I-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS Ncn-X-sØbpw kz`m-h-sØbpw Ipdn-®pw
]Tn-°p-I-bmWv ChnsS e£y-am-°p-∂-Xv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
bh\\mS-I-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ Pn.-Ip-am-c-]n≈
(Pn.-Ip-am-c-]n-≈-bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ teJ-\-߃) cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Nß-\m-t»cn
\mSy-Ie (I-em-tem-Iw) ˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn
tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿
\ho\ \mSI k¶¬]-߃ (\m-S-I-Z¿i-\w) ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈
Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´bw
samUyqƒ 2
tIc-fob cwK-I-e-bpsS ]cn-Wm-ahpw Ncn-Xhpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
cwK-thZn ]c-º-cm-KXw (cw-Km-h-X-c-Ww) ˛ Un.-A-∏p-°p-´≥ \mb¿
tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
\m´-c-ßn\v Hcp ]oTnI (\m-´-c-ßv-˛-hn-Im-khpw ˛ Pn.-`m¿K-h≥ ]n≈
]cn-Wm-a-hpw) tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
DW¿hns‚ Imew, \mSIw hf-cp∂p ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n-≈,
F∂o A[ym-b-߃ (a-e-bmf \mSI kmlnXy tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, Xr»q¿
Ncn-Xw)
ska-ÿ V
Hm∏¨ tImgvkv
\mS-I-]-T\w
Code. MA5D01
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
77
samUyqƒ 3
ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ ˛ s]m^-j-W¬, Aa-Nz¿ hn`-P\w ˛ hnhn[ \mS-Im-h-
X-cW kwL-߃ cq]w sIm≈p∂p ˛ sI.-]n.-G.kn, kwKaw Xnøt‰gvkv, Imfn-Zmk Iem-tI-µw,
KoYm B¿´vkv ¢∫v, tIcf Xnø-t‰-gvkv, hniz-tI-cf Iem kanXn (tXm-∏n¬ `mkn, sI.-Sn.-ap-l-Ω-Zv,
Fkv.-F¬.-]pcw kZm-\-µ≥, ImeSn tKm]n, G.-F≥.-K-tW-jv, kn.-Pn.-tKm-]n-\m-Y≥, ssh°w Nµ-ti-J-
c≥ \mb¿, s]m≥Ip∂w Zmtam-Z-c≥, ]n.-sP.-B‚-Wn, F≥.-F≥.-]n-≈, Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿ apX-
em-b-h¿ s]m^-j-W¬ \mS-I-th-Zn°v th≠n \S-Ønb cN-\-Iƒ ˛ t]£-Isc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-
\p≈ tNcp-h-Iƒ ˛ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ˛ KmaoW Ac-ßp-Iƒ ˛ \mS-I-߃ (kn.-F¬.-tPm-kv, ]n.-B¿.-
Nµ≥, IS-hq¿ Nµ≥ ]n≈, ]p∂] Zmtam-Z-c≥, ]d-hq¿ tPm¿÷v, sI.-F-kv.-\-ºq-Xncn apX-em-b-h-
cpsS cN-\-Iƒ). \mSI°f-cn-Iƒ (67se imkvXmw-tIm´ sh®v \S∂ Ifcn apX¬) hnhn[ \mS-Im-h-
X-cW ]cn-io-e\ kwcw-`-߃ ˛ kv°qƒ Hm^v Uma ˛ tIcf kwKoX \mSI A°m-Z-an.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
krjvSn ˛ sI.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv, sI.-Sn.-bpsS \mS-I-߃
kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿
Idp-Ø-ssZ-hsØ tXSn ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈
Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´bw
samUyqƒ 4
Ip´n-I-fpsS \mS-I-thZn ˛ Ip´n-I-fpsS cwK-th-Zn-bpsS a\x-»mkvXw ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ t]£-I-cm-Ip-
tºmƒ ˛ cwK-]-`mXv(Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw) cwK-tN-X\(Xr-»q¿) \h-cwK(]m-e-°m-Sv) imkvX-km-lnXy
]cn-j-Øns‚ _mtem-’h PmY-Iƒ ˛ Ip´n-I-fpsS \mS-I-th-Znbpw apXn¿∂-h-cpw.
kvXo]£ \mSI thZn ˛ ae-bmf cwK-th-Znbpw kvXoIfpw ˛ \mSI cN-\bpw kvXo a\ pw
˛ kvXoIƒ°p th≠n-bp≈ cN-\-Iƒ Ah-X-c-W-߃ ˛ imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ h\nXm
Iem-Pm-Y-Iƒ (Bcym ]≈w, sI.-]n.-G.kn.-kp-tem-N-\, \ne-ºq¿ Abn-j, amth-en-°c s]m∂-Ω,
im¥m-tZ-hn, aW-°mSv Dj, kn.-sI.-en-√n, eoem ]Wn-°¿, ]n.-kn.-tZ-h-In F∂n-h-sc-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-
°-Ww.)
tdUntbm \mS-I-߃ ˛ ]t£-]W Ie ˛ kvIn]v‰n¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ ˛ i_vZ \nb-
¥Ww ˛ Ah-X-cW coXn
kvIn‰p-Iƒ GIm-`n-\bw (tam-tWm-B-IvSv) i_vZm-\p-I-c-Ww(-an-an-In) Imºkv Xnø-‰¿ kv°qƒ
Item¬k-h-߃ ˛ k¿∆-I-em-ime a’-c-߃ ˛ tIc-tfm-’-h-߃ ˛ sXcphp \mS-I-߃ ˛ ]Nm-
cW \mS-I-th-Zn˛t_m-[\ \mS-I-thZn.
klm-bIKŸ-߃
tIc-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \mS-I-߃ ˛ tUm.-F-kv.-sI.-\m-b¿
kwKo-X-\m-SI NcnXw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv.-ta-t\m≥
\mSI ]th-inI -˛ F.-Un.-l-cn-i¿Ω
cwK-`mj ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈
ae-bmf \mS-I-km-lnXy NcnXw ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈
78
\mSI Z¿i\w ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈
ae-bmf \mSI ]ÿm\w ˛ Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥
\mS-I-Øn-te-bvs°mcp \S-∏mX ˛ G.-]n.-]n.-\-ºq-Xncn
tIµ-I-em-k-an-Xnbpw Iem-k-anXn ]ÿm-\hpw ˛ ]h-\≥, tIfn Pq¨ 1976
Hfn-hnse Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn
Ac-ßp-Im-WmØ \S≥ ˛ Xnt°m-Sn-b≥
\mSI Z¿∏Ww ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈
A`n-\-b-Øns‚ ck-X¥w ˛ apcfn
I¿´¨ ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈
hnZzm≥ ]n tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ FUn: C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥
t_m[\ \mS-I-thZn ˛ F≥.-B¿.-Km-a-]-Imiv
kqX-[mcm, FXnse FXnse ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈
* * * * *
79
ska-ÿ V
Hm∏¨ tImgvkv
kvXo]-T-\-߃
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
Ncn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-SmsX t]mb kvXoXzsØ \n¿∆-Nn-°-p-I.
Kth-jW hn⁄m\ imJ-bmbn hf¿∂n-´p≈ s^an-\n-k-Øns‚ Ncn-X-L-´-ß-tfbpw ssk≤m-
¥nIXe-tØbpw a\- n-em-°p-I.
tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn-ep≠mbn´p≈ kvXo apt∂-‰-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse kvXo]£ cN-\-Isf khn-ti-j-ambn ]Tn-°p-I.
kvXo]£ \ncq-]Ww tIc-fob Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Øn¬ sNepØnb kzm[o\w a\- n-em-°p-I.
tIc-fob Iem-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI cwK-ß-fn¬ kvXoI-fpsS kw`m-h-\-Isf Adn-bp-I.
samUyqƒ 1
1 kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew ˛ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w (kvXo-]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS
DZbw; hyXykvX Ncn-X-L-´-߃ ˛ s^an-\¬ ˛ s^an-\nÃv ˛ ^osabv¬; hyXykvX s^an-\n-
k-߃ ˛ en_-d¬, tkmjy-enÃv & am¿IvknÃv, dmUn-°¬, ªm°v, t]mÃv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ &
tX¿Uv thƒUv, aƒ´n dmjW¬, t]mÃv ÃIvN-d¬, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c s^an-\n-kw, Ct°m-s^-
an-\nkw XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI; A°m-Z-anIv cwK-ß-fn-te-
bv°p≈ kvXo ]T-\-Øns‚ hym]\w ˛ Ncn-Xw, kmº-ØnI imkvXw, `uXn-I-im-kvXw, Poh-
im-kvXw, kuµ-cy-im-kvXw, a\ximkvXw, aXw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fnse kvXo ]¶m-fn-Øw)
2. kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-Xew (sh¿Po-\nbm hpƒ^v, kntam¨ Zv_ps∆, Zcn-Z,
B≥Un-b≥ dn®v, Fsebv≥ tjmhmƒ´¿, eqkn Cdn-K-sd, sSdn CuKnƒ´¨, tIbv‰v an√-‰v,
sle≥ knIvkm-kv, s_‰n ss^Zm≥, k^n-tbm-ddn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Nn¥-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn
]Tn-°p-I.
3. kvXoXz-Øns‚ \n¿∆-N\w ˛ ]iv\-߃
samUyqƒ 2
tIc-fob kaq-l-Ønse kvXob-hÿ (Ip-Spw-_w, kaq-lw, hnhm-lw, \nbaw F∂n-h-bn¬ h∂n-
cn-°p∂ Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf¿®, PmXn-kz-Xz-ØneqsS kvXo ]T-\w) tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-
´p≈ kvXo apt∂-‰-߃ (tImtfm-Wn-b¬, kzmX-¥y, \thm-∞m-\, kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c, B[p-\nI
Ime-L-´-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ hyXykvX kvXo apt∂-‰-߃) I¿jI ]ÿm-\hpw kvXo ]¶m-fn-Ø-
hpw˛ tSUvbqWn-b\pw kvXoIfpw ˛ BZn-hmkn ZfnXv kvXo apt∂-‰-߃ ˛ `qan-k-a-c-ßfpw kvXoI-
fpsS ]¶pw˛ kvXobpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw ˛ tIc-f-Ønse kvXohn-tam-N\ Kq∏p-Ifpw Ah-cpsS Iem-˛-
kmw-kvIm-cnI kmaqly ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
Code. MA5D02
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
80
samUyqƒ 3
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse kvXo]£Nn¥ (a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hyXykvX L´-ß-fn-ep-
≠m-bn-´p≈ kvXobm-hn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ hmsamgn hg-°-ß-fn¬, \mtSmSn kmln-Xy-Øn¬, ]mNo\
Ime-ß-fn¬, sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Ime-ß-fn¬, \thm∞m-\-Im-e-Øv, B[p-\nI ˛ DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ime-ß-
fn¬ Chsb kmam-\y-ambn Adn-™p-thWw ]Tn-°p-hm≥)
ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ ˛ tXm´-bv°m´v C°m-h-Ω, Aºm-Sn Im¿Øym-b-\n-
b-Ω, Ip´n-°p-™n-X-¶-®n....)
s]sÆ-gp-Øns‚ BZy-L´w (kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω, e-fn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\w, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, cmP-
e-£v-an....)
s]sÆ-gp-Øns‚ apJy-[mc (am-[-hn-°p-´n, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, kpK-X-Ip-am-cn, h’-e)
B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ime-L-´-Ønse kvXosb-gp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ (hn-P-b-e-£van, kmhnXn cmPo-
h≥, Ajn-X, tKkn, hn.-Fw. Kncn-P, tdmkvta-cn, ]n. KoX, A\n-Xm -Xºn, sI.-B¿. aoc, Nµ-a-Xn,
kp[o-c, ]nb F.Fkv)
kvXoIƒ Bfl-I-Y-sb-gp-Xp-tºmƒ
(hyXykvX Ime-L-´-ßfnse kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-tfbpw hyXykvX Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fpsS khn-
tij kzXz-sØbpw hy‡-ambn ]Tn-°m-\mWv i≤n-t°-≠-Xv.)
samUyqƒ 4
kvXo]£ \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ NcnXw (gyno-lesbian-gay apX-emb Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Isf kmam-\y-
ambn ]cn-N-b-s]-S-Ww) ˛ enwK-]-Z-hn-bpsS ]iv\-߃ ˛kvXo-`m-j˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse kvXohmZ Nn¥-
Iƒ ( k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, ]n. KoX, sP. tZhn-I, tUm.-Pm≥kn sPbnw-kv, hn.-kn. lmcn-kv,
kn.-F-kv. Nµn-I, tUm. imc-Z-°p´n XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬) ae-bm-f-Ønse
kvXo \ncq-]-I¿ am[y-a-ßfpw kvXo]-£-Nn-¥-Ifpw h\nXm amkn-I-Iƒ cwK-I-e-Ifpw kvXoIfpw
˛ kvXo \mS-I-thZn
XpS¿hm-b-\-bv°p≈ ]pkvX-I-߃
kvXo Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬; ]n.-e-£van-°p-´n-b-Ω, klr-Z-b-thZn; Xr»q¿
kvXo ; hn.-kn. lmcnkv, Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw
kvXohmZ-kn-≤m¥-߃; ]im¥vIpam¿
apSn-sØ-ø-߃; (kmdm tPmk-^ns‚ "]m]-Ød'bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I) Id‚ v _pIvkv; Xr»q¿
tIc-f-Ønse kvXoap-t∂-‰-ß-fpsS NcnXw; kn.-F-kv. NµnI; tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan, Xr»q¿
s^an-\nÃv kuµ-cy-imkvXw; (F-Un.) Knskem G°¿; (]-cn-`m-j) Pm\-In, tUm.- sI. tKm]n-
\m-Yv, _p°v thw; Xr»q¿
Ncn-X-Ønse s]Æn-S-߃; civan _nt\mbv; tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v; Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
kvXohn-tam-N\w˛ Ncn-Xw˛ kn≤m-¥w-˛-k-ao-]\w; F.-sI. cma-Ir-jvW≥, sI.-Fw. thWp-tKm-]m-
e≥; \b-\-_pIvkv; ]ø-∂q¿
BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw kvXo˛-]-IrXn; hµ-\m-inh; hnh. tPm¿÷v sI. AeIvkv; t^_n-b≥
_pIvkv, Be-∏pg
kvXo ]T-\-߃, k®n-Zm-\-µ≥; t_m[n ]ªn-jnwKv lukv; tImgn-t°mSv
]W-bw, ssewKn-I-X, A[n-Imcw; KoX; Id‚ v _pIvkv; Xriq¿
81
s^an\nkw ˛1
s^an-\nkw ˛2; tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v; Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
kvXohmZw; sP. tZhnI; Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw
kvXo k¶ev]w ae-bmf t\mh-en¬; tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn
Fgp-Øp-Imcn-bpsS apdn; sh¿Pn-\nbm hpƒ^v; hnh. F≥. aq -°p´n; amXr-`qan ]kn-≤o-I-cWw
tNmcbpw IÆocpw \\™ hgn-Iƒ; tZh-bm\n
1114 s‚ IY; A°mΩ sNdn-bm≥
IpSpw_w kzImcy kzØv, `c-W-IqSw F∂n-h-bpsS D¤hw; se\n≥; t]mK- ohv ]ªn-t°-
j≥kv, tamkvtIm; 1980
EXp-a-Xn-Iƒ°v ]Tn-®m-se¥m; Fw.-]n. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv; awK-tfm-Zbw ] v; 1942
]pcp-j-∑m-cn-√mØ temIw; sI.- k-c-kz-Xn-øΩ; hnX. tIm´-bw, F≥.-_n.-Fkv; 1958
kzmX-¥y-e-_v[n-°p-ti-j-ap≈ kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvImcw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬; \ΩpsS
kmlnXyw ˛ \ΩpsS kaqlw; 1901˛2000; hmfyw˛3
A¥¿÷\w Hcp ]T\w; hn.-kn. lmcnkv; efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\w- jjvSy-_vZ-]q¿Øn ˛
BtLm-j-I-Ωn-‰n), \mjvW¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, tIm´bw 1969
cmP-e£van F∂ Fgp-Øp-Imcn; ]k. kn.-sF.-kn.-kn. _pIv lukv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw; 1996
"IÆocpw In\mhpw hntam-N\hpw' (kvXo]£ Nn¥ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬) \ΩpsS kmlnXyw
\ΩpsS kaqlw 1901˛2000
kvXo]£ am[y-a-]-T-\-߃; FUn. ayqkvtacn tPm¿÷v; Id‚ v _pIvkv; Xr»q¿
Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃; kqkn Xmcp, tXP-kzn\n \nc-RvP\; Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw
kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-Ønse Znim-t_m[w; tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn-; F≥.-_n.-Fkv; tIm´bw
Cµp-teJm ]T-\-߃; -C.-]n. cmP.-tKm-]m-e≥ (F-Un.) tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿
Ct°m s^an--\n-kw, Ct°m Sqdnkw, am¿Ivkn-kw, F≥.-Fw. ]ntb-gvk¨
ImgvN-bpsS tImbva; -Sn.-sI. cma-N-µ≥; am-Xr-`qan _pIvkv
BZy-Ime h\nXm amknIm ]T-\-߃; Pn. ]nb-Z¿i≥
Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS,- _mem-a-Wn-bΩ; amXr-`qan 1969
"\jvS-t_m-[-ß-fn-√msX' tZhIn \ne-b-tßm-Sv,
hymg-h´ kva-W-Iƒ; _n.-I-√ym-WnbΩ; -aw-K-tfmZbw 1958
Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ; sI.-A-PnX; -Un.-kn.-_pIvkv; tIm´bw 1999
Bfl-I-Y-bvs°m-cm-apJw; efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w
Fs‚ IY; am[-hn-°p´n
sXmgn¬tIµ-Øn-tebv°v; A¥¿P-\-k-amPw; FUn.F≥.-B¿.Kma-]-Imiv; tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-
I-em-ime ]ªn-t°j≥kv Unhn-j≥
AXn-Po-h-\hpw hntam-N-\hpw; hrµm-Im-cm´v; Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
hnth-N-\-Øns‚ `n∂-ap-J-߃; Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿; tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv
kvXo imkvXw kaqlw; FUn.-tUm.-Sn.-sI.-B-\-µn, tUm.-sI.-F≥.-K-tW-jv; tIcf imkvX-
kmlnXy ]cn-jØv
P\-Io-b-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ ae-_m-dns‚ s]¨]m-X-Iƒ; tUm.-Sn.-sI.-B-\µn; tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy
]cn-jØv
* * * * *
82
ska-ÿ V
Hm∏¨ tImgvkv
Ne-®n-X-]-T\w
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-´-Ønse i‡-amb Hcp am[y-a-sa∂ \nebn¬ Ne-®n-X-I-esb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp-I.
kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw, NcnXw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hnZym¿∞n°v kmam\y⁄m\w
D≠m-hp-I.
Xnc-°-Ym-c-N-\, kn\n-am-t´m-K^n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, kwhn-[m\w XpS-ßn-b kn\n-a-
bpsS kmt¶-Xn-IXIƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
Hcp eLp-kn-\na/Imw-]kv ^nenw/ tUmIyp-sa‚dn \n¿Ωn°m-\p≈ Xmev]cyw hnZym¿∞n-I-
fn¬ D≠m-°p-I.
Ne-®n-X-]-T-\w, Ne-®nX \ncq-]Ww F∂o cq]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw
Fgp-Xm-\p-ap≈ tijn hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D≠m-°pI.
samUyqƒ 1
bqWn‰v 1
kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw ˛ kn\n-a-bpsS imkvXob XØzw ˛ s]gvkn-Ã≥kv Hm^v
hnj≥ : Hcp sk°‚n¬ 24 s^bn-ap-Iƒ F∂ XØzw. kn\na: kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Iem-
cp]w. kn\na F∂ P\-Iob am[yaw
bqWn‰v 2
kn\na-bnse Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ: o®¿kn-\n-a-Iƒ-˛-lkz kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-Iƒ˛
B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ shtè kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Un‰-IvSohv kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ slmd¿ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛
ayqkn-°¬ kn\n-a-Iƒ tImaUn kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ ªm°v B‚ v ssh‰v kn\n-a-Iƒ \n»_vZ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛
cmjvSob kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ kvXo ]tabw apJy-amb kn\n-a-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ kn\n-a-bp-ambn _‘-
s∏´p≈ X-cw-Xn-cn-hp-Isf Ipdn®v kmam-\y-amb [mc-W-bp-≠m-I-Ww.
bqWn‰v 3
kn\na-bpsS NcnXw hf¿® ˛ BZy-Ime kwhn-[m-b-I¿, eqan-b¿ _tZgvkv ˛ tkmhn-b‰v kn\n-
a-Iƒ ˛ P¿Ω≥ FIvkv]-j-\nkw ˛ \ntbm-dn-benkw ˛ ^©v \yp thhv kn\na ˛ ka-Im-enI temI-
kn-\nabpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Code. MA5D03
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 4
83
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kn\n-aIƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SWw
_m‰n¬ jn∏vt]m-Sw-In≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w: sk¿Pn sFk≥Ão≥
ss_kn°nƒ Xohvkv ˛ kwhn-[m\w: hnt´m-dnb Unkn°
Nn¬U≥ Hm^v slh≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w: aPoZv aPoZn
Xmsg sImSpØ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS CjvSm-\p-k-cWw ImWm≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw. Ah-
bn¬ \n∂v ¢mkv, skan-\m¿, t]mPIvSv F∂nh Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in°mw
aZ¿ ˛ ]ptUm-hv°n≥
]mj≥ Hm^v tPm¨ Hm^v B¿°v
kn‰n-k¨ sIbv≥ ˛ Hm¿k¨sh-√kv
emkvSmU ˛ s^√n\n
Hm∏¨ kn‰n ˛ tdmk-en\n
\k-dn≥ ˛ eqbn-_p-\p-h¬
sh¬Uv kvtSm_-dokv ˛ CwKvam¿ _¿Kv-am≥
dmj-tam¨ ˛ Ipdm-tkmh
^mc≥lo‰v ˛ ^mt¶m-Sqt^m
kn\na ]mc-ssUtkm -˛ ˛ Guiseppe Tornatort
ssk¢nÃv ˛ -samlvkn≥ aIva¬_^v
kv]nwKv kΩ¿ ^mƒ hn‚¿ & kv]nwKv ˛ Inw.-In.-Up°v
Zn dnt´¨ -˛ Andrei zyadinstar
d¨ teme-d¨ ˛ tSmwssS-Iv-h¿
Hm^vsskUv -˛ Pm^¿ ]\mln
F tjm´v ^nenw F_u´v In√nwKv ˛ Iok temhvkv°n
AKznsd Z dmØv Hm^v tKmUv ˛ sh¿W¿ sl¿ tkmKv
Z emÃv sSbn≥
]m≥kv em_-dn¥v - Gillermo Del Toro Gomez
Z tK‰v UnIvtS-‰¿ -˛ Nm¿fn Nmπn≥
bqWn‰v 4
C¥y≥ kn\na: BZy-Ime kn\n-a-Iƒ kXy-Pn-Xvtd, EXzn-IvL-´-Iv, arWmƒsk≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿
\S-Ønb _wKmfn kn\n-a-bnse ]co-£-W-߃. Kncojv Imk-dh≈n, iymw s_\-K¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-
cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ, kn\n-a-bnse kvXo ]Xn-\n-[m-\-߃: aocm-\m-b¿, A]¿Wm-sk≥, Zo]-taØ XpSßn-
b-h-cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ. ka-Im-enI Xangv kn\n-a-bnse ]pXnb ]h-W-X-If ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S-Ww.
taLm-[mt° Xmcm ˛ EXznIv L´°v
anÿ B‚ v an nkv Aø¿ ˛ A]¿Wm-sk≥
kp_“Wy-]pcw ˛ iin-Ip-am¿
84
C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ßfpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw a\- n-em-°m≥ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv \n¿t±-in-°mw. Assk≥sa‚ v, t]mP-
IvSv, ¢mkv, skan-\m¿ F∂nh ]kvXpX kn\n-a-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øn-sIm≠v Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in°mw.
Nmcp-eX ˛ kXy-Pn-Xvdmbv
`qh≥tjmw ˛ arWmƒ sk≥
LS-im≤ ˛ Kncojv Imkd-h≈n
hm´¿ ˛ Zo]-taØ
`qanI ˛ iymws_-\-K¬
AK-lm-c-Øn¬ IgpssX ˛ tPm¨ F_lmw
]cp-Øn-ho-c≥ ˛ Aao¿ kp¬Øm≥
Hmt´m-Km^v ˛ tNc≥
ªm°v ˛ kRvPbv eoem _≥kmen
Iº\n ˛ cmwtKm-]m¬ h¿Ω
samUypƒ 2
bqWn‰v 1
Ne®nX kt¶-X-߃: kmam\y ]cn-Nbw s^bnw, tjm´v, ko≥, koIz≥kv, sam≠mjv F∂n-
h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW.
bqWn‰v 2
kwhn-[m-\w, kn\n-am-t´m-K- n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, U∫nßv F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-
\y-[m-cW
bqWn‰v 3
Xnc-°-Y, Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ \n∂v kn\n-a-bn-te-°p≈ am‰w˛ hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-
S¬, C¥y≥ Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ae-bmfw Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ, t\mh¬, IY, \mSIw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ A\p-
h¿Ø-\-߃ (Adaptaion)
bqWn‰v 4
tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-Iƒ, lkz-kn-\n-aIƒ (Short films) ayqknIv B¬_-߃, \yqkv do¬,
B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ, ]cky NnX߃, BZy-Ime tUymIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ, tdm_¿´v vfml¿´n-bpsS
\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv, s_¿´v lm≥kvS-bpsS •mkv-˛-hm¿´vUnkv\n-bpsS B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ,
B\-µv]-Svh¿≤≥, Fw.-F. dlvam≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw hoUn-tbm-Ifpw hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv ˛ tdm_¿´v ^vfml¿´n
•mkv ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kvS-
kq ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kvS-
t_mws_ Ah¿ kn‰n ˛ B\-µv]-Svh¿≤≥
]I¿∂m´w ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmP≥
85
Ipa-c\√q-cnse Ipf-߃ ˛ Fw.-F. dlvam≥
]Xn-s\-´m-asØ B\ ˛ ]n.-_m-e≥
]o˛-jn‰v ˛ Aap-Z≥
F¿Øv tkmßv ˛ ssa°¬ PmIvk¨
^mc≥ lo‰v 9/11 ˛ ssa°¬ aq¿
B\n-ta-j≥ ^nen-ap-Iƒ
]n‚ vUv sdbv≥t_m ˛ KoXm-RvPen dmhp
˛ ^‚m-knb 2000 ˛ knUv\n ÃpUntbm
]cky NnX-߃
]mt°Pv ˛ \yqtbm¿°v ^nenw s^Ãn-h¬
samUypƒ 3
bqWn‰v 1
ae-bmf kn\na Bcw`w ˛ hnK-X-Ip-am-c≥, _me≥, \yqkv t]∏¿ t_mbv XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime
kn\n-a-Ifpw kwhn-[m-b-Icpw kmam\y ]cn-Nbw.
bqWn‰v 2
]n.-F≥. tat\m≥, cmap-Im-cym-´v, ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, Ac-hn-µ≥, sI.-Pn. tPm¿÷v XpS-
ßnb kwhn-[m-b-I¿ aebmf kn\n-a-bn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-߃.
tPm¨ F_-lmw, ]fl-cm-P≥, `c-X≥ Sn.-hn. Nµ≥, se\n≥ cmtP-µ≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-b-I-
cpsS kn\n-a-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 3
P\-]nb kn\n-a-Iƒ, kwhn-[m-b-I¿ ˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°m-Sv, io\n-hm-k≥, sª n XpS-ßnb
kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. ]pXp-\nc kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
ae-bmf kn\nam \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ D¤-hw. ][m-\-\n-cq-]-I¿. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Zfn-Xv-˛kvXo˛
kh¿W ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpsS cmjvSo-bsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\w. A`n-t\-Xm-°sf Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\w.
hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ
Hmfhpw Xochpw ˛ ]n.-F≥. tat\m≥
sImSn-tb‰w ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Irjv¨
hmkvXp-lmc ˛ Ac-hn-µ≥
ImgvN ˛ sª n
A[nI-hm-b\ ImgvN ˛ ¢m v/skan-\m¿/Assk≥sa‚ v F∂n-h-bv°mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ
Hcn-SØv ˛ Ac-hn-µ≥
Fen-∏-Ømbw ˛ ASq¿
Xqhm-\-ØpºnIƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥
\n¿Ωmeyw ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
If-f≥ ]hn-X≥ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥
86
hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w ˛ io\n-hm-k≥
sshimen ˛ `c-X≥
ssZh-Øns‚ hnIr-Xn-Iƒ ˛ se\n≥ cmtP-µ≥
IYm-h-ti-j≥ ˛ Sn.-hn. Nµ≥
\mtSm-Sn-°m‰v ˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°mSv
klm-bI KŸ-߃
temI-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥
C¥y≥ kn\na ˛ Fw.-F-^v. tXmakv
ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥
25 temI-kn-\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥ (Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv)
kn\n-a-bpsS CS-߃ ˛ kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥
ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n ˛ hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥
Ne-®n-X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥
kn\n-a-bpsS temIw ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
kn\n-a-bpsS hgn-bn¬ ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv
ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp∂p ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv
kn\n-abpw kwkvIm-chpw ˛ sI. tKm]n-\m-Y≥
k©m-cn-bpsS hoSv ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv
kn\n-a-bnse ico-c-`mj ˛ tPmkv sI. am\p-h¬ (I-d‚ v _pIvkv)
ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cdh-¶c
P\-]nb kn\n-a-bpsS cmP-in-ev]n-Iƒ ˛ ˛ Imhn¬ cmPv,
]fl-cm-P≥, `c-X≥
Ac-hn-µs‚ Ie ˛ H.-sI. tPmWn (t_m-[n)
^pSvt_mƒ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImgvNbpw ˛ a[p-P-\m¿±-\≥ (Un.-kn.-_n)
]Xn-\n-[m-\hpw
Ne-®n-X-]-T-\-߃ ˛ FUn. ]∑\ cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿, ]n.-sI. ]c-
ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿, kvamcI KŸm-hen
75 Years of Malayalam Cinema DVDA history of the cinema from its origin to 1970 - Eric Rhod (Penguin Books)How to read a film James Monaco
Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Fw.Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\mb¿
Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥
hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Un.-kn. _pIvkv
kl-km-_vZ-Øns‚ kn\n-a-Iƒ - frame film south
* * * * *
87
ska-ÿ I
tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv
tIcf ]T\w ˛ BZy-Ime tIcfw
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
4 ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-embn 4 tImgvkp-I-fm-bn-´mWv tIc-f-]-T\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-
Øns‚ Ncn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
D≠m-°p-I-bm-Wv e£yw. Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-I-tfm-sSm∏w kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpw kmaq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-
cn-I-˛-km-lnXy˛cm-jvSob ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS BflIY-Ifpw Poh-N-cn-X-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw
]T-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
samUyqƒ 1: kwkvImcw \n¿h-N-\-߃, kmwkvIm-cnIhrØw F∂-k-¶ev]w ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚
D® ˛ \oN-t`Zw
Ncn-Xw˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
Ncn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, hnhn[ NcnX cN-\m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ
samUyqƒ 2: tIcfw qan-im-kvXw, Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ, BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ, tIc-tfm¬∏-Øn-I-Y-Iƒ
]cm-a¿i-ap-ff IrXn-Iƒ, k©m-cn-Ifpw bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fpw, kwkvImc Ncn-X-c-N-\-
bpsS D]m-Zm-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, imk-\-߃, \mW-b-߃, ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ, ]mNo-\-kw-kvIm-
cw, Ah-in-jvS-߃ F∂n-h-sb-Ip-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw
samUyqƒ 3: kwL-Imew ˛ kwL-km-ln-XyIr-Xn-Iƒ, Ime-\n¿Æbw, `n∂m-`n-]m-b-߃, ]Xn-‰p∏-
Øv, ][m\ cmPm-°-∑m¿, kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xw, aXhpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, XnW-Iƒ, `uXn-I-
kw-kvImcw.
samUyqƒ 4: Ipe-ti-Jc kmamPyw ˛ atlm-Z-b-]p-cw, ][m-\-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿, sIm√-h¿jw, `qhy-h-
ÿ, P∑n kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw, Bcy-Zm-hnU k¶-e-\w, t£X-tI-µo-IrX
`c-W-hy-hÿ. acp-a-°-Øm-bw, hnhn-[-a-X-߃ ˛ _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw blq-Z-˛-C-
…m-anI ssIkvXh aX-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤yw. hmWn-Py-_-‘-߃. _p≤-ssP-\-a-X-ß-
fpsS XI¿®, lnµp-a-X-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\w, ioi-¶-c≥, PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIc-f-k-aq-
l-hpw. PmXo-b-amb Iq´m-bva-I-fpw, PmXn-bpsS ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ Iq´m-bva-Ifpw, _m“-Wm-
[n-]-Xyw.
* * * * *
Code. MA1C01
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 2
88
ska-ÿ II
tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv
tIcf ]T\w ˛ a[y-Ime tIcfw
samUyqƒ 1: GIo-IrX kmam-Py-Øns‚ XI¿® ˛ Imc-W-߃, \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ hf¿® ˛ ]cn-an-Xn-
Iƒ ˛ ][m\ \m´p-cm-Py߃
samUyqƒ 2: thWmSv kzcq]w hf¿®, hn]p-e\w, kma-q-lnI ]Xym-Lm-Xw. bp≤-߃ ˛ am¿Øm-
WvU-h¿Ω hsc.
s]cpºS∏p kzcq]w, hf¿®, InS-a-’-c-߃, ]men-b-Ø-—≥, hntZ-im-[n-]Xyw.
samUyqƒ 3: s\Sn-bn-cn∏v kzcq]w ˛ ]›m-Øew. Ip™m-en-a-c-bv°m¿, amam-¶w, a‰v cmP-hw-i-߃
˛ tIme-Øn-cn-amcpw Ad-bv°¬ cmP-hw-i-ßfpw
samUyqƒ 4: Iebpw kwkvIm-c-hpw. ]m´pw aWn-]-hm-f-hpw. tIc-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw.
IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬, kmwkvIm-cnI kzXz-cq-]o-I-c-Ww. Ad-_n-a-e-bm-fw,
am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ, sX°≥ ˛ hS-°≥ ]m´p-Iƒ.
* * * * *
Code. MA2C02
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 2
89
ska-ÿ III
tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv
tIcf ]T\w ˛ A[n-\n-th-i-Ime tIcfw
samUyqƒ 1: hntZim-[n-]Xyw C¥-y-bn¬ tI-c-f-Øn¬. ]m›mXy cmjvSob aX kmº-ØnI kml-
N-cyw. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hchv B[n-]-Xyhpw XI¿®bpw -˛ U®v B[n-]Xy iaw˛
XI¿® ˛ ^©v A[n-\n-thi߃.
samUyqƒ 2: aXhpw kwkvIm-chpw, tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°pkv, DZbwt]cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv, Iq\≥
Ipcnip Iem]w, anj-Wdn ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ `mjm ]h¿Ø-\-߃, A®-Sn-bp-sSbpw
]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚bpw XpS-°w.
samUyqƒ 3: _n´ojv B[n-]-Xyw, hnhn-[-bp-≤-߃, Iem-]߃, ]g-»n-I-em-]-߃, ssakq¿ BI-
a-Ww, ae-_m¿ Iem-]w, \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sSbpw XI¿®.
samUyqƒ 4: tZiob ]ÿm-\-߃ tImtfm-Wn-b¬ hnt[-bXzw, tIc-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-h¬°-c-
Ww, hnZym`ymk ]h¿Ø-\-߃, ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w, tlmwdqƒ ]ÿm-\w, I¿jI
]ÿm-\-ßfpw ka-c-ß-fpw, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÉv tIm¨K- v, ssh°w Kpcp-hm-bq¿
kXym-K-l-߃, Jnem-^Øv ]ÿm-\w, ae-_m-dnse tZiob ]ÿm-\-߃, sFIy-
tI-cfw
* * * * *
Code. MA3C03
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 2
90
ska-ÿ IV
tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv
tIcf ]T\w ˛ B[p\n-I- tIcfw
samUyqƒ 1 : tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\w, \thm∞m\w F∂ kw]-Xybw ˛ ]m›m-Xy-\-thm-∞m\w ˛
\-thm-∞m\ Nn¥-bpsS hym]-\w, kmln-Xyw, Ie, Ncn-X-t_m-[w, \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Ww,
\oXn \n¿∆-lWw F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ \mSp-hm-gnØ kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v knhn-en-b≥
kaq-l-Øn-te-bv°v.
samUyqƒ 2: kma-q-ly ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-߃, hy‡n-Iƒ, kwL-S-\-Iƒ, tbmK-t£-a-k- , F≥.-
F-kv.-F-kv. Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n. XpS-ßnb kwL-S-\-Iƒ Aø-¶m-fn, N´ºn kzman-Iƒ,
io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, hn.-Sn. `´Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, a∂Øv ]fl-\m-`≥ apX-
em-b-h¿, hnZym-`ymk ]h¿Ø-\-߃, Nm∂m¿ el-f, ]menbw ka-cw, t£X ]th-
i\ hnfw-_cw
samUyqƒ 3: ka-c-ßfpw apt∂-‰-ßfpw ˛ Cu-gh satΩm-dnbepw ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-bepw, I¿jI
Iem-]-߃, tIm¨K v ˛ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃, KŸ-imem
]ÿm-\w, Iem kmlnXy cmjvSob cwK-ßfnse kwL-S-\-Iƒ, ]ÿm-\-߃, ÿm]-
\-߃, q]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-a-߃, Im¿jnI ]cn-jvI-cW ]-h¿Ø-\-߃, hnZym- ymk
_n¬
samUyqƒ 4: ]pXnb tIcfw, Bkq-XnX hnI-k\w ˛ hyh-kmb h¬°-cWw ˛ ap∂Wn `c-W-IqS-
߃ ˛ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bnse XI¿®, ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ, tIcf
hnI-k\ amXrI˛ km[y-Xbpw ]cn-an-Xn-bpw, km£-cXm ]h¿Ø\w, A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-
µo-I-c-Ww, tIc-f-hn-I-k\ ]≤-Xn, ZenXv apt∂-‰-߃, kvXo im‡o-I-c-Ww apt∂‰-
߃, IpSn-tb-‰hpw ]hm-khpw.
* * * * *
Code. MA4C04
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
sIUn‰v : 2
91
klmbI KŸ-߃
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ ˛ cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ ˛ tIcf NcnXw
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.-sI. ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI NcnXw
Zmtam-Z-c≥ sI. ˛ tIcf NcnXw
io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F. ˛ tIcf Ncn-Xw, kwkvImcw
KtWjv sI.-F≥ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.Fw.-B¿. ˛ a≤y-Ime tIc-fhpw kaqlw kwkvImcw
_m-e-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.-sI. ˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIcf Ncn-Xhpw
C.-Fw.-Fkv ˛ tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr- q-an
˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ tZiob ]ÿm\w
Ip™≥ ]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \mgn-I-√p-Iƒ
CÆp-\oen ktµiw NcnX ZrjvSnbn¬
P∑n kº-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn¬
CÆp-\oe ktµiw Ah-Xm-cnI
eoe-mXn-eIw, BapJ ]T\w
tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv ˛ tIcf ]T\w
tKmhn-µ-]n≈.]n. ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\w
tXmakv ]n.sP ˛ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw
tXmakv sFkIv ˛ tIcfw aÆpw a\p-jy\pw
\ºq-Xncn F≥.-Fw. ˛ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ IY
kmaq-Xncn Ncn-X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-߃
\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv ˛ tIcf Ncn-X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ
hk-¥≥ Fkv.-sI. ˛ \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ
tIcf NcnX hn⁄m-\-tImiw
them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»cn ˛ k©m-cn-Ifpw tIcf Ncn-Xhpw
hmWn-bw-Ipfw ]mtZ-inI NcnXw
IS-Ø-\mSv ]mtZ-inI NcnXw
s]cp-º-S∏v/ht∂cn tZiNcnXw
tIc-f-Ønse KŸ-ime ]ÿm\w ˛ sÃ]vkv
tIcf Iem-a-fiew NcnXw ˛ eoe \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
\ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan
BflIY-Iƒ
Ign™ Imew ˛ sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m≥
Jnem-^Øv kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ tamgn-Ip∂w
Fs‚ \mSp-I-S-ج ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n
hymg-h´ kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ _n. I√ym-Wn-bΩ
92
Ac-\q-‰m≠v ˛ ]n. \mcm-b-W≥ \mb¿
Bfl-IY ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv
Fs‚ PohnX IY ˛ G.-sI.-Pn.
Fs‚ IpXn∏pw InX∏pw ˛ ^mZ¿ hS-°≥
IÆocpw In\mhpw ˛ hn.-Sn.
PohnX∏mX ˛ sNdp-ImSv
Pohn-X-k-acw ˛ kn. tIi-h≥
sImgn™ Ce-Iƒ ˛ tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn
Hfn-hnse Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn
]pXp-∏≈n cmL-hs‚ Bfl-IY ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n
hnhn[ Poh Ncn-X-߃
taev]-d™ IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°-Ww.
kne-_ v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\v Assk≥sa‚ v, skan-\m¿ F∂nh ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww.
skan-\m¿/ Assk≥sa‚ v
tIc-f-Øns‚ Imem-hÿ ˛ Irjn ˛ kmaqly PohnXw ˛ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Irjn ˛ tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ ˛ kmaqly PohnXw ˛ kz`mhw
\mWy hnf-Iƒ ˛ `t£ym-ev]m-Z\w ˛ hyh-kmb hev°-c-Whpw Irjnbpw
kwL-km-lnXyw ˛ IrXn-Iƒ, Fgp-Øp-Im¿, XnW-k-¶-ev]hpw Imhy Pohn-Xhpw kmlnXy IrXn Ncn-
X-Øns‚ D]m-Zm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬.
a≤y-Ime tIcfw ˛ temI-N-cn-X-Ønse a≤y-Im-e-L´ k¶ev]w, Ccp-f-S™ Imew F∂ \nK-a\w
icntbm, atlm-Z-b-]pcw ˛ sImSp-ß-√q¿.
tImf-\o-I-cWw ˛ ]gb k¶-ev]-߃, PohnX bmYm¿∞y-߃, ]pXnb ImgvN-Iƒ ˛ kmln-Xy-Øn¬,
Ncn-X-Øn¬, kmaq-lnI t_m[-Øn¬.
A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw ˛ Ncn-X-kw-`-h-߃, kzm[o-\-߃
]mtZ-inI Ncn-X-c-N\˛ ]mtZ-inI Ie-Iƒ, D¬k-hw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ ˛ ]T-\w.
* * * * *