Abstract - UHN

An Analysis Of Deixis Used In John’s Book, Holy Bible

Jhon Ferdinand Purba, Rotua E. Pangaribuan, Jubilizer Sihite

[email protected]

Abstract

The writer analyzes the use of deixis from john’s book, Holy Bible. In collecting the data, the writer applies a

descriptive research. There are five types of deixis are found in the ten chapters of john’s book Holy Bible, they are:

person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. that are 12 kinds of discourse deixis that

are found the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. The most frequency is “But” with 99 occurrences, followed

by “therefore” with 23 occurrences, then “so” with 16 occurrences out of the total 170 occurrences. The portion of

the discourse for discourse deixis is found .There are five types of deixis are found in the ten chapters of john’s

book Holy Bible, they are: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. The most

dominant type of deixis occurred in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible is person deixis with 1269

occurrences out of the whole , total 2018 occurrences and the deitic word “ You”, is dominantly use in the ten

chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. “You”, refer to the persons or addressee either as subject or object in those

chapters of John’s book, Holy BibleThe most dominant type of deixis occurred in the ten chapters of John’s book,

Holy Bible is person edeixis with 1269 occurrences out of the whole total 2018 occurrences.

Key words : deixis, descriptive research, person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse

deixis.

I. Introduction

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with of meaning as communicated by a

speaker (writer) and interpreted by a listener (reader). According to Yule (1996:3), “pragmatics is of

contextual meaning”. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a

particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers

organize what they want to say in accordance with whom they are talking to, where, when, and under

what circumstances. Yule also concludes that pragmatics is as one of relate branches of linguistics study.

By studying language through pragmatics, one can only talk about people’s intended meanings, their

assumptions, their purposes, or their goal, and kind of actions (such as: request) that they are performing

when they speak.

Looking at this problem, the writer tries to find out a good way to help the readers in getting the

exact meaning of a text. It becomes a background, why the writer chooses that topic. The writer thinks

that deixis can help the readers to solve that problem. By knowing deixis, the readers will be easier to get

the target meaning which contains in a senteGgnce or text.

Furthermore, the writer argues that a good step to identify deixis is by analyzing them that exist in

the book. Here, the writer made an analysis in the book of the holy bible to find out what types of deixis

is dominantly being used. This study gave us an understanding about deixis and their usages. This study

analyzes deixis in the text book according to pragmatics field.

Holy Bible and to find the dominant type of deixis used in John’s book, Holy Bible. The result of

is expected to be useful for the students, especially for the students of English department, to enlarge their

knowledge about deixis, particularly to identify the types, the use and the meaning of it which appeared in

a context. Furthermore, it is hoped that they will have an ability to understand the meaning of a text

easily, for the readers in order to get some information about deixis and each type especially those which

are used in the book of John of the Holy Bible, for the writer, to catch the knowledge about what deixis is,

the types, then the usage of them. Besides, by knowing deixis, the writer can understand the contents of a

text exactly.

2. Pragmatics

. “Pragmatics is of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of

language understanding”, Levinson (1983:21). Here the term language understanding is used in the way

favoured by workers in artificial intelligence to draw attention to the fact that understanding an utterance

involves a great deal more than knowing the meanings of the words uttered and the grammatical relations

between them. Above all, understanding the utterance an utterance involves the making of inferences that

will connect what is said to what is mutually assumed or what has been said before. In another word,

pragmatics is the use of language communicated by a speaker to the reader or listener where they need an

intelligence of what the speaker intend to. Here, between the speaker and listener or reader have to

understand a certain context among of them

Deixis

The term”deixis” comes from the Greek word for “pointing” and “indicating”. It is a part of

pragmatics which has a simply meaning “pointing” via language or asserting something via language.

Any linguistics form used to accomplish this pointing is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions

are also sometimes called indexical. Deixis is used in pragmatics to refer the use of demonstrative and

personal pronoun, specific time and place adverbs like “now” and “here” and a variety of other

grammatical features. According to Levinson (1983:54) “deixis concerns the ways in which language

encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event, and thus also concerns

ways in which interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of the context of utterance”. Yule

(1996:9) defined that “deixis is a form referring that is tied to the speakers context, with the most basic

distinction between deictic expressions being ‘near speaker’ versus ‘away from speaker’. In English,

‘proximal terms’ or the near speaker’, are ‘this’, ‘here’, ‘now’. The ‘distal terms’ or the away from

speaker are ‘that’, ‘there’, ‘then’.

Types of Deixis

Deixis has an important role in studying pragmatics. It helps people to interpret the meaning of a

certain sentence based on its context. It is supported by Levinson (1983:68-94) defining the deixis into

five types, they are: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis.

Person Deixis

According to Yule (1996:10), person deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division,

examplified by pronouns for first person (I),second person (You) and third person (she, he, it). Person

deixis involves the speaker (I) and the addressee (You). In conversation, each person constantly changes

from being Ito being you. The choice of one of these forms instead of another, because of the surrounding

social circumstances is sometimes described as social deixis.

An example of social contrast involving person deixis could be the distinction between forms

used for a familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some languages. This is known as the T/V

distinction from the French form tu (familiar) and vous (non-familiar), and is also found in other

languages, such as Spanish tú/Usted, Italian tu/Lei, German du/Sie. The choice of one form

communicates something about the speaker’s view of his relationship with the addressee. The use of the

third person pronouns where a second person form would be possible indicates distance. "This can be

done in English for an ironic or humorous purpose as when one person, who’s very busy in the kitchen,

addresses another, who’s being very lazy, as in: "Would his highness like some coffee?” (Yule, 1996:11)

Besides, deixis is often found in many discourses which used the pronouns. It can be seen by

some examples below:

1. First person

a. Singular form

Ricky said:”I’ll visit your town next week”. (I refer to Ricky)

b. Plural form

Tian, Jane and Rina will leave at eight p.m. They will go to the cinema.We refer to Tian,

Jane, and Rina.

2. Second person

a. Singular form

“I love you”, said Bobby to Mary.

You refer to Mary

b. Plural form

“You must study hard to be clever”, said the lecturer to the students.

You refer to the students.

3. Third person

a. Singular form

Elisabeth is my friend. She is a pretty girl.

She refers to Elisabeth.

b. Plural form

Nico, Bram, and Joko go to the stadium. They watch a football match.

They refer to Nico, Bram, and Joko

Place deixis

According to Levinson (1983:79 in Lyons) place or space deixis concerns the specification of

locations relative to anchorage in the speech event. The importance of location specification in general

can be gauged from the fact that there seem to be two basic ways of referring to objects - by describing or

naming them on the one hand and by locating them on the other. According to Cruse (2000:320) “spatial

or place deixis manifests itself principally in the form of locative adverbs such as ‘here’ and ‘there’ and

demonstratives or determiners such as “this” and “that”. English has a relatively impoverished spatial

deictic system, with only two terms, usually labeled proximal and distal. The proximal term here means

something like “region relatively close to the speaker” and there means “relatively distant from the

speaker”. Furthermore, spatial or place deixis is the form of the space viewed from the location of

participant of the language process. In English, the adverb of place are “here”, “there” and demonstrative

pronoun are “this” and “that” . The word which shows things or people near from the addressee are :

“this” ,”here” , while, when the people or things are far from the addressee are : “that” and “there” .

For example:

1. The airport is fifteen kilometers from my house. That is too far for me to take you home.

That refers to the Airport.

2. I plan to have a vacation to Bali after finishing my study. Probably, I’ll be there on

November.

There refers to Bali

Time Deixis

Time deixis can also be called as temporal deixis. According to Cruse (2000:321) “temporal

deixis functions to locate points or intervals on the time axis, using the moments of utterance as a

reference point”. There are three major divisions of the time axis, they are: (1) before the moment of

utterance, (2) at the time of utterance, (3) after the time of the utterance. The most basic temporal deictics

in English are “now” and “then”. In another word temporal deixis has a closely related to adverb of time,

where it is the form of time view based on the language activity happened and made. In English, people

can find some examples of temporal deixis. It can be found in the use of time signal, such as: now, soon,

recently, then, yesterday, this year. Besides, it is usually found in the use of tenses.

For examples, based on time signal:

1. Now, I am still a student.

2. My uncle called me yesterday.

3. Fery, my young brother gave me some money recently.

Based on tenses:

1. The students are studying now (present).

2. Yesterday, a girl came to my house (past).

3. My brother will marry next year (future).

Social Deixis

According to Levinson (1983:89 in Fillmore) “social deixis concerns that aspect of sentences

which reflect or establish or are determined by certain realities of the social situation in which the speech

act occurs”. Social deixis encode the social identities of participants (properly, incumbents of participants

roles), or the social relationship between them, or between one of them and persons and entities referred

to. The usage of social deixis brings the use of polite pronouns and title of address. In Fillmore’s word the

social deixis encodes the social relation ships on the port of the participants in the conversation that

determined, for example, the choice of honorific or polite or intimate or insulting speech level in addition

to honorifics, examples include nicknames, informal names, and title of respect.

Social deixis shows the differences of individuality in each participants roles especially the social

status between the addressee. Social deixis has to do with the marking of social relationship in linguistics

expression, with direct or oblique reference to the social status or role of participants in the speech event.

Social deixis also concerns with the aspect of sentences that reflect by certain realities of the social

situation in which the utterances occurs.

For examples:

1. Mr. For man

2. Mrs. For woman

3. Brother for boy

4. Prof. Dr. Noto negoro

5. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

6. General Sudirman

7. Your honour

8. Prime minister

Discourse Deixis

“Discourse, or text, deixis concerns the use of expressions within some expressions that utterance

refers to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself)”,

Levinson (2000:85). It may conclude in discourse deixis a number of other ways in which an utterance

signals its relation to surounding text, example utterance – initial anyway seems to indicate that the

utterance that contains it is not addressed to the immediately preceding discourse, but to one or more steps

back. In discourse deixis, people can find the use temporal deixis such as next and last to refer to portions

of the discourse. But, in discourse deixis, it can be found a place or spatial – deictic term that used again,

and especially the demonstrative this and that.

There are many phrases in English that indicate the relationship between an utterance and the

prior discourse. It is generally conceded that such words have at least a component of meaning that resists

truth – conditional meaning treatment. They seem to indicate how the utterance that contains them is a

response to, or a continuation of, some portion of the prior discourse. In English, there are some deictic

expressions which include in discourse deixis, such as: but, therefore, in conclusion, to the contrary, still,

however, anyway, well, besides, actually, all in all, so, after all, etc.

For examples:

1. Spain beat Italy in the final of Europe Cup ,so they are the champion.

2. Rico has struggled hard to win the game, but finally he lost.

3. Everybody wants to be successful. Therefore, everybody must work hard.

3.Research Design

In designing this research, the writer applies a descriptive qualitative research. According to

Arikunto (2010:3) “metode kualitatif adalah metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk meneliti kondisi

objek yang bersifat alami” (qualitative method is a research method which is used to research the

condition of natural object).

The data of this research are deixis. They are taken from the book of John of the Holy Bible. The

book of John consists of twenty one chapters. The writer limits the data from chapter one until chapter

ten. There are ten chapters to be analyzed

In collecting the data, the writer applies a descriptive research by these following steps:

1. Reading the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible.

2. Underlining the deixis in the book of John of the Holy Bible.

4.Data Analysis

The data are analysis of deixis based on the types.There are five types of deixis according to

Levinson (1983:68-94), they are : person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and Discourse

deixis. All the types are found in the chapters in the ten chapters in John’s book, Holy Bible.

Person Deixis

Deictic words in person deixis are the variations of personal pronouns and objective pronouns,

such as:I, You, We, They, She, He, It, Us, Me, Them, Him, and Her. There are 193 occurrences person

deixis I,256 occurrences person deixis you, 35 person occurrences deixis we, 83 occurrences person deixis

they, 1 occurrences person deixis she, 250 occurrences person deixis he, 26 occurrences person deixis it,

10 occurrences person deixis us, 107 occurrences person deixis me, 77 occurrences person deixis them,

219 occurrences person deixis him, and 12occurences person deixis her, found in the ten chapters of

john’s book, Holy Bible. The use of them in sentences can be seen by the following examples:

1)Jesus answered and said to him, “Most assuredly, I say to you, unless one is born again, he can not see

the kingdom of God.”(John chapter I, paragraph 3).

I,in the sentence above is person deixis which refers to the speaker as the subject. I refer to Jesus.

2) Then Jesus said to those Jews who believe in Him, ”If you abide in My word, you are My disciples

indeed.”(John chapter 3, paragraph 31).

You, in the sentence above is person deixis which refers to the object of pronoun. You refer to those Jews

who believe in Jesus.

3)Hisparents answered them and said, “Weknow that this is our son, and that he was born blind; (John

chapter 9, paragraph 20)

We, in the sentence above is person deixis which refers to the subject of pronoun. We, refer to the parents

of the blind man.

4) Then the scribes and Pharisees brought to him a woman caught in adultery. And when they had set her

in the midst,(John chapter 8, paragraph 3).

They said to him, “Teacher, this woman was caught in adultery, in the very act.” (John chapter 8,

paragraph 4).

Theyin the sentence above are person deixis to the subject of pronoun.

They refer to the scribes and Pharisees.

5) When Jesus had raised Himself up and saw no one but the woman, He said to her, “woman, are those

accusers of yours? Has no one condemned you?”(John chapter 8, paragraph 10).

She said, “no one Lord. ”And Jesus said to her, ”neither I condemned you; go and sin no more.”(John

chapter 8, paragraph 11).

She, in the sentence above is person deixis to the subject of pronoun.

She refers to the woman.

Now, the frequency of occurrences of those person deixis above can be seen by the following

table.

Table 1 The Frequency of Occurrences for Person Deixis

Deictic

Words

Chapter Total

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

I 16 1 10 13 20 23 13 49 17 31 193

You 26 4 17 27 33 27 24 64 15 19 256

We 3 - 4 5 - 7 2 5 8 1 35

They 3 7 3 6 3 22 3 12 13 11 83

She - - - - - - - 1 - - 1

He 29 15 22 28 18 29 25 27 45 12 250

It 1 5 3 1 - 4 3 3 - 6 26

Us 2 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 2 10

Me 11 2 2 8 16 19 14 21 2 12 107

Them 5 5 1 4 4 14 11 12 7 14 77

Him 38 5 15 30 18 27 25 21 27 13 219

Her - 1 - 7 - - - 4 - - 12

Sub Total 134 46 77 131 112 173 120 220 135 121 1269

Table1 shows that there are 12 kinds of deictic words which were found in those chapters, they are: I, You,

We, They, She, He, It, Us, Me, Them, Him and Her. The most dominant is “You” with 256 occurrences and then

followed by “He” with 256 occurrences and then “Him” with 219 occurrences out of the total 1269 for person

deixis.

The Referenceof Person Deixis in chapter I

The analysis of person deixis which are found in the ten chapters of John’s book are listed below.

Table 2 Chapter I

Deictic Words Refer to

He (paragraph 2, line 1)

Him (paragraph 3, line 1 )


Him (paragraph 4, line 1)

It (paragraph 5, line 2 )


He (paragraph 8, line 1 )


Him (paragraph10, line 2 )





Them (paragraph 12, line 2 )


Us (paragraph 14, line 2 )

We (paragraph 14, line 2 )



I (paragraph 15, line 2 )


Me (paragraph15, line 3 )

Me (paragraph 15, line 4)



We (paragraph 16, line 1 )




You (paragraph 19, line 4)


I (paragraph 20, line 1)

They (paragraph 21, line 1)

Word

God

God

God

The Light

John

John

God

God

God

God

God

God

Human

God

Human

Human

God

God

John

God

John

John

God

John

John & Human

The Only begotten son

God

John

John

John

John

Priests & Levites




I (paragraph 21, line 2 )

You (paragraph 21, line 3 )

He (paragraph21, line 3)

They (paragraph 22, line1 )



Us (paragraph 22, line 3 )








Them (paragraph 26, line 1)














I (paragraph 31, line1 )

























John

John

John

John

John

John

Priests & Levites

John

John

Priests & Levites

John

John

John

Pharisees

John

John

John

Pharisees

John

Priests, Levites & Pharisees


God

John

John

John

John

Jesus

John

John

Jesus

John

John

Jesus

Jesus

John

John

The Spirit

Jesus

John

Jesus

Jesus

John

John


Jesus

Jesus

John

John

Jesus

John

John and the two disciples




Jesus

Jesus









We (paragraph 41, line 2)






You (paragraph42, line 3)





We (paragraph 45, line 2)





























Jesus



Jesus

Jesus

Jesus

Andrew

Simon

The two disciples

Andrew

Simon

Simon

Jesus

Simon

Simon

Jesus

Philip

Jesus

Nathanael

Andrew, Simon, Philip

Jesus

Philip

Nathanael

Jesus

Nathanael

Jesus

Jesus

Nathanael

Nathanael

Nathanael

Nathanael

Jesus

Nathanael

Jesus

Jesus

Jesus

Nathanael

Jesus

Nathanael

Jesus

Nathanael

Nathanael

Nathanael

Jesus

Nathanael

Jesus

Nathanael

Nathanael

Place Deixis

There are 14 many kinds of deictic words which pointing place or spatial found John’s book,

Holy Bible. Those are that with 2 occurrences, those with 12 occurrences, this with 29 occurrences, these

with 14 occurrences,come/s with 7 occurrences, came with 4 occurrences, there with 8 occurrences, go

with 4 occurrences, sent with 1 occurrence, coming with 1 occurrence, walk with 2 occurrences, walked

with 1 occurrence, here with 2 occurrences, went with 2 occurrences. The representations of them are

listed below in examples.

1)Hewas not that light, but was sent to bear witness of that light.(John chapter 1, paragraph 8).

That, in the sentence above are place deixis are place deixis with the category as distal term (far from the

addressee).

2)Otherssaid, “This is the Christ.” But some said, “Will the Christ come out of the Galilee?” (John

chapter 7, paragraph 41).

This, in the sentence above is place deixis with the category as proximal term (near from the speaker).

3)And Jesus went up on a mountain, and there he sat with His disciples.(John chapter 4, paragraph 3).

There, in the sentence above is place deixis with the category as distal term(far from the addressee).

There refers to the mountain.

4)Andwhen they found Him in the other side of the sea, they said to Him, “Rabbi, when did You come

here?(John chapter 6, paragraph 25),

Here, in the sentence above is place deixis with the category as the location of the participants at the time

of speaking.

5)Jesussaid to her, “Go, call your husband and come here.”

The word go is place deixis with the category as the verb motion (moving away from the speaker), and

the word come is also place deixis as the verb motion. But it indicates a moving close to the speaker.

The more examples, they can be seen in appendix.

The frequency of occurrences of the place deixis are listed in the following table.

Table 3 The Frequency of Occurrences for Place Deixis

Deictic

Words

Chapter Total


That 2 - - - - - - - - - 2

Those 3 1 - - - 3 - 3 2 - 12

This 2 - 1 3 - 6 6 2 7 2 29

These 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 14

Come/s 1 - - 3 1 1 1 - - - 7

Came 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 - - 4

There - - 2 2 2 1 - - - 1 8

Go - - - 2 - - - - 2 - 4

Sent - - - 1 - - - - - - 1

Coming - - - - 1 - - - - - 1

Walk - - - - 2 - - - - - 2

Walked - - - - 1 - - - - - 1

Here - - - - - 1 1 - - - 2

Went - - - - - - - - 1 - 1

Sub Total 10 2 6 12 10 14 9 8 13 4 88

Table 3 shows that there are 14 kinds of deictic word which referred to the place or distance.

Each of them indicates the location of something or somebody, either near or far from the speaker.

The deictic words which were found in those chapters are: that, those, this, comes, came, there,

go, sent, coming, walk, walked, here, went. The word mostly appeared are “this” with 29 occurrences then

followed by “these” with 14 occurrences out of the total 88 occurrences. The categories of place deixis

found

The categories of each place deixis which were found in the chapters of John’s book are, Listed

below.

Table 4 The Categories of place deixis found

Deictic

Words Category

That Distal term (far from the addressee)

Those Distal term (far from the addressee)

This Proximal term

These Proximal term

Come/s Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker)

Came Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker)

There Distal terns(far from the addressee)

Go Verb of motion(moving away from the speaker)

Sent Verb of motion(moving away from the speaker)

Coming Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker)

Walk Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker)

Walked Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker)

Here Proximal term

Went Verb of motion(moving away from the speaker)

Time Deixis

Time deixis is the third types of deixis in this study. In those chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible,

there are some varieties of deictic words found. They are after, the next day, before, then, then, that day,

now, the following day, on the third day, when, by night, again, second time, yesterday, afterward, the

last day, formerly and since. All of them are time deixis which are show the indication of time. The

representation of them are listed on the following examples.

1)Now, after the two days he departed from there and went to Galilee.(john)chapter 4, paragraph 43)

The word after is time deixis which shows the indication of time as after the time of utterance.

2)Jesussaid to them, “Most assuredly I say to you, before Abraham was, I am.”(john chapter 8, paragraph

58).

The word before in the sentence above is time deixis. It shows an indication of time before the time of

utterance.

3)Then he inquired of them the hour when he got better. And they said to him,

“Yesterdayat the seventh hour the fever left him.”(john chapter 4, paragraph 52

The word then,is a time deixis which indicates the time before the utterance.

Yesterday is a time deixis which indicates the time signal that it was past time at the time of speaking.

4)And as he was now going down, his servants met him and told him, saying, “Your son lives.”

The word now, in the sentence above is a time deixis which indicates the time signal that it was present

time at the time of the utterance.

The more example see appendix.

The frequency of occurrences for each type of deictic words is presented in the table below.

Table 5. The Frequency of Occurrences for Time Deixis

Deictic

Words

Chapter Total


After 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 - - - 10

The next day 2 - - - - - - - - - 2

Before 2 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 6

Then 1 2 1 5 2 10 7 13 6 4 51

That day 1 - - - 1 - - - - - 2

Now 3 4 1 5 3 2 4 3 3 1 29

The following day 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2

On the third day - 1 - - - - - - - - 1

When - 6 - 6 2 11 4 5 4 1 39

By night - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 2

Again - - 1 - - - - 3 1 2 7

Second time - - 1 - - - - - - - 1

Yesterday - - - 1 - - - - - - 1

Afterward - - - - 1 - - - - - 1

The last day - - - - - 1 1 - - - 2

Formerly - - - - - - - - 1 - 1

Since - - - - - - - - 1 - 1

Subtotal 12 14 8 18 11 27 18 25 16 9 58

Table5 shows that there are 17 kinds of deictic words which pointing out the time or temporal

aspects in those chapters. Some of them are: after the next day, before, then, now, yesterday, etc.

The most frequency of time or temporal deixis are “Then” with 51 occurrences, followed by

“when” with 39 occurrences, then “Now” with 29 occurrences out of the total 158 occurrences.

The indication of time for time deixis which were found in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy

Bible can be seen by table below.

Table 6 The Indication of Time for Time Deixis Found

Deictic

Words Indication of time

After After the time of utterance

The next day After the time of utterance

Before Before the time of utterance

Then After the time of utterance

That day At the time of utterance

Now Time signal (present time)

The following day After the time of utterance

On the third day At the time of utterance

When At the time of utterance

By night At the time of utterance

Again After the time of utterance

Second time After the time of utterance

Yesterday Time signal (past time )

Afterward After the time of utterance

The last day After the time of utterance

Formerly Before the time of utterance

Since Time signal

Social Deixis

There are so many kinds of deictic words which showing the social class or status in the ten

chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. Social deixis is used as a signal to express social distinctions among

the speaker and addressee. The deictic words are found such as: Father, Jesus Christ, Priest, Lord, Sir,

brother, man, woman, The Angles of God, the King of Israel, etc. They can be presented by the following

examples:

1.Nathanael answered and said to him, “ Rabbi, you are the son of God! You are the king of Israel

“.(john chapter 1, paragraph 49)

The Son of God,is the social identity which shows title of address, while the king of Israel, is

incumbents of participant-role.

2.Then they said to him, “Lord, give us this bread always.” (John chapter 6’ paragraph 34)

Lord, is a social identity which shows honorific or polite respect.

3.Foras the Father raises the dead and gives life to them, even so the Son gives life to whom He

will.(John chapter 5, paragraph 21)

The word Son and Father are social identities as the title of address.

4.Thenobleman said to Him, “Sir, come down before my child dies!”(John chapter4, paragraph

49)

The word nobleman and Sir, are social identities. Nobleman is a nickname, while Sir is a

honorifics or polite respect.

5.Also we have come to believe and know that You are the Christ, the Son of the living

God.(John chapter 6, paragraph 69).

The word Christ and the Son of the living God are social deixis which shows an informal name.

The frequencies of occurrences found in ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible for social deixis

are listed below.

Table 7 The Frequency of Occurrences for Social Deixis

Deictic

Words

Chapter Total


Father 2 - 1 5 14 13 1 21 10 67

Jesus Christ 1 - - - - - - - - - 1

The only begotten son 1 - 2 - - - - - - - 3

Priest 2 - - - - - - - - - 2

Prophet/s 3 - - 1 - 1 2 2 1 - 10

Lord 1 - - 1 - 2 - 1 2 - 7

Christ 1 - 1 2 1 5 - 1 1 12

The Lamb of God 2 - - - - - - - - - 2

Man/ men 1 1 2 3 7 2 4 2 11 2 35

The son of God 2 - - - 1 - - - 1 1 5

Brother/s 2 1 - - - 1 3 - - - 7

The son of Jonah 1 - - - - - - - - - 1

The son of Joseph 1 - - - - - - - - - 1

The king of Israel 1 - - - - - - - - - 1

The Angles of God 1 - - - - - - - - - 1

The son of man 1 - 2 - 1 3 - 1 - - 8

The mother of Jesus - 1 - - - - - - - - 1

Woman - 1 - 14 - - - 5 - - 20

The servants - 2 - 1 - - - - - - 3

The master of the feast - 2 - - - - - - - - 2

Bread-groom - 1 3 - - - - - - - 4

Guest - 1 - - - - - - - - 1

Disciples - 4 2 6 - 12 1 1 4 30

Moneychangers - 1 - - - - - - - 1

Teacher - - 2 - - - - 1 - - 3

God - - 5 3 4 4 - 4 5 3 28

Son - - 4 5 8 3 - 2 2 - 24

Sir - - - 4 1 - - - - - 5

Father Jacob - - - 1 - - - - - - 1

Husband - - - 5 - - - - - - 5

Worshiper/s - - - 1 - - - - 1 - 2

Messiah - - - 1 - - - - - - 1

Savior - - - 1 - - - - - - 1

Nobel man - - - 2 - - - - - - 2

Child/children - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 2

Angle - - - - 1 - - - - - 1

God the father - - - - - 1 - - - - 1

The son the living God - - - - - 1 - - - - 1

Chief Priest - - - - - - 1 - - - 1

Officers - - - - - - 2 - - - 2

Scribes - - - - - - - 1 - - 1

Devil - - - - - - - 1 - - 1

Murderer - - - - - - - 1 - - 1

Liar - - - - - - - 1 - - 1

Parents - - - - - - - - 4 - 4

Sinner/s - - - - - - - - 3 - 3

Thief/s - - - - - - - - - 3 3

Robber/s - - - - - - - - - 2 2

Shepherd - - - - - - - - - 6 6

Doorkeeper - - - - - - - - - 1 1

Stranger/s - - - - - - - - 2 2

Hireling - - - - - - - - 3 3

Sub Total 23 15 24 57 37 44 19 45 35 34 333

Table 7 shows that there are 52 kinds of social deixis used in ten chapters of John’s book, Holy

Bible. The most frequency from the table above is “Father” with 67 occurrences, followed by “Man/Men”

with 35 occurrences, then ”disciples” with occurrences out of the total 333 occurrences.

The social identities of social deixis which are found in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy

Bible are presented on the table below.

Table 8 The Social Identities of Social Deixis Found

Deictic

Words Social Identity

Father Title of respect

Jesus Christ Informal name

The only begotten son Informal name

Priest Nickname

Prophet/s Nickname

Lord Honorifics or polite respect

Christ Informal name

The Lamb of God Informal name

Man/ men Title of respect

The son of God Informal name

Brother/s Title of respect

The son of Jonah Title of address

The son of Joseph Title of address

The king of Israel Incumbents of participant-roles

The Angles of God Title of address

The son of man Title of address

The mother of Jesus Title of address

Woman Title of respect

The servants Nickname

The master of the feast Incumbents of participant-roles

Bread-groom Nickname

Guest Nickname

Disciples Nickname

Moneychangers Nickname

Teacher Title of respect

God Title of respect

Son Title of respect

Sir Honorifics or polite respect

Father Jacob Role of participants

Husband Title of address

Worshiper/s Nickname

Messiah Informal name

Savior Nickname

Nobel man Nickname

Child/children Title of address

Angle Title of respect

God the father Informal name

The son the living God Informal name

Chief Priest Incumbents of participant-roles

Officers Nickname

Scribes Nickname

Devil Nickname

Murderer Nickname

Liar Nickname

Parents Title of respect

Sinner/s Nickname

Thief/s Nickname

Robber/s Nickname

Shepherd Nickname

Doorkeeper Nickname

Stranger/s Nickname

Hireling Nickname

Discourse Deixis

There are so many kinds of deictic words which pointing the discourse elements found in the ten

chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. Some of them are: But, therefore, so, even so, however, yet, etc.

The Representation of discourse deixis in examples are listed below:

1. I did not know him ; but that He should be revealed to Israel, therefore I came baptizing with

water.(John chapter 1, paragraph 31 )

But, is a discourse diixis that has a portion asa component of meaning that resists of the prior

discourse.

Therefore, is a cause-effect of the prior discourse.

2. Most assuredly I say to you, He who does not enter the sheepfold by the door, but climbs up some

other way, the same is a thief and a robber.(John chapter 10, paragraph 1)

But, is a component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse.

3.Though Jesus Himself did not baptize, but His disciples.(John chapter 4, paragraph 2)

But and though are discourse deixisthat have a portion asa component of meaning that resists of

the prior discourse.

4.As the Father knows me, even so I know the Father, and I lay down my life for the sheep.(John


Even so, is a discourse deixis that has a continuation of response of the prior discourse.

5.”Yet I do not receive testimony from man, but I say these things that you may be saved.”(John


The word yet and but are discourse deixis that have a continuation or a response of the prior

discourse.

The frequency of discourse deixis found in the ten chapters of john’s book, Holy Bible can be

seen through the table below.

Table 9 The Frequency of occurrences for Discourse Deixis

Deictic

Words

Chapter Total


But 7 2 10 6 13 11 15 16 6 13 99

Therefore 1 1 - 2 2 6 3 3 3 2 23

So - - 2 3 - 5 1 2 3 - 16

Even so - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 3

Whatever - - - - 1 - - - - - 1

However - - - - - 1 2 - - - 3

Yet - - - 1 1 1 2 - - 5

That 1 - - - - - - - - - 1

This 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 1 1 15

Though - - - 1 - - - - - 1 2

Still - - - 1 - - - - - - 1

Even - - - - - - - 1 - - 1

Sub total 10 4 14 14 19 29 23 26 13 18 170

Table 9 above shows that are 12 kinds of discourse deixis that are found the ten chapters of

John’s book, Holy Bible. The most frequency is “But” with 99 occurrences, followed by “therefore” with

23 occurrences, then “so” with 16 occurrences out of the total 170 occurrences.

The portion of the discourse for discourse deixis found

The portion of the discourse deixis which were found in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy

Bible are presented below.

Table 10 The portion of the discourse for discourse deixis found

Deictic

Words The portion

But A component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse

Therefore A cause-effect of the prior discourse

So A continuation of the prior discourse

Even so A continuation or a response of the prior discourse

Whatever A conditional meaning treatment

However A component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse

Yet A continuation or a response of the prior discourse

That Referring to a preceding portion of the discourse

This Referring to a forthcoming portion of the discourse

Though A component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse

Still A continuation of the prior discourse

Even A continuation or a response of the prior discourse

Table 11 The Total Frequency of occurrences by each type of Deixis

Types of

Deixis

Chapter Total


Person

Deixis 134 46 77 131 112 173 120 220 135 121 1269

Place

Deixis 10 2 6 12 10 14 9 8 13 4 88

Time

Deixis 12 14 8 18 11 27 18 25 16 9 158

Social

Deixis 23 15 24 57 37 44 19 45 35 34 333

Discourse

Deixis 10 4 14 14 19 29 23 26 13 18 170

2018

Table11 shows that the uses of person deixis in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible are

1269 out of 2018 total frequency. The dominant deictic words in person deixis are “You” followed by

“He”, then “Him”.

The second type is place deixis with 88 occurrences of the whole 2018 total frequency. The

dominant deictic words which pointing the place in this type are “This” followed by “then”.

The third type is time deixis with 158 occurrences of the whole 2018 total frequency. The

dominant types of deictic words are “then” followed by “when” and then “now”.

The fourth type is social deixis with 333 occurrences of the whole 2018 total frequency. The

dominant deictic word in social deixis is “Father”.

The last type is discourse deixis with 170 occurrences of the whole

2018 total frequency. The dominant deictic words are “but” then followed by “therefore”.

After analyzing the whole types of deixis, namely: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social

deixis and discourse deixis, it was found that person deixis 1269 occurrences, place deixis 88 occurrences,

time deixis 158 occurrences, social deixis, 333 occurrences and 170 occurrences for the discourse deixis.

The most dominant type which used in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible is person deixis,

especially “You”. Person deixis used in the John’s book to refer the participant there.

According to Yule (1996:9), deixis is a form referring that is tied to the speaker context, with the

most basic distinction between deictic expressions ‘near speaker’ versus ‘away from speaker’. Levinson

(1983:54) “deixis concern’s the ways in which language encode or grammaticalize features of the context

of utterance or speech event and thus also concerns ways in which interpretation of utterances depend on

the analysis of the context of utterance”. Deixis devises into five types, they are: person deixis, place

deixis, time deixis. Social deixis and discourse deixis.After doing the research, the writer collected the

data then found that person deixis is the most dominant type which is used in ten chapters of John’s book,

Holy Bible. It is showed by pronoun, where personal pronoun “You” is the most dominant.

IV Conclusions

After analyzing the use of deixis from john’s book, Holy Bible, it can be conclude that:

1. There are five types of deixis are found in the ten chapters of john’s book Holy Bible, they are:

person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis

2. The most dominant type of deixis occurred in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible is

person deixis with 1269 occurrences out of the whole

3. total 2018 occurrences.

4. The deitic word “ You”, is dominantly use in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. “You”,

refer to the persons or addressee either as subject or object in those chapters of John’s book, Holy

Bible.

Based on the result, the writers suggest to readers, especially for the students of English

department to deepen more about deixis, because by know in deixis it help the students to catch the target

meaning of a certain text or a discourse easier, It is suggested to the other writers to make the further

research on deixis in another field of study

REFERENCES

Blake, William. 1967. The New Christianity. New York: Delacorte Press.

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modren English: A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey; Prentice Hall.

Lyons, John. 1981. Language and Linguistics. USA: Cambridge University Press.

Murthy, Jayanthi Dakshina. 1998. Contemporary English Grammar. Ramesh.

Soehartono, Irawan. 1995. Metode Penelitian Sosial. Bandung: PT.Remaja Rosdakarya.

Thomson, A.J, A.V. Martinet. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. New York; Oxford

University Press.

Wiles, Maurice. 1990. The Oxford Illustrated History Of Christianity. New York: Oxford

University Press.

Zuck, Roy.B. 1991. Basic Bible Interpretation. Colorado: Colorado Springs

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