Congratulations on the Release of Abstract Book cum Souvenir of BSC 2008Congratulations on the Release of Abstract Book cum Souvenir of BSC 2008

Special Features

First International societyof its own kind

Most active and live e-forum for NRIs andeducated people ofBihar

Chapters at 19 places inIndia and Abroad

Our Sincere thanks

to

Organizing Committee

Hosting University

Patna University

Sponsors

Nalanda Open India and Abroad

Promoting entrepreneurs& investors in Bihar

Dedicated to creatingscientific researchand developmentenvironment in thestate

Help needy brains inpursuing their career

Our Mantra is “ Put yourideas and take alead

Nalanda Open University, Bihar Foundation UK, BhartiBhawan & MagadhMahila College

and

Our Global Members Join us and feel yourself in the

global family BiharBrains Scholastic Center

(Under BBrains Development Society)

201, OmVihar Commercial Complex, Opp hotel Apsara, Kadam Kuan

Patna , Bihar, India, Tel No: +91-612-2670455, +91-9835279360

Email: biharbrains@yahoo.com, web: www.biharbrains.org

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1st Bihar Science Conference

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Patna University Patna, Bihar

Inaugural Session : ISc.Lecturer Theature Hall, Dept. of Physics

Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna

Technical Session:

Auditorium Dept. of Geology

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Organised by

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( Under BBrains Development Society) Om Vihar Complex, 210/D,

Opposite Hotel Apsara, kadam kuan, Patna – 800003 ( INDIA)

Tel ; +91-612-2670455, 3258716 Mob ; +91-9835279360

E- Mail : bsconference@gmail.com URL : www.bbscindia.com/Science Conference

Hosted By

Patna University, Patna

MESSAGE It gives me great pleasure to know that a Bihar Science Conference was held at Dept. of

Physics, Patna University, Patna from May 7, 2008 to May 9, 2008. I congratulate the

BBrains Development Society commonly known as ‘Bihar Brains’ in their endeavor to bring

together scientists of Bihar origin from all over the world.

I extend my best wishes for their endeavor. (Nitish Kumar) Chief Minister, Bihar

MESSAGE It gives me a great pleasure to know that Bihar Science Conference is to be

organized in Patna in May, 2008. The Bihar Brains Scholastic Centre deserves to be

congratulated for this attempt of theirs to bring together scientists of Bihar origin, from

all over the world. Many teachers of this university have earned international

recognition in various disciplines of science. Notable Dr. J. N. Chatterjea (Chemistry),

Prof. R. P. Roy (Botany), Prof S. C. Chatterjee (Geology) have contributed to knowledge of

Mathematical Physics, Organic Chemistry. I am sanguine the deliberations of this

conference will rejuvenate research culture among the present generation.

I wish the conference a grand success.

It is hearting to note that the Bihar in collaboration with BBrains Development Society is organizing Bihar Science Conference during 7th to 9th May, 2008. I have good reason to assume that it will promote scientific research in Bihar and will motivate academicians to move forward to make our country a developped nation. It is expected to immensly benefit students, teachers and technocrats alike and to add impetus to their scientific pursuit and equip them with scientific skills and acumen needed to handle the challenges ahead. It is not too much to say that this state under dynamic leadership of the present political dispensation would spare no effort to foster the spirit of scientific research with generous financial aid to the cause of technological growth of the state so as to harness its rich potential to the maximum for the benefit of Bihar in line with the avowed commitment of the Government to take this state forward in the front line of the developped states of the country. It is not out of place to mention here that we all live in era of Post Globalisation, in general and Computing Science in particular which act as potent instrument for socio-economic transformation of society. I wish that this conference would prepare a blue print for effective utilization of the scientific outputs in keeping with natural resources of the state so that it may grow fast towards the path of all-round development.

Prof Seyed E. Hasnain

Vice Chancellor MESSAGE

I am happy to know that Bihar Brains Scholastic Centre , an association of academicians,

scientists, technologists, social works, administrators in association with Patna University and the

Ministry of Science and Technology, Bihar is hosting the Bihar Science Conference where the main

focus is on ‘Scientific Innovations and Temperament’.

Bihar is a State which has had a glorious history. Not just going back to the days of Chandra

Gupta Maurya and Ashoka, even today this State generates the largest number of IAS and Central

service Officers, IIT students, etc in the country. People originating from Bihar have been highly

successful in their sphers of work.

I am sure this Conference will provide a platform to bring together veterans in the field and

share their experiences and at the same time provide critical inputs for creating the much-desired

ambience in the State.

I congratulate the organizers for organizing the Conference and wish them all success in

their efforts.

MESSAGE

As world is progressing fast, Indian Economy is becoming stronger and stable, showing its visible presence and affecting the global market. But Bihar, which was known to be the hub of Technical brains, paradise for Intellect, Center for learning cultural ethics and religious values, have become back-runner in the race of all round development. To rejuvenate this past glory, Bihar Brains Scholastic Center, (under BBrains Development Society) initiated movement for developing the scientific culture and research environment in the state by organizing Science Conferences, Science & technology festivals, starting R&D Centers, series of seminars and orientation programs on cutting edge technology in Bihar. This Science Congress is one of the major initiatives taken by us, being organized in association with Department of science and technology, government of Bihar. This congress is being organized on the pattern of the Indian Science Congress in which one university gets the status of hosting university .My heartiest congratulations to Patna University for getting first hosting university status of the congress.

This conference is becoming regular feature and will be organized every year by any university of Bihar under Scientific council, which is being formed under auspices of BBrains Development society to meet objectives for providing a common platform to scientists, engineers and technologists of all categories belonging to different disciplines for sharing their expertise and experience.

Through this Bihar Science Congress, a collaborative conduct of local research in Bihar will be created with the national/international research institute to bring synergy for sharing interdisciplinary knowledge, fostering young creative researchers who work across different faculties, and entrepreneur education based on the integration of humanities and science. The mission through this conference is to address the needs and work towards achieving these goals and cooperation among scientific research, innovation and enterprise creation:

1. Develop Academic and Research Infrastructure for creating environment of Innovation. 2. Create an information linkage to address the local and global challenge through scientific

innovation in research institutes. 3. Create a local, national and global competitiveness for science. 4. Develop a competitive advantageous and real world, which needs higher education

environment in Bihar through the integration of education, research, innovation and experiential learning.

5. Address challenges that are complex and demand multidisciplinary approaches 6. Built on a foundation of scholarly excellence: Create core disciplines of Science &

Engineering Super Cluster to work for complex research and innovative ideas. 7. Create a focused academic research environment: Identify core competence and interest of

local scientific pursuit and support their survival and existence 8. Creating a science and innovation park through active connection with start ups incubator

business to help the forward and backward linkage for science research. 9. Create a core competent subject area of science research to build the sustainability and

competence:

The goal of this congress is to create a momentum towards building a “Scientific Innovation and Enterprise Center” in Patna to stimulate the research and innovation environment in the State. The plan would be establishing a science and engineering discovery suites as a sustainable model for discovery, development, and commercialization of innovation for the larger benefit of people and economic growth of the state. Partnerships for Innovation and enterprise connection will stimulate the transformation of knowledge created by the research and education. To develop a set of ideas for pursuing these goals, we need to create a support, promising partnerships among academia, the private sector, and state/local/ federal government that will explore new approaches to support and sustain innovation environment for vibrant enterprise creation.

I do hope, the goal, mission and target of the congress will be achieved with active support from educated and elite society of India and abroad.

At last, I do appreciate support and contribution by our organizing committee, editorial team members, BB staff members, Department of Science & technology, Govt of Bihar, sponsors (Nalanda open university, Times of India and others) Patna University, global members of BiharBrains society, local scientists, professors and students of Bihar who have directly or indirectly associated with us and gave their precious time & put their effort for the successful completion of this congress.

Let’s salute all of them.

Bibhuti Bikramditya. Chairman, BiharBrains (BBrains Development Society) And Patron, Bihar Science Congress, 2008

MESSAGE

The BBrains Development Society was started by some persons of Bihar origin who are now settled outside both in the rest of India and abroad. The purpose of this society is to stimulate scientific research action in Bihar by such encouraging efforts as may be possible with the help of modern means of communications like the internet. Late last year, it was decided to organize a scientific conference in Bihar in which outsider will interact with the Scientific works working in Bihar. One of the problems of Bihar based scientists is the difficulty in getting a knowledgeable audience for their work. In fact, people do not even know about the work that the different people do within the state. A forum more localized than the all India Science Congress was felt to be both necessary and useful for this purpose. Hence this conference. It is not important to discuss how this Conference has come about. The Society is registered and has both a staff and an office. An organizing Committee was formed by coopting senior members of the Patna University belonging to the Science faculty. Being the senior most members in service, I was naturally chosen as the chairman. I accepted but there were moments when I had second thoughts. We have greatly depended on the staff and much of the credit for success (if any) should go to them. It is rather difficult to go in to the nitty gritty of conference organizing at my age. I am not saying this as an apology. I accept my share of blame for any blemishes. Scientific research in India is at the sub-threshold stage. It is gratifying to learn that the union Govt. is planning to set up an IIT and central university in Bihar. These can serve as the nucleus of future researches in the state. The state government is also taking some steps to encourage research. Let us hope that a Science Conference to be held, ten years later will have widened participation and will be richer in quality. Prof. J. Thakur

Chairman

(Bihar Science Conference)

MESSAGE

Bihar Brains Scholastic Centre, an association of academicians, scientists technologists, social workers, administrators in association with Patna University organised the first Bihar Science conference of May 7-9, 2008 at Patna University campus. The main focus was on `Scientific Innovations and enterprise creation'. In this conference, we were delighted to see the overwhelming response from scientific circle of Bihar and also from various parts of India and abroad who attended the conference and participated in the serious scientific discussions.

This first science conference was a great success and all credit goes to our organizing committee who worked day and night to make it a success. I am sure this conference has provided a platform to bring together veterans in the field and share their experiences and at the same time provide critical inputs for creating the much-desired ambience in the State and I hope, this conference will pave path for creating environment for scientific research and development in the state.

I may take this opportunity to add a word of caution to our planners:

Today the best brains are opting for professional lines. Only last year Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology was opened in Thiruvananthpuram. At its inauguration G. Madhavan, Chairman, ISRO and Secretary, Department of Space, noted that there was no IIT Graduate in whole of ISRO. People say that MNC jobs are very lucrative therefore our best Brains are being lured away from the basic and pure researches. I do not agree to this. A person inquisitive and enquiring nature can never be detracted from his fundamental quest just because he gets a higher salaries and perquisites in Executive Jobs. The question is more of keeping the fire of enquiry alive, which is present in every child. Our present system of education is killing that fire instead of keeping it alive. The norms and rigour incorporated in Macaulay's Educational System have been seriously compromised in Independent India. I regret to state that we need to revive our colonial education system and incorporate changes without compromising the basic rigour and thoroughness of that system. This will go a long way in instilling the childlike sagacity in our best brains without which no country can sustain basic and pure research.

It may be further added that we had 1% higher education enrollment from among the younger group of men and women (17 yrs to 22 yrs in 1950. This rose to 10% or 11.2 million young people by 2007. Now the Government is planning to raise this enrollment to 20% on par with the Development Countries (The gross enrollment rate in USA and Canada is 60%). to meet this increased enrolment Govt. is planning to open 90 higher education institutions in next five years (8 IITs, 7 IIMs, 30 Central Universities, 5 IISERs, 20 IIITs and 20NITs). It is obvious that there is going to be unforeseen difficulties in filling up the faculty positions in the next decade and few.

Unless the atmosphere of MTech & PhD research is revitalised we will continue to see a downward trend in Academics. Technical and Science Graduates will not opt for Research and Teaching careers.*

With these herculean tasks lying before us, souvenir cum abstract book on Bihar Science Conference 2008 is being released. We thank all who were/are directly or indirectly associated with us for organizing this conference in particular and for fulfilling the aims and objectives of Bihar Brains in general.

Dr. B. K. Sharma President, Bihar Brains (BBrains Development Society) HOD, Electronics, NIT, Patna *Pallava Bagla, "India's Education Bonanza Instill Hope-and Concern", Science Vol. 320, 13th June 2008, pp.1415.

From Editor’s Desk

Bihar Science conference 2008 left a mark on scientists and academicians who attended it. This conference brought with it many events that could be counted as remarkable. It was heartening to see the arrival of a large number of abstracts of the research works done in different spheres of science. But it became a daunting task to align them and put them in some kind of uniform format and style appropriate for a publishing department. As events moved on very fast, oscillating a bit on occasions, the editorial staff were kept on toes and this eroded a bit of time and indulgence required for publication. For the removal of some of the incongruities, we sought the help of Mrs. Smirti Chaubey of Ms Bharati Bhawan P&D. Mr. Sanjay Bose gave an excellent guidance as to how publishing of abstracts could be done with a reasonable cost.

The publication did take a long time. It would not be prudent to go into the retarding forces that kept us at bay. Nevertheless, the matter that has come out will offer some semblance of relief to the authors considering that this was a maiden exercise by those who had little experience handling the manuscripts that inundated the office of the editor.

We hope to be much faster and more accurate next time.

With all the best wishes. N K Mishra Editor

(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, Patna University, Patna)

First Bihar Science Conference

[7- 9 May 2008]

(Program & Schedule)

DAY I [May 7, 2008]

DAY

TIME Item Name of the Speaker/ Performer

Theme/ Remarks

Starts at

Ends at

11.00 11.02 SWAGAT GAAN By College team

11.02 11.07 Introductory Note Bibhuti Bikramaditya Chairman, BiharBrains

About Bihar Science Conference

11.07 11.12 Welcome address Prof S.N Guha Principal, Patna Science.

College,Patna

Welcome Guest

11.12 11.17 Lighting of the lamp Background song By College team

Sanskrit Shloka

11.17 11.22 Guest Of Honor

Prof MK Mishra IIT Mumbai

11.22 11:42 Key note Presentation(I)

Prof(Dr.) S.E.Hasnain Scientific Advisor,PM

& VC, Hyderabad University

Scientific Innovation and Enterprise

Creation

11:42 12:02 ADDRESS By Chief Guest

Sri Nitish Kumar, Hon’ble CM, Bihar

Efforts for developing S&T research

environment in Bihar 12.02 12:07 Presidential Remarks

Prof. I. Ahson Pro Vice Chancellor

Patna University

12.07 12.12 Inaugural Vote of Thanks Dr. J.Thakur Vote of Thanks

1.20 2.00 LUNCH BREAK 2.00 2.30 Key note Presentation (I) Prof Animesh Jha, Dept of

Material Science, University of Leeds, UK

Photonics: Harnessing light for sustainable society, environment and

wealth creation

2.30 3:45 Paper Presentations I (Chemical Science)

5 selected papers

3:45 4.00 TEA BREAK 4.00 4.30 Key note Presentation(IV) Prof. M.K. Mishra

HOD, Chemistry, IIT, Mumbai

Photodynamic Control : A new Perspectives

4.30 5:45 Paper Presentations II (Life Science)

5 selected papers

DA

Y I

5:45 6:15 Keynote Presentation (II)

Mr. Ashish Kumar Dept of Bioinformatics,

University of Oxford,UK

Application of bioinformatics in

whole genome association studies".

DAY II [May8,2008]

DAY TIME Item Name of the Speaker/ Performer

Theme/ Remarks

Starts at

Ends at

10.00 10.30 Key note Presentation(III)

Dr. B.P.Singh, Advisor, Department of Science & Technology, Govt of India, Delhi

Research in Animal Sciences: Role of Department of Science & Technology

10.30 11.45 Paper Presentations III

(Life Sciences)

5 selected papers

11.45 12.00 TEA BREAK 12.00 12.30 Special

Presentation(IV) Dr. Jitendra Kumar

Department of Molecular and cellular Biology, Ohio State

University, Ohio, USA

On Mitochondrial Calcium independent phospoliphase

12.30 1:45 Paper Presentations IV

(Life Sciences)

5 selected papers

1:45 2.15 LUNCH

2.15 2:45 Key note Presentation(V)

Dr. Ajay K Jha , Program Director-

International Development, College of Agricultural

Sciences, Colorado State University, USA

Agriculture Innovation and Future of agricultural sustainability under global resource limitation

2:45 4.00 Paper Presentations V (Earth Science)

5 selected papers

4.00 4:30 Keynote Presentation VI

Prof (Dr.) Jainendra Kumar

HOD, Biotechnology, College of Commerce, Patna

Human Diseases and their genetic

basis

Day

II

4:30 5:00 Keynote Presentation VII

Prof R.K.SINHA Dept of zoology, Patna

University

Challenges and hopes for the

gangetic Dolphins: the flagship species

of the gangetic systems

DAY III [May 9,2008]

DAY TIME Item Name of the Speaker/ Performer

Theme/ Remarks

Starts at

Ends at

10.00 10.30 Key note Presentation

(VIII)

Prof. Rajmani Pd Sinha Dept of Physics, Patna Univ

Laser Cooling

10.30 11.15 Paper Presentations VI (Physical Science)

5 selected papers

11:15 11:30 TEA BREAK 11:30 12.00 Key note

Presentation(IX)

Special Presentation Himanshu Shekhar

Director,

Mechanical Characterization of

olid rockets propellants

12:00 1:15 Paper Presentation VII

(Electronics & IT)

1:15 1:45 Key note Presentation (X)

Prof Raman Jha HOD Physics, Sikkim Manipal Univ, Sikkim

Quantum Mechanics & computing: the

future technology 1.45 2.30 LUNCH 2.30 3.15 Organizational

Meeting Executive Members

of Bihar Brains

Day

III

3.15 5.00 VALEDICTORY SESSION Chief Guest: Md. Shahid Ali Khan , Hon’Minister , S&T ,Govt of

Bihar Heads of All sponsoring organizations as Guest

Young Scientist Award &

Prize distribution

Prof. Prof J. Thakur,

Dr. Dolly Sinha and Dr. Santosh Kumar, Patna, India

A three days national conference namely Bihar Science Conference was held from May 07 – 09, 2008, under the aegis of Bihar Brains Development society in which about 500 people participated from different parts of India and Abroad. Bihar Brains Development Society, popularly known as Bihar Brains is a non profit organization registered under society act with special focus on awareness building on education and creating environment for research and development in Bihar. The society came in existence in 2004. It is being run by NRI’s, NRB’s and educated people of Bihar. The objective the conference was to bring together the experts from various fields to discuss and evolve suitable measures for high resolution outcome and to explain the collective efforts to achieve the favourable working environment for research and development in the state. The main theme of the conference was scientific innovation and entrepreneurship creations.

(Swagat Gaan by Patna Science College Team) The conference was inaugurated by Hon’ble C. M., Bihar, Shri. Nitish Kumar at 11 A. M. sharp on May 7, 2008. The Chairman of B. Brains development Society, Mr. Bibhuti Bikramaditya introduced the theme of the conference and ideas behind it.

Mr. Bibhuti Bikramaditya while introducing theme of the first Bihar Science Conference “Scientific Innovation and Enterprise creation” said that through this Bihar Science Conference, a collaborative conduit of local research in Bihar will be created with the national/international research institute to bring synergy for sharing interdisciplinary knowledge, fostering young creative researchers who work across different faculties, and entrepreneur education based on the integration of humanities and science.

(Mr. Bibhuti Bikramaditya, Prof S.E.Hasnain, Sri Nitish Kumar and Prof I. Ahson inaugurating the conference)

First Bihar Science Conference, 2008: A report

Prof S. N. Guha, Principal of Patna Science College Welcomed the guest and participants of the conference.

(Participants of the conference in the inaugural function) Prof. (Dr.) S. E. Hasnain, member of Scientific Advisory council of PM (SAC-PM) V. C. Hyderabad University gave keynote presentation on “Facets of Biotechnology and its effect on society”. In his around 40 minute’s speech, he exemplifies the use of DNA finger printing technology, research advances in Bioterrorism, Polio-virus, genetically modified food, gene technology revolution which has by and large affected society and its behavior.

Hon’ble CM Nitish kumar while inaugurating the conference said that “The scientific research should break the new ground particularly to enrich the quality of human life. “ He thanked organizers to organize such scientific events in state and hoped that this science congress will go a long way in creating scientific

temperament among the youth, vital for nation's development“. Building better atmosphere and for the development of infrastructure, it would be always better to have science congress every year for which the state government would assent to, Kumar said.

Prof J. Thakur, on behalf of the organizing committee gave vote of thanks to all participants for attending the conference and appreciated member of his organizing committee, and staff of BBrains Development Society who worked day and night for successful completion of this event. Technical session: Day 1Technical session: Day 1Technical session: Day 1Technical session: Day 1 Ten technical sessions (apart from inaugural session) were held during these three days conference in which four noted scientists from abroad graced the participants by delivering their keynote addresses in four different sessions. Prof Animesh Jha, chair of Institute of Material Science Research at University of Leeds, UK gave his keynote speech on “Photonics: Harnessing light for sustainable society, environment and wealth creation.

Prof M. K. Mishra, Head of the department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai delivered his keynote on “Photodynamic control: A new perspectives. Mr. Ashish Kumar of department of Bioinformatics, university of oxford, UK presented his keynote on “Applications of Bioinformatics in whole genome association studies”. Technical Session: Day 2Technical Session: Day 2Technical Session: Day 2Technical Session: Day 2 Pre-lunch session was started with keynote presentation of Prof B.P.Singh, Advisor, Dept of Science and technology, Govt of India. He spoke on “Research in Animal Sciences: Role of Department of Science and technology”.

Dr. Jitendra Kumar, Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio State University, Ohio, USA, delivered his lecture on Mitochondrial calcium independent phospholipase.

Dr. Ajay Kumar Jha, programme director international development, college of agricultural sciences, Colarado state university, USA made his keynote presentation on agricultural innovation and future of agricultural sustainability under global resource limitations.

Prof Jainendra Kumar presented his keynote on “Human Disease and their genetic basis.

Dr. B. K. Sharma, Head of the department of Electronics, National Institute of Technology, Patna gave his keynote presentation on Science Science Science Science & Technology in India& Technology in India& Technology in India& Technology in India---- Before and After Before and After Before and After Before and After Independence.Independence.Independence.Independence.

Dr. R. K. Sinha, professor at Dept of the Zoology, Patna University gave his keynote lecture on “Challenges and hopes for the gangetic Dolphines: the flagship species of the gangetic systems.

(Dr. Rakesh Kumar, one of the participants of the conference presenting his lecture) Poster Presentations:Poster Presentations:Poster Presentations:Poster Presentations:

Technical Session: Day 3Technical Session: Day 3Technical Session: Day 3Technical Session: Day 3 The third and the last day of the conference was started with the keynote presentation by Prof Rajmani Prasad Sinha, Prof of Physics, Patna University, Patna and former Vice chancellor of Mithila University on “Laser cooling”. Dr. Himanshu Shekhar, Dy Director of HEMRL, DRDO, Pune gave his lucrative keynote speech on “Mechanical Characterization of solid rocket propellants”

Prof Raman Kumar Jha, head of the department of Physics, Sikkim Manipal University presented keynote speech on “quantum mechanics and computing: the future technology.

A complete academic environment and exchange of ideas prevailed in the Dept. of Physics and Geology premises of P.U. Panel Discussion and meeting of the scientific Panel Discussion and meeting of the scientific Panel Discussion and meeting of the scientific Panel Discussion and meeting of the scientific council: council: council: council: Panel discussion was held The executive member of the discussion were Mr. Bibhuti Bikramaditya, Chairman, BBrains Development Society, Prof Animesh Jha, Univ of leeds, UK, Dr. Dolly Sinha, Prof Jainendra Kumar, Dr. Jitendra Kumar, USA and Prof Raman Jha of Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim.etc. (Detailed report has been given in Recommendations of the Panel discussion).

Valedictory Session:Valedictory Session:Valedictory Session:Valedictory Session: The valedictory function was held on 09-05-08 between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. in which Hon’ble Minister of state. (Independent charge) Dept. of information technology, Dr. Anil Kumar graced the occasion with his valuable presence and his assurance on behalf of his Govt. for any type of

support in such academic endeavors. He thanked all foreign and Indian participants for attending this conference.

Certificates were distributed among the participants. Young scientist award for oral and poster presentation was the attraction of the valedictory function. Each young scientist awardees were handed over a cheque of Rs. 1000/- and a felicitation certificate too. Five young scientist awards were given for oral presentation (one from each subject) and four young scientist awards was given for poster presentation.

(Young Scientist awardees after the function)

(Prof I. Ahson presenting Young scientist award to Dr. Subodh Kumar of BIT, Mesra) Prof Rajmani Prasad Sinha stressed the need to work on empowering women for the best use of the technology and requested the society to establish University of Science and technology for womens. Prof J. Thakur thanked all participants for their patients during conference and said that management committed of conference will give attention on the suggestions given by participants and the guests in the next conference. Mr. Bibhuti Bikramaditya announced the name of the first “Global Scientific Council” and winner of the poster presentation and oral presentation. He also announced that Second Bihar Science Conference will be hosted by Magadh University for which process will be started very soon. Dr. Dolly sinha gave vote of thanks and thanked media persons, Participants, and sponsors (Bihar Foundation UK, Nalanda Open University, Bharti Bhawan, Magadh Mahila college, NRI members of the society) for their contribution in organizing conference.

Some additional Pics of the conference:Some additional Pics of the conference:Some additional Pics of the conference:Some additional Pics of the conference:

(Action committee team members, volunteers and MBA students of Patna University with BB society members and Guests)

(Some participants with Dr. Jitendra Kumar, USA and Prof Dolly Sinha)

(Participants with BB staff members on help desk)

(Sri Vijay Sharan, Treasurer and PRO, BB Society getting appreciation for his work during conference from Prof N. K. Mishra)

(Sri Vikash Kashyap, Asst. Manager, BBSC getting appreciation for his work during conference from Prof N. K. Mishra

(Ms. Rashmi Kumari, Office executives, getting appreciation for his work during conference from Prof N. K. Mishra

The benefit of this conference w.r.t. the society and the intelligentia of the state was the formation of a global core scientific council. Keeping in mind following aims and objectives. 1. To advance and promote the cause of science in Bihar., 2. To hold annual conference at a suitable place in Bihar. 3. To hold seminars, workshops, orientation programmes as regular features. 4. To publish proceedings, journals for popularizing science and scientific achievements. 5. Providing guidance to BB society to start and execute the scientific project and help/support at any stage of the execution of the project. 6. To form research groups and recommend society to help those groups for their research project from the global network of B Brains. 7. Providing guidance, support and consultancy to govt. and non govt. agencies.

This global core scientific council has been formed with an intention of providing a common platform to the scientist’s engineers and technologists of all categories belonging to different disciplines for sharing their expertise and experience. The core scientific committee will comprise of 15 members from India in general and Bihar in particular. Each stream of science will have maximum three members. 120 more members preferably 2 from each stream from foreign countries will be a part of this committee. From India category Prof. Dolly Sinha will be the co-ordinator and Dr. Santosh Kumar will owe the responsibility of convener. 2nd Bihar Science conference has been decided to be organized in the P.G. Dept. of Biotechnology. College of commerce, M. U., from Jan 30- Feb 1, 2009.

Recommendations of the Panel Discussion in the First Bihar Science Conference, 2008

Panel Board Members:

1. Prof. Animesh Jha, University of Leeds,UK

2. Prof. Jainendra Kumar, Head, Dept of Botany and Biotechnology, College of Commerce, Patna

3. Dr. Dolly Sinha, Dept of Physics, Magadh Mahila College, Patna

4. Prof Raman Jha, Head, Dept of Physics, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim

5. Bibhuti Bikramaditya , Chairman, BiharBrains.

Subject wise open suggestions from Participants:

Physics:

The person representing Physics Department stressed the need for lab up-gradation and said that the present research contribution and facilities in Bihar does not exist. He also stressed that the paper selection process for the conference be better organized.

BioScience:

Appreciated the effort of Bihar Science conference and put it as an forum to exchange ideas. He admitted that there exists a brain drain in Bihar and that is because of lack of facilities. Conference therefore was the need of the hour.

Chemistry:

He said that Research is a long process and that leads to deviation from it and attraction towards other administrative services becomes obvious. He appreciated the efforts of the organizers specially Bibhuti ji. He stressed on a committee of experts from different fields of Chemistry like Organic / Inorganic / Physical /Environmental etc. as well as theory and Experimental Chemistry. He emphasized on time management and added that the number of participants may be fixed. He also pointed out that question session may be increased.

Mathematical Science:

He put forward his concern that mathematics was not duly represented and brought out the existing research facility status. He also added that the journals were not at all available for actual research.

Suggestions from Panel Members

1. Prof. Jainendra Kr

(i) While stressing the role of Bihar Brains said that it is a forum to inculcate scientific temperament and motivate people to do well to see the improvement of Bihar. He stressed that we should work with the Govt to develope Bihar making use of its talents.

(ii) He appreciated the role of Bibhuti Bikramaditya to have taken all pains to bring together so many people on one forum.

(iii) He expressed his concern that there are no regular courses running on Bio-technology. They are vocational in nature.

(iv) He also added that the conference should be annual affair with emphasis on all specializations Bio, Physical, Chemical, Engg & Technological sciences.

(v) We may introduce some awards for best presentation etc.

2. Prof. Animesh Jha

(i) We should adhere to timings for presentation

(ii) He stressed on the difference between planary or Key note speech and the paper presentation

(iii) He emphasized on better organization and coordination of all events.

(iv) Stressed on Paper presentation and its importance

(v) He suggested that we may not have subject specific conferences else it will involve more cost.

(vi) He suggested to combine conference with workshops which may be topic specific

(vii) He suggested the conferences to be organized under different symposia

3. Prof. Raman Kr Jha

(i) He applauded the efforts of the Bihar Brains Development Society and said that lot of opportunities already exists. Sikkim Manipal University itself offeres courses on 5 year integrated M.Sc, M.Sc in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, B. Tech and students from Bihar are benefitting from it.

(ii) PhD opportunities also exist in SMU. We should take the advantage.

(iii) He stressed that we do not have to go abroad to do research. These days Govt is supporting such causes and we have to be receptive in seeing these avanues.

(iv) He suggested that we can have state wide science popularization programs and talent search programs from all levels.

(v) He appreciated the response of Bihar Scientific community for their response for this conference and added that we should have this conference annually in more organized manner. The people of Bihar have to play a role to have a better effect.

General Suggestions and Recommendations:

1. Conference should be more organized and should run in a parallel session.

2. Mathematical science and psychology should be added as the subject of the conference.

Outcomes of the conference:

1. Formation of Global core Scientific Council: BiharBrains has formed global core scientific council of 25 eminent scientists (two from each subject from Bihar, one from each subject from other states of India, two from each subjects from abroad). The aim of this council to organize science conferences, Workshops, Scientific Festivals, short term programs, starting R&D Center, and providing help to local research groups. This center is the one of the outcome of the Bihar Science Conference, 2008.

2. Center for Personality Development and Human Resource: BiharBrains is establishing Center for personality development and Human Resource at Patna. The main aim of this center is to train working /non working engineers, software professionals, management aspirants, govt officials and non govt working officials to develop their interpersonal soft skills. This is being established in association with Digital Footprints Pvt Ltd, a UK based company. This center is the one of the outcome of the Bihar Science Conference, 2008.

3. Four Students of Biotechnology selected: Four students of dept of Botany and Biotechnology selected for orientation programs in Konkuk University, S. Korea. They will be given one month training in Animal Biotechnology at university campus of the Konkuk University, Seoul,S Korea.

Contents

Sl.No. Papers Authors Page No.

KEY NOTE SPEAKERS

1. Efficiency Of Flat Plate Solar Collector Assisted FRP-KVIC

Model Biogas Plant

Dr. Vimal Sagar, Mona Yadav, Anita Sagar 1

& Rajesh Kumar Ranjan

2. Agricultural Innovation and Future of Global Agricultural

Sustainability Under Global Resource Limitation

Dr. Ajay K Jha1, Dr. James Pritchett1 1

& Dr. Neil Hansen

3. Photonics: Harnessing light ..Future is Bright ..Future is

Light!

Prof. Animesh Jha 2

4. Photodynamic Control: A New Perspective Manoj K. Mishra 2

5. Challenges and Hopes for the Gangetic Dolphins, the

flagship species of the Ganges system

R. K. Sinha 2

6. Quantum Mechanics & Computing: the future Technology Raman Kr Jha 3

7. Research in Animal Sciences—Role of Department of Science

and Technology

Dr. Bhanu Pratap Singh 4

8. Application of bioinformatics in whole genome association

studies

Ashish Kumar 5

9. Mitochondrial Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A2 is

modulated by changes in membrane potential in association

with Super-Complex II and III of Electron Transport Chain

and is activated maximally by Complex III inhibition by

Antimycin A

Jitendra Kumar, Nirupama Lal, Yeong-Renn 5

Chen and Douglas R. Pfeiffer

10. Mechanical Characterization of Solid Rocket Propellants Himanshu Shekhar 6

YOUNG SCIENTIST

1. Field Test For Instant Quantitative Estimation Of Iron In

Ground Water

MD SHAHNAWAZ & K. M. SINGH 7

2. Mixed-Ligand complexes of Thallium (1) metal chelates of

deprotonated O-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2, 4, 6-

trinitrophenol, I-nitroso-2-napthol, 8-hydroxy quinoline and

O-amino benzoic acid with Ethylene− diamine.

D. Prakash, N. K.Prasad, Prahlad Kumar

and Rajesh Ranjan Pandey 7

3. Studies On Physico-Chemical Parameters in Chhatiya Pond

(BMP Pond) at Ara (Bihar)

Shivchandra Kumar , Anil Kumar Singh

and Binod Shankar 8

4. Mixed Ligand Complexes of Silver (I) Metal Salts of Some

Organic Acids With 8-Hydroxyquinollne (Oxine)

D. Prakash , Bablu Kumar , Dharam Vir

Prasad and K. R. R. P Singh 9

5. Mixed Ligand aluminium (III) Complexes involvinig Some

Chela Ting Organic Acids And ethylenediamine Or

Propylenediamine

D. Prakasti, Ratnesh Kumar Singh,

S. Prakash and Anju K. Gupta 9

6. Mixed Ligand Complexes Of Sn(Li) & Pb(Li) Metal Salts Of

Some Organic Acids With 2-Hydroxy -3-Naphthoic Acid

Ram Pravesh Suman, H. P. Yadav, G. S. P.

Gupta and Salendu Shekhar Gupta 10

7. Neutral Complexes Of Rh(III) & Ir(III) With

Isonitroso− Barbituric Acid (Violuric Acid)

D. Prakash, K. R. R. P Singh, S. Prakash

and Anju K. Gupta 10

8. Mixed Ligand Complexes Of Alkaline Earth Metal (II)

Chelates Of Some Organic Acids With Glycine

R. R. Pandey, D. Prakash 11

9. Study of the solvent effect on the mechanism and solvent-

solute interaction for a reaction in water DMSO media

Rajiv Ranjan Kumar 11

10. Study of the Effect of Concentration of Water [H2O] on the

rate and mechanism for a reaction in propane - 2 - 01- water

mixture

Syed Rashiduddin Haider, Sarwat Tauheed 11

11. A Kinetic Study of solvent effect on the extensive

thermodynamic properties and mechanism of base catalysed

hydrolysis of ester in water-methyl alcohal media

Sarwat Tauheed and S. R. Haider 12

12. Mixed Ligand Complexes Of Alkali Metal Salts Of Salicylic

Acid, Acetylsalicylic Acid And 2-Hydroxy-3-Naphthoic Acid

With Naphthazarin

Ashok Kumar Gupta and Pramod Kumar 12

13. Bioefficacy of Two pyrethroids against Root Knot Nematode

Meloidogyne incongita larvae

Sidheshwar Prasad, Arun Kumar Singh 12

14. Catalytic Antibodies : Designer Catalysts Dr. Rabindra Singh & Rajnish Kr. Singh 13

15. Synthesis of Some 2-lminothiazolidinone Ring Fused

Pyrimidine Compounds

A.K. Nag , D.K. Sharma, Seema Sinha

and Rita Singh 13

16. PHYSIO-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF Mn(II) complexes with

triazoles at different PH.

S.Narayan , D.N. Thakur Amaresh Kumar

and Rajnish Kr. Singh 14

17. Studies of Phase Behaviour of Triton X - 100 + 1− Pentanol /

Aqueous Electrolyte / on Systems.

Anil Kumar , Raja Ram Rai 14

18. A 1:2 Molecular Complex of 8-Hydroxyquinoline and

Acetanilide

H.Shekhar & S.S.Salim 14

19. Solar Energy For Life Style Pallava Prasoon 15

20. Physico-Chemical Studies of Zn (II) Complexes With

Triazoles at different pH range

Anil Kumar, S. Narayan and Sanjay Singh 15

21. bioconversion Of Molasses To Lactic Acid Exposed To Some

Physiologically Active Organic Compounds

Dr. Bijay Kumar & Dr. Uday Kumar 16

22. Adsorption of Arsenic (III) from Aquous Solution A. P. Singh, K. K. Srivastava & H. Shekhar 16

23. Molecular Complexes of Naphthylamines with Quinones K. P. Srivastava 16

24. Studies on Electrochromic Nature of Conducting Organic

Polymers

K.P.Srivastava & Vikash Kumar Singh 17

25. Electronic Structure Of Magnesium Oxide Dr. P. N. Piyush 17

26. Spectral and Antimicrobial Studies on Cu(II) with Schiff

base containing SNS DonOr Ligands

Mrinal Chandra 17

27. Metal Complexes as Ligands: Binuclear alkali Metal and

trinuclear alkaline earth metal Complexes with Nickel (II)

and Copper (II) Metal Complexes of isonitrosoacetylacetone

D. Prakash & O.P. Gupta 18

28. Mixed Ligand Complexes Of Tin(II) And Lead(II) Metal

Chelates Of Some Organic Acids With Glycine

Birendra Kumar, Ram Pravesh Suman, Ram

Nath Singh & Ashok Kumar Gupta 18

29. Binuclear Alkali Metal Complexes With Ni(II) & Cu(II)

Metal Chelates Of 1, 4-Dihydroxy-9, 10-Anthraquinone

(Quinizarin)

Birendra Kumar, K. B. Sinha, Brameshwar

& Jai Ram Prasad Singh 18

30. Acidic polyelectrolyte hydrogels with the ability to

remove metal ions

Nalini Rathor & Madhuri Devi 19

31. Quantitative Oxidation of vitamin C pure form and some of

its pharmaceutical preparation with Ammonium

hexanitratocerate (IV) as oxidant

Afshan Suraiya, Siddharth Singh & RPS

Chauhan 19

32. A Comparative Study Of The Conduction Mechanisms In

Sandwich Compounds

Dr Kalpana Shahi and Prahlad kumar 19

33. Diesel Oil As Retarder On Hydration Of Lime Dr. S. N. Yadav 20

34. Kinetic Study Of Solvent Effect Of Ethylpicolinate In

Aqueous Acetone Media

Dr Dilip Kumar Verma Mithilesh Kr.Singh

Prahlad Kumar, Ajay Kr. Srivastava. 20

35. Metals As Pollutants In The Environment Dr. R.K. Prasad and Dr. Bina Rani 21

36. Biological Pollution Of Water Dr. Bina Rani 21

37. Green Synthesis of 4-Substituted-3-Phenyl Sydnones under

Microwave Irradiation

K. P. Srivastava and P. K. Mishra 22

38. Easier Method For The Preparation Of Acetanilide Mansur Alam and Md. Faiyaz Ahsan 22

39. Synthesis and characterisaton of coordination complexes of

palladium (II) and Platinum (II) with triphenylphosphine

sulphide, triphenylstibine and triphenylstibine sulphide

Dr. Irshad Ali 22

40. Mild and Ecofriendly Synthesis of Caerulomycin under

Microwave Irradiation

Indu Singh, K.P.Srivastava & Amit Kumar 23

41. Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Mesoionic 5-Arylamino-l, 3,

4-Thiadiazolium-2-Thiolates

K.P.Srivastava & Hari Mohan Kumar 23

42. cytotoxic effects Of endosulfan On Liver Of Mice:

A Biochemical And Tem Study

Arun Kumar, S. K. Srivastava and A. Nath 23

43. RARE AND Endengered species of fish of the flood plain

wetlands of north bihar

A. K. Singh, R. B. Mahto & V. K. Singh 24

44. Fish Health Under Permethrin Stress Jitendra Kumar Yadav & M.M. Jha 24

45. Transmission Dynamics of the human immunodeficiency

virus (HIV)

Mukesh Kumar Madhukar

& Dinesh Kumar Yadav 24

46. Nephro toxic effects of sublethal concentration of cadmium in

clarias Batrachus (LINN.)

Kumari Nutan & Dr. D. N. Roy 25

47. Effects of Sublethal concentrations of Hexavalent Chromium

on Gill tissues of an Air-Breathing Fish Clarias Batrachus

(LINN.)

A. K Sahu and D. N. Roy 25

48. Environmental Toxicants as Blockers of Ogenesis in fish:

Biochemical and ultrastructual study

Prakriti Verma, G. B. Chand, M. P. Sinha

& A. Nath 26

49. Therapeutic use of embryonic stem cells Kiran Bala Singh 26

50. Testicular injury under chronic stresss of Cadmium Chloride

in the rat

Satyendra Kumar Singh and B. K. Jha 27

51. Reproductive consequences in male teleost in response to

endosulfan toxicity: an ultrastructural study

G. B. Chand, Rizwan Ahmad, Prakash Singh,

Prakriti Verma & A. Nath 27

52. Statistical Evaluation of Hydrobiological Parameters of

Ganga River water from Patna City to Fatuha

Akhilesh Kumar, Kumar Prashant Sinha, Alka

Kumari, Anwarul Haque, Subham Kumari,

Ritika Sinha, Neha Kumari 28

53. CMEH MeDical college and hospital Dr. K. P. Sinha 28

54. Genotoxic potential of crude extracts of medicinal plants P. K. Khan & S. P. Sinha 29

55. Changes in Erythrocyte count and its related Hematology in

Clarias Batrachus due to Parathion toxicity

S.K. Yadav, Varuna Kumari & D.K. Paul 29

56. Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Character of some

Transition metal complexes

S. Narayan, Anil Kumar & Renu Sinha 30

57. Neutral Complexes Of Rh(III) & Ir(III) With

Isonitrosobarbituric Acid (Violuric Acid)

D. Prakash, K. R. R. P Singh, S. Prakash

& Anju K. Gupta 30

58. Physio-Chemical Studies Of Mn(II) complexes with triazoles

at different pH

S.Narayan, D.N. Thakur, Amaresh Kumar

and Ranjnish Kr. Singh 31

59. Reaction of Urinary stones with Sodium salt of

2-hvdroxv-3-napthoic acid

Ashish kumar 31

60. Studies On Urinary Calculogenests Prof. Basabi Mahapatra (Choudhary) 32

61. Some Studies Of Anodic Parameters And Pitting Tendencies

Of Aisi 321SS In Phosphoric Acid Containing Hydrochloric

Acid.

Dr. Rita Khare 32

62. Synthesis, Characterization of Some Porus Material and

impact of Isomerization over this material.

Subodh Kumar 33

63. Awareness About Disaster Management Pasupati Nath Singh and Md. Zafariqbal 33

64. Pollution Problem - A Psycho-analysis Prof Tarni Jee 34

65. Effect Of Stone Crusher Dust Pollution On Arachis

Hypogaea

D. O. Pandey and Bhola Kumar 34

66. The Sedimentology Of The Lower Gondwana Rocks Of The

Jainti Basin, District Deoghar, Jharkhand

Atul A. Pandey, V. S. Dube and

Ghanshyam Jha 35

67. Toxic Effect of Ganga pollution on fishes in Bhagalpur Anamika Kumari 35

68. A Study for impact of sewage on sugar Factory Waste

Treatment By Using Water Hyacinth

Dr. Narendra Prasad Roy, Dr. Binod Shankar,

Rajiv Kumar & Dr. Ajay Upadhyay 36

69. A study of microbial synthesis of silver crystalites Anuradha Prakash, Ashok K. Ghosh,

Seema Sharma, Nahid Ahmad 36

70. Water Characteristics Parameters Deterioration in the

River Damodar due to Industrial Installation and Domestic

Waste: A Case Study of Jharia Coalfield (Jharkhand) region.

Amardip Singh, Poonam, Ashok K. Ghosh,

Binod Shankar, Ajay K. Upadhyay, N.P.Roy,

Ravindra K. Verma, Kumar Anand 37

71. Studies on Hydrological condition of River Ganga in Relation

to its Impact on Biological Health

Ajay K.Upadhyay, S.K.Singh, Binod Shankar,

N. P .Roy, Amardip Singh, Kanhiya Singh 38

72. Bioinformatic analysis of F08F8.2 protein of Caenorhabditis

elegans

Jainendra Kumar, Dhirendra Kumar Singh,

Mamta Sinha, Premlata Mehta and Dinanath

38

73. A Study On Ecological Status Of Veer Kunwar Singh

Memorial Park Pond At Ara (Bihar)

Binod Shankar, N.P .Roy, A.K.Upadhyay,

Amardip Singh Shivchandra Kumar,

Anil Kumar Singh 39

74. Bioefficacy of Two pyrethroids against Root Knot Nematode

Meloidogyne incongita larvae

Sidheshwar Prasad, Arun Kumar Singh.

Department of Biotechnology, 39

75. Cytotoxic effect of Endosulfan on liver of mice: A biochemical

& TEM study

Arun Kumar, S.K. Srivastava & A. Nath 40

76. Studies on some medicinal plants of capparidaceae Prakash A, Ansari M N, Singh C K

and Naseem M 40

77. Relative Impacts of Egg Surface Steriliants on The

Productivity and Quality of Mulberry Silk

Dinesh Kumar Yadav 41

78. Endosulfan Alters Spleen Cell Architecture In Swiss Albino

Mice (Mus musculus)

Dharmendra Kumar Sinha

and Sudhir Kr. Srivastava 41

79. Comparative morphology of two wild species of Indigofera

Linn.

Ashok kumar Roy and Naheed Ahmad 42

80. Policy And Strategy For Conservation Of Aquatic Resources

In The Rural Bihar (Chapra)

Navin Kr. Ojha (Lecturer)

& Manoj Kr. Pandey 42

81. River Linking Project: Impacts and Consequences Aradhana Kumari 42

82. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): Pollen-pistil interaction

and self-incompatibility test

Aloka Kumari & Arun K. Pandey 43

83. Seed germination studies in Rauvolfia serpentina U.K. Sinha, M.P. Trivedi & Rachna Kumari 43

84. Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fast Foods of Bihar H.K. Chourasia, Sanjay Kumar Suman And

Pramila Prasad 43

85. Quality of life and role of social scientists Shukat Ara, Kanchan Ku., Pratibha Ku.,

Archna Ku. & Shantay Bharti 44

86. Indian perspective of Biopesticides Dr Rana Vikram Singh 44

87. Antifungal Effect of Plant Extracts on Rhizoctonia solani

incitent of sheath blight of rice (Oryza sativa L)

B.B. P. Sinha and S.P. Gupta 44

88. Wetland Resources of North Bihar Prasant Kumar and Dr. Rana Vikram Singh 45

89. Effect of Arsenic on fishes Jawaid Ahsan and Bibha Kumari 45

90. Influence of crude aflatoxins on the rate of gain in body

weight of guinea pigs and plant extract remedy

Chandra Shekhar Varma & Shahda Parween

46

91. Studies on some antidiabetic drug plants Ansari M N, Prakash A, Singh C K

and Naseem M 46

92. Efficacy Of Some Medicinal Plants In Patna District Supriya, Amrita & S. N. Lal 47

93. Tissue culture of Indian scented Roses Raageeva Bimal, Niti Kiran, Md. Shahnawaz,

Ruby Kumari, Rituraj K. Verma and Madhu

Kumari 47

94. Abundance And Distribution Of Plankton Of Lentic Water

Bodies Of Rural Chapra (North Bihar)

Manoj Kr. Pandey & Navin Kr. Ojha 47

95. Morphogenetic Studies and Clonal Propagation in Tissue

Culture of APARAJITA a Medicinal Herb

Raageeva Bimal, Madhu Kumari,

Md. Shahnawaz, Niti Kiran, Ruby Kumari

and Rituraj K. Verma 48

96. Medicinal Plants of India Anupam Sinha 48

97. Ethnobotanical Studies On Some Common Home Remedies

Herbal Plants Specially Used In Asthma

Dhiraj Singh 48

98. Competitive aggressiveness of Parthenium hysterophorus

Linn., vis-a-vis Cassia tora Linn. and Croton bonplandianum

Baill

M.P. Trivedi and Nupur 49

99. Environmental Stress On Floodplain Wetland (CHAUR) Of

Bihar And Its Impact On Fisheries

Sunit Singh, Arun K. Singh

and Gopal K. Tripathi 49

100. Educational Pollution-The Greatest Obstacle In Scientific

Innovations And Enterprise Creation

Prof. ILA 50

101. Effects Of Sublethal Concentrations Of Hexavalent

Chromium On Gill Tissues Of An Air Breathing Fish Clarias

Batrachus (Linn.)

A.K. Sahu & D.N. Roy 50

102. Fish Health Under Permethrin Stress Jitendra Kumar Yadav &. M.M. Jha 51

103. Transmission Dynamics Of The Human Immunodeficiency

Virus (HIV)

Mukesh Kumar Madhukar

& Dinesh Kumar Yadav 51

104. Probiotics: An innovative and potent tool

to improve the human defense barrier.

Tanuja and S.Bedi 51

105. Interpretation of Genetic Aberrations by Quantum

Mechanics

Md. Anzer Alam 52

106. Medicinal Plants Used In Skin Care Of Bihar Nandjee Kumar, S. R. Choudhary

and Anil Kumar 52

107. Rare And Endangered Fish Species Of The Floodplain

Wetlands Of North Bihar

A. K. Singh, R. B. Mahto & V. K. Singh 53

108. Environmental Toxicants As Blockers Of Oogenesis In

Fishes: Biochemical And Ultrastructual Study

Prakriti Verma, G. B. Chand, M. P. Sinha

& A. Nath 53

109. Therapeutic use of embryonic stem cells Kiran Bala Singh 54

110. Ethnocosmetics: Special reference to Lawsonia inermis Dr. Tulika Anupriya 54

111. Testicular Injury Under Chronic Stress Of Cadmium

Chloride In The Rat

Satyendra Kumar Singh & H.K. Jha 55

112. Reproductive consequences in male teleost in response to

endosulfan toxicity : An ultrastructural study

G. B. Chand, Rizwan Ahmad, Prakash Singh,

Prakriti Verma & A. Nath 55

113. Herbal Biodiversity: A Curative Measure For Diabetes Amrita, Supriya & S.K.Sinha 55

114. Role of Cortisone Acetate in Regulation of Blood Glucose of a

Common Indian Bird Acridothers Tristis (Linn.)

Nikhat Hassan Munim 56

115. A New Trematode Paradistomoides Majumdari From The

Intestine Of Hemidactylus Flavi Vi Ridis From Sitamarhi

(Bihar)

Dr Vidya Shankar Singh, Dr. Satyendra Kumar

and Dr U.P. Varma 56

116. Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory Department of

Botany Patna university, Patna.

‘Md. Nazre Alam, Dr. Reena Mohanka and

Rajni suman. 56

117. A study of the Fungal Diversity in the Riparian Soil of Ganga

River near Danapur Region of Bihar

Chandan kumar, Gazala Tabassum &

Chaudhary Sharfuddin 57

118. Bacterial Diversity in Industriul Effluents of Patna Shahbaz Ahmad, Choudhary Sharfuddin 57

119. “Arsenic Resistant Bacteria a Biological weapon for Arsenic

Mitigation Practices”

Ghosh, Ashok K; Sengupta, Aparupa;

Vatsyayan, Nimisha; Prakash, Anuradha &

Singh, Sushant K 57

120. Impact of Global Warming on Cultivation of Memdicinal

Plants

Vinay Kumar, Mahesh Prasad and Umesh

Kumar 58

121. Alteration In The Biochemical Profile Of Lft In Claris

Batrachus (Linn.) Due To Endosulfan Toxicity

Rizwan Ahmad, Prakash Singh

and G. B. Chand 58

122. Preventive Diabetology, An Ethnobotanical Review A.K. Gupta, Sudhanshu Kumar Bharti,

Neeraj Kumar Sharma. 59

123. Rogar Induced Testicular Anomalies In Fishes: Tem Study Prakash Singh, Rizwan Ahmad

& G. B. Chand 59

124. Enumeration Of Total Erythrocites In Kala-Azar Patients Soma Rani Kolay, A. C. Jha & J. N. Roy 59

125. Simplicity of QDS in term of its energy scale Himanshu Kr Pandey and Dr. Pramendra

Ranjan Singh 60

126. Biodiversity (Entomofauna) Of Daha River Reeta Kumari and Dr. P. Rani 60

127. TOPIC: PCR IN HLA - B 27 Dr Arun Kumar Agarwal, Ms Runa Rashmi

& R.N. Trivedi 61

128. Importance Of Biodiversity And Its Conservation With

Reference To Plants

Umesh Kumar 61

129. Study Of Meiotic Behavior Of Solanum Nigrum Population

In Gaya Town

Rajesh Kumar Sinha 62

130. Mythological and Medicinal Plant Ficus benghalensis Linn. Shova Mandal 62

131. Incidence Of Infection With Different Species Of Trematode

In Gallus Domesticus

Satyendra Kumar and Ram Sumirat Roy 62

132. Medicinal fern and fern allies of Bihar Ramakant Pandey, S. Thakur, S. R. Padmadeo,

N. P. Roy & R.B.Srivatava 63

133. Standardization of Streptozotocin dose to maintain a longer

diabetic state in experimental albino mice

Arun Kumar, Prema Kashyap,

Satya Nand Chaudhary and S.R. Padamdeo 63

134. Lymphocyte apoptosis in Leishmania infected BALB/C mice:

Involvement of Adherent cell population

Shweta Kumari, Rajdeep Banerjee

and S.R. Padmadeo 64

135. Efficacy Of Different Foliar And Soil Insecticides Against

Agrotis Ipsilon In Potato.

Shailendra Kumar 64

136. Biodiesel Dhiraj Kumar 64

137. Cytological Study in Piper Nigrum Kanhaiya Singh & A. K. Upadhyay 65

138. Study Of Ground Water And Its Degradation Due To Coal

Mining Activity In Hazaribagh Dist., Jharkhand

Anil Kumar & Vipul Suman 65

139. Changes In Some Biochemical Constituents Of Blood As A

Function Of Carbaryl In The Frog, Rana Tigrina

Sameera Ahmed & K. Kumari 66

140. Efficacy Of Adaptogens In Stress Regulation Anju 66

141. Effect Of Methyl Parathion On Blood Parameter In The

Frog, Rana Tigrina–“Canary Of Coal Mines”

Rajshree & K. Kumari 67

142. Impact Of Mercury Chloride Toxicity On The Ovary Of An

Air-Breathing Fish clarias batrachus (Linn)

Salilesh Kumar Jha &. M.M. Jha 67

143. Bacterial Examination Of Drinking Water Of Patna And

River Water At Gandhi Ghat With Reference To Coliforms

Parmanand Singh# & K. Kumari 68

144. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) : A promising and Alternative

Therapy for Diabetes

Ravi Prakash. AnnDurna Kumari

& S.R.Padmadeo 68

145. Sub-Lethal Toxic Effects Of Methyl Parathion On Some

Biochemical Constituents Of Liver And Muscle Of The Frog,

Rana Tigrina

Kumari Rinku & K. Kumari 69

146. Changes In Some Biochemical Constituents As A Function

Of ‘carbaryl’ In The Frog, Rana Tigrina

Shabnam & K. Kumari 69

147. Hypoglycaemic effects of leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre

R. Br. (Gurmar) in Streptozotocin induced diabetic albino

mice

Simmi Shalini & S. R. Padmadeo 69

148. Cloning of ABC Transporter Gene of Leishmania donovani Anuradha, Priya, Abhik Sen

& S.R. Padmadeo 70

149. Study of ultra structural changes in the liver of rat exposed

to sodium fluoride

Mani Bhushan Choudhary & Arbind Kumar 70

150. Statistical evaluation of hydrobiological parameters of

Ganga River water from Patna City to Fatuha

Akhilesh Kumar, Kumar Prashant Sinha, Alka

Kumari, Anwarul Haque, Subham Kumari,

Ritika Sinha, Neha Kumari 71

151. Ultrastructural Studies on Testicular Apoptosis due to

Fluoride toxicity

Anirudh Kumar Abodh & Arbind Kumar 71

152. Genotoxic Potential of the Crude Extracts of Medicinal

Plants

P. K. Khan & S. P. Sinha 72

153. Cultivation of Aromatic plants in Bihar for medicinal value Usha Singh 72

154. Differential Pigmentation in an Actinomycete based on

temperature and culture medium

Pankaj Kumar Singh

& Yogesh Kumar Ujjawal 72

155. Strategies For Optimum Utilization Of Water Resources S. P. Gupta, A. K. Singh & B. B. P. Sinha 73

156. In-Vitro contamination studies in Chlorophytum

borivilianum Sant, et Fernand

Sunil Kumar & C Prabha 73

157. Application of Physics in Health Care Md. Serazul Arfin 74

158. Solution of the field equations of Relativistic Static Gaseous

Spheres

Dr. Md. Jawed lkbal Khan 74

159. Environmental Effect Of Using Fossil Fuels Dilip Kumar Keshri 75

160. Structural and Electrical Properties of Eu2(Ba0.5 W0.5)2O7

Ceramics

Md. Shahabuddin and N. K. Singh 75

161. Magnetic Properties of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles Rakesh Kumar Singh, Girija Gupta,

Amarendra Narayan & Binay Kumar 76

162. On Fuzzy Ideals And Fuzzy Prime Ideals Of A Ring Manoranjan kr. Singh, Satya Narayan Mahto

& Kumar Amitabh 76

163. Some Exact Static Spherical Solution Of Charged Fluids R.B.S. Yadav & Shailendra Kumar 76

164. Vibrational wave number shift on hydrogen bonding in

complex structures of organic mixture

Prof. Ramendra Kr. Singh

& Dr. Pramendra Ranjan Singh 77

165. Solar Energy For Life Style Pallava Prasoon 77

166. Progress of a Physical Science Laboratory Manual

for Non-science Majors

Dr.Krishnand Prasad, Kr. Prashant Sinha 78

167. Back Journey Of Solar Sail Ankit Anand & Dr. Amrendra Narayan 78

168. A Brief View Of Nanotechonology Brajesh Kumar 79

169. Study Of Aperture Coupled Microstrip Antennas Devendra Prasad 80

170. FbHeÀecexMeve ìskeÀveesuee@peer (met®evee ÒeewÐeesefiekeÀer) keÀe Heeþd³e¬eÀceSJeb DeO³eeHeve keÀuee

Deveeveeme kegÀceej 81

171. An ecological perpective of Behaviour—Need of the Hour Dr. Manju Sharma & Dr. Madhuri Devi 82

172. Varibility In Potato Charcoal Rot Fungus and Disease

Control

B.Singh & Archna Kumari 82

173. HYDROPONICS—A Tool For Teaching Biological Sciences Md. Jawed Alam 83

174. Role of Nano Technology Chinmay Prasoon 83

175. Insight into CARBON NANOTUBES Amit Kumar 84

176. Empowering The University Teachers In E-Learning

Pedagogy

Dr. Kumar Sanjeev 86

177. AN INTRODUCTION TO : CR’ TOGRAPI Saumya Priyadarshini, Akanksha Anand 86

178. Density of states and Effective Mass from Pseudopotential

Theory

Raj Kumar 86

179. A Brief View of Nanorobotics Shashi Kumar 87

180. Non-Voltile Static RAM [NVSRAM] Vikadh kumar 88

181. Science through Low-cost/no-cost experiments: Some

Demonstration Experiments in Optics

Amarendra Narayan

& Rakesh Kumar Singh 90

182. “Effect of Electric Field Stress and Thermal Aging on

Electrical Conductivity of Polyethylene Terphthalate Film”

Ajoy Singh & N.A.Karimi 90

183. Some Non-Static Solutions of Einstein-Maxwell Fields for

Conformally Flat Spherically Symmertic charged Fluid

Distribution in General Relativity

Ajay Kumar & R.P.Singh 91

184. Surface to Volume(S/V) ratio; Confinement for stability,

Symmetry and beneficial aspects of natural events.

Permendra Ranjan

& Rakesh Kumar Singh 91

185. Chaos : The Science of Complexity and change Akash Ranjan 91

186. Thermodynamic Properties and Alloying Behavior of Liquid

Binary Alloy

Ashwani Kumar & S. M. Rafique 92

187. Analysis of Hamiltonian Dynamics of a Cosmological System Dr. Dineh Prasad 92

188. Study of Proton in a 3-Quark Model Using Hyperspherical

Harmonics (HH) Method

Dr. Sanjeet Kumar & Prof. S. P. Verma 92

189. Simplicity of QDs in term of its energy scale Himanshu Kumar Pandey & Dr. Permendra

Ranjan Singh 93

190. Solution of the field equations of Relativstic Static Gaseous

Spheres

Dr. Md. Jawed Ikbal Khan 93

191. The Study of Statistic of surface Flow structures on Decaying

Grid TurrbulenceRajnish Kumar and Pramod Kumar 94

192. An Optical Instrument : To Study the tempreature

dependence properties of transparent liquid “water”

Sanjeev kumar & Rajmani Prasad Sinha 94

193. Transient Absorption Due To self Trapped excitons in NaBr

and Nal

Dr. Shashi Shekhar Yadav

& Dr. Ramnayan Prasad 95

194. CHAOS : A Brief Introduction Swetamber Prakash Das 95

195. On Recurcive Ddators and D’S Consequences Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Dr. Vikash Kumar Raju

& A. K. Sinha 95

196. A Study of plasma electron–density with ARC-current

authors.

Dr. G. S. Yadav, Prof. (Dr.) R. P. Sinha

& Dr. B. Narayan 96

197. Impact of eigenvalues on the pseudopotntial calculation of

superconducting paramenters of metals

Jaiprakash yadav, S. M. Rafique

& Md. Tauhid Alam 96

198. Some Exact Static spherical Solution of Charged Fluds R.B.S.Yadav & Shailendra Kumar 97

199. Study of equilibuium positions of the motion of a system of

two cable- connected artificial satellites in an elliptical orbit

Sangam Kumar & U. K. Srivastva 97

200. UE of blue laser diode for cd writing Satish Chandra Thakur

& Mahesh Chandra Mishra 98

201. Impact of eigenvalues on the pseudopotntial calculation of

superconducting paramenters of metals

Jayprakash Yadav, S. M. Rafique

& Md. Tauhid Alam 98

202. 3D-QSAR Studies of Soluble 2- substitued Pyrimidin

derivatives as potent compound against non- receptor c-src

Tyrosine Kinases.

Syed Abul Afsah & Jawaid Ahmad 99

203. Human diseases and their genetic basis Jainendra Kumar 100

204. Project model for avoiding train collisions by using

application of electronics and laws of physics.

Amit kumar 101

Abstract

of

Keynote Speakers

EFFICIENCY OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR ASSISTED FRP-KVIC MODEL

BIOGAS PLANT

Dr. Vimal Sagar, Mona Yadav#, Anita Sagar & Rajesh Kumar RanjanLecturer, Department of Physics, BN Mandal University, Madhepura – 852113,

#Lecturer, Department of Physics, S. T. College, KatiharResearch Scholar, Department of Physics, B. N. Mandal University, Madhepura – 852113

Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, B. R. B. College, Samastipur.

The biogas production takes place through an aerobic digestion of cattle dung, water and other digestable biomass at

the optimum slurry temperature of 35o-37

oC, Unfortunately in the northern part of Bihar, the ambient air

temperature goes well below the required temperature, particularly in winter months, which causes a low

production of biogas. Some times, the production of biogas becomes negligible due to the cold climate conditions,

when the temperatures are below 4oC. Heating of the slurry is essential in the winter months for maintaining the

production of biogas.

In this present paper, an FRP-KVIC Model biogas plant is coupled with a flat plate Solar collector, through a U-

type heat exchanger. To avoid night heat losses through the collectors, the plant is disassociated from the collectors

during off – sunshine hours. The results obtained from the proposed system have been compared with the results of a

conventional KVIC Model biogas plant. It is observed that the drop of slurry temperature in the harsh winter climate

condition can significantly be reduced by the present system, for higher production of biogas.

Agricultural Innovation and Future of Global Agricultural Sustainability Under

Global Resource Limitation

Dr. Ajay K Jha1, Dr. James Pritchett1 and Dr. Neil Hansen1Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2Soil and Crop Sciences,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1172

Rapid urban growth, drought, ground water depletion, recurrent flood and a semi-arid environment with the

increasing global climate change have impacted the global sustainable agricultural productivity and rural economy.

Today Agriculture is at a crossroads to decide the direction for a most resilient, innovative and applied alternative to

cope up changing global climate regime, competing natural resources and feeding the ever-increasing population

pressure. Our biggest challenge is to ensure adequate global food security, alternative bioenergy fuel supply and

choosing conflicting choices in reducing the environmental costs of agriculture production. Food and water are

inextricably linked; intensive irrigation and pressure of increasingly urban water demand have severely depleted

underground aquifers and in other adverse impact is agricultural runoff which creates pollution to the freshwater

sources. Now the question arises, what is the best way of managing the agriculture ecosystem under different scarce

natural resources? To some, the answer lies in greater reliance on technology, including crops engineered to resist

pests, disease, or drought. Others look to organic agriculture, employing new and traditional methods to grow food

without chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or genetic engineering. Each approach has its benefits, and each raises

questions that have yet to be answered. The impending danger of water scarcity, salinity, new pests & diseases led to

resource competition for land use and land cover change. Hence, scientific and technological innovations are key

drivers for the sustainable agriculture development.

Human ingenuity has led to technological advances for last five decades to improve the agriculture

productivity, pre- and post-harvest management practices, and value addition of farm products to make agriculture

a sustainable resource of well being for the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) consumers. Despite of the overall capitalist

and societal growth, the agriculture is still lagging behind the race of sustenance due to de-linked from the earth, the

soil, the biodiversity and the climate change (solar radiation, temperature and precipitation), and the greed of the

corporations, the viability of the small farmers and farmer is destroyed. Two factors have transformed positive

economy of agriculture into a negative economy for farmers – the rising costs of production and price for the

commodities. Both these factors are rooted in the policies of trade liberalization and corporate globalizations.

Another agriculture is possible and necessary – an agriculture that protects farmers livelihood, the earth and its

biodiversity and livelihood.

In real terms, sustainability of agriculture needs innovation of new technology, efficient irrigation system and

an environmentally sound and profitable cropping strategy to lift the rural economy to new level. New biotech crops

selection to withstand high temperature, salinity, cold and thrive well with less water and uses less nutrients to

grow would be the future direction for farmers to adopt sustainability.

1

Photonics: Harnessing light ..Future is Bright ..Future is Light!

Prof. Animesh Jha, IMR, Houldsworth Building

University of Leeds, Clarendon Road, Leeds LS2 9JT.

Photonics is the generation, manipulation and detection of light. I will discuss the physics of the generation and

manipulation of light, with both a historical perspective and a glance at the future prospects for photonics. The talk

will contain both the elements of learning at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and also for those keen

scholars in photonics. A number of emerging challenges will be set out in the talk by taking examples. I will discuss

the nature of technology and its capability to turn laboratory knowledge into business. This is essential for

sustaining knowledge and its exploitation via its translation into new technology for the benefit of our society and

environment.

Photodynamic Control: A New Perspective

Manoj K. Mishra

Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India

A new perspective on photodynamic control where responsibility for control is shifted from field design to an

integrated interplay between the molecular initial state and suitably chosen laser pulses will be enunciated in this

talk. Illustrative examples from applications to IBr, HI and HOD photo-dissociation will be offered for elaboration

and support of this perspective.

References

[1] Vandana K.; Mishra, M .K. Adv. Quantum Chem., 1999, 35, 261.

[2] Vandana, K.; Mishra, M. K. J. Chem. Phys., 2000, 113, 2336.

[3] Sarma, M.; Adhikari, S.; Mishra, M. K. Chem. Phys. Lett., 2006, 420, 321.

[4] Sarma, M.; Adhikari, S.; Mishra, M. K. J. Chem. Phys., 2007, 127, 024305.

[5] Sarma, M.; Mishra, M. K. J. Phys. Chem. A (in press).

CHALLENGES AND HOPES FOR THE GANGETIC DOLPHINS, THE FLAGSHIP

SPECIES OF THE GANGES SYSTEM

R. K. Sinha

Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna 800 005

Altogether there are about 85 species of cetaceans in the world, out of which at least 39 are dolphins of which four are

freshwater dolphins Platanista, Pontopria, Lipotes, and Inia. Freshwater dolphins are most endangered of all

cetaceans. Lipotes vexillifer, the Yangtze River Dolphin, of China was declared functionally/effectively extinct in

December 2006, however, IUCN (2007) Red List of Threatened Species listed the Baiji, Yangtze River dolphin

(Lipotes vexillifer) as ‘critically endangered (possibly extinct)’ The Ganges dolphins are also facing serious threats of

extinction and are already extinct in many of their historical distribution ranges. It has been listed as “endangered”

in the 2004 IUCN Red List due to a reduction in its historical range and projected declines in population size due to

increasing threats. Credible abundance estimates of these dolphins is a great challenge due to many limiting factors.

Out of estimated population of 2000 in India, almost 50% are surviving in Bihar. The Ganges River dolphins are

facing threats of extensive population fragmentation due to barrages, shrinkage of habitats due to over extraction of

the river water for irrigation and other purposes, pollution, increasing silt load in the river channel and of heavy

mortality by both directed and incidental catches and pollution in rivers. Many of the government programmes of

pollution abatement like Ganga Action Plan which is now National River Action Plan and other issues like

maintenance of environmental flow in rivers and overall management of river systems being addressed at both

national and international level have infused some hope for survival of this species. Effective enforcement of the

legal measures under the Wildlife (Protection) Act and ecological restoration of the rivers will help in conservation of

the species. Popularization of alternative to the dolphin oil as fish lure will help sustaining the oil fishery in Bihar

and Assam where it is practiced and also the dolphin conservation. Public awareness and community involvement is

a good proposition.

2

QUANTUM MECHANICS & COMPUTING: THE FUTURE TECHNOLOGY

Raman Kr Jha

Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo, Sikkim 737132

Keeping a competitive edge in the world economy depends on the nation’s ability to generate and harness the latest

in scientific and technological developments—particularly in the physical sciences and engineering—and to apply

these developments to real world applications. Throughout the last decade, political and technical forces have

combined to open up much of the globe to commerce. Increased emphasis on the sciences has created an environment

in which continuous innovation must be sustained to maintain economic success. These growth and competition

trends have significant implications for U.S. technological leadership and the economic growth and jobs they

generate: the location of R&D and high-tech manufacturing, competition for high-skilled workers, and the climate

for attracting global investment. Technological innovation will ensure continued U.S. leadership in science and

engineering, which will in turn drive productivity, grow the economy, and solve important societal problems.

Technological innovation is vital to any economic growth, the nation’s industries, and workers. The Scientists

should continue to conduct high-priority research, identify technical measurement barriers to innovation, and

transfer technical knowledge developed to the private sector as part of efforts to drive this initiative.

The most influential and important invention of the twentieth century was the silicon chip – unlocking

countless possibilities to mankind in computing. It is unrivalled in its contribution to faster communication,

accelerated technological development, and the development of the lives of mankind. Computers have undergone

multiple generations already, each building on the last, from Charles Babbage’s mechanical difference engine to

today’s personal computers and mass servers. However to continue to improve, computing technology needs to, quite

literally, undergo a quantum leap.

Quantum computing is the future. By utilizing the strange world of quantum physics, quantum computing

could speed up our processors and shrink our PCs, taking another step closer to the calculation speed of the human

brain itself and beyond. But will it work, or merely remain a scientific fantasy?

The basic unit of quantum computing is the qubit. Qubits, or quantum bits, usually rely on the quantum

property of ‘spin’ to store information. As with ordinary bits, qubits can be either a 1 or a 0; but they can also occupy a

third state – a state of superposition in which they are both a 1 and a 0 simultaneously. This third state is the basis of

most quantum computation.

Through use of this third state, qubits can be made to represent all the numbers that ordinary bits would

represent – but qubits will represent them all simultaneously. With three conventional bits, the bits are in one of

eight possible states. Three qubits would be in every one of these eight states simultaneously. Thus, by carrying out

a calculation with qubits, the calculation works on every number at the same time – which number the qubits

actually represent is only decided once they are measured. As a result of this, an answer can be determined in a

single run of the calculation. However, due to the nature of quantum calculations, certain calculations will probably

be correct, rather than definitely correct – but, if repeated enough times, the probabilities dictate that the correct

answer will appear. Other algorithms, specifically written for quantum computing, such as Shor’s algorithm for

finding prime factors of large numbers, will always return a correct answer. This would enable a quantum computer

to crack RSA encryption within a few seconds, as compared to a conventional PC, which requires a ‘brute force’

approach, taking much, much longer.

The main issues with developing a quantum computer lie in tricky technical issues such as decoherence.

Unfortunately, qubits tend to decohere (where they lose their information) within a fraction of a second, making

them useless. Also, the qubits must be made to interact in order to perform calculations, yet must be contained and

isolated from each other in such a way that they maintain their information for as long as possible. Possible

candidates for the particle used to represent the qubit include electrons, ions, and photons; but each has problems.

Both electronic and ionic qubits require some kind of isolation from the electromagnetic noise, or they tend to

decohere within timescales which render them useless. Photonic qubits do not require such isolation, as they do not

easily interact with other photons, and thus do not interact with electromagnetic noise; nor do they decohere within

the same sort of timescale. However, it is difficult to persuade photons to interact – and this is where photonic

computing becomes difficult.

Even so, photons seem to be the most promising area of research. One method uses particles in a “cluster state”.

These qubits are entangled before any calculation takes place; in normal quantum computing the particles are

entangled as part of the calculation. This removes the hardest part of the calculation by forcing the photons to

interact, leaving only the simpler task of switching the value of the qubit.

3

So why will the quantum computer be so important? As our demands on computing increase, a limit will

appear. Soon, computers as we know them will no longer be able to get any smaller, faster, or more powerful, because

of the constraints of physics. At this point in time, quantum computing will become a necessity rather than a theory.

Huge technological advances, such as the Internet, were only feasible due to increased computational power.

Similar future advances – a true cyberspace, a 3-D visual Internet, or true integration between humans and

computers – would become possible with the advent of quantum computers and their massive computational power.

In other words, the smallest, most fundamental particles known to mankind will soon be our greatest allies.

Computers as we know them have developed within 60 years. There is a Will and there is a Way to unlock the

bounty of quantum computing. So open your eyes. Open your labs. Unblock the silicon dam and release the flood that

is the future.

Bibliography:

www.newscientist.com– used for the bulk of specific information

http://en.wikipedia.org//wiki#quantum_computer—general overview and introduction to the topic –

unreliable source so all information cross-checked

http:www.wired.com/news/technology/0,72734-0.html— interview with David Deutsch, founder of the idea of

quantum computing – used for looking at the potential of quantum computing

http://computer.howstuffworks.com—another overview of q

Research in Animal Sciences—Role of Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Bhanu Pratap Singh

Scientist G, Department of Science and Technology, Govt of India, Delhi

The Department of Science and Technology (DST) has emerged as leading agency for promoting Research and

Development (R&D) in the country through multiple programmes. Science and Engineering Research Council

(SERC) within the DST steers most of the R&D programmes. The mandate of SERC, in particular, is to promote

areas which are frontline and emerging, interdisciplinary in nature and to encourage interinstitutional

participation. To achieve its goal, SERC has constituted 19 highly specialized Programme Advisory Committees

(PACs) to promote the respective areas. Thus, PACs are key players in the promotion of R&D activities through

generation of quality manpower, funding specific research projects, brain storming sessions to generate

programmes/projects, individual training programmes and series of SERC schools, interaction meetings to generate

quality research proposals in proactive mode, establishing research units around an outstanding scientists under

‘Intensification of Research in High Priority Areas (IRHPA)’ which acts as catalyst to promote research in a very

specific area and funding for infrastructure development. One of the 19 PACs is PAC on Animal Science (PAC: AS)

entrusted with the task of promoting basic research in animal related issues. The other life science PACs are: PAC

on Plant Science (PAC: PS), PAC in Health Science (PAC: HS), and PAC on biochemistry, biophysics, molecular and

microbiology (modern biology, PAC: BB).

DST has undertaken the extensive exercise several times in last three decades to define thrust areas. These

areas are served through the PACs. We receive approximately 300 proposals in life sciences. We make a conscious

effort to categorize a research proposal in one of the existing PACs, the most appropriate one. PAC on animal

sciences deals with proposals concerned with researches in taxonomy, biodiversity, behavior, evolution, genetics,

reproduction, toxicology, aquaculture, parasitology, physiology, bioactive substances of plant and animal origin,

ecology etc. The research proposals included in these areas usually do not have an apparent or immediate so called

“application” value, but they do address fundamental questions in biology.

4

Application of bioinformatics in whole genome association studies

Ashish Kumar

Bioinformatics and Statistical Analysis, Cardio Medicine, University of Oxford, UK

Background

The field of bioinformatics has evolved rapidly and kept pace with the various ‘omics’ domains. With the recent

advancements in the genotyping technology, there has been a bigger data deluge that has put forth interesting

challenges in data management and analysis field to help the scientists come up with faster and efficient methods of

predictions and discoveries in medical science.

Summary

The continuing developments in the genotyping technology have been utilized by the various disease research

groups towards conducting detailed and sufficiently powerful association studies in a case-control study design. An

important contribution in these success stories have been due to the development of various tools, applications,

methods and creation of freely available public databases to the scientific research community which has been

propelling the scientific research like never before. Some of those techniques and tools like IGS (Integrated

Genotyping System), GSCANDB, Goldsurfer2 and MACH will be presented in context of the Gabriel project,

sponsored by the European Union under framework 6. The challenges posed in bioinformatics and the future areas

of interest will be discussed in this presentation

Mitochondrial Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A2 is modulated by changes in

membrane potential in association with Super-Complex II and III of Electron

Transport Chain and is activated maximally by Complex III inhibition by

Antimycin A

Jitendra Kumar1, Nirupama Lal2, Yeong-Renn Chen3 and Douglas R. Pfeiffer4

1, 2&3 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 3 Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute at Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus OHIO USA

Mitochondrial calcium-independent phospholipase A2 has been reported recently by our group in which we have

shown that the activity of this enzyme is governed by the energetic status of mitochondria: enzyme being active only

under conditions of sustained depression of membrane potential. To further elucidate the mechanistic aspects of its

regulation with a view to validate a potential drug target to manipulate mitochondria and apoptosis we devised a

model system whereby inhibition of electron transport chain and consequent drop in membrane potential would

facilitate measurement of the enzyme activity. Maximum activity as measured by free fatty acid release was

observed when complex III was blocked using Antimycin A. The free fatty acid release and mitochondrial swelling

brought about by Antimycin A was Bromoenol lactone (BEL) sensitive. Mitochondrial iPLA2 thus might be involved

in the apoptotic pathway induced by Antimycin A. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced when Complex III is

blocked by Antimycin A, but is not necessary for activating iPLA2, as no ROS was observed when iPLA2 was

activated by mitochondrial de-energization brought about by calcium and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Western blot

analysis of purified ETC Complexes from Bovine heart mitochondria revealed that iPLA2 is associated with

super-complex II and III of ETC. Immuno-purification of ETC complexes from rat liver mitochondria and

subsequent Western blot analysis using anti-iPLA2 antibody confirmed that iPLA2 associates with Complex II of

ETC. However, since Complex II and Complex III exists as super-complex it seems plausible that Antimycin A

binding to Complex III might be most efficient in activating iPLA2 by transducing membrane potential drop signal

to the enzyme. From a pharmacological point of view thus, it is possible to manipulate iPLA2 activity and apoptosis

through controlling membrane potential.

5

MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANTS

Himanshu Shekhar

Deputy Director, HEMRL (DRDO), Pune – 411 021. (India) E-mail: himanshushekhar@hemrl.drdo.in

Solid rocket propellants are used in propulsion systems of rockets, missiles and launch vehicles because of their

simplicity, ease of operation and less deployment time. Although propellants are supposed to burn and provide

propulsive force to make various payloads airborne and propel them towards targets, they are also supposed to

possess sufficient mechanical strength to counter a gamut of experienced loading conditions. Right from

manufacture to transportation to storage to applications, they are continuously stressed by environmental changes

(temperature and relative humidity), jolt, bump, self-weight, acceleration and internal pressure loading conditions.

In nutshell, solid propellants, which are designed to give energy by combustion are supposed to have high

mechanical strength to withstand various loads and retain their pre-defined shape till successful operation.

Current trend in propellant technology revolves around developing case-bonded solid propellant rocket motors

for various applications for higher volumetric loading and increased range/payload requirements. Case-bonding

stresses solid propellant a bit more. The mechanical properties of propellants, favourable for such case-bonding

applications are high percentage elongation, moderate tensile strength and sufficient initial modulus.

Since current propellants are similar to highly filled (85-88% ) polymers, their mechanical properties are

combination of polymeric/elastomeric mechanical properties and particulate-matter mechanical properties.

Additionally, propellant mechanical properties vary with temperature as well as strain rate. This leads to a highly

complex behavior shown by solid rocket propellants.

This article gives a brief account of conventional approach for mechanical characterization of solid propellants.

The effect of strain rate on initial modulus of propellants is explained and a correlation is obtained by regression

analysis to predict initial modulus of solid propellant at different strain rate without actually testing them under all

situations. A concept of uniform final modulus independent of strain rate is also introduced.

6

Technical Session

FIELD TEST FOR INSTANT QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF IRON IN GROUND

WATER

MD SHAHNAWAZ & K. M. SINGH

Research scholar,Post Graduate Department of Chemistry,

H. D. Jain CollegeVeer Kunwar Singh University,

Ara, Indiamd-shahnawaz 123@rediffmail.com

All kinds of water including ground water have appreciable quantities of iron, coming from natural geological

sources and mining by-products. Iron has more solubility at acidic pH, therefore, large quantities of iron are leached

out from the soil by acidic water. Iron occurs in two valence forms: iron (II), ferrous and iron (III), ferric. Reduced iron

is generally more soluble than oxidized iron. In ground water, most of the iron remains in ferrous state due to

general lack of oxygen. In alkaline conditions in ground water, the iron is mostly as ferrous bicarbonate, Fe(HCO3)2,

which is a colourless substance. When the ground water with higher concentration of iron is tapped, it quickly

oxidizes to the ferric state in the form of insoluble ferric hydroxide, Fe (OH)3, a brown substance.

Excess amount of Fe (> 10 mg L-1) causes rapid increase in respiration, pulse rate and coagulation of blood

vessels, hypertension and drowsiness. Iron in excess of 0.3 mg/L causes staining of clothes and utensils. The high

concentration of iron is not suitable for processing food, beverages, ice, dyeing, bleaching, etc. The present work

deals with the instant estimation of iron in ground water. In ground water, with the use of the reagent, 4,7-

diphenyl-10-phenanthroline, development of colour indicates the presence of iron. The intensity of colour in the

sample fades with the concentration of iron (II). In order to estimate the total iron in ground water, we have easy

approach which is quantitative, instant and sensitive and can be used.

Mixed-Ligand complexes of Thallium (1) metal chelates of deprotonated

O-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol, I-nitroso-2-napthol,

8-hydroxy quinoline and O-amino benzoic acid with Ethylene− diamine.

D. Prakash, N. K.Prasad, Prahlad Kumarand

Rajesh Ranjan Pandey

Department of Chemistry,Patna University

Mixed ligand complexes of thallium (I) metal ion is simultaneously bonded to two or more different comp1exing

species are probably formed in most solutions which contain metal ions and more than one kind of ligands. Such

mixed complexes are likely to be important as models for metallo-enzyme-substrate complexes. These complexes are

also used for treating of Ringworm.

We have synthesised a number of mixed ligand thallium (I) complexes of the general formula MLL’ when

M = T1(I), L = depronated O-nitrophenol, 2, 4-dinitropheno1, 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol, 1-nitro 2-naphthol, 8-hydroxy

quinoline (oxine), O-amino benzoic acid, L = ethylenediamine. The structures of the complexes have been

charactarised by elemental analysis, molecular conductivities, infrared and uv-visib1e spectral data. Low values of

molar conductivities of these complexes show that they have covalent nature.

Infrared-spectral studies of ligand and mixed ligand T1(I) complexes show that the N-H bond at 3377 & 3316

cm. -1, sym. N-H at 1100 cm.-1 antisym. 8 N-H at 1600 cm -1 and rocking NH2 at 810 cm.-1 have been shifted,

suggesting of coordination of T1 (I) metal through nitrogen atom of NH2 group of ethylendiamine.

7

STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN CHHATIYA POND

(BMP POND) AT ARA (BIHAR)

Shivchandra Kumar , Anil Kumar Singhand

Binod Shankar

P.G. Dept. of Chemistry,V.K.S.U, Ara (Bihar)

Resource Person, Dept. of EWM,A. N. College, Patna (Bihar)

The physico-chemical characteristics of the aqueous phase influence the types and distribution of aquatic biota.

Conversely, they are also influenced by the activities of the aquatic biota. Ponds are small bodies of water in which

the littoral zone is relatively large and the profundal regions are small or absent. Study of water quality is an

integral part of the evaluation of health of any wetland ecosystem. Water is one of the valuable natural resources

and the quality of water is of vital concern as it is directly linked with human welfare.

Chhatiya pond is situated in Ara town, approximately 55 km west of Patna. Chhatiya Pond is also called a BMP

pond. Chhatiya pond is a small man-made water pond. It is frequently used for bathing and washing clothes as was

observed in our investigation. It has a significant impact on the health of this pond. A temple has also been

constructed on the northern side of the pond. It confirms, its exploitation for religious purpose, too. The Chhatiya

pond was investigated every month for its quality and physico− chemical parameters, during August 2007 to

February 2008. Sampling was done at three sites. The physico-chemical parameters were examined as per the

APHA standards (2002). Some physical and chemical parameters such as light-transparency, water temperature

and dissolved oxygen were determined in the field during the visits given for the collection of water samples. For the

physico− chemical’ parameters such as electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, hardness, total solids, total

suspended solids, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, etc., the water samples were analysed in the laboratory. The pH of

Chhatiya pond is alkaline ranging from 7.93–8.6. Electrical conductivity is in the range of about 0.368–0.702 J.1

ohms. The highest values were observed during September’ 2007 (0.673 J.1 ohms). Dissolved oxygen is an important

factor and it was found to decrease in the month August, September and October 2007.

The total solid values for the three sampling sites varies from 520 mg/l to 922.6 mg/I. Conclusively, the results

reveal that there was seasonal variation in some of physico-chemical parameters, while some parameters remained

in a constant range and have not shown much variation during the period of investigation. The study of the

physico− chemical parameters of the Chhatiya pond, indicate that the quality of water is satisfying. The situation is

not alarming, but there is an increase is chlorides and acidity near the bathing and washing sites if preventive

measures are not adopted now, the physico-chemical parameters of this pond will deteriorate. Hence, the present

study of the water quality and monitoring various physico-chemical parameters every month during the

investigation period will contribute to preventing water pollution in Chhatiya pond.

References

1. APHA (2002). : Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, (New York).

2. Paka Swarnalatha and A. Narasing Rao : Inter relationships of Physico-chemical factors of a pond. J. Environ,

Bio, 18(1): 67-72 (1997)

3. Shastri Yogesh : Physico-chemical characteristics of river Mosam : Geo-bios, 27 : 194–196 (2000).

4. M. Manivaskam : Physico-chemical Examinations of polluted water.

5. Singh D.N. : Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters in an Ox-Bow lake, Geo-Bios, 27 : 26-124 (2000).

8

MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OF SILVER(I) METAL SALTS OF SOME ORGANIC

ACIDS WITH 8-HYDROXYQUINOLLNE(OXINE)

D. Prakash , Bablu Kumar , Dharam Vir Prasadand

K. R. R. P Singh

Department of Chemistry,Patna University,

Patna - 800005 (INDIA)

Department of Chemistry,A. N. College,

Patna - 800013 (INDIA)

8-Hydroxyquinoline (Oxine), has been primarily used as an analytical reagent, but in recent years it is finding new

uses in many fields including biology, pathology, pharmacology and bacteriology. Oxine acts as bactericides and

fungicides. It has been suggested that the fungicidal action of oxine is due to its ability to render tracer metal ions

inactive by chelation. We have synthesized and characterized several mixed ligand complexes of silver(I) metal

chelates of some organic acids with oxine having the general formula ML.HL’, where M = Ag(I), L = deprotonated

O-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, o-aminobenzoic acid, o-nitrobenzoic

acid, 2-methyloxine, 5,7-dinitrooxine; HL’ = 8-hydroxyquinoline(oxine). The structure of these complexes have been

confirmed by analytical data, molar conductivities, infrared and uv-visible spectral data. Significantly low values of

molar conductivities of the mixed ligand complexes indicate they have covalent nature. Their infrared spectra

suggest the coordination of the ligand (oxine) with Ag(I) metal through the nitrogen atom of quinoline ring and

oxygen atom of phenolic hydroxyl group. The infrared spectra also indicate the presence of hydrogen bonding in

these complexes, which may be one of the factors stabilizing them.

MIXED LIGAND ALUMINIUM(III) COMPLEXES INVOLVINIG SOME CHELA TING

ORGANIC ACIDS AND ETHYLENEDIAMINE OR PROPYLENEDIAMINE

D. Prakasti, Ratnesh Kumar Singh, S. Prakashand

Anju K. Gupta

Department of Chemistry,Patna University,

Patna - 800005 (INDIA)Department of Chemistry,

A. N. College,Patna - 800013 (INDIA)

To make a systematic study on coordination chemistry of p-block lighter elements, i.e., Al3+

, a number of new mixed

ligand complexes involving some chelating organic acids and ethylenediamine or propylenediamine of the general

formula [AIL2L’]CH3COO, where L = deprotonated o-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol,

1-nitroslJ-2− naphthol, 8-hydroxyquinoline and o-nitrobenzoic acid; L’ = ethylenediamine or propylenediamine have

been synthesized. These complexes have been characterized by physico-chemical techniques. Higher decomposition

temperatures and molar conductivity values of the complexes suggest that they are ionic in nature. Infrared spectral

studies of ligand (en or pn) and mixed ligand AI(III) complexes show that UN-H band at ~3316 cm-1, sym ON-H at

1100 cm-1, antisym ON-H at 1600 cm-1 and rocking NH2 at 810 cm-1 have been shifted, suggestiing of coordination

of aluminium metal through nitrogen atom~NH2 group of ethylenediamine or propylenediamine. The absorption

bands near 1439 - 1425 cm-1 indicate the presence of CH3COO- in the complexes. Electronic absorption spactra of

mixed ligand AI(III) complexes indicate that there is n-interaction between metal and ligand orbitals. Octahedral

structures with coordination number 6 for these complexes have been suggested.

9

MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OF SN(LI) & PB(LI) METAL SALTS OF SOME

ORGANIC ACIDS WITH 2-HYDROXY -3-NAPHTHOIC ACID

Ram Pravesh Suman , H. P. Yadav, G. S. P. Gupta and Salendu Shekhar Gupta

Department of Chemistry, Patna University, Patna - 800005 (INDIA)

In this study novel mixed ligand complexes of the type ML2.HL’ have been synthesized and characterized, where M

= Sn(II) or Pb(II), L = deprotonated o~nitrophenol (ONP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP),

1-nitroso-2− naphthol (1N2N), 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) and o-aminobenzoic acid (OASA); HL’

2-Hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid(2H3NA). All the complexes have been found to have 1:1 stoichiometric composition.

The melting/decomposition temperatures of almost all the compounds were found to be higher than the melting

point of the second ligand(2H3NA)), which indicates their greater stability. The IR spectral data of these complexes

suggest that there is weak or medium hydrogen bonding in them. The observed changes in the frequencies of the

ligating groups of second Iigand (2H3NA) suggest the coordination site through the oxygen atom of the

-COCH3(acyl) and -COOH(carboxyl) groups. Electronic absorption spectra of the complexes show a charge transfer

in the region 651–653 nm. This indicates that there is an-interaction between metal(Sn or Pb) and ligand(2H3NA)

orbitals. Significantly low values of molar conductivities of these complexes suggest they are covalent in nature.

NEUTRAL COMPLEXES OF RH(III) & IR(III) WITH ISONITROSO− BARBITURIC

ACID (VIOLURIC ACID)

D. Prakash , K. R. R. P Singh , S. Prakashand

Anju K. Gupta

Department of Chemistry, Patna University, Patna - 800005 (INDIA)Department of Chemistry, A. N. College, Patna - 800013 (INDIA)

Violuric acid is an important analytical reagent for chromatographic separation of cations. Novel neutral complexes

of Rh(III) and Ir(III) with isonitrosobarbituric acid (violuric acid) have been synthesized and characterized on the

basis of elemental analysis, conductance, measurements, T. G. analysis, infrared and electronic absorption spectral

analysis. These complexes lose water at 110–120°C which indicate the presence of lattice water. T.G.analysis of the

complexes indicates that the thermal stability of Rh(III) metal complex is slightly less than Ir(III) metal complex

with the same ligand. Molar conductance values of these complexes suggest their non-electrolytic nature.

In the infrared spectra, the Uc=o absorption frequency at 1610 cm-1 in the free ligand has shifted towards

lower frequency by 58-65 cm-1 in the complexes, which indicates the involvement of oxygen atom of carbonyl(C=O)

group in coordination. The C=N absorption frequency which is found at 1595 cm-1 in free ligand, shows a negative

shift by 23-25 cm-1 in the complexes indicating bonding through nitrogen.

Further, it is noticed that the UN=O stretching frequency observed at 1150 cm-1 in H3V A, has been shifted to

the regions 1265 cm-1 and 1272 cm-1 in the spectra of the complexes. In Rh(III) and Ir(III) metal complexes,

appearance of broad band in the region 3400-2930 cm-1 indicates the presence of lattice water with the fact that

water is removed on heating at 110-120°C.

10

MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OF ALKALINE EARTH METAL (II) CHELATES OF

SOME ORGANIC ACIDS WITH GLYCINE

R. R. Pandey, D. Prakash

Department of Chemistry, Patna University, Patna - 800005 (India)

Glycine is an amino acid derived from protein. It is widely used in pharmaceutical industries. The complexingabilities of glycine, a novel bidentate ligand namely 2-amino-ethanoic acid, an amino acid derivative of acetic acidwhich has two different coordinating sites (N and O) Interaction of alkaline earth metal with naturally occurringcompounds is of interest, connecting with the active transport of these ions and small molecules across cell walls andwith the functioning of calcium or magnesium activated enzymes. Mixed complexes in which the metal ion issimultaneously bonded to two or more different complexing species, are probably formed in most solutions whichcontain metal ion and more than one kind of ligand. Such mixed complexes are likely to “be important as models formetalloenzyme- substrate complexes and also as components of the multimetal-multiligand systems in biologicalfluids.

The present work is devoted to synthesis and characterisation of mixed ligand complexes of alkaline earthmetals with glycine having general formula ML2HL’ where M = Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II) or Ba(II); L = deprotonatedo-nitrophenol, I-nitrso-2-naphthol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophen, 8-hyroxyquinoline,5,7-dinitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, 2-aminobenzoic acid; HL’ = glycine.

These complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, molar conductance, IR and UV-VIS spectralstudies. IR spectra indicate that the M(II) metal replaces the II-atom of the hydroxyl of carboxyl group and throughthe N/O-atom of the -NO~-NO/-NII group of the first ligand (L) forming two six-membered chelates and thecoordination of the second ligand (glycine) through N-atom of NIl group and O-atom of –COOH group with metal ionforming a five-membered chelates. It also suggests the presence of hydrogen bonding, which is one of the dominantfactor for stabilising these complexes.

STUDY OF THE SOLVENT EFFECT ON THE MECHANISM AND SOLVENT- SOLUTE

INTERACTION FOR A REACTION IN WATER DMSO MEDIA

Rajiv Ranjan Kumar

Research Scholar, Dept. of Chemistry

For establishing the mechanism of the reaction, alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl caprate in water-DMSO media, thenumber of water molecules associated with the activated complex of the reaction has been evaluated. It has beenfound that number of water molecules increases with the increase in temperature of the reaction.

From this finding, it has been concluded that in presence of DMSO in the reaction media, the mechanism pathchange from bimolecular to trimolecular. The isokinetic temperature of the reaction has also been evaluated to benearly 300. This shows that in presence of DMSO there is strong interaction between soh!te and soluent in thereaction media.

Study of the Effect of Concentration of Water [H2O] on the rate and mechanism for

a reaction in propane - 2 - 01- water mixture

Syed Rashiduddin Haider, Sarwat Tauheed

Research Scholar, Dept. of Chemistry, V.K.S.U., Ara

For the study of, the effect of water concentration [H2O]of the water propane - 2 - 01 mixture on the rate andmechanism of alkaline hydrolysis of m ethylcaprylate has been studied. The number of water molecules associatedwith the activated complex is determined. It can be concluded that with the rise of temperature.”the number of watermolecules associated with the activated complex decreases as the proportion of organic co-solvent increases in thewater - prop an - 2 - 01 mixtures.

It may be concluded that with an increase in temperature and concentration of organic component (Propan - 2 -01) in the reaction media the mechanistic path followed by reaction changes from unimolecular to bimolecular.

Further, the study of isokinetic temperature of the reaction shows the structural changes with increasingproportion of the propan - 2 - 01 in water − propan - 2 - 01 media are responsible for the decrease in the specific rateconstant values.

11

A KINETIC STUDY OF SOLVENT EFFECT ON THE EXTENSIVE

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM OF BASE CATALYSED

HYDROLYSIS OF ESTER IN WATER-METHYL ALCOHAL MEDIA

Sarwat Tauheed and S. R. Haider

Research Scholars, Dept. of Chemistry, V.K.S.U. Arah

The solvent effect on the extensive thermodynamic activation parameters and mechanism of base catalysed

hydrolysis of methyl caprylate ester was studied in Water-Methyl alcohol (MeOH) media. The rates of reaction was

found to decrease with increasing proportion of the organic co− solvent in the reaction media. The number of water

molecules associated with it and the activated complex were found to increase. from 1.23 to 2.27 with increasing

temperature. It was inferred that in water-methyl alcohol media the sructure of water is being changed from its

dense from to its bulky form.

In our view, the decrease in the rate is attributed jointly to the effect of dielectric constant of the media and also

to the change in structure of water due to salvation change taking place in the reaction media.

As the number of molecules of water associated with activated complex is not low rather considerably high,

hence it is inferred that in presence of methyl alcohol in the reaction media the mechanisum of the bimolular

reaction is changed to unimolecular.

The arracide of-thermodynamic activation parameters has great importance for the better study of solvent

effect on reaction rates.

The values of H and S show that the variation is linear in accordance with Barclay-Butler relationship. The

numerical value of the slope was found to be 349.3 and this clearly indicates that there is appreciable interaction

between solvent and solute present in the reaction media as already reported by earlier.

MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OF ALKALI METAL SALTS OF SALICYLIC ACID,

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID AND 2-HYDROXY-3-NAPHTHOIC ACID WITH

NAPHTHAZARIN

Ashok Kumar Gupta and Pramod Kumar

Department of Chemistry, R. K. D. College, Patna - 800020 (INDIA)

Some new mixed ligand complexes of alkali metal salts of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and

2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid with naphthazarin have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis,

conductivity measurements and infrared spectral data.

BIOEFFICACY OF TWO PYRETHROIDS AGAINST ROOT KNOT NEMATODE

MELOIDOGYNE INCONGITA LARVAE

Sidheshwar Prasad, Arun Kumar Singh

Department of Biotechnology, College of Commerce, Patna-800020 (Bihar)P. G. Dept. of Chemistry, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar-824234 (INDIA)

Effect of fenpopathrin and fluvanilate was studied against the larvae of Meloidogyne incongita larvae which causes

root knot disease in several vegetable crops. There was a corresponding increase in per cent mortality of the larvae

as the different concentrations and time of exposure the two pyrethroids increased. Above 50 per cent mortality was

observed in case of fenpropathrin at 20 ppm concentration of 72 hI’. Exposure on an average of 56.09 per cent. 39.3

per cent larval mortality was observed in case of fluvalinate at 20 ppm concertration for 72-hour. exposure.

Results have that fenpropathrin is more effective as an insecticide for Meloidogyne incongita in larvae in

comparision to fluvalinate, even at lower concentration during exposure time. When the treated larvae were

inoculated on soyabean seedling, there were no marked differences in penetration of larvae into the seedling. It was

found that 36 to 45 larvae penetrated the root system after exposure of 72 -hI’ at 20 ppm concentration in respect of

the two pyrethroids resectively as compares to 48 larvae penetration in checked treatment.

12

CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES : DESIGNER CATALYSTS

Dr. Rabindra Singh&

Rajnish Kr. Singh

Lecturer,Department of Chemistry,

Jagdam Colleege,Chhapra,

J. P. University, Bihar

Research Scholar,Dept. of Chemistry,Patna University,

Patna

In a wonderful confluence of chemistry and Biology, chemists have unified the ideas of immunology and enzymology

to create antibodies that can catalyse chemical reactions. These antibodies are suitably called designer catalysts.

Antibodies are chemical warriors of the immune system. Each antibody is a protein, produced specifically by

the immune system in response to invading chemical species. The purpose of antibodies is to bind with these foreign

agents and cause their removal from the organism. However, in this case, they are elicited in a way that makes them

able to catalyse chemical reactions. In some respects catalytic antibodies are like enzymes which catalyse metabolic

processes. However unlike enzymes, they can virtually be made to order for specific reactions.

Catalytic antibodies are produced by prompting an immune response to chemical species resembling the

transition state for the reaction. The idea is that, if an antibody is created that preferentially binds with a stable

molecule that has transition state-like structure, other molecules that are capable of reaction through this transition

state should react faster as a result of binding with the antibody. This strategy has worked. Chemists have been able

to synthesise stable molecules which resemble the transition state of certain Diels-Alder reactions, aldol

condensations, Claisen rearrangements, ester hydrolysis etc. Antibodies are produced against these molecules and

isolated. These antibodies act as Catalysts when actual substrate molecules are provided.

The credit for the creation of first catalytic antibodies goes to Richard A. Lerner (Scripps Research Institute)

and Peter G. Schultz, (University 0f California, Berkeley.) This marriage of enzymology and immunolgy resulting in

chemical offspring is an exciting area of research at the interface of chemistry and biology.

Synthesis of Some 2-lminothiazolidinone Ring Fused Pyrimidine Compounds

A.K. Nag , D.K. Sharma, Seema Sinha and Rita Singh

P.G. Centre of Chemistry, College of Commerce Patna, (M.U.)

2-lminothiazolidinone-4 is selected as the starting material for synthesis. This compound has been found to be

biologically active. It is prepared from thiourea. Pyrimidines are also well known biologically active ring systems. It

was planned to condense these two ring systems and study them for the biologically activities.

2-Iminothiazolidinone-4 on refluxing with benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes formed benzylidine

derivatives which on further refluxing with urea or thiourea successfully formed 2-imino thiazolidinopyrimidines.

13

PHYSIO-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF MN(II) COMPLEXES WITH TRIAZOLES AT

DIFFERENT PH.

S.Narayan , D.N. Thakur Amaresh Kumar and Rajnish Kr. SinghDept. of Chemistry, College of Commerce, Patna, (M.U., Bodh Gaya), Deptt. of Chemistry, Patna University, Patna

Mn(II) complexes with 5-mercapto -4-Amino -3-Methyl1,2,4 - triazole has been prepared at pH = 4, 7, and 9. The

structural assessment of the complexes have been made on the basis of results of magnetic moments, electronic and

IR spectral studies.

Triazoles are of great biological significance in the present communication reports the results of

spectrophotometric studies, the results of the complex formation of Mn(II) with 5-Mercapto-4-Amino-3-Methyl,

1,2,4-Triazole at PH range 4, 7, 9. The complexes of Mn(II) with ligands prepared at different PH and dried. The

complexes were found insoluble in acetone, chloroform, DMF, DMSO and water. The magnetic susceptibility of the

complexes were measured by using Hg[Co(SCN)4] as calibrant. All the complexes were found paramagnetic the

electric spectra of the complexes were recorded. The transitions generally occur around 10000 cm-l, 16000 cm-1 and

20000 cm-I.

IR spectra of the complexes determined the bands at 3400-3450 cm-I indicates coordinated or lattice water. The

DHN2, USH, U = N and V = S bands are position of the complexes assigned. The various bands, at far IR reagion at

200-580 cm-I are also assigned which indicates bonding of ligands N, and S with Mn(II). On the basis of above

analysis and spectral studies structure of Mn(II) complexes with ligands were determined.

STUDIES OF PHASE BEHAVIOUR OF TRITON X - 100 + 1− PENTANOL / AQUEOUS

ELECTROLYTE / ON SYSTEMS.

Anil Kumar , Raja Ram RaiP.G. Department of Chemistry, College of Commerce, Patna - 800020, INDIA

Phase behaviour of Triton X - 100 + 1- Pentanoll aqueous Electrolyte I oil Systems have been studied and the effect of

various parameters such as co-surfactant, chain length of bulk oil solvent and electrolytes have been investigated.

The phase diagram with cyclohexane has been found to be a combination of large one phase isotropic region. Liquid

crystalline and gel phase also appear in the middle of the phase diagram. The presence of salt and co− surfactant has

pronounced effect on the phase behavior and drastic changes occur in the area of one phase microemulsion region as

well as mesophase regions. Further, several microemulsions microstructures have been identified in the aqueous

phase region of Triton X - 100 + 1- Pentanol / aqueous electrolyte/oil systems by conductivity, viscosity and DLS

measurements.

A 1:2 MOLECULAR COMPLEX OF 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE AND ACETANILIDE

H.Shekhar & S.S.SalimDepartment of Chemistry, V.K.S. University, Ara-802301, E.mail: shahzadsaIim123@rediffmail.com

The charge transfer (CT) complex is a weak complex and helps in good storage of energy. It has an excellent

emerging electronic character due to its semiconductivity, metallic and even superconductivity properties.The

present investigation a CT complex of an electron donor organic molecule 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) with electron

acceptor acetanilide (ACT) has been synthesized by thaw melt method. The solid-liquid equilibrium data of

8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ)-acetanilide (ACT) system gives the fonnation of a molecular complex at 0.665 mole fraction

of ACT, followed by two eutectic alloys at 0.315 (E,) and 0.810 (E2) mole fraction of ACT at temperature] 60°C, 67°C

and 98°C respectively. Thermodynamic studies of HQ-ACT system has been carried out. The activity and activity

coefficient of HQ and ACT in HQ-ACT alloys were computed with the help of the heat of fusion values obtained trom

DTA pattern of the materials. Using these values the partial and integral mixing and excess molar thermodynamic

quantities have been calculated, which explain the structure, stability and ordering in the liquid binary alloys.

Gibbs-Duhem equation resolves the quantitative identity of partial molar heat of mixing of a specific component in

the binary mix. The value of roughness parameter (a) for all alloys being found greater than two suggests the faceted

or nonmetallic growth of the interfaces in binary mixture.

14

SOLAR ENERGY FOR LIFE STYLE

Pallava Prasoon

+2 (Science) Passed, 55/60, Officers Flat, Bailey Road, Patna-800001E-mail: pallav_prasoon@yahoo.co.in

The Sun serves as a giant nuclear furnance in space, constantly bathing our planet with a free supply of energy.

Solar heat drives winds and the hydrologic cycle.Sun is the primary source of energy for all forms of life on the earth.

All forms of energy are derived from solar energy and it is essentially an infinite source of energy. The energy

transmitted from the sun is in the form of electromagnetic radiations. The amount of energy received on the earth is

about 20,000 times the current global energy consumption. Of this 15% is reflected by the surface. Out of 35% of

remaining solar energy, the largest portion is used to evaporate water and life into the the atmosphere.

India being a tropical country, receives direct sun rays for about 300 days in a year. Hence we have a great

potential for solar-power development.

India is the second most populous country in the world and has extreme ecological diversity. About 70–80% of

the population live in rural areas. Meeting the energy requirements in a sustainable manner continues to be a major

challenge for the country. For this energy is the chief thing and as a source of energy, the most important is solar

energy. Out of the total energy consumption in the country almost 70% is met by conventional and non− renewable

sources of energy and the rest by non-conventional and renewable energy sources.

Solar energy is mostly effective in rural areas, in domestic sector and agricultural sector. The chief application

of solar energy are in the following

(i) Solar voltaic energy

(ii) Solar water heater

(iii) Solar dryer and heaters

(iv) Solar distillation

(v) Solar cookers.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF ZN (II) COMPLEXES WITH TRIAZOLES AT

DIFFERENT PH RANGE

Anil Kumar, S. Narayan and Sanjay Singh

Lecturer in Chemistry, MIT, Muzaffarpur.Reader in Chemistry, College of Commerce, Patna

Research Scholar.

Zn (II) complexes with 5-Mercapto, 4-Amino, 3-Methyle 1, 2, 4,- Triazole has been prepared at pH range of 4, 7 and 9.

The structural assessment of the complexes have been made on the basis of result of magnetic moments, electronic

and IR spectral studies.

Zn (II) complexes with 5-Mercapto, 4-Amino, 3-Methyl, 1, 2, 4-Trizaole prepared in the pH range of 4, 7 and 9.

The complexes were found in double in acetone chloroform, DMF, DMSO and water. The magnetic susceptibility of

the complexes were measured by using Hg Co(SCN)4 as a calibrant. All the complexes were diamagnetic.

IR-spectra of the complexes were recorded Zn (II) complexes have a band at 3400-3450 cm1 due to coordinated or

lattice water. The epattern of neutral ligand in the complexes are revealed from the mode of shifting of y NH2, yS-H,

Y = N and y = S bond of the ligand. The bonds present at 3280 cm-1 and 2515 cm-1 in the complexes of the ligand

which are assigned as yNH2 and YS-H mode vibration. These bands are not present in the spectrum of complexes so

coordination will be held ‘N’ of -NH2 and ‘S’ of -S-H of the ligand or ‘H’ of -S-H group of the ligand has been removed

by Zn (II) ion resulting in the formation of Zn-S bond, 1290 cm-1 is the spectrum of the ligand assigned to yS-H mode

of vibration . the far IR spectrum of the complexes at 580-585, 450-460 and 280-230 and assigned as yM-N, y.

It may be concluded that to acts as N, S, Bidentate ligand to Zn (II) ion and form tetrahedral or Octahedral

complexes.

15

BIOCONVERSION OF MOLASSES TO LACTIC ACID EXPOSED TO SOME

PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Dr. Bijay Kumar & Dr. Uday Kumar*

Dept. of Chemistry, Jagdam College, Chapra, J. P. University, Chhapra*Dept. of Chemistry, Jamunilal College, Hajipur BRA Bihar University, Muzaffarpur

Bioconversion of molasses to lactic acid by Lactobacillus delbrueckii was carried out using 20% molasses solution

(w/v) at 45°C and 6.0pH for 6 days of optimum incubation period along with some necessary growth ingredients for

lactic acid bacteria in the presence of various physiologically active organic compounds such as alloxan, caffeine,

theophylline, theobromine, mandelic acid and glycolic acid. It was observed that alloxan, caffeine, theophylline and

theobromine enhance the production of lactic acid while mandelic acid and glycolic acid antagonise the lactic acid

fermentation process, thereby retarding the production of lactic acid.

ADSORPTION OF ARSENIC (III) FROM AQUOUS SOLUTION

A. P. Singh, K. K. Srivastava & H. Shekhar*

Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi*Department of Chemistry, V. K. S. University, Ara

Although industrialisation is considered as barometer of civilization, wealth and prosperity, it deteriorates the

water bodies, human health, the life of other organisms and also degrades the environment. The control of toxic

chemical arsenic generating pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, fertilizer and explosives industries is a big

challenge for scientists and technologists. The removeal of arsenic (III) from its aqueous solution by adsorption on a

mixed adsorbent, red mud-haematite was carried out. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out taking into

account various parameters such as initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, adsorbent particle size, agitator

rate, temperature and pH of the solution. The Maximum removal was 87.5% at 10 mg initial concentration, 53 mm

adsorbent particle size, 220 rpm agitation speed, pH = 8 and temperature 30°C at equilibrium time 100 minutes. The

process followed the first order of kinetics. The effect of temperature was explained on the basis of boundary layer

thickness and enthalpy changes. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir model of adsorption, showing the

formation of monolayer coverage of adsorbate molecule on the outer surface of the adsorbent. The nature of

adsorption process is duly supported by the evaluated thermodynamic parameters.

MOLECULAR COMPLEXES OF NAPHTHYLAMINES WITH QUINONES

K. P. Srivastava

Department of Chemistry, Jai Prakash University, Chapra

The molecular complexes of p-benzoquinone, 2, 6-dichlorobenzoquinone and chloranil with a- & 6− naphthylamines

have been studied using electronic absorption spectroscopy in CC/4 medium under high-donor concentration. All the

molecular complexes exhibit one charge-transfer band each in a wavelength region where neither donors nor

acceptors have any absorption. All the molecular complexes are n-Tl type with 1:1 stoichiometry. The stability

constants and thermodynamic parameters of the mentioned electron-donor-acceptor complexes have been

calculated from the positions of the CT bands. Further attempts have been made to calculate the ionization

potentials of the mentioned donors from the energies of the CT transitions.

16

STUDIES ON ELECTROCHROMIC NATURE OF CONDUCTING ORGANIC

POLYMERS

K.P.Srivastava & Vikash Kumar Singh

Department of Chemistry,Jai Prakash University,

ChhapraE-mail: kpsri@sify.com

A class of electrochromic material has conducting polymers. Their electrochromic properties are due to the oxidation

or reduction of the polymer backbone, resulting in the formation of bipolar bonds. This often effects the electronic

absorption spectra, producing high-contrast-colour changes. The speed of the colour change is dependent on the

speed with which the dopant ions migrate in and out of the polymer matrix. As some ions are relatively slow-moving,

electrochromism can be a slow process. In the fastest systems it takes about 2.5 ms for a colour change to occur fully.

However, most systems take about 100 ms to change colour.

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE

Dr. P. N. Piyush

Dept. of Chemistry, B. N. M. V. College, Sahugarh, Madhepura

The electronic structure of the magnesium oxide crystal has been calculated with the perturbed-ion (PI) method. The

PI, like atomic, orbitals are eight-functions of Fock operators that contain nuclear, coulombic and exchange lattice

potentials and lattice projection operators enforcing the ion-lattice orthogonality. These lattice-consistent 1 ionic

orbitals crystalline basis set that may be useful in a number of applications. The PI bonding picture of Mg and O2

consists of lattice-stabilized Mg2+

and O2+

ions described with well-separated wave functions. The PI electron density

of Mg2+

is very close to the free-ion function, but that of the oxide is more concentrated than the density of O2 –

in

vacuum. The PI densities are tested and compared with others by computing diamagnetic susceptibilities, form

factor and change in electronic kinetic energy in crystal formation. It also shows important applications as a catalyst

and it is frequently used as a host lattice for transition-metal impurities in a large variety of optical and magnetic

studies.

SPECTRAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES ON CU(II) WITH SCHIFF BASE

CONTAINING SNS DONOR LIGANDS

Mrinal Chandra

Department of Chemistry, Rajendra College, Jai Prakash University, Chhapra

A series of complexes of 1, 6-Dimercapto-1, 6-Diamino-2, 4, 5-Triaza-3-Phenyl-3− Hexene (MAAPHE) with Cu(ll)

metal ion of composition [ML2] X2 , M = Cu(ll), X = C(Br: CIO;, CH3COO- and NO; have been synthesised by the

condensation of metal salt with the ligand (MAAPHE) in a molar ratio 1:2 in an ethanolic medium. It is

characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, IR, electronic spectra & magnetic susceptibility.

Molar-conductivity measurements in the range 12.0–12.7 Ohm-l cm2 morl indicates that complexes are

non-electrolyte in nature. The analytical data indicates that the metal to ligand ratio in all the complexes of copper

in 1 : 2. The magnetic moment of the metal ligand complexes is in the range of 1.6–1.7 B.M. The electronic spectra of

Cu(ll) consists of a broad single band in the region 16000-21000 cm-l and next one in the vicinity of 26,000 cm-l

indicating an octahedral environment in the crystal field around the metal ion. They may be assigned to transition

2T2g 2Eg. IR spectral data suggests that the ligand behaves as a tridentate SNS donor system.

The ligand and complexes were treated for their antimicrobial activities against bacteria vsuch as

Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli and fungi like A. flavus. Metal complexes have been found to show an appreciable

increase in their antimicrobial activity compared to the ligand.

17

METAL COMPLEXES AS LIGANDS: BINUCLEAR ALKALI METAL AND

TRINUCLEAR ALKALINE EARTH METAL COMPLEXES WITH NICKEL (II) AND

COPPER (II) METAL COMPLEXES OF ISONITROSOACETYLACETONED. Prakash & O.P. Gupta

Department of chemistry, Patna University, Patna-800005Department of chemistry, M. J. K. College, Bettiah-845438

The bis -(isonitrosoacetylacetonato) Ni (II) & Cu (II) Chelates have been used as a bidentate ligand (complex ligand)

in the synthesis of novel binuclear alkali and trinuclear alkaline earth metal complexes of the general formula [Ma

(INAA)2MbX] and [Ma(INAAhh.MbX2)], where Ma Ni (II) or Cu (II) & Mb=Lt, Na+, K+& Mg++, X=CI04- or SCN.

The complexes have been characterized on the basis of their elemental analysis, conductance, magnetic moment,

LR. and electronic-spectral studies.

MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OF TIN(II) AND LEAD(II) METAL CHELATES OF

SOME ORGANIC ACIDS WITH GLYCINEBirendra Kumar*, Ram Pravesh Suman, Ram Nath Singh** & Ashok Kumar Gupta

Department of Chemistry, Maharaja College (V.K.S.U), AraDepartment of Chemistry, College of Commerce (Magadh University),

Department of Chemistry, R. K. D. College (Magadh University), Patna

It appeared useful to examine the complexing ability of glycine, an amino acid derived from protein, which has two

coordinating sites nitrogen and oxygen. Some new mixed ligand complexes of tin(II) and lead(II) metals with glycine

having the general formula ML2.HL’, where M = Sn(II) or Pb(II), L = deprotonated o-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol,

2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, 8-hydroxyquinoline and o-aminobenzoic acid; HL’ = glycine, have been

synthesized by refluxing appropriate reagents in absolute ethanol. The newly synthesized complexes characterized

on the basis of elemental analysis, infrared, electronic-absorption-spectral data and conductivity measurements.

Infraredspectral data suggests that Sn(II) or Pb(II) replaces the hydrogen atom of the -OH(phenolic) or carboxyl

group and the N or O atom of the NO2 or -NO or -NH2 group or quinoline ring of the first ligand, i.e., organic acid.

The Sn(Il) or Pb(H) metal chelate thus formed combine with the second ligand, i.e., glycine through coordination

with oxygen atom of carboxyl group and the nitrogen atom of amino group giving a five-membered chelate. It also

indicates the presence of hydrogen bonding,which is one of the dominant factors of stabilizing these complexes. The

probable structure of these complexes is suggested as octahedral with coordination number of metal as six.

BINUCLEAR ALKALI METAL COMPLEXES WITH NI(II) & CU (II) METAL

CHELATES OF 1, 4-DIHYDROXY-9, 10-ANTHRAQUINONE (QUINIZARIN)Birendra Kumar, K. B. Sinha*, Brameshwar** & Jai Ram Prasad Singh*Department of Chemistry, Maharaja College (V.K.S.U), Ara - 802301 (INDlA)

**Department of Chemistry, Nalanda College, Biharsharif (M.U., Bodh Gaya)Department of Chemistry, R. K. D. College, Patna (M.U., Bodh Gaya)

In order to understand the bioinorganic chemistry involved in the mode of storage and transport of macronutrient

metal ions, it is considered worthwhile to study alkali metal complexes in the synthesis of mixed ligand with

transition metals such as nickel and copper. The ligating Ni(lI) & Cu(lI) metal chelates of quinizarin have been

prepared and then these are used to synthesize mixed binuclear complexes by treating with alkali metal salts of

some organic acids, such as o-nitrophenol (ONP), 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (1-N-2N) in ethanolic medium. The

complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic-moment measurements,

infrared spectra and electronic-absorption spectra. On the basis of analytical data, molecular formula of the

complexes is found to be [MaQz.2H2O]. MbL, where Ma = Ni(II) or Cu(II) ; Mb = Li, Na or K ; Qz = quinizarin and L =

deprotonated O-NP or 1-N-2N. The higher decomposition temperatures and high solubility in DMF of the complexes

suggest that strong bonding is probably due to formation of polymeric oxygen-bridged complexes. The molar

conductance data indicate that the complexes were non-electrolytes. Infrared-spectral studies suggested bond in

between the metal chelates and alkali metals through oxygen atoms of >C=O and C-O (Phenolic) groups of

quinizarin, and also formation of oxo-bridge in the complexes. Magnetic-moment measurements and electronic

complexes have octahedral structures. Absorption spectra show that these complexes have octahedral structures.

18

ACIDIC POLYELECTROLYTE HYDROGELS WITH THE ABILITYTO REMOVE

METAL IONS

Nalini Rathor* & Madhuri Devi**

*Department of chemistry**Department of BotanyG. B. M. College, Gaya

E-mail:nalini_rathor@yahoo.co.in

Polyelectrolyte hydrogels were obtained by redox polymerization of 2− acrylamido -2- methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid

(AMPS) with different amounts of crosslinker, N, N-methylene bis acrylamide and their ability to bind metal ions

under different experimental conditions were studied. The swelling behaviour of this hydrogel in aqueous salt

solutions was studied as a function of metal ion concentration etc. In the external solution (ranging from i 0-3 to i M)

at room temperature. The hydrogel network absorbs the cations via an electrostatic interaction. The ability of these

hydrogels to bind metal ions was measured by a titration of the residual solution. The divalent cations were absorbed

more than the of trivalent cation. The hydrogels prove to be very effective in removing these metal ions from the

corresponding salt solutions; indicating a simple strategy for the removal of these ions from waste water.

Quantitative Oxidation of vitamin C pure form and some of its pharmaceutical

preparation with Ammonium hexanitratocerate (IV) as oxidant

Afshan Suraiya, Siddharth Singh & RPS Chauhan

Deptt. of Chemistry, G. B. M. College, Gaya - 823001P. G. Deptt. of Chemistry, Gaya College, Gaya - 823001

E-mail-afshan2007_suraiya@yahoo.co.inE-mail-siddharth_03msc@yahoo.comE-mail-chauhan.123@rediffmail.com

A new method has been developed for the micro-determination of vitamin C in pure form and some of its

pharmaceutical preparations using ammonium hexanitratocentre (IV) as oxidant. The method is simple, accurate,

sensitive and gives reproducible results within ±1% error.

Effect of variables such as concentration of reagent, reaction time, volume of reagent, sample size and

temperature have been studied. The standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated.

Recovery experiment was carried out by standard drug addition method. Based on stoichiometry and isolation of

products a probable reaction mechanism has also been suggested. Interference of various ions have been studied.

Determination was carried out with vitamin C pure sample and pharmaceutical preparations (tablets and

injections) like Becosule, Ostocalcium, Sukcee, Chewcee, Celin, Sorvicin, Calcium Sandoz, Citracite and Redoxon at

microscale.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN SANDWICH

COMPOUNDS

Dr Kalpana Shahi* and Prahlad kumar**

*Department of Chemistry, J. D. Womens College, Patna**Department of Chemistry, Patna University, Patna

A solidstate conduction behaviour of a special group of compounds called sandwich compounds has been reported. A

comparative study of the conductance behaviour of ferrocene and nickelocene has been undertaken using DC and AC

fields Graphical representations of the current-voltage characteristics show different behaviours in case of the two

sandwich compounds. Under DC fields (50V - 1000V) ferrocene shows space-charge limited conduction as

nickelocene shows ohmic conduction. Under AC fields (0.5KHz to 50 KHz) , the compounds show relaxation effects.

The relaxation frequency is lower for nickelocene as compared to ferrocene. Activation energy values for the two

compounds also reflect the difference in their molecular structures.

19

DIESEL OIL AS RETARDER ON HYDRATION OF LIME

DR. S. N. YADAV

Department of Chemistry,College of Commerce,

Patna

In this study, effect of diesel on reactions between lime and water has been carried out. In fact, various additives,

called retarders are being used in different industries such as corrosion retardation, water-pollution retardation,

soil-erosion retardation and in cement industries.

Cement contains oxides of various metals i.e. CaO /(Lime), Al203 (Alumina) Si02 (Silica) etc. of which, the

percentage of lime is 64–68. Thus lime plays an important role in setting of cement. Hydration of cement occurs as

following reaction sequences −

02- (Lattice) + H + aq ~ OH-aq

Ca2 + aq + OH-aq B Ca(0H)2

Similarly, Silicate from C3S Lattice Surface enters into the liquid phase as:

Si04 4-(Lattice) + nH + aq

HnS2044n− combines to form the calcium silcate

The soluble component combines to from the calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel as:

3CaO. 2Si02.3H20 + 3Ca(OH)2 (aq)

The slower the setting of cement, the greater the strength of the set cement. By the addition of diesel oil,

reaction between lime and water can be slowed down, up to 25 minutes in oil well cementation; quite frequently set

retarders are added for delaying the cement setting because cement slurry is pumped to a certain depth and the

onset of setting is desirable only after the slurry has reached the target. Diesel might get adsorbed on solid particles

and thereby prevent it from further reaction with water.

KINETIC STUDY OF SOLVENT EFFECT OF ETHYLPICOLINATE IN AQUEOUS

ACETONE MEDIA

Dr Dilip Kumar Verma* Mithilesh Kr.SinghPrahlad Kumar, Ajay Kr. Srivastava.

Department of ChemistryPatna University.

Heterocyclic acid esters are very important from the medical point of view. The kinetic study of the hydrolysis of

ethylpicolinate in acetone-water media has been studied in the temperature range of 25°C to 45°C at various

compositions. The purpose is to study the effect of solvent on various activation parameters such as Ec, ED, 6H*,

6S*, and 6G* the nature of transition state and iso-kinetic relation of the reaction.

The specific rate constants of ester was found to decraese with increasing proportion of organic solvent.The

iso-compostion activation energy has been found to decrease. Such variation has been explained on the basis of the

solvation model. The decrease is due to a greater solvation of the transition state than the initial state.

The thermodynamic activation parameters such as6H* and 6S* have been found to decrease, while 6G* values

are found to increase, although very little in aquaeous acetone media.

The iso-kinetic relationship was studied by plotting a graph between H* and 6S*. The graph is found to be

linear obeying the Barcley-Butler rule. The values on the slope indicate positive solute-solvent interaction.

20

METALS AS POLLUTANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

Dr. R.K. Prasad* and Dr. Bina Rani***Department of Chemistry, Patna Science College (PU), Patna

**Department of Chemistry, M. M. College (PU), Patna

A pollutant is nothing but a misplaced res. This is very true in the case of metals also.

A trace metal is that which normally occurs in the environment at trace levels (few ppm). A trace element is an

element—metal, nonmetal or metalloid which also normally occurs in this environment at trace levels (few ppm). A

toxic element is one which can be toxic to life forms even at trace levels. Beryllium is one of the light metals (d < 5

gm/cm3). It is a trace metal as well as a trace element. It is very highly toxic, even more toxic than mercury, but not

as toxic as a heavy metal (d > 5 g/m3). Arsenic and antimony are among the heavy elements, but these are

metalloids. Fluorine is light element, and a nonmetal, but is very toxic.

Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cr etc. are the indicators of human progress but are also the

environmental pollutants of major concern, because, like most organic pollutants the metals are not biodegradable

or perishable. Metals can not simply be devoured by anybody. The most toxic organic pollutants can easily be

destroyed by combustion and can be converted into easily controllable pollutants such as CO, CO2, SOx and NO” but

combustion has no effect on metals.

Heavy metals can reach anywhere. These are in the air we breathe, the food we eat and the water we drink.

Most soils contain most of the metals known to us. Sea water also contains them, even some metals are also present

in fresh water. Since plants grow on soils with support from water, most plants too contain a large no of metals in

their tisues, which get the metals through soil and water. And since animals and humans eat plants, they too contain

most of the known metals in their tissues.

Natural or background levels of most of the metals in sea water, drinking water, plams. animals and humans

are usually so small that their concentration can only be detected by highly sphisticated instruments and

technologies. But when metals are also released into the environment by human induced activitIes such as burning

of fossil fuels, discharge of industrial effluents. minmg and metallurgy and many other such activities, it leads to the

development of higher than tolerable or toxic levels of metals in the environment. Once this happens, metal pollution

is said to take place.

BIOLOGICAL POLLUTION OF WATER

Dr. Bina RaniDepartment of Chemistry, M.M. College (PU), Patna

Natural waters are rich in bacteria, algae, protozoans, worms and other organisms. The greater the amount of

nutrients in water, the faster the biological contamination. The most frerquently occurring micro-organisms are

bacteria, which take an active part in the formation of all aquatic populations. They inhibit sludge and other bottom

grounds in large quantities and grow into intricate shapes on under water objects, known as periphyton. Bacteria

form stable suspensions because their density is close to that of water (Their cells contain about 85% of water).

But bacteriological pollution of water is due to the presence of pathogenic bacteria, certain fungi, pathogenic

protozoa, viruses, parasitic worms etc. The important sources of bacteriological pollution are domestic sewage and

industrial wastes. Solid excreta from human bodies and decomposable organic matter of sewage are the best

medium for the development of bacteria in water. Bacterial pollution in water is caused by the excretory products of

warm blooded mamma1s including man, wild and domestic animals. Birds of various types also degrade water. The

main pollutants belong to coliform group and certain subgroups, faecal streptococci and miscellaneous organisms.

Biological pollution is also brought about by bacteria, viruses, algae, diatoms iike protozoa, rotifers, crustaceans and

plant toxins. Contaminated water supplies frequently create infections of the intestinal tract (like dysentery,

choldera, typhoid and gastroenteritis), polio and infectious hepatitis. Generally, no control measure is adopted to

check these pathogenic contaminants because it is a 24 hour problem to detect them.

Now water plants are also an indispensable part of all aquatic populations because of their high adaptability.

Aquatic life includes benthic organisms inhabiting the bottom sludge, plankton living in the water bulk, and

organisms developing in the surface layer of water (neuston). Under water parts of plants, bottom stones and other

objects are covered with growths in the form of crusts, pads, and bushes, whose colour varies depending on the

composition. Water plants form undrmater meadows in water bodies rich in soluble salts of calcium.

Along with other organisms, worms are a good indicator of the living conditions in a water body. They are used

by people investigating the sanitary and biological conditions of surface waters and for establishing the state of

sludge and soil in rivers.

21

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF 4-SUBSTITUTED-3-PHENYL SYDNONES UNDER

MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

K. P. Srivastava* and P. K. Mishra**

*Department of Chemistry, Jai Prakash University, Chapra-841 301.**Department of Chemistry, Lok Mahavidyalaya, Hafizpur, Baniapur, Saran, Bihar

E-mail: kpsri@sify.com

A rapid, efficient, clean and environmentally benign exclusive synthesis of a series of

4− substituted-3-Phenylsydnones has been developed using Friedel-Craft reaction with an excellent yields under

microwaves irradiation. The results are compared with conventional heating. Structural assignments are based on

physical, analytical and spectroscopic data.

EASIER METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF ACETANILIDE

Mansur Alam and Md. Faiyaz Ahsan

Deptt. of Chemistry, B. N. College, Patna University, ssPatna

Preparation of Acetanilide is as following.

(1) Aniline is completely dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid and then acetic anhydride is added. The

mixture is stirred until it is dissolved and immediately poured in a solution of sodium acetate, when acetanilide is

obtained.

(2) In the mixture of Aniline, acetic anhydride and glacial acetic acid, a small amount of zinc dust is added and

boiled for about 30 minute and finally poured the hot mixture into cold water when crystals of acetanilide is

obtained.

Both the above methods take much more time, requires a variety of chemical reagents and after all there is no

guarantee to obtain the product. A very good product of Acetanilide can be obtained within a few minutes by the

following method.

In the mixture of equal amount of aniline and acetic anhydride, a few drops concentrated sulphuric acid is

added when white precipitate is obtained immediately which is dissolved in hot water and finally on cooling the

solution, a shining crystals of acetanilide obtained.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATON OF COORDINATION COMPLEXES OF

PALLADIUM (II) AND PLATINUM (II) WITH TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE SULPHIDE,

TRIPHENYLSTIBINE AND TRIPHENYLSTIBINE SULPHIDE

Dr. Irshad Ali

Lecturer, Dept. of Chemistry, B. N. College, Patna University, Patna-800004, E-mail: irshadbnc@yahoo.co.in

The coordination complexes of palladium(II) and platinum (II) with monodinate liglands triphenylphosphine

sulphide and triphenylstibine has been synthesized. Attempts were also made to prepare the complexes of

palladium (II) and platinum (II) with Ph3SbS but the complexes of Ph3SbS could not be obtained andinstead the

complexes of desulphurised Ph3SbS were obtained in good yield. The elemental anslysis of complexes correspond to

the formula [M(Ph3P = S)2 X2] (X = Cl, Br, I, of SCN, and M = Pd2+

or Pt+2

) and [M(Ph3Sb)2X2] (X = Cl, Br, I, Or SCN

and M = Pd+2

or Pt+2

).

It has been found that triphenylstibine sulphide undergoes desulphurization dueing complex formation and

attempts to isolate Ph3SbS complexes were unsuccessful. The desulphurization of Ph3SbS occurred due to inert pair

effect and low electronegativity of antimony which stabilizes Sb3+

(Ph3 Sb) rather than Sb5+

present in ligand

Ph3SbS.

Both Pd(II) and Pt (II) complexes were isolated as light yellow ot orange or dark brown product. These

complexesare insoluble in water but dissolve in ethanol and organic solvents. The quantitative electrical

conductance value of complexes DMF (E8 1.3–3.6 ohm–1

cm2) indicated nonionic nature and suggested that anions are

bonded with metal atom. The diamagnetism and electronic absorption band of complexes suggested square-planar

structures of both Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes.

22

MILD AND ECOFRIENDLY SYNTHESIS OF CAERULOMYCIN UNDER

MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

Indu Singh, K.P.Srivastava* & Amit Kumar

Department of Chemistry, Jai Prakash University, ChhapraProfessor-In charge, Ganga Singh College, Chhapra, Bihar.

E-mail: kpsri@sify.com

A convenient, efficient and environmentally benign exclusive synthesis of caerolumycin from the reduction of

6-cyano-4-methoxy-2, 2'-bipyridyl has been developed in an ether medium with an excellent yields using microwave

irradiation. -The results are compared with conventional heating. Structural assignments are based on analytical

and spectroscopic data.

MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF MESOIONIC 5-ARYLAMINO-L, 3,

4-THIADIAZOLIUM-2-THIOLATES

K.P.Srivastava* & Hari Mohan Kumar

Department of Chemistry, Jai Prakash University, Chapra-841 301.E-mail: kpsri@sify.com

Mesoionic 5-arylamino-l, 3, 4-thiadiazolium-2-thiolates were synthesized conveniently ana ecofriendly by the

isomerization of 5-arylamino-l, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-thiones under microwave irradiation. All the structures of

mesoionic synthesized were confirmed by elemental analyses,1H NMR and IR spectral data.

CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ENDOSULFAN ON LIVER OF MICE:

A BIOCHEMICAL AND TEM STUDY

Arun Kumar, S. K. Srivastava and A. Nath

Cell Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna

The problem of increasing population put persistent pressure on food production. The chemical pesticides and

biopesticides play very significant role in controlling various crop pests in agriculture and vectors of human diseases

in public health sector programme indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides have been proved harmful to the

ecosystem and resulted in loss of biodiversity including outbreaks of pests. Development of resistance and

resurgence in pest species and depletion of biocontrole fauna. In the present times in Bihar, endosulfan (an

organochlorine pesticide) is widely used by 65% of the farmers. These pesticides have now entered the natural food

chain, contaminating every level of the ecosystem.

In the present investigation, 3 mg/kg B.W. was administrated a group of Swiss albino mice for 30 days. A

control group was also taken for comparative study. The mice were sacrificed after every 1, 2 and 4 weeks of

treatment and their blood was collected for serum extraction for the biochemical assay (lft and lipid peroxidation)

and their liver tissues were fixed for transmission electron microscopic study (TEM). The TEM study was carriedout

at SIF unit, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi.

The biochemical assessment (lft study) revealed inclination in the SGOT, SGPT, ALP and ACP level with more

than 50 folds inclination in lipid peroxidation in comparison to the control the tem study reveled degeneration in the

nucleus and nuclear membrane with a dilation in the nuclear pore complex. The rer and mitochondria were in a

highly degenerated condition.

Thus, the study revealed that endosulfan is a hazardous pesticide which causes fatal damage to the liver with

an alteration at the biochemical level as well as the sub cellular level.

23

RARE AND ENDENGERED SPECIES OF FISH OF THE FLOOD PLAIN WETLANDS

OF NORTH BIHAR

A. K. Singh, R. B. Mahto* & V. K. Singh**

Department of Zoology, B. D. Evening College (M.U.), Patna Bihar,*Department of Zoology, R.K.D College (MU) Patna, Bihar

**Department of Zoology, T.B.D.S.J. College (MU) GOH (Aurangabad), Bihar

Floodplain wetlands are areas which remain water-logged during major part of the year and long enough to support

a variety of endemic flora and fauna and a considerable human population living around them. The present

observation is a random field survey of the occurrence of rare, endangered and endemic fish species in various

floodplain wetlands of north Bihar, located in the Ganga and Gandak river basin. A total of 17 fish species were

identified as threatened. While assessing the biodiversity status of each species, on the basis of IUCN (1990) and

CAMP (1998) criteria, of the 17 fish species, 7 species—Eutropiichtys vacha, Chaca chaca, Nemacheilus biota,

Chitala Chitala. Rseudeutropius Atherenoides, Ompok Bimaculatus and Ompok Pabda were categorized as

endangered. The remaining 10 species—Puntius conchonius, Ailia Coila, Garra Gotyla Gotyla, Barilius Barila,

Bagarius Bagarius, Mystus Vittatus, Anabas Testudineous, Aplocheilus Panchax, Channa, Gachua and Clarias

Batrachus were assessed as vulnerable. The present paper describes the reasons for decline in the cath composition

of these fish with a view to explore possible strategies for suitable conservation neasyres. This paper also decreases

an effective eco-friendly management and plans for monitoring the fish need to be initiated for the sustainability of

fish population in these valuable aquatic ecosystems.

FISH HEALTH UNDER PERMETHRIN STRESS

Jitendra Kumar Yadav & M.M. JhaDept. of Zoology, MLSM, College Darbhanga-846004 (Bihar)

Synthetic pyrethroids are now being encouraged as a substitute for the organochlorine, organophosphorous andcarbamate group of pesticides due to their low mammalian toxicity and high bioeffecacy. As their toxicologicalimpacts on fish little explored prompted we took up this study.

This study attempts to evaluate the health status of the fresh water fish anabas testudineus on the basis of

changes in blood biochemistry under the toxic stress of permethrin when the fish were exposed to sublethal

concentrations of permethrin (0.054 ppm) for 30 days. Significant changes were observed in the biochemical profiles

of blood in. The form of hyperglycemia, hyperproteinemia and hyperproteinemia and hypercholesterolemia. SGOT

and SGPT were also found significantly increased compared to the control values under the toxic influence of

permethri. The present study concludes that the use of permethrin at lower doses may prove detrimental to fish

health and fish population. Some alternative non-toxic chemicals need to be formulated in order to have a better fish

productivity.

TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

Mukesh Kumar Madhukar & Dinesh Kumar Yadav

Dept. of Mathematics, M.M. College Bikram, M.U. Bodh GayaResearch Scholar, PG Dept. of Zoology, M.U. Bodh Gaya

The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, leads to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrom—AIDS. When antibodies

to HIV are detected the patients is infected and said to be seropositive or HIV positive. The virulence of AIDS and the

rate of spread of the epidemic are alarming.

In the present paper we have found that a major problem with aids is the variable length of the incubation

period from the time the patient is diagnosed as seropositive until he exhibits the symptoms of aids. This has major

consequences for the spread of the virus. Here we have considered two models. The first model we have considered

for the time evolution of the disease in those infected and those with aids. The second one is the epidemic mode,

where we have discussed the development of AIDS as an epidemic in a homosexual population.

24

NEPHRO TOXIC EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATION OF CADMIUM IN

CLARIAS BATRACHUS (LINN.)

Kumari Nutan & Dr. D.N. Roy

Dept. of Zoology,MLSM College, Darbhanga-846004

(BIHAR)

Kidney is an organ designed for the excretion of waste products and preservation of the internal environment by

tubular reabsorption of water and electrolytes. The effect of cadmium compounds (1.76 mg/L) on catfish Clarias

Batrachus (LINN) were studied for investigating the toxic potential of cadmium to which the fish are exposed in an

aquatic environment as target species due to improper disposal management. Some metals accumulates in certain

organs of the fish while some from chemical constituents of blood and serum. They produce significant changes in the

kidney.

In the short term, acute exposure to cadmium poisoning caused renal lesions, hypertrophy of tubular epithelial

cells, shrinkage of epithelium, coalescing and dissollution of basement membrane, pyknosis of nuclei, vacuolation

and coagulation. Necrosis was also observed. calcinosis was diagnosed in sub chronic cases of exposure.

In chronic exposure, acute glomerulonephritis with local necrotizing lesion, inflamation in vascular glomerulus

was observed. When 30 days exposed for clover-leaf appearance was seen in the glomerulus as its fala were dissolved

out.

Ischaemic nephron Glomerulus and most of the tubules disappeared and if their parts remained, they appeared

as cysts. There were empty tubular cells with large clear spaces, which indicated potassium loss.

The observed disorganization of tubular epithemial cells and glomeruliindicate the toxic effects of cadmium in

Clarias batrachus (Linn.).

EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM

ON GILL TISSUES OF AN AIR-BREATHING FISH CLARIAS BATRACHUS (LINN.)

A. K Sahu and D. N. Roy

Lecturer, Dept. of Zoology,MLSM College

Darbhanga-846004 Bihar

Histopathological studies on fish is a noteworthy and promising field to understand the extent to which the changes

in Structural organization occurs in the organs due to environmental pollutants.

Heavy metal pollutant lead to many pathological lesions in different tissues of fish. This has been reported for a

large number of edible fishes.

However studies of the effects of the heavy metal chromium (Cr+6

) on the gills of Clarias Batrachus are few.

Experimental fish Clarias Batrachus exposed to sublethal concentrations of hexavelent chromium (Cr+6

) (6.06

mg/L) revealed serve damages and changes in the cellular structure of gills leading to the death of fish. Subchronic

exposure produced disturbances in the basement membrane, disintegrated the gill lamellae reduced intercellular

spaces, fused the secondary gill lamellae and caused profuse mucul secretion. Chronic exposure to sublethal

concentrations of Hexavalent chromimum produced liquifaction, disaquamentation hemorrhage C(T). Lamellar tips

and hypertropyy of mucous cells at the base of the gill. Adhesion and separation of the gill lamella with vacuolation

loss of cytoplasm and curling of tips of the secondary Gill lamella were also conspicuous.

Affected and invaded the gill filament and also showed engorved sine soids and blood vessels. There were

evidence of destructive and mechanical injury. It is hopedthat the present work will give impetus to the application

of histology as an adjunct to the diagnosis of patho-physiological response in deseases of fish.

25

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AS BLOCKERS OF OGENESIS IN FISH:

BIOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTUAL STUDY

Prakriti Verma, G. B. Chand, M. P. Sinha & A. Nath

Dept. of Zoology,Patna University, Patna

E-mail: drprakriti@sify.com

The polution hazards for aquatic life are increasing with widespread use of insecticides and pesticides in

agricultural practices. Pesticides are known to reduce the survival, growth and reproduction of teleosts. The aim of

the present study is to focus on cytotoxicity induced by endosulfan pesticide in the overian cells of a teleost clarias

batrachus under controlled laboratory conditions exposure of 0.008 jal/L endosulphan was used consecutively for

three weeks by administering it in aquarium water during the spawning season of C Batrachu. Every week the

levels of serum thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were measured by elisa. Serum

protein levels were measured by colorimetric method. Light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy were

used to study the intracellular details and surface morphology of ovarian cells. The electron microscopy of ovarian

cells of normal fish showed different stages of growth and development of oocytes. A wide variety of abnormalities

have been observed at all the stages of development after endosulfan exposure at sem level, major abnormalities

incurred were amoebiod and I-shapes of oocytes, presence of grooves and protuberances and Bursting of ova.

At the tem level ovary showed a large number of amoeboid and degenerated cells with wavy plasma membranes,

increased lysosomal activity, vacuolations and disarticulated collagen fires, intermediate filament and

microtubules. Besides fusion of mitochondria with secretory vesicles containing heavy deposition of electron-dense

granules are prominent. Nucleus shows macrophagic nature and more heterochromatization. Minimum level of

proten was recorded during 2nd week of endosulphan exposure.

THERAPEUTIC USE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Kiran Bala Singh

Dept. of Zoology, Women’s college, Samastipur

Stem cells look like ordinary cells. The real differences is that the stem cells can differenciate into any of the 220 cell

types found in the human body, i.e., kidney, heart, liver, skin, retina and so on. This property of stem cells has been

called pleuripotency or totipotency. At birth, stem cells can be harvested from an individual's bone marrow, fat

tissue and the umbilical cord. Embryonic stem cells can be harvested from embryos upto a few days after

fertilization.

Another characteristic of stem cells is their ability to grow indefinitely, where as the remaining cells of the body

have a biological programming that limits the number of cell divisions they can go through before dying. Stem cells

can be maintained indefinitely in a petridish containing the nutrients medium.

Stem-cell therapy provides hope for the cure of patients with incurable affictions. The basic strategy for

repairing damaged tissues is to surgically transfer embryonic stem cells to the damaged area where the stem cells

form healthy replacement cells. For example, the injection of stem cells into the liver of a patient with cirrhosis or

hepatitis couid result in liver tissue, capable of performing its role stem cell therapy also has great potential to cure

rhematoid arthritis and certain heart diseases.

Somatic cell gene therapy has the limitation of lasting for only a few months, requiring repeated applications,

but the of stem cells have the ability to grow and divide continuously.

26

TESTICULAR INJURY UNDER CHRONIC STRESSS OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE IN

THE RAT

Satyendra Kumar Singh and B. K. Jha

Dept. of Zoology,L.N. Mithila University,

Darbhanga-846004 Bihar (India)

Testicular injuries produced after 30 days of exposure of rat to the sublethal concentration (156.7mg/L) of cadmium

chloride was investigated.

There was a loss of labour architechure and cellular organization of the lobule due to degeneration and rupture

of the lobular wall. The autolysis of the germinal epithilium and connective tissure stroma were also apparent. The

Germ cells in the testicular lobules were in the process of degeneration. The lobules were field with only

spermatogonia and rarely with primary spermatocytes, thereby indicating reduced slpermatogenic activity.

Besides, the traces of fluid deposition due to Liquificative necrosis of the connective Tissue stroma as evident from

the appearance of clear spaces were also well marked. General reduction in the cytoplasmic contents and a

significant decreases in gonadomsomatic index were the other prominent histopathological lesions produced under

the toxic stress of cadmium chloride in rat.

REPRODUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES IN MALE TELEOST IN RESPONSE TO

ENDOSULFAN TOXICITY: AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY

G. B. Chand, Rizwan Ahmad, Prakash Singh, Prakriti Verma & A. Nath

P.G. Dept. of Zoology, Patna University Patna-800005

Anthropogenic degradation in water quality due to several agricultural, industrial, domestic effluents, discharges

and intense use of pesticides as modernagrochemicals has created a lot of environmental stress to the aquatic world

and threatened the survival of some species. Fish take up most of the xenobiotics from their surrounding water by

passive diffusion through their gills, epithelial, tissues and gastrointestinal tract.

In the present study, the impact of the most widely used commercial brand endocel (EC 35%) on the

reproductive status of male teleosts have been investigated. A fresh water air breathing fish clarias batrachus (linn.)

has been selected as experimental model. The 96 hrs IC50 for “Endocel” were determined by standard apha method

and does selected for exposure were 0.008 ppm. 0.03 ppm and 0.04 ppm for 2, 4, 8 days, respectively. Blood serum

was assessed for testosterone livels by elisa test. Sperm counting was done by study of testicular tissue under sem

and philip's CM-10 tem of sif-Em unit deparment of anatomy AIIMS, New Delhi. An overall reduction in the

testosterone level was observed in the pesticide-treated group and nearly 60% reduction in sperm count was seen.

Sem studies of testicular tissues of treated fish showed numerous blebs, protuberances, exocytic vescles, fusion

of sperm heads and formation of several cross-bridges between two heads, resulting in flagellate spermatozoons,

clumping of nuclear material and increased macrophagic activities. At tem level, the major testicular changes due to

endosulfan toxicity were observed as rupture of plasma membrane of the head of spermatozooan. Nuclear extrusion,

hetrochromatization, detachment of Tail, Macrotubules disassembly and impaired spermiogenesis. Endosulfan

poses severe threat to the survival of fish by dismissing its reproductive potential.

27

STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF GANGA

RIVER WATER FROM PATNA CITY TO FATUHA

Akhilesh Kumar, Kumar Prashant Sinha, Alka Kumari, Anwarul Haque, Subham Kumari, Ritika Sinha,Neha Kumari

PG Dept. of Zoology, A.N. College, Patna (MU)E-mail: ak2akbiotech@yahoo.com

Indian Academy of Biotechnology, S.K. Puri, PatnaE-mail: iabpatna@yahoo.com

Ganga is considered to be the lifeline of the state of Bihar in north eastern India. Ganga water is used for bathing,

drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. The city sewage and brick industrial effluents of chimney bhatta from

Patna city to Fatuha open in the Ganga river and pollute the water quality. River water quality from patna city to

Fatuha has become a matter of concern. Due to the continuous changing environment and increasing social and

brick industrial activity taht influence the water quality chimney bhatta sewage and effluent on the water quality

and ecology of river ganga. The study was carried out at four sites and water samples were collected from four

stations (S1, S2, S3 and S4), out of which three are main sewage mixing points of the chimney bhatta and one is a

fresh water site (main current). The samples collected were analyzed as per standard methods. Parameters such as

temperature, pH were measured in-situ the statistical evaluations were also made the results showed anincrease in

alkalinity, arsenic, nitrates, phosphates and total number of phytoplanktons. The results revealed that most of the

water smaples were below or beyond the limits of the standards set by WHO and BIS.

CMEH MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL

Dr. K. P. Sinha

Principal and Team leader.

Civil lines, G.T. RoadSasaram Rohtas, Pin code-821115

Bihar (INDIA)Mob: 9905164803, 9835064949

E-mail: drkpsinha_ehp@rediffmail.com, drpksehp@rediffmail.com

I have the privileged to inform you that I Dr. K. P. Sinha have invented a medicine “GANGRINOL FORTE” for

cancerous pain. This medicine was invented few years ago. It is made up of various kind of herbs and has a fixed

proportion of plant tinctures. Because plant materials are a rich source of all types of useful chemicals. It has no

reactions or side effects. It may used internally and externally. Patients with acute pain at all stages of cancer can

use this exeternally or internally.

• It is based on electro-homoeopathic concept, which was invented by Dr. Count Cearse Mattei in 1865

(Italy).

• The human organization is entirely composed of two elementary liquids lymph and blood.

• Health and disease depend on the state of these two liquids.

• Every disease originates from a change, in blood or lymph or both.

Life and Health depend on blood and the lymph; that disease is due to an alteration of the blood or the lymph or

both together.

This medicine has already been applied on several patients in the third stage of this disease. They got relief

from their and dispair pain immediately and were cure very shortly. It will be a boon for patients suffering from

cancerous pain. I assure you that it will be panacea for all kind of cancerous pain.

28

GENOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

P. K. Khan & S. P. Sinha*

Dept. of Zoology, Patna University, Patna-800005*Dept. of Zoology, Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-812007

The genotoxic potential of dried leaf extracts (ethanolic) of two medicinal plants: Neem (Azadirachta indica) and

churchu (Casearia tomentosa), were evaluated seprately in swiss albino mice, mus musculus. The assessment was

done at three different doses of the extract (0.5 g, 1.0 g and 2.0 g/kg body weight/day), administered orally for seven

consecutive days to different groups of test animals. Bone marrow cells were harvested 24 hours after the last

treatment and the metaphase chromosomes were analyzed for the presence of any abnormality. Both the extracts

were found to induce marked numerical variations in chromosomes at all the doses. None of the doses of churchu

extract was however able to increase the structural aberrations or total chromosomal abnormality significantly and

the neem extract was found to induce the same only at its higher doses. The possible mechanism of differential

genotoxicity has been discussed.

CHANGES IN ERYTHROCYTE COUNT AND ITS RELATED HEMATOLOGY IN

CLARIAS BATRACHUS DUE TO PARATHION TOXICITY

S.K. Yadav, Varuna Kumari & D.K. Paul*

University Dept. of Zoology, Patna University, Patna-800005 (Bihar)E-mail: dkpaul_31@ yahoo.co.in

*Corresponding author

Normal water conditions are necessary for fish culture pesticides, once used indiscriminately, alter the

physiochemical properties of water and make the fish life difficult. Pesticides interfere and interact with various

physiological and biochemical activities of fish. The hematological parameters are considered as diagnostic indices of

pathological conditions in animal.

Parathion is an organophosphorus insecticide which is used frequently to eradicate the harmful insects of

paddy and other plants. In this investigation, impact of different concentrations of parathion on the erythrocyte

count and its related hematological parameters in an air breathing fish Clarias Batrachus was observed. There were

significant alterations in erythrocyte count (RBCS), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV),

mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) on both male and

female fishes of Clarias batrachus on exposure of 2 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm concentration of parathion. A decreasing

trend total count of erythrocytes, hemoglobin content and PCV from control values was observed. There was an

increasing trend of MCV and MCH from control values of Both male and female fish of clarias batrachus. Parathion

toxicity caused a decrease in the value of MCHC up to 4 ppm and later on a slight increase in the value in fish

exposed for 6 ppm and 8 ppm. The toxicity level is less than that seen in the control.

29

ELECTRONIC SPECTRA AND MAGNETIC CHARACTER OF SOME TRANSITION

METAL COMPLEXES

S. Narayan, Anil Kumar & Renu Sinha

Reader in Chemistry, College of CommerceLecturer in Chemistry, MIT, Muzaffarpur

Research Scholar

The synthesis and characterization of some substituted quinazolone with some divalent transition metal cations

with special emphasis on their electronic spectra and magnetic moment. On the basis of symmetry of the various

complexes compounds has been ascertained and various crystal parameters viz. B. 10, D4 and covalency has been

derived and discussed.

The complexes of quinazolone with Ni (II), Co (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) metals was prepared. All the complexes

were soluble in cold ethanol, but insoluble in hot water. The complexes were formulated by elemental analysis. Their

molar conductivity in ethanol were found below 25.Ω cm2

mol–1

.

The IR spectra it was concluded that the ‘N’ of –NH2– group of ligand coordination to metal ion. nle additional

band at 3450 cm–1

indicate the presence of H2O molecules in the complexes. The magnetic moment of the complexes

were determined, and some were paramagnetic.

From the magnetic moment it was conclude that degree of orbital contribution for Octahedral complexes is due

to the three fold degeneracy of 4T1 ground state. So the value lies well us then the range of high spin of complexes.

The electronic spectra of the complexes djsplays three peeks which assigned on the basis of above discussion

Tetrahedral and Octahedral geometry of the complexes assigned.

NEUTRAL COMPLEXES OF RH(III) & IR(III) WITH ISONITROSOBARBITURIC

ACID (VIOLURIC ACID)

D. Prakash*, K. R. R. P Singh*, S. Prakash* & Anju K. Gupta**

*Department of Chemistry,Patna University,

Patna - 800005 (INDIA)**Department of Chemistry,

A. N. College,Patna - 800013 (INDIA)

Violuric acid is an important analytical reagent for chromatographic separation of cations. Novel neutral complexes

of Rh(lII) and Ir(lII) with isonitrosobarbituric acid (violuric acid) have been synthesized and characterized on the

basis of elemental analysis, conductance measurements, T. G. analysis, infrared and electronic absorption spectral

analysis. These complexes lose water at 110–120°C which indicate the presence of lattice water. T.G. analysis of the

complexes indicates that the thermal stability of Rh(III) metal complex is slightly less than Ir(III) metal complex

with the same ligand. Molar conductance values of these complexes suggest their non-electrolytic nature.

In the infrared spectra, the υC O= absorption frequency at 1610 cm–1

in the free ligand has shifted towards lower

frequency by 58–65 cm–1

in free ligand, shows a negative shift by 23–25 cm–1

the complexes indicating bonding

through nitrogen.

Further, it is noticed that the υN O= stretching frequency observed at 1150 cm–1

in H3VA, has been shifted to the

regions 1265 cm–1

and 1272 cm–1

in the spectra of the complexes. In Rh(III) and Ir(III) metal complexes, appearance

of broad band in the region 3400–2930 cm–1

indicate the presence of lattice water with the fact that water is removed

on heating at 110–120°C.

Key words: Neutral Complexes, Violuric Acid, Rhodium(III), Iridium(III), Infrared Spectra

30

PHYSIO-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF MN(II) COMPLEXES WITH TRIAZOLES AT

DIFFERENT PH

S.Narayana, D.N. Thakurb, Amaresh Kumarb and Ranjnish Kr. Singhb

a = Deptt. of Chemistry, College of commerce, Patna, (MU, Bodh Gaya)b = Deptt. of chemistry, Patna University, Patna

Mn(II) complexes with 5-mercapto -4-Amino -3-Methyl l,2,4 – triazole has been prepared at pH = 4, 7, and 9. The

structural assessment of the complexes have been made on the basis of results of magnetic moments electronic and

IR spectral studies.

Triazoles are of great biological significance the present communication reports the results of

spectrophoto-metric studies, the results of the complexes formation of Mn(lI) with 5-Mercapto-4-Amino-3-Methyl,

1,2, 4-Triazole at PH range 4, 7, 9. The complexes of Mn(II) with ligands prepared at different PH and dried. The

complexes were found insoluble in acetone, chloroform, DMF, DMSO and water. The magnetic susceptibility of the

complexes were measured by using Hg[Co(SCN)4] as calibrant. All the complexes were found paramagnetic the

electric spectra of the complexes were recorded the transition generally occur around 10000 cm–l

, 16000 cm–l

and

20000 cm–1

.

IR spectra of the complexes determined the bands at 3400-3450 cm–l

indicates coordinated or lattice water. The

υNH2, υSH and υ =S bands position of the complexes assigned. The various bands, at far IR reagion at 200-580 cm

–1

also assigned which indicates bonding of ligands N, and ‘8’ with Mn(II). On the basis of above analysis and spectral

studies structure of Mu(II) complexes with ligands were determined.

REACTION OF URINARY STONES WITH SODIUM SALT OF

2-HVDROXV-3-NAPTHOIC ACID

Ashish kumar

Department of Chemistry,Patna Womens College,

Patna University,Patna-800 001(INDIA)

Stones found in Urinary tract (kidney, ureters, bladder and uretha) contains highly insoluble compounds. Renal

calculi are hard to break, the hardness varies from stone to stone depending upon their constituents and size. So our

primary aim is to dissolve these insoluble compounds with the help of some naturally occuring compound that would

be phisiologically non-toxic and undergoes non-replacement type of chemical reaction through the formation of

soluble complexes. We have endeavoured to solubilise the insoluble ingredients of renal calculi (whole and

powdered) with sodium salt of 2-hvdroxy-3-napthoic acid. All reactions were carried out at room temperature in -

vitro.

It was found that the dissolution of stone ingredients in powdered form was much more than whole stone. This

led to infer that the outer surface of stone is much more stubborn and inhibitors are not able to react so easily. The

solubility of the stones increased markedly by increasing the surface area of the calculus. Once the hard shell is

broken, the calculus then became very much succeptible to attacks and the inhibitors then further dissolve the

calculus and the calculus crumbled. Secondly, the inhibitor efficiency decreases with a decrease in the strength of

inhibitor solution. As the concentration of inhibitor decreases, the equilibrium might be favouring the precipitate of

insoluble salts. Such studies would be helpful in designing drugs for dissolution, at least partially the urinary stones.

31

STUDIES ON URINARY CALCULOGENESTS

Prof. Basabi Mahapatra (Choudhary)

Head of the Dept. of ChemistryPatna Womens College,

Patna University

From literature survey it has been found that certain hydroxy acids & their natural products are capable of

dissolving out urinary stone forming minerals.

The formation of urinary stone starts only when there is a pathological disorder in the human system, and the

body starts excreting certain highly insoluble substances in excess, which obstructs the normal functioning of the

organs. Keeping all these factors in our mind we have endeavoured the chemo-dissolution of urinary stones by amino

acids.

As amino acids & their products are the building blocks of life & non toxic to the body, their complex forming

properties are to be a subject of investigation. The inhibitors taken were Glycine, β Alamine, L-cystine & Hippiuric

acid. In order to prove the presence of complexes two methods were chosen.

1. Dissolution of the precipitate of stone fonning member by amino acids & their products & comparing the

values with that of blank experiments.

2. Conductometric titrations between stone forming minerals & inhibitors solution & plotting the curves

between specific conductivity & the volume of titrant. Loss in weight & breaks in the curves of conductometric

titrations evidencecd the formation of aqueous soluble complexes of Ca2+

ions and amino acids. Our observation are

in-vitro and from chemical Doint of view they would definitely provide a base for designing medicines for

chemo-dissolution of urinary calculi.

SOME STUDIES OF ANODIC PARAMETERS AND PITTING TENDENCIES OF AISI

321SS IN PHOSPHORIC ACID CONTAINING HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

DR. Rita Khare

Department of ChemistryGovt. womens College, Gardanibagh,

Patna-800001 (INDIA)

Potentiodynamic polarization experiments were performed on 32lSS in 14M H3PO4 containing 0–20000 ppm HCI at

298,308 and 318°K. The anodic parameters ic , ip , Epp , Ep and Eb were determined from anodic polarizatioll curves. To

understand the susceptibility of alloy towards pitting, pitting potential (Epit) and protection potential (Epr) were

evaluated. The ultimate objective was to investigate the most suitable environmental condition and alloy

composition for protection from pitting in practical situations.

It was noticed that there was an appreciable increase in current densities ic and ip with increase in

concentration of HCI. Other anodic parameters Epp and Ep also varied with change in HCI concentration and

temperature showing a regular trend. Pitting potential (Epit) and protection potential (Epr) were found to attain more

active values with increase in HCI concentration and temperature.

32

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME PORUS MATERIAL AND IMPACT

OF ISOMERIZATION OVER THIS MATERIAL.

Subodh Kumar

Department of Applied Chemistry,BIT, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand

E-mail: Subodh_chem_iitd@yahoo.co.in

Aluminosilicate zeolite with an anionic framework and cation exchange capacity have been extensively studied and

used as acid catalyst, adsorbents and ion exchangers in the chemical and petrochemical industries. The influence of

aluminums leaching on the catalytic properties of ZSM-5 was studied through reactor for the conversion of m-xylene

into orth- and Para- isomers. The mixing of this mesoporous solid with organo-ruthenium and some other metal

complexes will also be discussed with the objective to studies the metal supported catalyst for the hydrogenation

reaction of some aromatic molecules as new short route in the commercial synthesis of cyclohexene.

Key words: Dealuminated meso porus catalyst, Isomerization, Acid catalyst

References:

1. Carma A; Chem.Rev.97 (1997) 2373

2. Subodh Kumar and S.Sivasankar, A.K.Singha, J.Molecular Catalysis, 154(2000) 115-120

3. N.K.Mal, A.Bhaumik; Chemical Engineering Science; 60(2005) 839-843.

AWARENESS ABOUT DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Pasupati Nath Singh and Md. Zafariqbal

Department of EducationPatna University, Patna

Man has achieved wonderful success in the march of civilization. He is on the lookout for survival in other planets of

our solar system, However, the fury of nature has not come under his clutches, Rather he has bowed before the

nature and tries to cope with disaster, A disaster is any calamity or huge destruction that takes place suddenly and

disrupts lives of many people living and working in that area, There are specifically two types of disasters (i) Natural

disasters that occur naturally as a result of natural activities like earthquake, Flood, tsunami etc; and (ii) Man made

disasters, that occur due to human activities like war, nuclear hazards, accidents etc. The effects of these disasters

very miserable. It can damage homes, pollute the natural resources, destroy the crops, spread epidemics and

diseases everywhere and destroy the economy of the affected area. The Government enacted the disaster

management Act and constituted the National Disaster Management Authority. The disaster management involves

the administration of emergency medicine, search and rescue operations. The pre and post disaster preparedness is

the only answer to save thousands of lives, vital assets and livelihoods and reduce our overall miseries through

timely relief and assistance. The emphasis has to be on the preparation of a step by step community- based disaster

management plan with the joint initiative of local community, NGOs and government. Although disaster cannot be

fully prevented but with proper disaster management strategies, its effects can be mitigated. This research work is

an attempt to assess the present scenario about the disaster management and awareness among the people.

Keywords—Disaster Calmity, Destruction, Disaster Managemtent, Nuclear Hazards, Rescue

33

POLLUTION PROBLEM - A PSYCHO-ANALYSIS

Prof Tarni Jee

Gen Secretary,Bihar Psychological Association,

College of Commerce,Patna

Human beings realized the problem of air pollution due to smoke and soot since the beginning of the utilization of

fire. Later, several incidents that killed hundred of people in some cities and industrial belts forced human beings to

study in detail air pollution problems and take steps to mitigate them. In the recent years, global consequences of air

pollution like green house effect and ozone depletion have been receiving serious attention. Human beings can

survive five weeks without food, five days without water and cannot survive even five minutes without air. The air

human beings breath should be clean because the respiratory system of human beings is very sensitive and efficient

transmitter of gases and dust. Air environment can be broadly classified into out door environment (ambient).

Indoor environment (houses, offices, industries and other enclosed work environments.) Nature has provided us

with clean dry air with required Oxygen and no other gases that effect the human beings. But number of human

activities like residential activities, transportation system (automobiles), solid waste burning and industries are

responsible for emitting considerable quantities of polluting gases into environment in addition to some natural

sources. Nature has some ability to remove the air pollutants from the environment. In general, the air pollutants

emitted from most of these sources into environment are dispersed and dissipated in the ambient environment due

wind velocity, direction, temperature, humidity and several other factors. Whenever these emissions very high, then

they can be dispersed to the surrounding areas to air pollution problems. In the recent years use of deferent type of

mosquito repellents is common in most of the houses both in either urban areas and rural areas due to television

advertisement. Mosquito repellents are manufactured in the from of coils, pads, liquids which on heating produces

gases that repel mosquitoes. But the gases many have an what are impact on the health of human beings also, so it is

necessary to know they and what is their concentrations in a room with time. It is important to note that the inmates

of the houses including children and old people inhale these gases for 6 -10 hours.

EFFECT OF STONE CRUSHER DUST POLLUTION ON ARACHIS HYPOGAEA

D.O. Pandey and Bhola Kumar

P .G. Dept. of BotanyNalanda College,

Biharsharif-803 101

Environmental pollution is an unwanted side effect of the accelerated pace of industrialization during this century.

However, industrialization cannot be stopped at this stage of development since it has providing the basic

necessities become of life indispensable for our growing population, but every possible effect should be made for the

control and abatement of environmental pollution The study area was confined to the groundnut situated in

prevailing wind direction of stone crusher area Koderma, Jharkhand (23°55′ North latitude and 85°26′ East

longitude) to know the effect of stone crusher dust pollution on biomass and productivity of groundnut. The biomass

and productivity was found to be higher at each sampling date of the control groundnut than polluted one. A

maximum reduction of 23.07% of total biomass was recorded at the age of 135 days.

Keyword—Dust Pollution. Groundnut.

34

THE SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE LOWER GONDWANA ROCKS OF THE JAINTI

BASIN, DISTRICT DEOGHAR, JHARKHAND

Atul A. Pandey, V. S. Dube1 and Ghanshyam Jha2

1. Department of Geology. Patna Science College 3 V2. Department of Mines and Geology. Govt. of Bihar

The Jainti basin falls in the survey of India toposheet No. 72 L/12 and lies between longitudes 86°34′00″ and

86°45′00″ E and latitudes 24°O8′3C″ and 24°12′00″ N. The Jainti Basin belongs to the Deoghar group of coalfields.

where the other two members are Shaharjuri and Kundit Kuraiah. These basins form a NW-SE trending subsidiary

belt to the north of Damodar Valley coalbasin. The Deoghar coalbasin preserve a part of the Lower Gondwana

sediments.

The grain size data indicates that the sandstones belonging to the Talchir Formation are bimodal, few are

polymodal; moderately to poorly sorted; the size ranges between medium to fine sand; they are positively skewed

and leptokurtic.

The Barakar sandstones are polymodal. poorly sorted; they are positive to very positively skewed; mesokurtic

to leptokurtic.

The microscopic examination reveals that the quartz dominates over other detritals and forms up to 60% of the

various clasts present (modal analysis). The grains are sub-angular to subrounded co-existing with the few rounded

to well-rounded grains. The boundary of the quartz shows overgrowth. Sometimes, the irregular grain boundary

hazily merges with the matrix.

Feldspars are both K-feldspar and plagioclase feldspars. They are fresh as well as alter<,d. The Barakar

sandstone are rich in feldspar. They have undergone comprehensive diagenetic changes. They have been thoroughly

leached and have generated good amount of chloritic matrix material. The dominance of garnet and zircon among

the transparent heavies suggests’ the provenance to be plutonic igneous and/or low to medium grade. metamorphic

rocks.

Comparatively, the sandstones belonging to the Barakar Formation art: the Talchir sandstones are of ‘wacke’

type.

On the basis of the geological characters of the Lower Gondwana rocks of the Jainti Basin, it has been

concluded that the Jainti Basin started with initial ‘pre-rift interior sag basin’ when Talchir sediments were

deposited. The glacio-fluvial Talchir sediments were brought down from the Chotanagpur highland. With the

retreat of the glaciers and post-glacial rebound there was doming and fracturing of the crust which led to a series of

differential uplift of the faulted blocks. The sea regressed and the bay head lakes and lagoons enlarged. The wide

glacial valleys became extensive swamp land where the terrestrial package of sandstone-shale-coal alternations of

the Barakar Formations were laid.

TOXIC EFFECT OF GANGA POLLUTION ON FISHES IN BHAGALPUR

Anamika Kumari

T. N. B. College, Zoology Department,T. M. Bhagalpur University,

Bhagalpur-812007, India.

The present study is an attempt to understand the “toxic effect” of ganga on fishes. Fishes are the first vertebrate

animals. Fish out of water, is an extremely uncomfortable creature and in a few moments displays miserable agonies

of death. A vast number of people are engaged in the business of fishes & fisheries. The Government of India and the

state Government should co-ordinate and co-operate to ensure the life risk coverage of the people. The important

things we noticed during our project work was water pollution, Small fishes being killed illegally, Low literacy role

among children, Security of Dolphin & other foreign birds are in danger in this zone. In aquatic ecosystem small

fishes from the secondary consumers. The killing of these fishes will affect the aquatic ecosystem, which in turn

affect environment. Water is essential for all living organism. Due to nitrogenous fertilizers, which go to drinking

water and become toxic when their concentration exceeds 90 ppm causes diarrohoea. There are some other metallic

contaminates such as Cd, Ni, Cr, Ar, Antimony, Hg, Cu & Zn whose accumulations in body tissues could produces

illness. Many forms of aquatic life have been greatly affected in this way.

35

A STUDY FOR IMPACT OF SEWAGE ON SUGAR FACTORY WASTE TREATMENT

BY USING WATER HYACINTH

Dr. Narendra Prasad Roy, Dr. Binod Shankar, Rajiv Kumar & Dr. Ajay Upadhyay

Res. Person, Department of E.W.M., A. N. College, Patna-13

Water Hyacinth (Eicchornia-crassipes) a very fast growing plant and serious las now emerged as a plant capable of

absorbing large quantity of nutrients from sewage and industrial waste in the present study feagibility of water

hyacinth in the treatment of sugar factory waste was tested. The hyacinth was grown in to combination of sugar

factory effluent-with & without sewage. Reduction in the B.O.D., C.O.D. & suspended solid label of effluent was

obtained in the waste growth of hyacinth good in efluent and especially with a combination of sewage. The sewage

addition triggered the treatment process in the case. In the past few years, there has been considerable opment in

the use of vascular aquatic plants for waste water treatment among all, the greatest promise has been shown by

water hyacinth which grows as a weed in a nature and is a serious threat to fresh water eco system.

The suitability of using vascular aquatic plant for the waste water treatment ally enumerate from its

capacity of nutrients removal from the aqua solution.

The untreated sugar factory waste was collected from Narkatiyaganj sugar mill Narkatiyaganj. The

waste has been diluted according to the experimental methodology and as per standard.

It is apparent from the study that the ability of water hyacinth in the treatment of sugar mill effluent

in the much significant.

Key words—Sugar Mill effluent, Waste water treatment, Water Hyacinth

Reference—(i) Physico-chemical analysis of waste water, effluent & industrial waste.—N. Manivaskam, Pragati

Prakashan, Meeruth.

(ii) Haque, Asraul & Sharma Sudhendra, 1980 Water Hyacinth to fight water pollution.

(iii) Apha standard, 2005.

A STUDY OF MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS OF SILVER CRYSTALITES

Anuradha Prakash,* Ashok K. Ghosh,**Seema Sharma***, Nahid Ahmad****

*Research fellow, Dept. of EWM, A.N.College, PATNA**Prof-in-charge, Dept. of EWM, A.N.College, PATNA

***Lecturer in Dept.of physics A.N.College, P A TNA****Lecturer in Dept.of Botany, Science College, PATNA

Microorganisms have always been of considerable significance when linked with several environmental issues in the

present context. Microorganisms face the adverse and stressful situation all the time and they have an ability or

efflux to resist such stresses for their survival. The biological system can provide a number of metal or non-metal in

different size range. The microorganisms such as bacteria may grow in the presence of high metal concentration due

to their specific resistance for their survival. Keeping in view such background scenario the authors carried on the

present investigation. The authors examined the relationship of micro organism and silver metal and their

consequences. Three identified strains of bacteria were taken and were exposed to different concentration of silver

ranging from 200-10,000ppm. These bacteria have shown tolerance up to l0,000ppm silver. This result can be

exploited in the field of nanotechnology bioremediation, biomineralisation, and targeted drug delivery.

Key words—microorganism, silver, efflux, bioremediation.

References—1. Stephen, J.R and Macnaughton, S.J. (1999), development in terrestrial bacterial remediation of metals.

2. Kinus, T .et al (1999) silver based crystalline nanoparticles microbial fabricated.

3. Slawson, R.M.et al (1992) germanium and silver resistance, accumulation and toxicity in microorganism.

36

WATER CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETERS DETERIORATION IN THE RIVER

DAMODAR DUE TO INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATION AND DOMESTIC WASTE:

A CASE STUDY OF JHARIA COALFIELD (JHARKHAND) REGION.

Amardip Singh*, Poonam*, Ashok K. Ghosh**, Binod Shankar*,Ajay K. Upadhyay*, N.P.Roy*, Ravindra K. Verma ***, Kumar Anand****

*Resource Person, Dept. of EWM, A.N.Coliege, Patna**Prof. In-charge, Dept. of EWM, A.N.Coliege, Patna

***Research Scholar, NIITE, Mumbai****Research Scholar, St. Columbus College, Hazaribagh

The river Damodar is the “life-line” for the people and the industries located in Dhanbad-Jharia coalfield region. It

originates from the Kamarpet hills of the Palamu range of Jharkhand and winds its way through a 541 km long

course before emptying itself in the river Hooghly just ahead of the coastline. Jharia coalfield is the most important

source of coking coal in our country. The Jharia coalfield is situated about 260 km North West of Kolkata, in the

district of Dhanbad, Jharkhand between the latitudes 23°39′ N and longitudes 86°11′ E and 86°27′ E. It covers an

area of 480 sq. km and contains a reserve of approximately 16000 million tones of coal. The river Damodar situated

on the southern boundary of Jharia coalfield is the only source of water for this coalfield area. The industries and

human population in this area are totally dependent for their water supply on the river Damodar. In Jharia coalfield

region, most of the washeries are located by the banks of the river Damodar and they discharge their effluents into

this river thereby causing its pollution. A huge amount of water is required in coal washeries for coal washing

purpose. The quantity of water used per tonne of raw coal varies with the size of coal and with the type of process

used. A plant with a capacity of 100 tonnes of coal per hour would require 6,00,000–20,00,000 gallons of water in the

course of 8 hour shift1. The trace elements present in the effluents may pollute the water body in which they are

discharged from coal washeries. Pervez and Pandey reported that these trace elements present in effluent not only

contaminate water but also contaminate the sediments2. In the case of river Damodar the view was supported by De.

Different chemical species present in effluent increase the value of C.O.D. as well as 8.0.D.3. High values of B.O.D.

and C.O.D. may cause serious threat to the aquatic life due to the depletion of D.O. of the river water.

An attempt has therefore, been made to study the magnitude of pollution in river Damodar during the period

January 2007–June 2007. The present study revealed that the environmental status of Jharia coalfield has heavily

deteriorated due to heavy industrialization, lack of proper environmental controls, and human population load

Almost all the industries are coal based. Since the by product of coal are hazardous to aquatic life-form, all industrial

operations related to it produce a lot of waste materials which has steadily deteriorated the characteristics of river

water (Damodar) of this area.

The present study of Damodar river water characteristics shows that its quality is deteriorating, with reference

to Oil and grease, C.O.D, B.OD and T.S.S. Oil and grease at different sampling points ranged from BDL (Below

Detection Limit) to 7.8 mg/l; C.OD. ranged from 24 to 160 mg/l; B.OD. ranged from 3.6 to 4.9 mg/l; and, T .S.S value

ranged from 06 to 126 mg/l. Furthennore, the analytical data of water characteristics of coal washery effluents units

that drained into the river Damodar, revealed high level of pollutants. The major pollutants were Suspended Solids

ranging from 1180 to 38000 mg/l. The effluents were also adding oil and grease to the river. D.O. level at every site

was found to be nil. C.O.D. ranged from 186 to 1480 mg/l. Sulphate ranged from 21 to 171 mg/l. Color of the effluent

was almost black at every site of discharge. The analytical data revealed that die Damodar River water should not be

utilized for potable purpose, without applying appropriate treatment process.

Key Words—Damodar River, Effluents, Treatment process.

References

1. Kumar, A., “Impact of coal washery effluents on surface water and it’s abatement measures”, Thesis paper

(1991).

2. Parviez, S., and Pandey, G.S., “Contamination of river water and sediments by Thennal Power ash and

pond discharge”, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. - 16, No - 1, pp 8-12 (1994).

3. De, A.K., “Water pollution”, Environmental chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 2nd ed., pp 262-267 (1994).

37

STUDIES ON HYDROLOGICAL CONDITION OF RIVER GANGA IN RELATION TO

ITS IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL HEALTH

Ajay K.Upadhyay* S.K.Singh** Binod Shankar*, N.P .Roy*, Amardip Singh *, Kanhiya Singh***

**Professor, Dept. of environment and Water Management, A.N .College, Patna.*Resource person, Dept.of environment and Water Management, A.N.College, Patna.

***Resource person, Dept.of Biotechnology, college of commerce, Patna

For the first time life originated in aquatic medium. Water makes up 80 percent of the living body. In simpler forms

of organism water is taken in by direct contact with the environmental water vapour. The complex higher forms of

plants and animals may have outer impervious coatings, but their cells must remain in contact with the aqueous

environment of the internal medium. When the cell loose its water, life activity is suspended or it may be

extinguished. Activity reappears in desiccated dormant cells, when water again becomes available. The cells of some

dried mosses, lichens, rotifer, and nematodes may survive under variable conditions become normal. Many protozoa

encysted and some bacteria and fungi sporulate when deprived of water. Such dried resistant stages are especially

characteristics of fresh water and terrestrial organisms, which are, subjected to seasonal drying. Many of the special

properties of water make it suitable not only as the main constituent of the living cell, but also as the main factor in

the environment.

One of the major impacts from many actions is evidenced by changes in water quality both in the vicinity and

mainstream of a water system like, a river. A river has been considered as the cradle of any civilisation. General

adverse impacts on the quality of a water system are related to the hydraulic and hydrologic cycle changes as well as

to the introduction of suspended and dissolved materials into it. Nowadays, with the rapid growth of urbanization &

township, frequent development of amusement parks, intense industrialisation, a danger to the water quality of a

river system has arisen.

Key Words—Hydrology, dormant cells, water system

References—Shanna, B.K. and Kaur, H. (1994) Chapter-3: Composition of clean, dry atmospheric air in Environmental

Chemistry, Published by KRISHNA Prakashan Mandir. Merut. India.

BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF F08F8.2 PROTEIN OF CAENORHABDITIS

ELEGANS

Jainendra Kumar, Dhirendra Kumar Singh, Mamta Sinha*,Premlata Mehta and Dinanath

Department of Botany & Biotechnology,College of Commerce,

Pana 800 020 Bihar (INDIA)

Caenorhabditis elegans, the soil nematode of the family Rhabditidae (Class: Secementea), is a well-documented

animal model system with completely sequenced genome. It comprises a gene sequence on its chromosome 3

putatively referred as F08F8.2. F08F8.2 is understandably homologous to the HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl

Co-A Reductase) gene of human where the gene product (HMGR enzyme) plays a key role in the production of

cholesterol, and, to that of higher plants where HMGR protein produces sterols and triterpenoids. It is hypothesized

that F08F8.2 protein is involved in the synthesis of cholestrol type fat in C. elegans.

Being one of the sixteen genes (present on the chromosome III) involved in the final developmental stages

leading to embryo appearance and morphology in C. elegans, one may assume that its protein product is probably

linked to the mechanism that confers the ability of the nematode to temporarily enter into suspended animation

under conditions of anoxia followed by its complete recovery after oxygen for breathing is restored.

T‘he present paper presents the apalysis of F08F8.2 protein in comparison with human HMGR enzyme

through molecular modeling and its possible interaction with the tobacco alkaloid-nicotine.

38

A STUDY ON ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF VEER KUNWAR SINGH MEMORIAL

PARK POND AT ARA (BIHAR)

Binod Shankar**, N.P .Roy**, A.K.Upadhyay**, Amardip Singh**Shivchandra Kumar*, Anil Kumar Singh*

** Dept.ofEnvironment and Water Management, A.N. College, Patna. (Bihar)

* P.G. Dept. of Chemistry, V.K.S.U, Ara (Bihar)

The physico-chemical characteristics of the aqueous phase influence. The types and distribution of aquatic biota.

Conversely, they are also influenced by the activity of the aquatic biota. Normally, water is never pure in chemical

sense. It contains gases (dissolved oxygen, free CO2 , N2 , etc.) dissolved minerals (Ca, Mg, Na Salts, etc), suspended

matter (clay, silt, sand, etc.) and microbes. These are natural impurities derived from atmosphere catchments areas

and the soil. Thus, the importance of the study of water quality is quite obvious.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to quantify the present ecological status of Veer Kunwar Singh

Memorial park pond, located in Ara town (Bihar), and also to find out the indicators of water quality in terms of

planktonic studies.

Ponds are small bodies of water in which the littoral zone is relatively large and the limnetic and profundal

regions are small or absent.

The Veer Kunwar Singh Memorial park pond is situated in Ara town of state of Bihar. It is situated about 55

km. west of capital town, Patna. The pond is filled with water for the whole year. The pond has stored rain water.

Time to time, it receives waste water from nearby localities.

Veer Kunwar Singh Memorial Park contains a number of phytoplankton including diatoms, blue en al ae, en al

ae etc.

References

1. APHA, AWWA & WPCF, 2003. Standard methods examination of water & wastewater, APHA(20th edition), New York.

2. Bagde, V.S. and Venna A.K., 1985, Physico-chemical characteristics of water of JNU Lake atNew Delhi, Ind. J. Ecol.; 12(1), 151-156.

3. Das, S. M. and Upadhyay, J. C. 1979. Studies on qualitative and quantitative fluctuations ofplankton in two Kumaon lakes, Nainital & Bhimtal (India), Ada Hydrobiol; 21 (I): 9-17.

BIOEFFICACY OF TWO PYRETHROIDS AGAINST ROOT KNOT NEMATODE

MELOIDOGYNE INCONGITA LARVAE

Sidheshwar Prasad, Arun Kumar Singh. Department of Biotechnology,

College of Commerce, Patna 800020, Bihar,P. G. Deptt. of Chemistry

Magadh UniversityBodh Gaya

Bihar 824234 (INDIA)

Effect offenprvpalhrin and jluvalinule was studies against the larvae of Meloidogym! incongilll larvae which causes

root knot disease in several vegetable crops. There was a crosspondingincrease in per cent mortality of the larvae as

the different concentration of time of exposure the two pyrethroids increased. More than 50 per cent mortality was

observed in case offenpropathrin at 20 ppm concentration of 72 hr exposure on an average of 56.09 per cent. 39.3 per

cent larval mortality was observed in case of lluvalinate at 20 ppm concertration for 72-hr. exposure.

Resuls have that fenpropathrin in more effective as an insecticide for Meloidogyne inconces in larve in

comparision to fluvalinate, even at lower concentration durrne exposure time. When the treated larvae were

noculated on soyabean seedling, There were no marked differences in penetration of larvae in to the seedling. It was

found that 36 to 45 larvae penetrated per root system after exposure of 72-hI’ at 20 ppm concentration in respect of

the two pyrehroids resectively as compare to 48 larvepenetration in checked treatment.

39

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF ENDOSULFAN ON LIVER OF MICE: A BIOCHEMICAL &

TEM STUDY

Arun Kumar, S.K. Srivastava & A. Nath

Cell Biology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna

The problem of increasing population put persistant pressure on food production. The chemical pesticides and

biopesticides play very significant role in controlling various crop pests in agriculture and vectors of human diseases

in public health sector programme. Indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides have been proved harmful to the

ecosystem and resulted in loss of biodiversity including pest outbreaks, development of resistance and resurgence in

pest species and depletion of bio control fauna. In the present times in Bihar, Endosulfan (an organochlorine

pesticide) is widely used by the 65% of the farmers. These pesticides have now entered the natural food chain,

contaminating every layer in the ecosystem

In the present investigation @ 3 mg/kg b.w was administered to Swiss albino mice group for 30 days. A control

group were also taken for the comparative study. The mice were sacrificed after every 1, 2 & 4 weeks of treatment &

there blood were collected for the serum extraction for the biochemical assay (LFT & Lipid peroxidation) & there

liver tissues were fixed for Transmission Electron Microscopic study (TEM). The TEM study were done at SIF Unit,

Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi.

The biochemical assessment (LFT study) revealed inclination in the SGOT, SGPT, ALP & ACP level with more

than 50 folds inclination in lipid peroxidation in comparison to control. While the TEM study reveals the

degeneration in nucleus, nuclear membrane with dilation in nuclear pore complex. The RER and mitochondria are

in highly degeneration condition.

Thus, the study reveals that Endosulfan is a hazardous pesticide which causes fatal damage to the liver with

the alteration at biochemical level as well as subcellular level.

STUDIES ON SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS OF CAPPARIDACEAE

Prakash A, Ansari MN, Singh CK and Naseem M

Tissue Culture Lab,Univ. Dept. of Botany,

B.R.A. Bihar University,Muzaffarpur

The prevalent practice of herbal remedies have descended down from generation to generation and includes the cure

from simple ailments to the most complicated ones like snake-bite, stomach disorders, dog-bite, bone fracture,

diabetes and even birth control. India has old tradition of herbal medicines. Most of the drugs are obtained from

plants collected in nature. It was found that the person practising this art does not reveal his knowledge to others

There are instances when the valuable information has been buried with the dying persons.

Due to ever increasing demand for food, fodder, medicines,. population explosion, unplanned human activiti6s

and ruthless exploitation of plants, there is a rapid depletion of natural flora including medicinal plants (Tandon,

1994). No proper efforts have so far been made regarding these drug plants for their proper identification,

cultivation, chemical constituents and their uses against various diseases.

In this background the present study on these plants viz. Cleome gynandra, Cleome viscosa, Capparis spinosa

and Crataeva religiosa of family Capparidaceae is highly desirable and was made at preliminary level. It is highly

desirable that steps to be undertaken for their conservation, protection, propagation and systematic & scientific

exploitation for meeting out the future need.

40

RELATIVE IMPACTS OF EGG SURFACE STERILIANTS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY

AND QUALITY OF MULBERRY SILK

Dinesh Kumar Yadav

Research Scholar,P.G. Deptt. of Zoology

Magadh University, Bodh Gaya

In the present paper the relative impacts of egg surface steriliants namely 10% formaline, 2% hydrochloric acid, 2%

hydrochloric acid+10% formaline, 0.5% NaOH and 0.5% NaOH+ 10% formaline on the diseased lots of mulberry silk

worm have been evaluated in respect of productivity and quality of cocoon during the seed crop and commercial crop

season. The everall observations in respect of different types of egg surface sterilia~ts on the productivity and the

quality of mulberry cocoon during the seed crop and commercial crop season yield the undergiven facts:

1. All the egg surface steriliants have been found usefull and effectious inorder to increase the productivity

and quality of the cocoon during both the season.

2. The egg surface steriliants have been found to reduce the chances of infections of various pathogens

causing the deseases at initial level. Tus, increasing the productivity and quality of mulberry silk worm.

3. Among the five egg surface steriliants a combination of treatment namely 2% HCl+10% formaline and

0.5% NaOH+10% formaline have been found to be more effective as far as the productivity and the quality

of mulberry silk are concerned. The effectiveness of five different types of egg surface steriliants in relation

to increase of productivity and quality of mulberry silk has been observed in following order: 0.5% NaOH +

10% formaline > 2% HCl + 10% formaline > 10% formaline > 0.5% NaOH > 2% HC1.

4. The 10% formaline, 2% HCl and 0.5% NaOH treated alone as egg surface steriliants are also effective

during both the season.

5. The seasonal differences have been found quite significant as the commercial crop season has registerered

its supremacy over he seed crop season.

ENDOSULFAN ALTERS SPLEEN CELL ARCHITECTURE IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

(Mus musculus)

Dharmendra Kumar Sinha* and Sudhir Kr. Srivastava#

Departament of Zoology, Patna University Patna-800005.E-mail: *dharmendrakumarsinha@rediffmail.com

#prof_sks@yahoo.com

Management of pesticides are the biggest challenge for human beings in this century, although they are beneficial in

crop protection especially varieties of high economic values. Due to its unplanned use it is capable of damaging the

various vital organs of even the mammalian body.

In the present study endosulfan (an organochlorine pesticide) was administered 3 mg/Kg b. w. to Swiss albino

mice for 6 weeks to observe its deleterious effect. The observation showed the endosulfan causing the abnormalities

in the morphology as well as cytoarchitecture of spleen, as enlargement in its gross size, widening of white pulp and

diminishing of red pulp, infiltration of cells, cytoplasmic vacuolizations and polymorphic nuclei.

On the basis of this study it can be concluded that the endosulfan is able to disturb the cytoarchitecture of

spleen to varying degrees over a wide spectrum, which may leads to several diseases. Relatively high concentration

of endosulfan dose may cause very high degree of deleterious effect.

41

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF TWO WILD SPECIES OF INDIGOFERA LINN.

Ashok kumar Roy and Naheed Ahmad

Plant Biosystematics and Molecular Laboratory,Department of Botany, Patna university, Patna

The legume family (fabaceae) is the third largest family of flowering plants, with approximately 650 genera and

nearly 20,000 species. Its species ranges from large tropical canopy trees to small herbs found in temperate zones,

humid tropics, arid zones highlands, savannas and lowlands. The fabaceae contain many taxa of industrial or

pharmaceutical importance. Variation in legume species and their wild relatives are of prime importance to the

successful breeding of improved crop cultivars with added value and durable resistance to pest. Indigofera is one of

the obscure but important potential industrial legume species. It belongs to an old tribe indigofereae, native to Asia

and India, and is well adapted to the semi-arids regions and soils of low fertility. The crop has been cultivated for

natural dye indigo but its importance has declined due to synthetic dye production. The present work is an

endeavour to find out the morphological variation between two wild species of indigofera found in Patna regions of

Bihar.

POLICY AND STRATEGY FOR CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC RESOURCES IN

THE RURAL BIHAR (CHAPRA)

Navin Kr. Ojha (Lecturer) & Manoj Kr. Pandey

(Research Scholar)L.M.V. Hafizpur, Baniapur,

J.P. University Chapra,Bihar.

The Rural Bihar offers great scope for development of aquatic resources. The rivers Ganga, Kosi, and Gandak along

with their numerous tributaries and rivulets, the flood plain have been the source of fishing for the people of the

region. In addition, the aquaculture ponds, wetlands are important sources of fish production. The aquatic resources

of the region include fin Fishes, shell Fishes, aquatic plants ipomea, jalapa, Nymphaea, e.t.c. There are several

commercially important species of fishes that are available in the wetland (chenwar) fisheries of the region. The

chenwar provide excellent nursery pond for several fish species, besides a host of fauna and flora particularly in

Rural Bihar.

RIVER LINKING PROJECT: IMPACTS AND CONSEQUENCES

Aradhana Kumari

University Department of GeographyT. M. Bhagalpur University,

Bhagalpur-812007, India.

Agriculture which is the mainstory of Bihar economy, suffers from drought and floods. Almost one-sixth of the total

flood affected areas of the country is in Bihar engulfing as high as 69 lakh hectares under it grip. Flood brings

widespread damage to life and property, particularly to the weaker sections of society. In the present scenario the

subject of interlinking of rivers is a matter of interest which is seen as a measure for sustainable control over water

resources.

This paper focuses on conceptual issues relating to RLP (River Linking Project) and it identifies and

enumerates the possible impacts on the nature and the extent of some of these impacts.

Keywords: River Linking Project, Flood.

42

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): Pollen-pistil interaction and

self-incompatibility test

Aloka Kumari & Arun K. Pandey

Plant Systematics Research Centre, University Department of Botany, T. M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-812007

Saffiower is basically self-pollinating crop. However, cross pollination increases the number of seed setting. If anther

dehiscence occurs before style elongates, the stigma pushes through mass of pollen, becomes coated with pollen and

gets self fertilized. If anther dehiscence occurs after style elongates, stigma passes through the anther tube without

becoming pollen coated, then cross pollination is needed. Absence of pollinators results in self-pollination. Anthesis

of disc florets takes place between 06:30 h to 08:00 h. The number of pollen grains produced in saffiower per

anther/per flower is comparatively low (236 ± 74 grains/anther or 906 ± 372 grains/flower). In saffiower highest seed

set (%) was obtained with stigma pollinated 24h after anthesis. Stigma remains receptive up to 32-56 hours after

anthesis. There is about 85.99% seed setting in the open pollinated heads followed by 38.15% (in muslin cloth) and

35.54% (in butter paper) of the flowers set seeds under bagged condition. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows

that, 3 Protein bands (RP 0.21, 0.30 and 0.42) are present in both pollen and stigma. The percentage similarity is just

50%; indicating 50% chances for compatibility.

SEED GERMINATION STUDIES IN RAUVOLFIA SERPENTINA

U.K. Sinha, M.P. Trivedi & Rachna Kumari

Department of Botany, Patna Science College, Patna- 800005

Seed germination studies in Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth ex kurz have shown seedcoat dormancy. Unscarified

seeds do not germinate at all while scarified seeds exhibited 54% gennination Attempts of scarification by conc.

H2SO4 proved futile. There was reduction in germination at higher moisture stress. Similar was the result at salt

stress created by NaCI and Na2S04. In MgSO4, the germination potential was 82.7% at lower concentration as

against declining trend at higher concentrations. (85%) in 8hL/16h D. Scarified seeds showed maximum

germination In villages where sarpagandha is cultivated commercially, seeds are sown after treating with cow

urine. To test the prevalent treatment practice, unscarified and scarified seeds were treated with the same but with

no signs of germination at all.

Unscarified seeds did not genninate at any concentration of lAA as against scarified seeds which showed 95.2%

germination at 10 ppm and 90.4% at concentration (10 ppm) could promote 90.4 % germination.

Overall seed germination in Rauvolfia sernentina is low. Very poor germination of seeds on filter paper may

be ascribed, apart from other factors including deficient food reserves, primarily to the seedcoat factor.

MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS IN FAST FOODS OF BIHAR

H.K. Chourasia*, Sanjay Kumar Suman And Pramila Prasad**

*Department of Biotechnology, T.N.B. College, Bhagalpur -812007**P.G. Department of Home Science, Food and Nutrition, T.M.Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur - 812007

Raw materials of five fast foods were examined for their fungal contamination and the presence of mycotoxins

(aflatoxins. ochratoxin A. citrinin and zearalenone). The most frequently isolated fungi were species of Aspergillus,

Mucor and Rhizopus. Aspergillus spp. were isolated from almost all raw materials with the highest incidence (55%)

on noodles. of 105 strains of Aspergillus (Iavus, 11 of Aspergillus parasiticus. 22 of Aspergillils ochraceus and 19 of

Fusarium oxysporum screened for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone production on synthetic media, 56%,

11%,36% and 47% isolates produced respective mycotoxins. Natural mycotoxin contamination was studied oth in

fast foods and their ingredients, 66% and 43% of which showed the presence of lycotoxins. AfI-B1 was the most

frequent mycotoxin recorded in almost all the samples beyond the tolerance level fixed by the W(\rld Health

Organization (WHO).

43

QUALITY OF LIFE AND ROLE OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS

Shukat Ara, Kanchan Ku., Pratibha Ku., Archna Ku. & Shantay Bharti

P.G. Dept. of Psychology, College of Commerce, Patna-800020

During the post-independence period, India has progressed in a multidimensional way through its own 5-yr. plans.

It is now envisaged that by 2020 A.D. India may because a developed nation. This however will not be possible unless

there is a parallel and joint effort between science and technology development in one side and socio-psychological

development for quality of life at the other side. We have progressed much in the first front but this is not true for the

other front. The second front needs changes in the self-concept, value and attitude against many of the prejudices,

stereotypes and suck forces hampering personal and social development.

Social; scientists however have found that, backwardness cannot be reduced simply by mechanical arterial

help only. It needs systems approach for behavior change through a revision of self-concept, value and attitude of the

rural people specially in conjunction with urban life style. This cannot be aping behavior in life style of the rural folk

through money power only. Politicians and suck people should develop a General will. Science and technological

support can be great movers but habits die hard. Physical and material wants can be fulfilled up to a lot of extent.

But for changes in life-style and quality of life, attitude change is highly necessary for delinking them from harmful

habits and nostalgia. Thee lecture is concentrated upon (1) population growth (2) child labors (3) employment

wastage and stagnation and human resource potential (man power), (4) interactive responsibilities,

interdependence and individual excel-lance. In fact, life-style and quality of life are symbiotic and their horizontal

vertical growths have anthropometric and psychiatric indices. We have to look forward to these two indices also and

to do our mite, as social scientists, to make a India a developed nation by 2020 A.D.

INDIAN PERSPECTIVE OF BIOPESTICIDES

Dr Rana Vikram Singh

Dept. of Zoology, DAV Postgraduate College, Siwan, Jai Prakash University, Chapra

Green Revolution in India has provided us the much needed food for our population. But the inputs used has created

other problems. The high yielding varieties and fertilizers and pesticides generated other problems. The health and

environmental issues raised put us to think for safe alternatives. The search for safe alternatives for pesticides lead

us to see for botanicals and other biologically safe methods for pest control. It has generated a lot of interest in

different botanicals and we have gone upto genetically modified cotton crops Bt Cotton.

The different options were evaluated for the purpose. Botanicals and other options like viruses, bacteria,

parasites and predators, fungus, nematodes were evaluated for the use. We have found Bt cotton the Bt gene from

the bac"teria also effective. The botanicals includes a large number of plants evaluated for pesticide use. India has a

tradition of using botanicals like neem and karanj. The evaluation of all these methods have resulted into major

success for effective and purposeful conlTol of insects.

ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI

INCITENT OF SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L)

B.B. P. Sinha and S.P. Gupta

Senior Scientist cum Associate Prof, Agricultural Research Institute, Patna - 800 001

Sheath Blight disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia so/ani is one of the major constraints for rice production in Bihar

chemical control measures pose health and environmental hazardous. Botanical extracts as fungicides are

ecofriendly and cheaper too, hence their role as a suitable component in the Integrated DiseJ;1s~ Management has

been discussed in this paper.

The water extracts of Six plant species were tested against this disease to test. their antifungal properties. All

the plant extracts were tested at 10 percent concentration. The leaf extract of Neem :Azadirachte indicia L) was most

in inhibiting growth of Rhizoction solani Jollwed by the bulb extract of garlic (Alliums Sativum L).

44

WETLAND RESOURCES OF NORTH BIHAR

Prasant Kumar* and Dr. Rana Vikram Singh**

*Lecturer, Department of ZoologyRam Jaipal College, Chapra

Jai Prakash University Chapra**Lecturer, Department of Zoology

DAV Postgraduate College,Siwan Jai Prakash University,Chapra

The wetlands are the fragile interface between land and water, rich in flora and fauna and are the most productive

ecosystems on the earth. India have two main prominent environmental features, firstly, the great ramparts of

Himalayas along the northern frontier of India and below that the vast low lying northern plains at their feet. They

are intimately attached with each other and with them are associated with the destinies of the millions of

inhabitants of the rich alluvial plains.

North Bihar, one of the richest depository natural resources in India also provides living space to one of the

poorest peoples in India. There is more water than land in this part of Bihar. Rivers arising from Himalyas feed

numerous depressions allover north Bihar which are known as wetlands. People use the terms as diara, tal and

others. Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems on the earth and contains peculiar flora and fauna.

The region has a rich tradition of aquaculture. The fish culture and makhana (foxnut) cultivation is practiced

from time immemorial, which has a strong market demand in India as well as abroad. Some of the successful

examples clearly exemplify that the region’s traditional knowledge has a strong potential in eliminating the poverty

of its people if it is properly utilized. It has a strong message for the policy makers to understand the traditional

knowledge for poverty elimination than making embakements which is only benefiting the contractors not the

people and destroying the natural balance of the area.

EFFECT OF ARSENIC ON FISHES

Jawaid Ahsan and Bibha Kumari

P.G. dept. of Zoology, A.N. College, Patna, Bihar, India

Arsenic is a metalloid compound. In nature there is plenty of arsenic present in air, soil and water. Arsenic occurs

naturally in aquatic environment in trace amount. Typical concentration for background fresh water streams and

rivers are upto 1-2µg/L Arsenic is found in both inorganic and organic forms, of which inorganic arsenic is more toxic.

Many species of fishes are among the top consumers in the aquatic ecosystems and therefore arsenic concentration

in fishes can act as environmental indicators to describe the status of the environment.

Several investigators have examined the histopathological effects of arsenic on different organs of fishes in

different conditions. Fishes in the water body are not typically receiving constant, steady exposure but rather are

experiencing fluctuating exposures, including periods of high concentrations, which may have adverse effects. The

toxicity of arsenic vary depending upon environmental conditions such as water hardness or pH and temperature

change. pH activity has a significant impact on the availability and toxicity of arsenic. Temperature change in a

given direction may increase, decrease, or cause no change in toxicity depending on many factors including the

toxicant, species or the experiment.

45

INFLUENCE OF CRUDE AFLATOXINS ON THE RATE OF GAIN IN BODY

WEIGHT OF GUINEA PIGS AND PLANT EXTRACT REMEDY

Chandra Shekhar Varma* & Shahda Parween**

*University Department of BotanyVeer Kunwar Singh University,

Ara - 802301, Bihar, India.Email: Varma_cs29@rediffmail.com

**Research Scholar,V. K. S. University, Ara.

Experimental period of 26 weeks was partitioned into 20 weeks of treatment period and 6 weeks of recovery period.

The route selected for the administration of the crude aflatoxins and plant extracts was oral as it is the most natural

route by which toxins gain entry into the body and the exposure is through gastrointestinal tract. Clinical

manifestation of aflatoxin involved four general areas: reduced rate of growth or productivity, liver damage,

immuno-suppression and carcinogenicity. Animals receiving sub acute oral dose of crude aflatoxins showed

significant reduction in the rate of body weight gain at growing age. This can be considered as a sensitive, although

general, indicator of toxic effects. Adverse health effects were evident as guinea pigs receiving them showed

dullness, hair loss, feed aversion, poor growth rate and enhanced organ (liver & kidney) weights. Plant products as

protective candidates seemed safe, non toxic, immunogenic and cost effective. Extracts from lemon and amla fruits

seemed to have protective effects against toxin insult as animals receiving them showed improvement in the general

health conditions and there was a significant tendency towards normalisation in respect of body and organ weights

particularly during the 6-week recovery period. Over all cure with the elimination of all disease syndromes could not

be observed signifying, thereby, the limited use of plant extracts. Reduction in body weight gain could possibly be

due to feed refusal and poor feed efficiency. The effects of toxins and plant extracts were time and dose dependent.

Key Words: aflatoxin, carcinogenic, lemon, amla, guinea pigs, body weight, liver, kidney.

STUDIES ON SOME ANTIDIABETIC DRUG PLANTS

Ansari MN, Prakash A, Singh CK and Naseem M

Tissue Culture Lab, Univ. Dept. of BotanyB.R.A. Bihar University,

Muzaffarpur

The prevalence of diabetes in India is showing a sharp upswing. It is a reporting by United Nations that India would

be the diabetes capital of the world in 20 years. Now-a-days, diabetes is a global problem, the treatment of which is

recommended by various herbal drugs. A judicious intake of antidiabetic plant products coupled with proper diet

control has tremendous effect on control of this disease. More than 15 plants or plant products were identified by the

herbal experts (Kabiraj, Brahmins, Vaidyas & Hakims) and rural women folk for the cure of diabetes In this present

investigation, seven antidiabetic drug plants viz Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar), Momordica charantia (Karela),

Syzgium cumini (Jamun), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Methi), Vinca rosea (Sadabahar), Azadirachta indica (Neem)

and Annona squamosa (Sharifa) growing in Muzaffarpur (urban area) were selected for their studies on taxonomic

identification and medicinal uses particularly with reference to the cure of diabetes. Much of the information

presented in this manuscript is new to the field of medicines and has been collected from different sources Due to

ever increasing demand for medicinal plants growing in nature, it is highly desirable that steps to be undertaken for

their conservation, protection, propagation and systematic & scientific exploitation for meeting out the future need.

The present study forms the basis for the first report on medicinal plants used for curing diabetes.

46

EFFICACY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS IN PATNA DISTRICT

Supriya, Amrita* & S.N.Lal

Department of Botany, Patna University

*Department of Biotechnology, B.N. College, Patna

Since time immemorial plants have been used for the treatment of various ailments. Medicinal plants have curative

properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances like alkaloids, glycosides, resins, volatile oils

etc. These active principles usually remain concentrated in the storage organs i.e. root, seeds, barks, leaves etc.

Patna district provides immense medicinal benefits, but unfortunately these are not being wisely used by unaware

resident population.

Keeping these aspects in view an attempt has been made to survey the Patna district to provide additional

benefits.

Few examples of plants observed are—

Phyllanthus, fraternus

Azadirachta indica.

Ocimum sanctum

Boerhaavia diffusa,

Oxalis corniculata,

Sida cordifolia, And

Asparagus racemosus.

Cultivation, conservation and proper utilization of such medicinal plants is necessary for sustainable

development of the country.

The present paper is aimed to elucidate the prospect of medicinal and aromatic plants in Patna district.

TISSUE CULTURE OF INDIAN SCENTED ROSES

Raageeva Bimal, Niti Kiran, Md. Shahnawaz, Ruby Kumari, Rituraj K. Verma and Madhu KumariBiotechnology Lab, Univ. Dept. of Botany, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur

In vitro propagation of rose as well as rose breeding is a great economic entrepreneur and has received highest

importance in India. So far the development of new cultivars for commerce is concerned it is faced with new

challenges There are several reports which indicate multiplication of many varieties of roses, however the local

cultivar of rose has not been studied in tissue culture. In the present paper we report the dedifferentiation of stem

nodal explants as well as leaf disc cultured on MS medium supplemented with various growth adjuvants such as

coconut water (CW 5%–20% v/v) auxins (0.1 mg–5 mgl–1

) and cytokinins (0.1 mg–5 mgl–1

). Vigorous callus formation

was observed in both the nodal and leaf disc explants on MS medium supplemented with CW (10% v/v) + 2, 4-D

(2.5mgl–1

) + BAP (0.8 mgl–1

).

Further work is in progress to obtain high frequency plant regeneration in the local cultivar of Indian scented

rose. The result shall be discussed.

ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLANKTON OF LENTIC WATER BODIES

OF RURAL CHAPRA (NORTH BIHAR)

Manoj Kr. Pandey* & Navin Kr. Ojha***Research Scholar

**Lecturer, L.M.V. Hafizpur, Baniapur, Saran, J.P. University, Chapra.

A detailed investigation on the plankton community of the micro and macro land in time and space from the different

lentic water bodies of rural Chapra was conducted.

Seventeen species of phytoplankton were recorded. A number of phytoplankton dominant in the month of

January and decreased in the month of late march while nine species of Zooplankton were recorded Zooplankton

showed distinct various in their Abundance. Distribution of Zooplankton increased in the summer and decreased in

the winter months. Different groups of Zooplankton exhibited their distinct peaks in different months of the year.

47

Morphogenetic Studies and Clonal Propagation in Tissue Culture of APARAJITA a

Medicinal Herb

Raageeva Bimal, Madhu Kumari, Md. Shahnawaz,Niti Kiran, Ruby Kumari and Rituraj K. Verma

Biotechnology Lab, Univ. Dept. of Botany, B.R.A. Bihar University, MuzaffarpurE-mail: raageeva@hotmail.com

The research work entitled “Morphogenetic Studies and clonal propagation in tissue culture of APARAJITA, a

medicinal herb” relates to the work done on Clitoria ternatea a medicinal plant (roots being a rich source of clitorin

and aparajitin) with a view to elucidate some of the important problems of growth and development. The novel

technique of tissue culture has been used to study the behaviour of the cell or explant’s morphogenetic potentials in

the experimental plant for biotechnological applications. The significant findings which include morphogenetic

events shown by C. ternatea.

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF INDIA

Anupam Sinha

Reasearch Schollar, Department of Botany, M.U. BodhgayaE-mail: anupam_adv@sifymail.com.

Introduction

Plants are one of the most important sources of Medicine which has some chemicals are useful in treatment of

various diseases. Large number of Higher plants have been studied and therapeutically active antibiotics isolated.

This source have included such plants as- Garlic (Allium sepa), wild ginger (Asaram Sp.) Senna Leaves

(Cassiasp) and many others. It has disease resistant power prepare many type of medicine same work as Antibiotics.

They should possess the capacity to destroy or inhibit different species of pathogenic MICRO-ORGANISM. They

should stop the ready development of resistant forms of the parasite. They should not produce undesirable side

effects such as allergic reaction irritation of the kidneys and gastrointestinal tracts.

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES ON SOME COMMON HOME REMEDIES HERBAL

PLANTS SPECIALLY USED IN ASTHMA

Dhiraj Singh

Department of Botony, T.P.S. College, Patna.

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted for the purpose of determining traditional remedies. It is obviously to

ensure therapeutic efficacy. The Present Communication Seven (7) Plants have been reported which used by rural

and urban people as medicine to treat asthma disease.

These folk & traditional treatments by the herbal medicinal plants are fairy accepted, easily), available,

hearing minimum cost. As regards to the studies on home remedies and self medication, only a few contributions are

on the record Chopra (1961). Jaggi (1966), Shah (1982), Singh (1985).

The Present study is carried out on the medicinal importance of some plants used traditionally in the treatment

of asthma.

The Present study was limited to the urban and rural localities of Patna, Bihar. The traditional home remedies

are still alive here. Interviews were conducted involving two Ayurveda doctor, vaidya local so called quacks and

many ethnic Families. Information collected from two family was confirmed from at least four more for the

authenticity. Some plants and plant products used in home remedies, mode of reparation of the drug, methods of

administration as well as the dosages were noted.

Information on seven (7) plants species were collected for the treatment of the asthma. In the following

description the plants are arranged alphabetically. tor each plant the Botanical name. Family name. English name.

Hindi name and medicinal uses are given in succession.

48

COMPETITIVE AGGRESSIVENESS OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS LINN.,

VIS-A-VIS CASSIA TORA LINN. AND CROTON BONPLANDIANUM BAILL

M.P. Trivedi and Nupur

Department of Botany,Patna Science College,

Patna - 800 005

Parthenium is an exotic species. It is a non-native plant introduced into a new location by human activity, either

intentionally or by accident. This dreaded weed has spread throughout India and can be seen near roadsides,

railway tracks, wastelands and disturbed, cultivated or over-grazed land round the year.

Parthenium has a number of major constituents which are chemically or widely biologically active. The most

important of these is Parthenin, which is the main toxin and allergen and also responsible for the allelopathic effects

noted in relation to other plants.

Cassia tora and Croton bonplandianum seem to have the power to inhibit the aggression of the dangerous

Parthenium through its antagonistic effects. Thus, there is a need to judge the competitive aggressiveness of

Parthenium vis-a.-vis Cassia and Croton in terms of germination, radicle growth and other growth parameters.

The mean weight of fresh 100 seeds varies in the three species. Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. has the

lightest seeds (0.11 gm) and Cassia fora Linn. the heaviest seeds (1.55 gm). Croton bonplandianum BailI shows an

intermediate behaviour (0.73 gm). The germination of seeds commences within 2-11 days. The quickest germination

occurs in Parthenium (2 days) followed by Cassia (3 days) and Croton (11 days). The rate of germination of three

species also varies. In Parthenium, the rate of germination is 10.55% per24 hours followed by Cassia (3.75%) and

Croton (4.95%).

The allelopathic potential of Parthenium on Cassia and Croton was negligible. The root and leaf extract of

Parthenium had no effect on germination and radicle length of Cassia and Croton. But the leaves and roots aqueous

extracts of all the applied concentrations of Cassia and Croton significantly suppressed the germination of P.

hysterophorus. Increase in the concentration enhanced the inhibitory potential.

The allelochemicals present in Cassia and Croton have the potential to suppress the germination and radicle

length of P. hysterophorus. These two plants are not only harmless but also have the value as fodder. Thus, these

effective natural products would then be used as environment friendly herbicides to control the noxious weed

Parthenium hysterophorus.

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON FLOODPLAIN WETLAND (CHAUR) OF BIHAR

AND ITS IMPACT ON FISHERIES

Sunit Singh, Arun K. Singh and Gopal K. Tripathi

Department of Zoology,B.D. Evening College (M.U.),

Patna 800 001 (Bihar),

Floodplain wetlands are fragile ecosystem at the land-river margin. They playa significant role in the management

and conservation of state important fish resources. As they provide ecologically rich habitat for fish population and

also serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many riverine fishes.

The present study deals with the ecological status of the floodplain wetlands of north Bihar and important

threats to their fishery and the possibilities to enhance its productivity. The present investigation showed that these

aquatic ecosystems were under threat of severe ecological degradation due to habitat destruction, weed infestation,

uncontrolled discharge of waste water, siltation and various other anthropogenic pressure. All these factors have

affected adversely the biotic communities inhabiting in wetlands. It has been noticed that a large areas of wetland

has vanished and the trend is continuing. Besides these a substantial decline in fish population has been observed in

most of the wetlands. Increasing pollution and indiscriminate fishing of brood fishes and juveniles have been

identified as the major factors for the declining fish population. The study also reveals that many Gangatic carps and

catfishes were under severe threat of disappearance from these wetlands. To maintain the carrying capacity of

wetlands as fisheries resources various conservation measures have been described in the present paper.

49

EDUCATIONAL POLLUTION-THE GREATEST OBSTACLE IN SCIENTIFIC

INNOVATIONS AND ENTERPRISE CREATION

Prof. ILA

Head, Dept. of Physics,Govt. Womens College,

Gulzarbagh, PAlNA-800 007

The first and the foremost step to be taken is to understand and remove the greatest obstacle’ educational pollution’,

in path of scientific innovations and enterprise creation, also the main theme of the present conference. What one

need for innovations and creations are unpolluted mind and a clear perception of the existing world. But

unfortunately we lack this to a greater extent due to our aimless effort towards the rat race of the world.

Major reason of educational pollution is fast growing educational institute which just makes student memorize

things without basic knowledge, reasons or logics. These are not the result of lack in awareness but are due to

negligence. We actually only learn what ever is given to us during our academic life rather than knowing their

application in real life. We actually learn the best things in our life but are ashamed of applying even one of them in

our real life. We do make our next generation learn these but again we are the first one to stop them. We live more in

virtual life rather than practical life. Our living standard has become artificial and is rising only in terms of money.

The moral standards are decreasing day by day.

The world does not exist independently, hence there are several reasons which have piled up and together they

have created such a big obstacle. No proper infrastructure (i.e. land, building, etc), lack in quality of education,

awareness and environmental health in daily life. These factors and many more such factors in their own way have

greatly affected our educational system. So what we need is to refine our system, in fact each and every system.

So as said by swami Vivekananda:

Awake arise and stop not till the goal is reached.

EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM

ON GILL TISSUES OF AN AIR BREATHING FISH CLARIAS BATRACHUS (LINN.)

A.K. Sahu & D.N. Roy

Lecturer,Department of Zoology,

M.L.S.M. College Darbhanga-846004,Bihar

Histopathological studies on fish is a noteworthy and promising field to understand the extent to which the changes

in structural organization occurs in the organs due to environmental pollutants.

Heavy metal pollutant& leads to many pathological lesions in different tissues of fish and has been reported for

a large member of edible fishes.

However, the studies on the heavy metal chromium (Cr+6) on the gills of clariasbatrachus are meager.

Experimental fish clariasbatrachus exposed to sublethal concentration of hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) (6.06

mg/L) revealed severe damages and changes in its cellular levels in gills leading to death of fish. Subchronic

exposure produced disturbances in the basement membrane, disintegrated gill lamellae reduced intercellular space,

fusion of secondary gill lamellae and profuse mucus secretion. Chronic exposure to sublethal concentration of

hexavalent chromium produced liquifaction, disquamentation, hemorrhage at lamellar tips and hypertrophy of

mucous cells at the base of gill filament. Adhesion and separation of gill lamella with vacuolation loss of cytoplasm

and curling of tips of secondary gill lamella were also conspicuous.

Affected and invaded gill filament also showed engorged sinusoids and blood vessels and evidences of

destructive and mechanical injury. It is hoped that the present work will give impetus to the application of histology

as an adjunct to the diagnosis of patho-physiological response in fish disease.

50

FISH HEALTH UNDER PERMETHRIN STRESS

Jitendra Kumar Yadav &. M.M. Jha

Department of Zoology, M.L.S.M. College, Darbhanga-846004 Bihar

Recently it is quite clear that synthetic pyrethroids are being encouraged as a substitute for the organochlorine,

organophosphorous and carbamate group of pesticides due to their low mammalian toxicity and their toxicological

impacts on fishes being very little explored prompted the present worker to undertake this study.

This study attempts to evaluate the health status of the fresh water fish Anabas testudineus on the basis of

changes in blood biochemistry under the toxic stress of permethrin when the fish were exposed to sublethal

concentration of permethrin (0.054 ppm) for 30 days. Significant changes were observed in the blood biochemical

profiles in the form of hyperproteinemia and hypercholesterolemia. Besides SGOT and SGPT were also found

significantly increased over the control values under the toxic influence of permethrin. The present study concludes

that use of permethrin at lower doses, may prove detrimental to fish health and population as such some alternative

non-toxic chemicals need to formulated in order to have better fish productivity.

TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

Mukesh Kumar Madhukar & Dinesh Kumar Yadav

Deptt. of Maths M.M. College, Bikram M.U., Bodh GayaResearch Scholar, P.G. Deptt. of Zoology M.U., Bodh Gaya

The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-AIDS. When antibodies to

HIV are detected the patient is infected and said to be seropositive or HIV positive. The virulence of AIDS and the

rate of spread of the epidemic are alarming.

In the present paper we have found that a major problem with AIDS is the variable length of the incubation

period from the time the patient is diagnosed as seropositive until he exhibits the symptoms of AIDS. This has major

consequences for the spread of the virus. Here we have considered two models. The first model we have considered is

for the time evolution of the disease between those infected and those with AIDS. The second one is the epidemic

model, where we have discussed the development of an AIDS epidemic in a homosexual population.

PROBIOTICS: AN INNOVATIVE AND POTENT TOOL

TO IMPROVE THE HUMAN DEFENSE BARRIER.

Tanuja* and S.Bedi**

*Dept. of Botany, B.M.D. College, Dayalpur, Vaishali**Dept. of Botany, Patna Womens College,Patna

Pasteur had postulated that microorganisms are necessary for human life and later, Metchnik off confirmed the

importance of microbes and the interactions between the host and the bacteria, for normal life. He suggested that, it

would be possible to modify the “gut flora”, by replacing the harmful microbes with the useful microbes. In recent

years, using the modern techniques, scientists have gained more understanding about the composition of the normal

micro flora in the humans and about the ways in which it forms a real defense barrier. The trend is to use live

microbial feed supplement called “probiotics”, which beneficially affects the hosts, by improving its intestinal

microbial balance. Microorganisms such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, L.casei, L. bulgaricus, L. plantarum, L.

rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium lactis, B. longum, B. in/antis, B. brevis, B. animalis etc., used in the rapidly developing

area of probiotics, are beneficial when consumed in adequate amounts. Some of the common fermented food products

containing similar bacteria are pickled vegetables, tempeh, miso, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, soy sauce, yoghurt etc.

Experiments into the benefits of probiotic therapies suggest possible health benefits beyond basic nutritive value

viz., prevention of colon cancer, managing lactose intolerance, immunomodulation, improving mineral adsorption,

lowering the blood pressure, and the cholesterol levels, and reducing inflammation etc. However, the research is

limited and only the preliminary results are available. In addition, all the effects can only be attributed to the

strain(s) tested and not to the species and the whole group of lactic acid bacteria, as well as other probiotics. A wide

range of intensive studies is still needed to better understand this complex ecosystem and its function.

51

INTERPRETATION OF GENETIC ABERRATIONS BY QUANTUM MECHANICS

Md. Anzer Alam

Lecturer, Dept. of BotanyGanga singh college, Chapra

J.P. University, Chapra.

As the field of genetic suggest, probability plays a major role in determining its various characteristics. Quantum

mechanical concept of probability is the most suitable one for this type of approach. Here probability of an event is

represented by giving it a suitable probability amplitude and by squaring it we get the probability of the event. This

probability amplitude is represented by a wave function, which always a complex quantity and involves all activity

also including its inner motions, if any.

Within cell nucleus DNA molecule is the genetic material (but in some cases instead of DNA, RNA molecule

play the role of genetic material such as TMV). DNA molecule is made up of two interwind strands (chains) which are

wrapped about a common axis in the form of a right handed double helix. Periphery of the helix is made up of

phosphate and deoxyribose units and there is pairing between purine (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidine

(thymine & cytosine) bases through hydrogen bonding. Guanine pairs with cytosine by triple hydrogen bond and

adenine pairs with thymine (in case of RNA uracil) by double hydrogen bond. A non over lapping triplet sequence of

nucleotides on m-RNA corresponding to DNA forms a codon that specifies a particular amino acid. Here we assume

to represent a codon by a wave function as well as if the suitable Hamiltonian operator operates on this wave

function, it will give “energy of the state” for which this wave function stands. This mean that for a particular codon

(or gene) there is particular “energy value” and if the “energy value” is perturbed (due to various reasons) the codon

(or gene) is perturbed and so functioning of codon is perturbed (changed). This may be an essential point towards

determination of genetic aberrations. These genetic aberrations sometimes can be thought of yielding good results

but very of ten there is a probability that it will produce several fatal genetic disorder including various forms of

cancer. The interpretation of Genetic code & Genetic aberrations with the quantum mechanics gives the new

approach particularly Medical Science.

MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN SKIN CARE OF BIHAR

Nandjee Kumar, S. R. Choudhary* and Anil Kumar**

*University Department of Botany,Magadh University, Bodh-Gaya

Department of Botany PNK College,Achhua Patna. Bari Yusufpur,

Hajipur, Vaishali

Skin is the front line protective barrier between internal structures and the external environment. Skin Protects

against trauma, regulates body temperature serves as an organ of excretion and sensation and synthesizes Vitamin

D in the presence of Ultra Violet light.

Historically, wound, pimples appear to be the first Surgical problem faced by the Primitive human. Nature is

full of Medicinal plants which are useful in skin disease and skin care plants used by our ancestors for skin disease

and beautification are still in practice is day to day life in our society.

In the tribal and rural areas of Bihar where Modem system of Medical care is not easily accessible they cause

enormously undesirable side effects. It is estimated in a survey by WHO that 80% of the total population of

developing countries realy on traditional Medicine Mostly Plants drugs for the primary health care needs.

The traditional Medicinal System are more significant because of natural products having no side effects and

easily available at affordable prices.

The present paper contains ethnomedico plants of 57 sps belong to 52 genera dn 38 Families have been

recorded by the authors which are used by the tribals and aboriginals for skin care of BIHAR, There botanical

names, local names, Families and plants used in different skin care have been described in the paper.

52

RARE AND ENDANGERED FISH SPECIES OF THE FLOODPLAIN WETLANDS OF

NORTH BIHAR

A. K. Singh, R. B. Mahto* & V. K. Singh**

Department of Zoology, B.D. Evening College (M.U.), Patna, Bihar*Department of Zoology, R.K.D. College (M.U.), Patna, Bihar

**Department of Zoology, T.B.D.S.J. College (M.U.), Goh (Aurangabad), Bihar

Floodplain wetlands are areas which remain water-logged during major part of the year and long enough to support

a variety of endemic flora and fauna and a considerable human population living around them. The present

observation is a random field survey of the occurrence or rare, endangered and endemic fish species in various

floodplain wetlands of north Bihar, located in the Ganga and Gandak river basin. A total of 17 fish species were

identified as threatened. While, assessing biodiversity status of each species, on the basis of IUCN (1990) and CAMP

(1998) criteria, of 17 fish species, 7 species (Eutropiichtys vacha, Chaca chaca, Nemacheilus biota, Chitala chitala,

Pseudeutropius atherenoids, Ompok bimaculatus and Ompok pabda) categorized as endangered; whereas, 10

species (Puntius conchonius Ailia coila, Garra Gotyla gotyla, Barilius barila, Bagarius bagarius, Mystus, vittatus,

Anabas testudineous, Aplocheilus panchax, Channa gachua and Clarias batrachus) were assessed under

vulnerable. The present paper describe the reasons for decline in catch composition of these fishes with a view to

explore possible strategies for suitable conservation measures. An effective eco-friendly management and

monitoring plan needs to be initiated for the sustainability of fish population from these valuable aquatic ecosystems

have been discussed in this paper.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AS BLOCKERS OF OOGENESIS IN FISHES:

BIOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTUAL STUDY

Prakriti Verma, G. B. Chand, M. P. Sinha & A. Nath

Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna,E-mail: drprakriti@sify.com

The pollution hazards for aquatic life are increasing with widespread use of insecticide and pesticides in agricultural

practices. Pesticides are known to reduce the survival, growth and reproduction of teleost. The aim of the present

study is to focus on the cytotoxicity induced by Endosulfan pesticide in the ovarian cells of a teleost Clarias

batrachus under identical laboratory condition. Exposure of 0.008 ml/L Endosulfan was used consecutively for three

weeks by administering it in aquaria water during spawning season of C. batrachus. Every week serum Thyroid

stimulating Hormone (TSH), Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) level by ELISA and serum protein level by colorimetric

method were measured. Light, Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to study the intracellular

details and surface morphology of ovarian cells. The Electron Microscopy of ovarian cells of the normal fish showed

different stages of growth and development of oocytes. A wide variety of abnormalities have been observed at the all

the stages of development after endosulfan exposure. At SEM level major abnormalities incurred were amoeboidal

shape of oocytes, presence of grooves and protuberances, bursting of ova etc.

At TEM level ovary showed a large number of amoeboid and degenerated cells with wavy plasma membrane,

more lysosomal activity, vacuolations and disarticulated collagen fibre, intermediate filament and microtubules.

Besides fusion of mitochondria with secretory vesicles containing heavy deposition of electron dense granules are

prominent. Nucleus shows macrophagic nature and more heterochromatization.

Minimum level of protein was recorded during 2nd week of endosulfan exposure where as serum TSH level

showed increasing trend throughout the experimental period. Serum T3 and T4 showed high fluctuation in all

durations. These findings indicate that endosulfan adversely affects the normal process of development of ova which

finally leads to dystrophy of ovarian cells.

53

THERAPEUTIC USE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Kiran Bala Singh

Department of Zoology,Womens College,

Samastipur

Stem cells look like ordinary cells. The real difference is that the Stem cells can differentiate into any of the 220 cell

types found in the human body, i.e., kidney, heart, liver, skin, retina and so on. This property of stem cells has been

called Pluripotency or totipotency. At birth, stem cells can be harvested from an individual’s bone marrow, fat tissue

and the umbilical cord. Embryonic stem cells can be harvested from embryos upto a few days after fertilization.

Another characteristic of stem cells is their ability to grow indefinitely. Where as the remaining body cells have

a biological programming that limits the number of cell divisions they can go through before dying. Stem cells can be

maintained indefinitely in a Petri dish Containing the nutrirent medium.

Stem cell therapy provides hope for the cure of Patients with incurable affictions. The basic strategy for

repairing damaged tissues is to surgically transfer embryonic stem cells to the damaged area where the stem cells

form healthy replacement cells. For example, the injection of stem cells into the liver of a Patient with cirrhosis or

hepatitis could result in liver tissue, capable of performing its role. Stem cell therapy also has great potential to cure

rhematoid arthritis and some heart diseases.

Somatic cell gene therapy has the limitation of lasting for only a few months, reuquiring repeated applications.

But with the use of stem cells have the ability to grow and divide continously.

ETHNOCOSMETICS: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LAWSONIA INERMIS

Dr. Tulika Anupriya

Lecturer Department of Botany,Magadh Mahila College,

Patna University,Patna

It is the most ardent, cherished and inherited desire of mankind to look beautiful, impressive and attractive.

Aboriginals while hunting wild animals for food and other uses, sometimes got injured. Blood sprinkled over their

body. Bluish-black clots stained their skin. These multicolour appearances caused attractive and amusing look for

their ladies. This feeling aroused necessity of cosmetics. Cosmetics mean any substance helping to improve the

physical appearance. Early, tribals for their camouflage use juice of flowers, leaves, mirleral powder etc. as

cosmetics Lawsonia inermis popularly known among tribal ladies as Henna or mehndi.

Ethnobotanical investigation about L. inermis had been carried out during present investigations. The plant

was introduced in India by Muslims. Earlier native queens used leaves as lip paint and face powder besmeared with

lodhra wood as mentioned in Brihdtsamhita also used during early days as tooth brush, hair dye, and fabric prints

etc. It has special importance in marriage of Hindu, Muslims and “Mangal-Gauri Vrata”. Henna leaves contain a

crimson red dye which is used for colouring palm, soles, nails etc. Henna leaves with arnica, shikakai and almonds

oil prevents hair loss, pre-mature graying and lustrous growth.

Four amino acid have been detected in the leaves. Out of these: - Alanine and Threonine are glucogenic where

as Leucine and nor Leucine are ketogenic in nature.

L. inermis posses n = 18, with self pollinating species of low chiasma frequency which leads to morphological

stability. Occurrence of greater number of rod bivalents showed non-plastic tendency which confirmed by

morphological polygraphy.

The plant has got wider prospective as cosmetic for modern society.

54

TESTICULAR INJURY UNDER CHRONIC STRESS OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE INTHE RAT

Satyendra Kumar Singh & H.K. JhaDepartment of Zoology, L.N.Mithila University Darbhanga-846004 Bihar (India)

The testicular injuries produced after 30 days exposure of Rat to the sublethal concentration (156.7 mg/l) of

cadmium chloride was investigated.

There was a loss of lobular architecture and cellular organization of the lobule due to the degeneration and

repture of the lobular wall. The autolysis of the germinal epithilium and connective tissue stroma were also

apparent. The germ cells, in the testicular lobules were in the process of degeneration. The lobules were filled with

only spermatogonia and rarely with primary spermatocytes, thereby indicating reduced spermatogenic activity.

Besides, the traces of fluid deposition due to liquefactive necrosis of the connective tissue stroma as evident from the

appearance of clear spaces were also well marked. General reduction in the cytoplasmic contents and a significant

decrease in gonadosomatic index were the other prominent histopathological lesions produced under the toxic stress

of cadmium chloride in Rat.

REPRODUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES IN MALE TELEOST IN RESPONSE TOENDOSULFAN TOXICITY : AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY

G. B. Chand, Rizwan Ahmad, Prakash Singh, Prakriti Verma & A. Nath

P.G. Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna 800005.

Anthropogenic degradation in water quality due to several agricultural, industrial, domestic effluents discharges

and intense use of pesticides as modern agrochemical has created a lot of environmental stress to the aquatic world

and threatened the survival of few species. Fishes take up most of the xenobiotics from the surrounding water by

passive diffusion through gills, epithelial tissues and gastrointestinal tract.

In the present study, the impact of most widely used commercial brand Endocel (EC 35%)’ on the reproductive

status of male teleost have been investigated. A fresh water air breathing fish Clarias batrachus (Linn)

has been selected as experimental model. The 96 hrs. LC50 for ‘Endocel’ were determined by standard APHA

method and doses selected for exposure werc 0.008 ppln, 0.03 ppm & 0.04 ppm for 2, 4 & 8 days respectively. Blood

Serum was assessed for testosteron level by ELISA test. Sperm counting were done by testicular tissue were studied

under SEM and Philip’s CM-10 TEM of SIF-EM unit Department of Anatomy AIIMS, New Delhi. An overall

reduction in testosteron level were observed in pesticide treated group and nearly 60% reduction in sperm count

were seen SEM studies of testicular tissues of treated fish showed numerous blebs, protuberances, exocytic vesicles,

fusion of spenn head and formation of several cross bridges between two heads multi flagellate material and

increased macrophagic activities. At TEM level, major testicular changes due to endosulfan toxicity were rupture of

plasma membrane of head of spermatozoan, nuclear extrusion hetrochromatization, detachment of tail,

macortubules dissembly and impaired spermiogenesis. Endosulfan poses severe threat to the survival of fish by

dismissing its reproductive potential.

HERBAL BIODIVERSITY: A CURATIVE MEASURE FOR DIABETES

Amrita, Supriya* & S.K.Sinha

Deptt. of Botany & Biotechnology, B.N.College, P.U.,Patna,

Deptt. of Botany, Patna University, Patna*

Diabetes (Madhumeha) is a serious challenge ,and a major disorder which affects almost all parts of our body like

complications related to heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, blood flow of the body etc. At present there are more than 100

millions diabetic patients worldwide. The disorder is often rectified by administrating Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

either via injection or nasal drops, despite of high degree of adverse effects. However as evident from the present

scenario herbal cure is gaining worldwide acceptance, the actual need is only to make awareness of such cures to

general people. India is rich in phyto-biodiversity, so this asset may be applied as herbal medicinal cure to overcome

such complications. The paper is aimed to generate awareness among people concerned with identifying features

along with healing and curative properties of possible medicinal plants, most of which are easily available allover

the country. The effort shall be able to bring the effective control in the treatment of various stages of diabetes.

55

ROLE OF CORTISONE ACETATE IN REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE OF A

COMMON INDIAN BIRD ACRIDOTHERS TRISTIS (LINN.)

Nikhat Hassan Munim

*Sr. Lecturer in Zoology, Department of Zoology, J.D.. Womens College, Patna (Bihar/India)E- mail-nikhathassan2001@yahoo.com

Acridotheres tristis treated with single injection of cortisone acetate at three different dose levels of 5.0 mg, 10.0 mg

and 15.0 mg/100 g body weight produced an immediate dose dependent hyperglycemia within 30 minutes of the

hormone injection. This is followed by transient hypoglycemia by 24 hours of the treatment and again the

hyperglycemic state reappeared by 48 hours. The glycogen content of tissues depleted shortly after the cortisone

acetate therapy but later on glycogenesis was recorded and the level rose above the normal value. The pattern of

change is almost similar in both sexes.

Cortisone acetate is hyperglycemic in Acridotheres tristis and mobilises glycogen store of the tissue in the

initial phase of the treatment but later on it mobilizes lipid and protein. This hormone probably, activates glycogen

synthetase in this bird which favours glycogen deposition in tissues.

Key words—Hyperglycemia, Cortisoneacetate, Glycogenesis

A NEW TREMATODE PARADISTOMOIDES MAJUMDARI FROM THE INTESTINE

OF HEMIDACTYLUS FLAVI VI RIDIS FROM SITAMARHI (BIHAR)

Dr Vidya Shankar Singh,1 Dr. Satyendra Kumar2 and Dr U.P. Varma3

1. Principal, SNS College, Hajipur (Vaishali), Bihar,2. Head, Dept. of Zoology, SNS College Hajipur (Vaishali), Bihar

3. Retd. Uni. Professor, R.N. College, Hajipur

The present study in based on a collection of digenetic trematode parasites of a single vertebrate host Hemidactylus

flaviviridis of Tirhut Division. The work deals with the morphology and statical evaluation of different parameter of

a particular trematode Pardistomoides majumdari.

Pardistomoides majumdari from the intestine of Hemidactylus flaviviridis from Sitamarhi (Bihar) differs from

all the known species of the genus.

New species has been formed on the basis of location of oral and ventral sucker. Here the oral sucker is larger

than the ventral sucker and ovary is post acetabular, Right testis is almost round and covers the right lateral margin

of ventral sucker. The left testis is more or less irregular touching the acetabulum from anterolateral side.

PLANT PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF

BOTANY PATNA UNIVERSITY, PATNA.

‘Md. Nazre Alam, Dr. Reena Mohanka and Rajni suman.

Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, Dept. of Botany, Patna University, Patna

Keeping the hazards of chemical means of plant disease control on living beings and environment, an increased

emphasis has been made to develop ecofriendly biopesticides. It is now widely recognized that use of ecofriendly

biopesticides is a distinct possibility for the future and can be successfully exploited in modem agriculture without

affecting our precious ecosystem. In the present investigation an invitro study has been made to evaluate the

antagonistic effect of the leachates, extracted from the roots and leaf of Solanum nigrum against Alternaria solani.

Methanolic extract of the root and leaf of Solanum nigrum in different concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% was

assayed against the culture of Alternaria solani. The time duration to observe the effect were 5, 7 and 9 days, for both

root and leaf in different concentration of plant extract. The statistical analysis of the observation reveals a

significant antagonistic effect of plant extract of root than leaf in gradual increasing concentration usually on 7th

day of exposure.

56

A STUDY OF THE FUNGAL DIVERSITY IN THE RIPARIAN SOIL OF GANGA

RIVER NEAR DANAPUR REGION OF BIHAR

Chandan kumar, Gazala Tabassum & Chaudhary SharfuddinPlant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Patna university, Patna (Bihar).

Out of many essential factors, required for the existence of life on earth like water, air and temperature, soil is one ofthe fundamental resource that supports life on earth. Soil is the natural habitat for most of the terrestrialorganisms, and is a centre of important ecological processes. A frequent shift in the physicochemical setup caused byperiodic inundation and recession of annual flood water, and by deposition of silt carried by the river Ganga makesits riparian soil a hotspot for the microbial habitat. Among various form of microbes, mycoflora constitute the largestand the most diverse group of non chlorophyllous thallophytes. The soil samples were collected from river bank,sandy bed and river mud during the period from December 2006 to November 2007, under aseptic condition andbrought to the laboratory for investigation. The soil mycoflora were isolated using soil dilution plate technique onMartin’s Rose Bengal Agar Medium. Three replicates of the pure culture were maintained. After seven days ofincubation at 25 ± 1°C in BOD incubator, slides were prepared for identification and characterization. Identificationof the fungal colonies were made with the help of authentic available literature.

BACTERIAL DIVERSITY IN INDUSTRIUL EFFLUENTS OF PATNA

Shahbaz Ahmad, Choudhary Sharfuddin

Plant Pathology & Microbiology Department of Botany, Patna University, Patna-5

In the present investigation a study of bacterial diversity was made in the industrial effluents of Patna. Fivedifferent industrial areas viz. Electroplating industry (Patna City), Plastic Recycling industry (New Azimabad,Sector ‘B’), Plastic washing industry (New Azimabad, Sector ‘A’), Dairy industry (Phulwarisharif) and Bata industry(Digha). Organic and inorganic substances are being discharged in the form of waste water through small seweragesinto the river Ganga. These effluents promotes the massive growth of bacteria in the Ganges water. The sampleswere taken from the industrial areas, in aseptic plastic containers and brought to the Departmental laboratory forinvestigation. Czapek’s Dox Agar and Nutrient Agar media were prepared and poured into the petri plates. Thesamples were streaked on the medium by loop inoculation needle in the UV treated inoculation chamber the plateswere incubated at 32°C ± 2 for 48 hours in the incubator. The profused growth of bacterial colony on the medium wasobserved. A thin film on the slides were prepared by the sterilized cotton bud over the spirit lamp and stained byGram Staining technique. The virulent and non-virulent forms of bacteria have been found. The prepared slideswere observed under 100 X microscopic field. The numerous diversity of bacteria have been observed. Theidentification and characterization were made by comparing the slides with authentic manuals of bacteria andBergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.

“ARSENIC RESISTANT BACTERIA A BIOLOGICAL WEAPON FOR ARSENIC

MITIGATION PRACTICES”

Ghosh, Ashok K; Sengupta, Aparupa; Vatsyayan, Nimisha; Prakash, Anuradha & Singh, Sushant KDepartment of Environment and Water Management, A. N. College, Magadh, University, Patna, India

Arsenic contamination is a serious threat to human health. In the Ganges Delta of Bihar, for example, chronicexposure to arsenic has been linked to serious medical conditions, including hypertension, cardiovascular diseaseand a variety of cancers such as cancer of the bladder, lung, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver, and prostate.Non-cancer effects can include thickening and discoloration of the skin, stomach pain, nausea vomiting; diarrheanumbness in hands and feet; partial paralysis; and blindness. Our research group has established the presence ofarsenic in groundwater of Bihar (Ghosh et al. 2006) which if not taken care of in time could be fatal.

The present research was conducted to establish the comparative study of behavior of different microbes. whichwere isolated from two different natural aquifers; high arsenic prone and arsenic free aquifer respectively. It wasobserved that, the bacteria which were isolated from the arsenic prone aquifer were tolerant when they were treatedin vitro with high arsenic concentration in comparison to the bacteria from arsenic free aquifers and also, a strongpossibility exists that these bacteria are not only tolerant to high concentration of arsenic but also can be referred as‘Arsenic Munchers’.

This research is a breakthrough, and could eventually lead to ways of cleaning up contaminated water. Thesearsenic resistant bacteria may contain the general arsenic resistant mechanisms and also they may have thepotential for ‘Bioremediation of Arsenic contaminant environment’.

57

Impact of Global Warming on Cultivation of Memdicinal Plants

Vinay Kumar, Mahesh Prasad and Umesh Kumar*

Deptt. of Botany, College of Commerce, Patna,*Deptt of Biochemistry, Patna University Patna

In India the direct impact of climatic change would effect plant growth and yield due to changes in rainfall,

temperature and air distribution. Increases in temperature could reduce crop duration, increases crop respiration

rate, change the pattern of pest attacks and develop new equilibrium between crops and pests, hastern nutrient

mineralization is soils and decreases fertilizers use efficiency. All these could considerably effect crop yields in long

run. During recent past, the rate of climatic change has been triggered due to tremendous increase in pollution.

Human made green house gases like Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone, and CFCs have caused the largest climatic

changes in recent years. These gases absorb the Earth’s infrared radiation. The energy radiated to space is thus

reduced causing a temporary planetary energy imbalance. With the earth absorbing more energy from the sun that

it radiates to space and warms up the earth’s surface.

Increase carbon-oxide concentration will increase branching leaf area of the crops that will also increase

transpiration and ultimately crop yield. In north India, warming would offset some losses in yield by early pod set in

winter grain legumes like chicken pea and lentil and by arresting frost damages in oilseeds.

Meeting the nice for increased agriculture production has the potential to decrease global rate of biodiversity

tools, climate change and desertification.

ALTERATION IN THE BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF LFT IN CLARIS BATRACHUS

(LINN.) DUE TO ENDOSULFAN TOXICITY

Rizwan Ahmad, Prakash Singh and G. B. Chand

P.G. Dept of Zoology, Patna University, Patna-8005E-mail: lightleo1@yahoo.com

Contamination of water bodies adversely affects the life of fishes by altering their physiology and reproduction,

behaviour patterns, growth and nutritional value, fecundity, cellular morphology and physiology.

Endosulfan is a chlorinate hydrocarbon insecticide and acricide and cycloidene subgroup. It is most commonly

used pesticide through agricultural run-off. These pesticides find there way directly to adjoining water bodies,

effecting the life of several species of fishes.

Healthy group of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) rabgubg frein 100 to 110 ± 10 gm and size 5"–6" were collected,

disinfected with KMNO4 solution and acclimated under laboratory conditions. The 96 hrs. LC50 of commercial grade

‘Endocel (EC 35%)’ was determined by standard APHA method. Fishes were exposed to 0.008 ppm and 0.04 ppm

endosulfan for 2, 4, and 8 days respectively. Endosulfan exposure showed a great fluctuation in serum SGPT, SGOT,

ALP and ACP respectively. Serum SGPT just shifts up at 2 days exposure of 0.008 ppm endosulfan. However, it is

highly significant at 4 days 0.04 ppm exposure (P < 0.05. Serum SGOT shows initial decline after 2 days exposure of

0.008 ppm endosulfan showing some stress response in fish but at higher doses SGOT shifts up just within 4 days

(P < 0.05). Serum ALP shows two fold rise in just 4 days treatment of 0.03 ppm endosulfan (P < 0.05) whereas at

higher doses, it shows a significant rise in both shorter and longer duration ( < 0.001). Serum ACP shows a general

trend of rising in all the three doses of endosulfan exposure and is highly significant at 0.04 ppm endosulfan

concentration (P < 0.05).

Endosulfan sets in a wave of biochemical imbalance completely disrupting LFT (Liver Functioning Test)

profile leading to hepatic failure in fishes.

58

PREVENTIVE DIABETOLOGY, AN ETHNOBOTANICAL REVIEW

*A.K. Gupta, Sudhanshu Kumar Bharti, Neeraj Kumar Sharma.

P.G. Departm,ent of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna-800005*Corresponding Author, E-mail: profakgupta@hotmail.com

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome and the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality, after heart attack

and cancer. It is caused by a relative or absolute deficiency in insulin characterized by an elevation of fasting blood

glucose (hyperglycemia) In .which the body’s delicate metabolic balance goes awry. Since ancient times, plants had

been an important source of medicine. India has been endowed with 45,000 plant species and most of them have been

claimed to possess medicinal properties. More than 410 experimentally proven medicinal plants having antidiabetic

properties have been reported in literature but the complete action- mechanism is available only for about 113

plants. As the continual balance of glucose with metabolic ,demand of insulin goes amiss in Diabetes mellitus, the

extract of these medicinal plants modulate different metabolic pathways and its steps enabling the human body to

combat the disease. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the modes of action of plants and

their products (active, natural principles and crude extracts) on some of these metabolic steps in relation to

immunogenic effect (suppression of insulin autoantibodies, GAD autoantibodies and ICA) and diabetic dislipidemia

(modulation of adiponectin and PPARs). Some of them which are most effective and the most commonly studied in

relation these complications are: Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Coccinia indica, Caesalpinia bonducella ,

Ficus bengalenesis , Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Ocimum sanctum, Pterocarpus marsupium, Swertia

chirayita , Syzigium cumini, Tinospora cordifolia and Trigonella foenum graecum.

ROGAR INDUCED TESTICULAR ANOMALIES IN FISHES: TEM STUDY

Prakash Singh, Rizwan Ahmad & G. B. Chand

P.G. Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna-800005E-mail: gbchand@rediffmail.com

Male Clarias batrachus of the same brood stock in their spawning phase have been collected & divided into ten

groups i.e., one control & 9 treated groups. They were treated with different sub lethal doses of dimethoate (EC 30%)

i.e., 2 ppm, 4 ppm & 6 ppm for 2 days, 4 days and 8 days each. After the treatment period testes of the fish were

collected for histopathological analysis by sacrificing them the light microscope (LM) observation of the treated

testes has shown major sign of testicular tissue degradation vig. Increase in the width of inter lobular space with the

increase in the exposure time. Increased infiltration of spermatocytes in inter lobular spaces, fusion of seminiferous

lobules, emptization of lobules, infiltration of leucocytes & disintegration of lobule boundary cells. Whereas, TEM

studies revealed the disintegration in the nuclear membrane of the spermatocytes from which extrusion of nuclear

material occurs. Increased GERL material. lipid droplets & electron dense granules are pointing towards the stress

responses of the fish. Distorted neck of spermatozoa, increased vacuolization and abundance of lysosomal vesicles

are prominent features of dimethoate toxicity. Consequently dimethoate reduces the reproductive potential of Male

fishes and directly affect their population in water bodies.

ENUMERATION OF TOTAL ERYTHROCITES IN KALA-AZAR PATIENTS

Soma Rani Kolay, *A. C. Jha & **J. N. Roy

Dept. of Zoology, Millat College, Darbhanga,*C. M. Science College, Darbhanga,

**Nirmali College, Nirmali

These days Kala-azar or Viceral leishmaniasis is one of the dreadful disease of human beings and other vertebrates,

which is caused by a flagellate, Leishmania donovani. It shows a drastic change in the blood of the patient. The ratio

of WBCs to RBCs is increased as high as 1 : 1500 (normal ratio is 1 : 650). The survival time of red cells reduced by

50% and the number of erythrocytes was found to be lower than normal limit and causes Erythropenia. It is due to

involvement of the bone marrow by the growth of the parasite in the RE cells.

59

SIMPLICITY OF QDS IN TERM OF ITS ENERGY SCALE

Himanshu Kr Pandey and Dr. Pramendra Ranjan Singh

Research Scholar, J.P. University, Department of Physics, Jagdam College, J.P. University, Chapra,

E-mail: drpramendra_jc@ rediffmail.com

The strong separation of energy scales in QDs. Make it startlingly simple. The largest relevant energy is the coulomb

interaction energy ~1 mev in lateral dots while ~10 mev in vertical dots. All energies larger than this value are

frozen out and play no role in the dynamics of dots. The next relevant energy scale is the single particle level spacing,

rvO.1 mev in lateral dots and ~1 mev in vertical dots last is the coupling energy between the dot and the leads which

for opaque tunnel barriers is ~0.01 mev. The energy scale set by the temp. merely determines which of these other

scales can be resolved in transport of electrons through the cluster of dots.

As a result of separation of energy scales, the behavior of electrons in dots can often be understood in simple

hierarchical today. First the no. of electrons on the dot is determined by minimizing the direct coulomb interaction

energy. Second, the state of these electrons on the dot is determined by balancing their kinetic energy against the

residual part of the coulomb interaction, including correlation and exchange effects. Finally, the transition rates

among such states are determined by the small hybridization energy to the leads. When this hierarchical scheme is

applied, the agreement between the experiment and theory is observed to be startlingly good e.g. charge fluctuations

or co-tunneling events between dots and leads or between two dots when the tunnel coupling energy is equal to or

larger than the single particle energy separation; the formation of Landau levels at high magnetic field with a

Zeeman energy or cyclotron energy of order either the single particle energies or the coulomb energy.

BIODIVERSITY (ENTOMOFAUNA) OF DAHA RIVER

Reeta Kumari and Dr. P. Rani*

Deptt. Of Zoology, D.A.V. P.G. College, Siwan, J. P. University, Chapra, Bihar*Deptt. Of Zoology, Science College, Patna University, Patna - 800 005 (Bihar)

WATER is the basis of life, miracle of nature, universal solvent and one of the most precious commodities required

for survival of any form of life. Life originates from it. The totality of gene species and ecosystem refers biodiversity.

Nature always flourishes with diversity and perishes with its decline. Daha—a unique river of Siwan shows its own

Biodiversity and species richness. Site of the species richness in determined by environmental condition and

tolerance of the species. The river has a peculiar diversity of -Micro and Macro organism. Among macro invertebrate

and vertebrates Insects Annelids, Molluscs and Ichthyofauna. A wide variety of Entomofauna and Ichthyofauna are

identified first time from this river. Some unique insects also identified from this river in which female cement their

eggs upon the back of the male until hatching. Among Entomofauna twenty to twenty five species were reported

these belong to Coleoptera, Odonata, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera and Ephemeroptera. Among

Entomofaunal species—1 species is Ephemeroptera, 2 in Odonata, 1 in Plecoptera, 6 in Hemiptera, 1 in Trichoptera,

7 in Diptera and 4 species in Coleoptera was found. Human derive many direct and indirect benefits from the living

world and follows a threats upon biodiversity which causes extinction of species. Today several species are

endangered, vulnerable and rare. So conservation of Biodiversity is an important international instrument

promoting biodiversity conservation globally.

60

TOPIC: PCR IN HLA - B 27

Dr Arun Kumar Agarwal*, Ms Runa Rashmi & R.N. Trivedi**

*Maurya Lab., Road No.-3, Rajendra Nagar, Patna**Biotech Dept. Indian Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology

PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. This technique was developed by Karry Mullis in 1985. It is a technique,

which generates microgram quantities of DNA copies up to billion copies of the desired DNA segment, Thus even a

minute quantity of DNA gets amplified to detectable level. PCR for HLA-B27 is a quick, economic and highly

sensitive procedure for Ankylosing Spondylititis.

HLA-B27 stands for Human Leukocyte Antigen type B*27 gene in the human genome. The protein that is

translated by HAL-B27 gene cause Ankylosing Spondylitis. Ankylosing Spondylitis is a type of rheumatism having

characteristic of causing inflammation of the spinal and peripheral joints. This usually occurs in men between the

age of 16 and 35 years.

90% of the patient who have HLA- B27 genetic element manifest. The remaining 10% who harbor HLA-B27 do

not manifest, but have a higher chance of getting Ankylosing Spondylitis.

HLA-B27 PCR testing uses the extracted DNA in the patient’s blood. The HLA-B27 and internal control

Beta-globin gene is amplified together with PCR. Documentation of amplified HLA-B27 gene product is done using

gel electrophoresis. We use 2% Agarose Gel to check PCR product and just 0.8% Agarose gel to check genomic DNA.

HLA-B27 PCR product of 136 base pair shows positive for Ankylosing Spondlylitis and Beta- glob ins PCR

product of 268 base pair shows internal control for PCR. We visualized gel on U.V. trans-illuminator. We check the

size of HLA-B27 PCR product and of beta-glob ins by correlating with size marker run on the same gel.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION WITH REFERENCE

TO PLANTS

Umesh Kumar

Department of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna

Biodiversity is the variety that exists within and among organisms and environment. A biological perspective on the

current environment crisis. All species are integral part of their ecosystem by performing specific functions that are

often essential to their ecosystem and often to human survival as well. Biodiversity and its conservation is important

for primary protection in terms of soil fertility, plant pollination and waste decomposition. The use of the wild life to

deliver materials should enhance the quality of environmental education at all level, conserve the biodiversity

through collaboration with partner institutions, focus on integrated research, professional development, public

involvement and Environmental Law.

Biodiversity conservation offers a resource fair and panel discussion exploring food as a bounty of nature. It

should develop with road side vegetation plan and conserve Arts Heritage, Tourism, Health and Medical culture.

The life of the plant is possible by the combination of the various life forms with the rest of environment.

Biodiversity provides a large number of materials and services that sustains our life. Biodiversity conserve

through control the human population getting out of balance with the scale of natural resource, less consumption of

natural resources, Increase the natural resources through scientific way and develop the forest through plant

Biotechnology. Plant Biodiversity should be conserved by political debates, international agreements, scientific

research work and socio-economic issues.

61

STUDY OF MEIOTIC BEHAVIOR OF Solanum nigrum POPULATION IN GAYA

TOWN

Rajesh Kumar Sinha

Department of Botany, H.S.A.G. lnter Mahila College, Danapur Cantt., Patna.

Three population of Solanum nigrum of family Solanaceae were collected from different parts of Gaya town for their

detailed meiotic studies. The different populations of this species have been found to be almost of one type in meiotic

anomalies, however presence of translocation has been presumed to play an important role in the plant evolution.

Meiosis in general has been found to be almost normal. However various kinds and degree of meiotic irregularities

have been observed in this species. Meiotic abnormalities like non-synchronization of Meiotic Phase, Clumping of

chromosomes, formation of univalent and multivalent Chromosomes, presence of Laggard Chromosome and

Chromosomal bridge have been analysed and their possible cause discussed. Chiasma frequency and chromosomal

association have also been recorded. Variation between different population or individual have been supposed to be

due to external modification and genetic recombination. Meiotic anomalies have been found to vary according to

locality and season.

MYTHOLOGICAL AND MEDICINAL PLANT FICUS BENGHALENSIS LINN.

Shova Mandal

Department of Botany and co-ordinator of Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, J.D. Womens College, Patna.

Ficus benghalensis Linn or the Banyan Tree belongs to the Family—Moraceae. It is one of the well and oldest plant

known to the mankind. According to Srimad Bhagvat Purana, its existance was seen by Rhishi Markendeya at the

time of Mahapralaya when the earth was under water. The tree is worshiped by Hindu ladies in Memory of

Sati-Savitri and Sitaji blessed the tree to be “Akshaya-bata” for the Symbol of belief. Muslim community also

worship and believe as it in the seat of “Jin” (ghost). These all are myth.

External morphology of the plant is a very big tree with several branches supported by prop roots. The stem is

thick, brown in colour, leaves are abovate, 4–6" inches in size. Fruits are syconus.

Chemically the plant contains 10% of tanin with wome glucosides, Benglanosides, Glacosides etc.

Medicinally it is very effective in welfare o of the Human beings.

INCIDENCE OF INFECTION WITH DIFFERENT SPECIES OF TREMATODE IN

GALLUS DOMESTICUS

Satyendra Kumar* and Ram Sumirat Roy**

*Lecturer & Head, Dept. of Zoology, SNS College, Hajipur (Vaishali), Bihar**Lecturer in Zoology, J. L. College, Hajipur (Vaishali), Bihar

The fowl Gallus domesticus of Hajipur and around were examined for trematode infaction.

On the whole 621 fowls were examined, out of which 391 were males and 230 females. The total infected

samples with trematodes were 46 (12.29%) comprising 12 (8.33%) males and 34 (14.78%) females respectively.

The infected specimens were infected with the following parasite—

1. Prosthogonimus indicus.

2. Notocotylus attenuatus.

3. Echinostoma revolutum.

4. Ecinostoma heletovitellatus

The incidence of trematode species was recoded to be highest in the montha of July (23.07%).

62

MEDICINAL FERN AND FERN ALLIES OF BIHAR

Ramakant Pandey, S. Thakur*, S. R. Padmadeo, N. P. Roy* & R.B.Srivatava**

Dept. of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna*Dept. of Botany R.D.S.College Muzaffarpur

*Ex-HoD, Dept. of Botany R.D.S.College Muzaffarpur.**Ex-Principal & HoD, Dept. Botany, M. S. College, Motihary.

Herbal medicines have been gaining importance in disease treatment since human came in existence. According to

ancient literature 26000(twenty six thousand) flowering and non flowering plants were used as, medicine by the

people at that time as well as medicine men and tribes till to day. Gradual awakening and upliftment of scientific

knowledge, this number is increasing day by day.

The knowledge of fern and fern allies is not properly explored so far. Though a huge number of fern and fern

allies are growing in moist shady places of our locality naturally but unfortunately these non flowering plants are

treated as eradicable wild weeds due to lack of awareness. Adiantum, Azolla, blechnum, Ceratopteris, christella,

Dryopteris Equsetum, Helminthostachys (Kamraj), isoetes, lygodium, marsilea, nefrolepis, Ophioglossum (Jiviya

sag), Pteris, Salvinea, selaginella (Laksuman-butty) so on, are growing abundantly like weeds and often reported

from north Bihar.

These non flowering plants are producing cynogenic glycosides, nucleotides, flevonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids,

and so many other primary and secondary metabolites, which are used in physiological and pathological disorder

caused by deficiency of nutrients as well as microscopic pathogens in the from of astringent, expectorant, diuretic,

ant ulcer, stomachic, stimulant, analgesic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, anthelmatic, carminative etc.

Critical analysis reveals that fern and fern-allies can be future supplement to human beings, as food, medicine,

ornamentals as well as beautifying adds. So it should be protected for future generation by only saving the forest.

There is a need of extensive research works on this flora, because there is a possibility of harvesting as much as

possible without sowing the crop.

STANDARDIZATION OF STREPTOZOTOCIN DOSE TO MAINTAIN A LONGER

DIABETIC STATE IN EXPERIMENTAL ALBINO MICE

Arun Kumar, Prema Kashyap, Satya Nand Chaudhary and S.R. Padamdeo*

P.G. Department of Biochemistry; Patna University, Patna-800005*Corresponding Authorram_biotech@mail.com

Diabetes mellitus, an ancient metabolic disorder is characterized by polyurea, polydipsia, hyperglycemia and

glycosuria. The condition is due to the inability of the pancreas to secrete an adequate quantity of insulin or by

impaired action of insulin in peripheral tissues.

Diabetic mice were produced experimentally by giving intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin after

overnight fasting of mice for two consecutive days. Streptozotocin is a naturally occurring chemical that is

particularly toxic to the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas in mammals. It is used in medical research to

produce an animal model for Type 1 diabetes.

The Streptozotocin doses were adjusted differently in two groups. Experimentally induced Diabetes mellitus

was confirmed after 48 hours of STZ injection. Clinical signs like polyphagia, polydipsia and polyurea were seen,

similar to signs recorded in earlier work. The differences in body weight and blood glucose levels of mice in two

groups were found significant. Analysis of data indicates that Streptozotocin induction for two consecutive days of

200 mg/Kg is more effective than 100 mg/Kg in mice.

63

LYMPHOCYTE APOPTOSIS IN LEISHMANIA INFECTED BALB/C MICE:INVOLVEMENT OF ADHERENT CELL POPULATION

Shweta Kumari, Rajdeep Banerjee* and S.R. Padmadeo

Department of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna*Molecular Biology Division, R.M.R.I. Patna

Leishmaniasis is a complex disease that affects over 12 million people in 88 countries and may be caused by more

than 17 species of intracellular protozoan parasite, Leishmania. Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar is caused by

Leishmania donovani in India.

The Lymph node cells (LNC) were isolated from Leishmania donovani infected BALB/C mice. The LNC mainly

contain adherent and non-adherent cell population. In case of Leishmania donovani infected LNC; a population was

present in sub-G1 section of the cell cycle, but in contrast no such cell population was found in case of uninfected

LNC. So this result implies that DNA degradation occurs in infected LNC. The percentage of the lymphocyte

apoptosis was 41.52% but when lymphocyte cultured in absence of adherent cell population, the apoptotic

percentage was radically dropped to 13.58 %. Thus the responsible cell population of the lymphocyte apoptosis is

adherent cells. Adherent cells generally secrete high levels of TGFb. It was reported previously that TGFb in an

important Th2 type of cytokine, which impairs the lymphocyte proliferation, thus, apoptosis is a very common fate of

these anergic lymphocytes.

EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT FOLIAR AND SOIL INSECTICIDES AGAINSTAGROTIS IPSILON IN POTATO.

Shailendra Kumar

Department of Zoology, H.S.A.G.Inter Mahila College, Danapur, Patna (Bihar)

Potato is major non-cereal food crop in Bihar. It is Susceptible to various insect pests. It is attacked by more than 100

arthropod pests, of these about 80 have been reported in India. In Bihar, the incidence of cutwom Agrotis ipsilon,

Hufn, occurs in all potato growing areas. The efficacy of different foliar and soil insecticides on Agrotis ipsilon in

potato was stu- died. Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 0.5 L/ha sprayed twice was found to control 100% foliage and tuber

damage. Quinalphos-25 EC was better than Endosulphan in foliar spray treatment.

BIODIESEL

Dhiraj Kumar

Roll No. 12, M.Sc. (previous), Department of Biotechnology, A.N. College, Patna-13Address S/O Sri Krishna Prasad, Indra Nagar, Road No. 4, (Choudhary Bhawan), Postal Park, Patna-1

Biodiesel is most common biofuel. It is produced from oils and fats using transesterification and is a liquid similar to

composition to mineraldiesel. Its chemical name is Fatty Acid Methyl Easter (FAME). Oil is mixed with sodium

hydroxide and Methanol or Ethanol and the chemical reaction produces biodiesel. The biodiesel properties are

similar to those of fossil diesel. Its ctane number is 48-60 comparable to diesel. The sulphuric content is less than

15ppm. Experiments with biodiesel have resultant in lower emission of CO and particulate matter, which will less,

effect the environment. In India, the population rate is very high and increasing continuously. So, the requirement is

also increasing but the fuel source is sufficient in nature as fossil fuel and they are continuously used. So, here

biodiesel is good source fuel in future through which we can fulfill the requirement of fuel in our country. Several oil

bearing trees, e.g Jatropha, Pangamia, Salvadora can be cultivated for producing biodiesel and them give vary oil

yields. We have considered Jatropha as an illustration for this analysis, since it can easily grow on waste lands,

required low maintenance and investment. Data from remote sensing techniques estimated the waste lands at

32.1m ha in India and we can use that waste land in the production of Jatropha plants. Biodisel production process

also generates two byproducts; oil cake and glycerol. At present time glycerol market price is about Rs 40/kg and the

biodiesel rates varies from 32-55/1. so, it has great economic value. This option has several advantages; it can be

integrated with rural economy, almost carbon dioxide neutral and a large employment generation potential. So, it

will provide great opportunity in the development of our country. And as a biotechnologist we can provide higher

efficiency of oil-content seeds through which we can obtain more biodiesel.

Keywords: Future fuel, Jatropa cultivation, rural economy.

64

CYTOLOGICAL STUDY IN PIPER NIGRUM

Kanhaiya Singh & A. K. Upadhyay

Department of Botany and Biotechnology, College of Commerce, Patna 800020

IntroductionPiper nigrum of the family piperaceae known of kalimirch, Golmirch, pepper (Black) is a rather stout climber, ovate

leaves, shining dark green above glacuous or white beneath (Haines, 1925). Is also used as herbal source in

traditional system of medicine. The cultivated piper nigrum is the source of black and white pepper. It is used in

common cold and other disease like dyspepsia and very largely in cholera epidemics.

Growing root tips were collected from cultivated or natural population. Before collecting the root tips, the soil is

watered for loosen it. Root tips were thoroughly washed, pretreated with paradichlorobenzene solution in water at

15°C for four hours and fixed it in 1 : 2 acetic alcohol. 2% acetocarmine was used to stain the mitotic cells. Slide were

made permanent in acetic acid alcohol series. Over staining was controlled by 45% Acetic acid.

At metaphase, chromosome number was observed 2n = 48 in the specimens studied. Altogether 10 specimens

were studied and 50 observations were made. Mitosis was normal with four stages showing correct division and

segregation of chromosomes with little exceptions

Varing reports of chromosome numbers are available. Janki Ammal (1945) had reported 2n = 128 while

Mathew (1958) reported 2n = 104 but also 2n = 52 was found by Samuel and Bavappa (1981) but they also reported

65 and 78 chromosomes in varing of numbers of the cell in the plants. Dasgupta and Dutta reported 2n = 36 and 2n =

60. Sharma and Bhattacharya (1958, 1959) reported 2n = 48.

Present study has found only 2n = 48 with at least 8 chromosomes are subteminal, one may conclude that the

species is highly dynamic with very high range of variability and great degree of adaptability. wide distribution may

be the reason behind the variablity as Kumar and Sinha (1989) have established for several dynamic taxa.

STUDY OF GROUND WATER AND ITS DEGRADATION DUE TO COAL MINING

ACTIVITY IN HAZARIBAGH DIST., JHARKHAND

**Anil Kumar & *Vipul Suman

**Senior Lecturer, Science College, Dept. of Geology, P.U.*Research Scholar, Dept. of Geology, P.U.

The paper deals with Hazaribagh District. It is located in the central portion of lower Hazaribagh plateau and

comprises a thick pile of archaean rocks and lower gondwana sediment with sporadic pliestocene allovium. The area

is predominated by hardrocks like granite, gneisses & schist, of various types and lower gondwana coal bearing beds.

Groundwater occur in the porous granular colluvial material weathered mantle as well as joints, fissures and

fractures. In some part water occur either in inter connected joints, fractures, fissures or in the weathered zone of

alluvium

From the study a few specific evidences were obtained, the pH of groundwater is low in some parts of the

mining area and also indicates higher concentration of some chemical constituents like Ca, Mg & Pb, than that of

other non-coal minning areas of the district. The value of Kelly’s index is found to be greater than 1.0 in the

groundwater collected from Kuju and Katkamsandi area of Hazaribagh district.

The increase Ca concentration can be attributed to the presence of cryltalline limestone in the host rock. The

higher concentration of Pb and Mg may be due to the higher concentration discharge of acidic effluences from coal

washaries and local industries.

To get adequate pure water for domestic and irrigation purpose it is recommended that the source should be

kept separate from the water system, one should take extra care in dumping of waste from mine in valleys or

depression tracks or groundwater bodies it should be avoided.

65

CHANGES IN SOME BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD AS A

FUNCTION OF CARBARYL IN THE FROG, RANA TIGRINA

Sameera Ahmed* & K. Kumari

*Dept of Biochemistry, Patna UniversityCentre of Environment and Nature conservation, Dept. of Zoology, Patna University, Patna-800005

Pesticides are applied through the world often with unintended consequences on ecological communities. These

pesticides are also considered as among a number of causes behind amphibian decline. Amphibians spend as among

a number of causes behind amphibian decline. Amphibians spend their time in both aquatic and terrestrial

environment during different stages of their life cycle, so it is clear that they are sensitive to anything that adversely

affects either kind of their habitats. The subject of this study is to focus on the effect of pesticide on amphibians

(Rana Tigrina) because they are known as sentinels of environment. As such it was considered of interest to study

the toxicity of sub lethal dose of carbaryl (sevin) on the blood parameters of the frog Rana Tigrina. The study

revealed that there was significant decrease in blood glucose (p < 0.03) whereas there was a marked increase in blood

cholesterol, triglycerides, LDH, SGPT and SGOT (p < 0.025), following the treatment of carbaryl. The biochemical

significance of these observations is discussed herein.

EFFICACY OF ADAPTOGENS IN STRESS REGULATION

Anju

Dept of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna

Stress is a phenomenon that manifests itself in our bodies in many different ways. Some of the more common

symptoms of stress include problems with sleep, depression, anxiety, irratibility, and lethargy. Along with the

physical symptoms, the body also has more fundamental, biological responses to stress. At the cellular level, stress

affects our ability to properly transform glucose into energy. Beta-lipo-proteins build up and inhibit the passage of

energy through the cell walls. This reduced energy level not only affects our ability to perform physical functions, but

also inhibits the proper function of all the body’s organs, including the brain.

Adaptogens , first defined in 1950s by Lazarev are substances that normalize, body functions, strengthen

systems and functions compromised by stress and have a protective effect against a wide variety of environmental

and emotional stress.

Ocimum Sanctum leaves contain an essential oil of varying compositions. The chief components are eugenol,

methylchavicol, alpha and beta bisabolen. The physical endurance of mice, after i.p. application of the extract, was

strengthened, without any increase in the weight of the adrenal gland, and without a lowering of the ascorbic acid -

content of the adrenal glands.

The roots of Withania Somnifera contains the steroid lactone Withaferin A and related Withanolides, besides

various alkaloids. The testing of the physical endurance of mice, after pre- treatment with Withania extract (i.p)

showed a near doubling of the length of perseverance in the swimming test. The significantly increased body weight

in albino rats, after one month of extra intake, speaks for the anabolic effect.

Bacopa monniera is an Ayurvedic herb used in India for memory, epilepsy, and as a mild sedative. Two

saponins , designated as bacopaside I and II , are found in Bacopa monniera. Bacopa supports learning and memory

in humans. In animal models, Bacopa provides antioxidant protection for critical memory functions.

66

EFFECT OF METHYL PARATHION ON BLOOD PARAMETER IN THE FROG,

RANA TIGRINA–“CANARY OF COAL MINES”

Rajshree* & K. Kumari

Centre of Environment & Nature Conservation, Dept. of Zoology, Patna University, Patna*Department of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna

Anthropogenic chemicals are pervasive in nature and biologists are faced with the challenge of understanding how

these chemical impact ecological communities. The pesticides have the potential to affect many aquatic taxa, the

impact on amphibians are of particular concern in the post decade because of the apparent global decline in many

species. Pesticides occur in amphibian habitats, amphibian living with insecticides in these habitats exhibits

physiological significance of these pesticides & declining population are correlated with greater amount 0 f upwind

agriculture where pesticides are in common use. The main objective of this study was therefore to develop & validate

a laboratory amphibian model that would enable us to study the effect of amphibian physiology of exposure to

pesticide of agriculture origin. As Such, it was considered of interest to study the effects of sub-lethal dose of methyl

parathion on SGPT, SGOT, Glucose, TG, Cholesterol, HDL & Serum LDH also in frog, Rana tigrina, because frogs

are important components of ecological communities consuming vast amount of insect, pest & are also said to be

“Canaries of coal mines”, The study revealed that there was significant increase in SGOT (p < .02) and LDH (p < .04)

marked increase in SGPT, Cholesterol, TG,& HDL, whereas an there was significant decrease in glucose (p < 0.03).

IMPACT OF MERCURY CHLORIDE TOXICITY ON THE OVARY OF AN

AIR-BREATHING FISH CLARIAS BATRACHUS (LINN)

Salilesh Kumar Jha &. M.M. Jha

Department of Zoology, M.L.S.M. College Darbhanga- 846004 Bihar

In recent years increasing amounts of metals are being discharged into the environment by industrial complexes

concern over metal pollution focused sharply when incidents involving the fatal poisoning of human being in some

countries with mercury and cadmium came to light. Mercury is a dangerous pollutant, is one of the worst offenders.

It was responsible for several deaths in Sweden & Japan and even caused the dreaded miniamata disease in Japan.

Mercury is viewed as the most toxic inorganic pollutant available in nature water. It has several form like Hg0, Hg

++,

Hg+2

and is toxic to various degrees.

The exposure of the fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn) to a sublethal concentration (150.6 mgfL) of Mercury

chloride for 30 days revealed only state I non-vitilogenic oocytes, which were in the process of, absorption. Besides

large interfollicular space, repture of nuclear membrane and germinal epithelium followed by autolysis of their

contents and clumping of the nucleoli were also the other degenerative changes noticed in this study. Even the

reduced ovarian growth was reflected on the gonadosomatic index which decreased significantly. The study clearly

reflected inhibition of vitellogenesis and complete arrest of ovarIan recrudescence leading ultimately to interfertility

in the female Clarias batrachus under the toxic stress of mercury chloride.

Key words: Mercury chloride, ovary, Clarias batrachus, histopathology

67

BACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER OF PATNA AND RIVER

WATER AT GANDHI GHAT WITH REFERENCE TO COLIFORMS

Parmanand Singh# & K. Kumari

Centre of Environment & Nature Conservation, Dept. of Zoology, Patna University, Patna#Department of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna

Water contaminated with microbial pollution can cause a variety of disease. Water intended for human consumption

should be safe, palatable and aesthetically pleasing. Water sources have different qualities influenced by natural or

anthropological pollution. In Patna, the availability of safe and clean water is a serious problem. The objective of this

study was to determine how safe was the drinking water of Patna ? As such, Most Probable Number (MPN) test was

done to detect the coliform in drinking water samples of 5 locations namely, (1) Kankarbagh, (2) Patna city, (3)

Alamaganj, (4) Bhikhanapahari and (5) Raja bazaar in Patna with the use of aquaguard. The quality of the river at

Gandhi ghat at Patna was also evaluated for microbial pollution. The study revealed that the number of coliform was

very high (≥ 16000) in the water samples collected at Gandhi ghat. The results also revealed that the drinking water

supply as well as the overhead tank at Kankarbagh and Alamaganj area was much higher than the prescribed limit

of Bureau of Indian Standards (BSI), but water collected after the aquaguard was bacteria free at both places. Thus,

the supply water without the installation of aquaguard or any other treatment facilities like filter would pose a

serious threat to health risk. It was interesting to observe that the water supply at Raja bazaar, Alamaganj and

Bhikhana pahari was bacteria free. The pathological significance of observations is discussed herein.

TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L) : A PROMISING AND ALTERNATIVE

THERAPY FOR DIABETES

Ravi Prakash. AnnDurna Kumari* & S.R.Padmadeo

Department of Biochemistry, Patna University; Patna-800005*Institute of Enterpreneurship Development, Patna-800001

. Plants haveb~en oneof.the~mportal1t sources of medicines even since the dawn of human civilization. In 21st

century plants still remains one of the major sources of drug in the modem as well as in the traditional system of

treatment throughout the world.

Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) locally known as Haldi belongs to family Zingiberacae is a troical important

cultivated dedicinal plant and native to southern tropical Asia. It tubers, rhizomes and oil have great medicinal

importance. The rural population commonly uses Haldi in various forms in the treatment of arthritis,

cardiovascular diseases, wound healing etc.

Besides used as a dietary spice, a dietary pigment it also possesses anticancerous, anti-inflmmatory,

antiangiogenic, antioxidant property.

Recently, its role in the treatment of diabetes has been evaluated by administering different doses of its extract

in Streptozotocin induced albino mice and after analyzing various blood parameters it has been found to be highly

effective and encouragIng.

68

SUB-LETHAL TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON SOME

BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LIVER AND MUSCLE OF THE FROG, RANA

TIGRINA

Kumari Rinku* & K. KumariCentre for Environment and Nature Conservation Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna-800005

*Department of Biochemistry, Patna University

The indiscriminate use of pesticides has resulted in the contamination of the environment and water bodies due to

runoff and leachate and pose serious threat to animal life. Amphibians with the exception of a few specialized species

require moisture in some form, whether it be permanent lake or leaf that has collected dew in order to complete their

life cycle. It is this requirement and their subsequent metamorphosis to be combined with terrestrial/aquatic adult

stage that is t he major route of exposure for amphibians to toxic contaminants. The largest single groups of

potential chemical pollutants that frogs might encounter are various pesticides employed in agriculture and pest

management. Thus, it was considered of interest to study the effects of sub lethal dose of methyl parathion - an

organophosphate pesticide on the glycogen, protein and ascorbic acid of liver and muscle of the frog, Rana tigrina.

The study revealed that pesticide caused significant decrease in the glycogen (p < 0.0), protein (p < 0.007) and

marked decrease in ascorbic acid (p < 0.46) in liver in 48 hrs. A marked decline in muscle glycogen (p < 0.69) and

significant decline in muscle protein (p < 0.08) were also observed. In contrast to glycogen and protein, muscle

ascorbate increased significantly (p < 0.003) in pesticide treated frogs. The biochemical significance of these

observations is discussed herein.

CHANGES IN SOME BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AS A FUNCTION OF‘CARBARYL’ IN THE FROG, RANA TIGRINA

Shabnam* & K. KumariCentre for Environment and Nature Conservation, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna-800005

*Department of Biochemistry, Patna University.

Pesticides constitute a mc1jor anthropogenic addition to natural communities. In aquatic communities, a greatmajority of pesticide impacts are determined from single species experiment conducted under laboratory conditions.Although, this is an essential protocol to rapidly identify the direct impacts of pesticides on an organism, it preventsan assessment of direct and indirect pesticide effects on organism embedded in their natural ecological contexts. Tounderstand, the effects of pesticides on amphibians, the natural step is to understand the direct toxicity ofpesticides. As such, it was considered of interest to study the effects of sub lethal dose of carbaryl also known as sevinon liver and muscle glycogen, ascorbic acid and protein in the frog, Rana tigrina. The study revealed that there issignificant decrease in liver glycogen (p < 0.002) and liver protein (p < 0.005) and marked decrease in muscleglycogen (p < 0.12) and muscle protein (p < 0.11). There was a significant decrease in liver ascorbic acid (p < 0.063) incontrast to significant increase in muscle ascorbic acid (p < 0.016). Marked increase in LDH activity (p < 0.19) wasalso observed in muscle. The biochemical significance of these observations is discussed herein.

HYPOGLYCAEMIC EFFECTS OF LEAF EXTRACT OF GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE R.BR. (GURMAR) IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC ALBINO MICE

Simmi Shalini & S. R. Padmadeo*Dept. of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna-800005

Dibates has been referred as the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer. The use of plants asmedicines for the treatment of various diseases is prevalent since ancient times and now a days also it acts as anintegral part of modern therapy. As per the report of WHO 80% of the world population is dependent on the herbalmedicine for their primary health care.

The albino mice were made diabetic (plasma glucose level > 300 mg/dl) by injecting Streptozotocin solution(200 mg/kg body wt. dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer pH 0.5) intraperitoneally in an overnight fasting mice for twoconsecutive days almost at the same time.

Gumar (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) of the family Asclepiadaceae has been tested to see for its role in diabetes.The alcoholic extract of te leaf of the present plant Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) has been administrated indifferent doses in diabetic albino mice and during course of examination and evaluation of the data of bloodparameters obtained, it was seen to have a significant hypoglycaemic effect.

69

CLONING OF ABC TRANSPORTER GENE OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI

Anuradha, Priya, Abhik Sen* & S.R. Padmadeo

Dept. of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna, *Dept. of Molecular Biology, R.M.R.I., Patna

Leishmaniasis br Kala-azar has become a dreadful disease in countries like India, Sri Lanka, China, Sudan andother Asian. countries. A large number of cases have been encountered in Bihar. The’ drug therapy is now taking thehelp of genetic constitution of L.donovani.

It has been found that some of the genes of L.donovani are up regulated in amastigote form. These genes

include ABC transporter gene, Tuzin gene, β-tubulin gene, Maxi circle gene etc. ABC transporter gene utilizes ATPfor the transport of organic and inorganic solutes &ions etc. across cellular membrane. By cloning this gene its role inMultiple Drug Resistance can be studied.

The cloning procedure includes the isolation of genomic DNA or preparation of cDNA. Using the procedure ofPolymerase chain reaction (by ABC primer) followed by agarose gel electrophoresis it was established that ABCtransporter gene is of 2kb length. The cloning vector used was 2.1 TOPO TA available in the kit. The selection ofrecombinant DNA after transformation in E.coli cells included Blue-White screening test. Kanamycin resistant genewas used as a marker.

The transformed cells with recombinant DNA appeared as white colonies while non-recombinant cellsappeared as blue colonies.

Hence in this way various genetic approaches are being used for drug designing against Leishmaniasis and theconcerned genes are targeted.

STUDY OF ULTRA STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER OF RAT EXPOSED

TO SODIUM FLUORIDE

Mani Bhushan Choudhary & Arbind Kumar

Cell biology and Toxicology laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna-800005, Bihar, India. E-mail:arbindkr7@rediffmail.com

Fluoride toxicity on experimental animals and human beings have drawn much attention allover the world. Fluoride

crosses the cell membrane and enter the soft tissues. It causes problem in the functioning of various organs like liver,

kidney, lung and reproductive organs. As liver is the important site of metabolism, it has been the target organ for

fluoride toxication. The ultra structural changes in the liver of rat were studied in response to sodium fluoride

toxication. The experiment was performed on 8 week old male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). The animals were

acclimatized for 1 month and randomly divided into two groups, containing 6 rats each. Animals were provided

standard animal diet besides ad libitum access to normal low fluoride tap water. The solution of NaF in distilled

water at a dose of 25 mg/kgbwl day was administered daily for 30 days to one group of animals and other group was

served as control. After 30 days the animals were sacrificed under cervical dislocation. The excised pieces of liver

were fixed in Glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde for electronmicroscopy and in Camoy’s for light microscopy.

Transmission elcctron microscopic examination of liver of treated rats revealed the clumped cytoplasmic organelles

in comparison to the control animals. Most of the hepatocytes had pycnotic nuclei in comparison to control. Distented

mitochondrias were seen in large number in treated group. Hepatic sinusoidal dilation and large areas of vacuolated

cytoplasm were frequently observed under light and transmission electron microscope. Hepatocellular hyperplasia

and alteration in the Kuffer cell morphology was significant in the treated group. Disorganization of the cell plates of

hepatocytes were seen in the light and scanning electron microscopic observation of treated group.

In conclusion, present investigation may have direct relation to the gastrointestinal complaint of the people

living in the endemic areas for fluorosis. This is particularly of much significance for Bihar which is endemic for

fluoride toxicity and fluorosis.

70

STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF GANGA

RIVER WATER FROM PATNA CITY TO FATUHA

Akhilesh Kumar, Kumar Prashant Sinha, Alka Kumari, Anwarul Haque, Subham Kumari, Ritika Sinha,Neha Kumari

PG Dept. of Zoology, A.N.College, Patna(MU).e.mail:ak2akbiotech@yahoo.comIndian Academy of Biotechnology, S.K.Puri, Patna-l. mail: iabpatna@yahoo.com

Ganga is considered to be the lifeline of the state of Bihar in North Eastern India. The Ganga water is used for

bathing, drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. The city sewage and brick industrial effluent of Chimney

Bhatta from Patna City to Fatuha in the Ganga River and pollutes the water quality. River water quality from Patna

city to Fatuha has become a matter of concern due to continuous changing environment and increasing social and

brick industrial activity that influence the water quality directly or indirectly. The present investigation is

undertaken to study the effect of Chimney Bhatta sewage and effluent on the water quality and ecology of river

Ganga. The study is carried on at four sites and water samples from four stations (S1, S2, S3 & S4) were collected,

out of which three main sewage mixing points of the Chimney Bhatta and one fresh water site (main current) are

taken into account. The samples collected were analyzed, as per standard methods parameters such as

Temperature, pH, were measured in-situ. The statistical evaluations were also made. The result showed increase in

Alkalinity, Arsenic, Nitrates, Phosphates and Total Coliforms, No. of phyto planktons. The results revealed that

most of the water samples were below or out of limited: according to the WHO. BIS standards.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON TESTICULAR APOPTOSIS DUE TO

FLUORIDE TOXICITY

Anirudh Kumar Abodh & Arbind Kumar

Cell biology and toxicology laboratory, PG Department of Zoology, Patna University Patna, Bihar, INDIA, E-mail:

arbindkr7@rediffinail.com; abodh7@gmail.com

Fluoride is well-known environmental pollutant. Exposure to fluorides can induce inflammatory reactions, cell cycle

arrest, and apoptosis in different experimental systems. However, the ultrastructural alterations governing

testicular apoptosis have not been well characterized.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the ultrastructural alterations in Testicular cells leading to apoptosis in

Rats due to fluoride toxicity.

Adult albino male rats were given NaF with gavages in the concentration of25 mg per kg body weight for 30

days.

For TEM the tissues were fixed in 2% formaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.02 M phosphate buffer

fixative for 24 hrs. in refrigerator and post fixed in 2% aqueous osmium tetroxide for 2 hrs at 4°C then were rinsed in

cold phosphste buffer, dehydrated and embedded in epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyle

acetate and lead citrate.

Present study revealed that apoptosis in testicular cells occur through ultrastructural changes and it was

higher in treated animals. The chromatin condensed against the nuclear membrane was present in germ cells in

treated groups with ultrastructural alteration in cell organelles while controls have normal cellular organelles. Cell

membrane shows blebbing. There is marked vacuolization in the cytoplasm of germ cells of the treated groups

compare to the normal groups. A characteristic apoptotic feature appeared in most round spermatids: a ring of

chromatin condensation against the nuclear envelope. Abnormal mitochondria with pyknosis and disorganized

cristae were seen in large numbers in the treated groups.

The data suggests that fluoride causes apoptosis in the testicular cells through ultrastructural alterations in

the cytoplasmic organelles that may have significant role in male infertility.

71

GENOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF THE CRUDE EXTRACTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

P. K. Khan & S. P. Sinha*

Department of Zoology ,Patna University, Patna-800005Department of Zoology, Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-812007

The genotoxic potentiality of the dried leaf extracts (ethanolic) of two medicinal plants, Neem (Azadirachta indica)

and Churchu (Casearia tomentosa), was evaluated separately in Swiss albino mice, Mus musculus. The assessment

was done at three different doses of the extract (O.5g, 1.0g and 2.0g/kg body weight/day), administered orally for

seven: consecutive days to different groups of test animals. Bone marrow cells were harvested 24h after the last

treatment and the metaphase chromosomes were analyzed for the presence ,of any abnormality. Both the extracts

were found to induce marked numerical variations in chromosomes at their all doses. None of the doses of churchu

extract. was however able to increase the structural aberrations or total chromosomal abnormality significantly and

the neem extract was found to induce the same only at its higher doses. The possible mechanism of differential

genotoxicity has been discussed.

CULTIVATION OF AROMATIC PLANTS IN BIHAR FOR MEDICINAL VALUE

Usha Singh

Former HoD of Botany, Science College, Patna University, Former Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, NalandaUniversity, Patna

At present-Chief Coordinator cum Chief Consultant,, School of Pure Science, Nalanda Open University, Patna

Medicinal plants play an important role in human life to combat diseases. The rural folks and tribal in India even

new depend largely on the surrounding plants/forests for their day-to-day needs. Medicinal plants and their

derivatives will continue to play a major role in medical therapy.

The medicinal use of the plants are found in Rig-Veda, which is one of the oldest repositories of human

knowledge have been written between 4500 BC and 1600 BC. In Ayurveda ((2500–6000 BC), the properties and used

of these drugs are also mentioned in Charaka Samhita (1000 BC). The association of plants and man is an age-old

process starting from human cultivation. Man has acquired powers by virtue of positive thought about plants for his

needs and so domesticated many wild plants into cultivated state. The aromatic plants are growing as pure form in

farm house ( the sinensis, Curcuma longa, Allium, Zingibar officinale) or grown as ornamental plant in kitchen

gardens, parks, lawns, etc. (Cinnamomum tamala, Tagetes patula, Rosa indica, Michelia champaca, Banhinia

variegata) or grown as vegetable yielding plants (Abelmoschus esculentus, Carica Papaya, Beta vulgaris) or grown

as spices yielding plants (Caviandrum sativum, Trigonela Foenum-graceum, Brassica campestris, Piper nigrum) or

as medicinal plant (Vitex negundo, Eucalyptus citriodona, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, etc.)

The parts of the aromatic plants are used as seed, latex, flower, fruit stem, leaves bud, inflorescence, etc. to cure

the various disease like diabetes, headache, blood pressure, pains, cold inflammation, etc. These are also used as

hair tonic and as blood clot.

DIFFERENTIAL PIGMENTATION IN AN ACTINOMYCETE BASED ON

TEMPERATURE AND CULTURE MEDIUM

Pankaj Kumar Singh & Yogesh Kumar Ujjawal

Author for correspondence, pankaj_rvd@rediff.com

The present investigation aimed at studying the temperature dependent pigment formation in an Actinomycete at

varying temperature and on different nutrient medium. The regulation in temperature was found to play a key role

in pigment formation of the Actinomycete. The pigmentation was also found to be different on different nutritional

media.

72

STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES

S. P. Gupta, A. K. Singh & B. B. P. Sinha

Senior Scientist-cum-Assoc. Professor Agricultural Research Institute, Mithapur, Patna Email: spg.spgupta@gmail.comand spg_spgupta@yahoo.co.in

Now days Indian Agriculture is facing various problems such as water logging, salinity, declining water table,

degrading water quality due to irrational use of water. Since water is limited and a key resource and we cannot

create more water, its management deserves priority in the development and preservation of any area. Management

strategies have been identified as optional distribution of canal water, optional application of water, conjunctive use

of canal water and ground water, flood management, administrative measures and water resources development.

These measures may not give the concrete solution but can be used individually or in combination at farm level for

better water management. A brief review, recommendations and suggestions have been made in this paper to

highlight the strategies to control aforesaid problems.

IN-VITRO CONTAMINATION STUDIES IN CHLOROPHYTUM BORIVILIANUM

SANT, ET FERNAND

Sunil Kumar* & C Prabha**

Research Scholar, Dept. of Botany, P.U.Reader, Deptt. of Botany, Patna Science College

Chlorophytum borivilanum (Safed Musli) is an endangered medicinal herb of tr liliaceae. It is commonly known as

“Wonder crop,” “Golden Musli” and “Crop of Century” due to its high economical value as the crop is in high demand

by National and international Pharmaceutical companies. It is an indigenous medicinal plant of central India, found

in forests of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh etc. the active ingredients, Saponin (2–17%)

and Alkaloids (25–30%) are present in the roots (fingers) which are responsible for therapeutic utility. It also

contains carbohydrate (40–45%) Proteins (5–9%), Fibers (3–4%), Vitamins and minerals etc. It is also known as

“Desi viagra” because it increases male potency. As this an endangered herb, its propagation and conservation by the

technique of plant tissue culture has been under taken to meet the global demand. Contamination by

microorganisms in the in-vitro growing cultures poses a major threat. The present study is aimed to isolate the

contaminants (bacterial and fungal) at different in-vitro stages of growth The floral stems (ex-plant) were inoculated

aseptically on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) basal media supplemented with BAP (2 mg/l.) and 2, 4-0 (2 mg/l.) for

callus initiation (Stage-I). After seven days of inoculation, creamy, grayish, blackish, greenish and whitish patches

appeared in the culture tubes covering the ex-plants.

The different colonies were inoculated on Nutrient Agar (NA) and Potato (Dextrose Agar (PDA) media to isolate

bacterial and fungal infections respectively Bacterial colonies have been analyzed for morphological characters i.e.,

pigmentation form. margin, elevation, size, etc and Gram-staining, Fungal isolates were spread or slides, stained

with cotton blue and examined for morphological characters under compound microscope. Five Bacterial stains were

isolated and marked as S1-a, S1-b, S1-c, S1-d and S1-e, of which, only one colony i.e., S1-d, is Gram +ve while four (S1-a,

S1-b, S1-c and S1-e) are Gram –ve. The studies are at preliminary stage. Further work is going on to identify the

microorganisms at different stages of culture along with optimum concentration of antibiotics to be used to check the

infection without adverse I) affecting the growth of the cultures.

73

APPLICATION OF PHYSICS IN HEALTH CARE

Md. Serazul Arfin

R. K. College Madhubani-847211 (INDIA)

Physics plays an important role in the development of science and Technology, but also has tremendous impact on

our society. Electromagnetic waves play and increasingly important role in terms detection and identification

(Signal processing), microwave hardware design, compatibility, bio-electromagnet and many other applications in

extremely complex natural and/or mail environment. Exponential Growth in wireless communication and cellular

telephony still continues. It has a critical importance in a wide range of application, from education to health care,

marketing to sports etc.

Wireless telemedicine is considered as one of the most rapidly growing areas of Science and Technology with

applications in Biology, Physics, Material Science, Chemistry and Earth Science, It has created a new discipline in

Medical Science. The goal in this paper is to provide a Snapshot of the application of wireless telemedicine system.

The spectrum of these applications and the potential benefits of these efforts will be presented followed by successful

case studies in electronic patient record, emergency telemedicine, teleradiology and home monitoring. It is

anticipated that the progress carried out in these efforts and potential benefits of emerging mobile technology will

trigger and development of more applications, thus enabling the offering of a better service to the citizen.

SOLUTION OF THE FIELD EQUATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC STATIC GASEOUS

SPHERES

Dr. Md. Jawed lkbal Khan

Department of Mathematics, Mirza Ghalib College, Gaya

In this paper we have obtained solutions of Einsteins field equations for static geseous sphere in general relativity by

making an adhoc assumption for the energy density ρ in such a way that p is finite and positive at the centre and

decreases outwards to vanish at the surface. “Gaseous” here means that the density ρ vanishes at the outer

boundary together with the pressure p. The constants appearing in the solutions have been evaluated using

boundary conditions various physical and geometrical properties of the model have been also discussed. The

Einstein’s field equations, it is difficult to find exact solutions of field equations in closed analytic form as the

gravitational field can serve as part of its own source.

In particular the problem of constructing a static model sphere of a perfect fluid is usually solved by numerical

methods using the Tolman-oppenheimer - volhoff equations with an equation of state specified. This is a straight

forward procedures but yields results expressed incumbers orne numerical from Misner[10]. A small number of

analytic solutions which have been obtained are valuable and interesting because one may study their properties in

complete detail and with comparative case, specially their behavior at high field intensity or high pressure and

density.

As a mailer oi iact to get pressure and densiiy are then tound ii.om field equations. Hoever most of the solutions

obtained by this method are not physically realistic. Moreover, the heavenly bodies generally are gaseous sphere

where the density vanishes at the surface of the sphere. New classes of static gaseous models have been pointed out

by pant and Sah[6]. For those models, however, the pressure and the density both diverge at the centre.

Mehra[4] and Pandey[5] and Gupta have found a solution of the Einstein’s field equations for a spherically

symmetric distribution of a perfect fluid of variable density. The study with variable density has been also carried

out earlier by Max Wyman[8]. He assumed the law of density to be p = arN–2

, where a and N are constants. The study

of Mehra[4] and Pandey and Gupta[5] differs from that by Wyman in the sense that the density is zero at the surface

of the fluid sphere. Knutsen[3] has studied the relativistic gasesous spheres by making arbitrary choice of variable

energy density. The sound speed squared is given by,δδρp

s’ where S denotes the entropy per baryon. The equations

of state at ultra high densities given in the literature[9] have the property that the sound speed is decreasing

outwards. This property is also shown in the solution due to Knutsen[3].

74

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF USING FOSSIL FUELS

Dilip Kumar Keshri

Dept. of Zoology, T. S. College, Hisua (Nawada)

Fossil fuels, which include petroleum, coal and natural gas provide most of the energy that powers modern

industrial society. The majority of Fossil fuels are used in transportation, manufacturing and electric-power

generation industries. In 2003, the world consumed 29 billion barrels of petroleum, 5 billion metric tones of coal, and

2.7 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted rapid increase in

fossil fuels consumption which cause harmful effects and serious problems to the environment. Acid rain and global

warming are tow of the most serious environmental issues related to large scale fossil fuel combustion. Other

environmental problem such as land reclamation and oil spills are also associated with coal mining and transporting

the fossil fuels. When fossil fuels are burned, sulphur nitrogen and carbon combine with oxygen to form compound

called as oxides. When these oxides react chemically with atmospheric water vapour, forming sulfuric acid, nitric

acid and carbonic acid respectively, These acid-containing water vapour, commonly known as acid rain, enter the

water cycle and can subsequently harm the biological quality of forest, soils, lakes and streams. Rapid

industrialization has resulted in increasing fossil fuel emission, raising the percentage of carbon dioxide, a green

house gas in the atmosphere which cause global warming scenario that could cause numerous environmental

problems, including, disrupted weather pattern and polar ice cap melting.

Structural and Electrical Properties of Eu2(Ba0.5 W0.5)2O7 Ceramics

Md. Shahabuddin and N. K. Singh

University Department of Physics, V. K. S. University, Ara-80230 1.Bihar, India,E-mail: singh_nkphy27@yahoo.com

Most of the solid ionic compounds are poor ionic conductors and only a few of them exhibit considerable ionic

conductivity at elevated temperatures. The ionic conductors have the various types of skeleton structure which

provide a pathway for mobile ions. Among the three-dimensional skeleton structure types, pyrochlores offer

interesting possibilities as fast ion conductors. Although pyrochlores are widely used in active and passive electronic

applications, such as switching elements, thermistors, thick-film resistors, and materials for screen printing, they

have been recognized only recently as potential candidates for temperature-stable, low-loss high-premittivity

dielectric application. In addition to these promising properties, this system can be sintered at very low temperature

(1223K), which makes them viable as cofired dielectric components. In view of the important applications of

pyrochlore compounds we have synthesized Eu2(Ba0.5 W0.5)2O7 compound of a general formula R2(B′1/2B″½)2O7

(Where B′ = alkaline earth metals, B″ = W, Mo) and studied the dielectric and electrical properties.

Poly crystalline sample of Eu2(Ba0.5 W0.5)2O7 has been prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction

technique. The structural characterization of the sample has investigated by X-ray diffraction technique exhibit

orthorhombic structure. Scanning electron micrographs show uniform densely packed structure. Detailed studies of

dielectric constant (ε) and loss tangent (tan δ) were completed as a function of frequency (0.l kHz to 100kHz) at room

temperature and as a function of temperature (RT to 350°C) at different frequencies (20, 30, 50 and 100 kHz) by

using a Hioki 3532 LCR-Hi-tester suggest that the compound have been used to calculate useful trapping

parameters. a c conductivity has been studied over a wide range of temperature. Measurements of d c resistivity as

function of both applied electric field and temperature RT–400°C) suggest that the compound have semiconductor

characteristics. The detailed will be oresented and discussed during seminar.

75

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ZINC FERRITE NANOPARTICLES

Rakesh Kumar Singh, Girija Gupta, Amarendra Narayan & Binay Kumar

Deptt of Physics, Patna Womens College, Patna UniversityDeptt of Physics, Patna Womens College, Patna University

Deptt of Physics, Patna UniversityDeptt of Chemistry, Patna University

Nanometric Zinc Ferrite powder was prepared using Citrate precursor method. A Zinc Iron Citrate precursor was

prepared in acidic medium using metal nitrates as starting material. Metal nitrates and citric acid were taken in a

stoichiometric proportion for this purpose. Ferrite powder was obtained by annealing the citrate precursor in muffle

furnace at 450°C and 650°C. The prepared Zinc ferrite powder was characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD)

and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). For ferrite samples annealed at 450°C the Coercivity (Hc) and

Retentivity (Mr) were respectively 2.87 Oe and 0.001152 emu/g while for the ferrite samples annealed at 650°C the

Coercivity and Retentivity were 10.34 Oe and 0.004772 emu/g. The saturation magnetisation (Ms) of these ferrite

samples was found to be 3.991 emu/g and 2.662 emu/g respectively. The average particle size was found to be 11.37

nm and 37.37 nm respectively. Thus we observed that Hc and Mr increases with increasing of annealing temperature

while the saturation magnetization decreases with increase in annealing temperature. The particle size as expected

is larger for higher annealing temperature.

Key words—Magnetic materials, Ferrites, Nanopartjcles, Magnetic parameters

ON FUZZY IDEALS AND FUZZY PRIME IDEALS OF A RING

Manoranjan kr. Singh, Satya Narayan Mahto & Kumar Amitabh

Head Dept. of Mathematics & G.B. College Ramgarh, KaimurLecturer in Mathematics M.G. College, Darbhanga

Research scholar V.K.S.U. Ara

Following the introduction of fuzzy sets by Zadeh, the fuzzy set theory was developed by Zadeh himself and other has

found many applications in the domain of mathematics and elsewhere. Rosenfeld introduced the notion of fuzzy sets

in the domain of group theory. Since then researchers are trying to extend their ideas to the broader frame work of

the fuzzy setting. Liu (1982) defined and studied the notion of fuzzy idea of a ring. Mukherjee and Sen defined and

studied fuzzy prime idea of a ring.

The object of this paper is to obtain certain ring theoretic analogues in the fuzzy setting.

SOME EXACT STATIC SPHERICAL SOLUTION OF CHARGED FLUIDS

R.B.S. Yadav & Shailendra Kumar

Reader, P.G . Dept. of Maths M. U. Bodh-GayaResearch Scholar, P.G. Dept. of Maths M.U. Bodh-Gaya.

In this paper, considering spherically symmetric line element we have obtained an exact static spherical solution of

Einstein-Maxwell field equations for charged fluid distribution. The field equations are solved using different

assumptions and specific choice of metric functions λ and ν. Various physical properties e.g. pressure, matter

density, electric field and charge density for the distribution have been also found. We have also discussed the

central and boundary conditions and constants appearing in the solutions of the field equations are fixed up.

The boundary conditions are—

(1) e–λ is continuous across the boundary of the fluid space.

(2) eν is continuous across the boundary of the fluid sphere.

(3)de

dr

ν

is continuous across the boundary of the fluid sphere.

Our solution includes many previously known solutions as particular cases

76

VIBRATIONAL WAVE NUMBER SHIFT ON HYDROGEN BONDING IN COMPLEX

STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MIXTURE

Prof. Ramendra Kr. Singh & Dr. Pramendra Ranjan Singh

Head of department, Department of Physics, Jagdam college, J.P. University, ChapraDepartment of Physics, Jagdam College, J.P. University, Chapra, E-mail: drpramendra_jc@rediffmail.com

Solute molecules, such as acetonitrile, pyridine and their halogen derivatives when mixed with solvents, such

as methanol, ethanol, phenol etc, form complex structures as a result of hydrogen bonding between solute and

solvent molecules vary an as a result may energetically stable structures are possible. The knowledge of these

structures are crucial in many cases especially in biological systems.

The vibrational wave numbers of solute molecules changes considerably on hydrogen bonding. In addition, new

bonds are also observed. The change in the vibrational wave number and wave numbers of additional bonds when

found systematic, may be put in a usable form for understanding complexes and the forces associated therein.

Systematic solute and solvents, which are capable of hydrogen bonding will be selected and their mixtures will

be prepared is different mole fractions. The Raman and IR spectra is complete vibrational region will be recorded.

The Raman and IR spectra at each concentration will be compared with that of next solute and solvent system.

The vibrational wave number shift on hydrogen bonding Characteristics modes of hydrogen bonding are

obtained.

SOLAR ENERGY FOR LIFE STYLE

Pallava Prasoon

+2 (Science) Passed, 55/60, Officers Flat, Bailey Road, Patna-800001

E-mail: pallav_prasoon@yahoo.co.in

The Sun serves as a giant nuclear furnace in space, constantly bathing our planets with a free energy supply. Solar

heat drives winds and the hydrologic cycle. Sun is the primary source of energy for all forms of life on earth. From

solar energy only all other forms of energy are derived and it is essentially an infinite source of energy. The energy

transmitted from the sun is in the form of Electromagnetic radiations. The amount of energy received over the total

surface of the earth is about 20,000 times the current global energy consumption of this 15% is reflected by the

surface. Out of 35% of retain solar energy, the largest portion is used to evaporate water and life into the

atmosphere.

India being a tropical Country, receives direct sun rays for about 300 days per annum Hence we have vast

potentially for solar power development.

India is second most populous country in the world and has extreme ecological diversity. About 70-80 % of the

population live in rural areas. Meeting the energy requirements is sustainable manner continues to be a major

challenge for the country. The time has come to talk of sustainable lifestyle is worthy and approachable goal. For this

the energy is the chief thing and in the source of energy, the most important and highest profitable energy is our

solar energy. Out of the total energy consumption in the country almost 70% is meet by conventional and

non-renewable source of energy and the rest by non conventional and renewable energy sources.

The solar energy is mostly effective in rural areas, in domestic sector and agricultural sector. The chiefly

application of solar energy are in:

(i) Solar voltaic energy

(ii) Solar Water heater

(iii) Solar dryer and heaters

(iv) Solar distillation

(v) Solar Cooker etc.

77

PROGRESS OF A PHYSICAL SCIENCE LABORATORY MANUAL FOR

NON-SCIENCE MAJORS

Dr.Krishnand Prasad, Kr. Prashant Sinha

B.M.D.College, Hazipur (B.U.)

Students with a non-science background entering college often encounter difficulty fulfilling their science

requirement. These students, in particular, tend to avoid the physical sciences. A general introductory course in

physical science called Introduction To Physical Science, meets the minimum science requirement for most

non-science programs. To provide a more complete “hands-on” educational experience for these students, a physical

science laboratory manual was developed to promote success in and understanding of the physical sciences.

A ten week, six laboratory exercise manual was developed which would coincide with topics being taught in

lecture. During development of the laboratory, emphasis was placed on students setting up equipment and

performing selected tasks. These labs would reinforce lecture topics and provide some real world applications.

Pre-testing and post-testing were done to assess the impact of four individual laboratory exercises.

Analysis of the pretest and post -test scores revealed that the laboratory exercises did significantly improve

student ability to understand basic scientific concepts. The students, several of whom had always despised

science-related classes, indicated that the laboratory was their favorite part of the class. They were able to

experience science “hands-on,” which they then internalized and were able to apply, as their improved test scores

indicate.

BACK JOURNEY OF SOLAR SAIL

Ankit Anand & Dr. Amrendra Narayan

Dept of Physics, Patna Science College (Patna University)Dept of Physics, (Patna University)E-mail: ankit.anand91@yahoo.co.in

Solar radiation applies a force on any exposed surface; this force acting outward from sun when expressed per unit

area is catted solar radiation pressure. Previous paper from same author had been explored the possibility of driving

a space craft using this force and proposed some technique to exploit this force as main driving force in a space craft

using a sail. Since this space ship is using sail like a sailboat thus it is called solar sail. Using those technique one can

go from earth to another planet and calculation have been shown that one can go to the mars within 83 days which

shows that it is not less efficient than ordinary space ship using rocket engine. Present paper explores the possibility

of coming back from other planet to earth. As solar radiation pressure is always directed outward from sun it is

common misconception that it can’t help in coming back from any planet but our calculation have been proved that it

is possible to come back from other planet using this force. There are mainly three technique proposed here. Out of

which in first two namely mass increment and area decrement I we will try to make gravity of sun dominant over

radiation pressure by decreasing mass or increasing surface areas of the sail. It will be some how difficult to alter

mass and area in space. In order to solve the shortcomings of these two we are proposing an another technique i.e.

limitation of angle of the sail. Our calculations show that by keeping the angle of sail within certain limit proposed

for a particular distance we can reverse the direction of movement of sail. Suitable relations have been developed to

calculate this range for a particular distance and to now the time taken by sail to come back from a particular point.

The result shows that one can come back from mars within 143 days that is a greatly satisfying result. In nutshell we

have made possible the complete journey in space without using any fuel. It will show a great significance in the

history of solar sail as well as of Space exploration.

78

A BRIEF VIEW OF NANOTECHONOLOGY

Brajesh Kumar

M.Sc. (Physics), Roll No.-28 (200608)P.G. Departmet of Physics, Scince College, Patna

A basic definition

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and

concepts that are more advanced.

In its original sense, ‘nanotechnology’ refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using

techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.

Nanotechnology is the engineering of tiny machines - the projected ability to build things from the bottom up

inside personal nanofactories (PNs), using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, highly

advanced products. Ultimately, nanotechnology will enable control of matter at the nanometer scale, using

mechanochemistry. Shortly after this env1sioned molecular machinery 1S created, it will result in a manufacturing

revolution, probably causing severe d1sruption. It also has serious economic, social, environmental, and military

implications.

A nanometer is one billionth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four atoms. The average human hair is

about 25,000 nanometers wide.

It’s a proposed new appliance, something that might sit on a countertop in your home. To build a personal

nanofactory (PN), you need to start with a working fabricator, a nanoscale device that can combine individual

molecules into useful shapes. A fabricator could build a very small nanofactory, which then could build another one

twice as big, and so on. Within a period of weeks, you have a tabletop model.

What could nanofactories produce?

• Lifesavtng medical robots or untraceable weapons of mass destruction.

• Networked computers for everyone in the world or networked cameras so governments can watch our every

move.

• Trtlltons of dollars of abundance or a vicious scramble to own everything.

• Rapid invention of wondrous products or weapons development fast enough to destabilize any arms race.

How does ‘mechanochemistry’ work?

It’s a bit like enzymes (if you know your chemistry): you fix onto a molecule or two, then twist or pull or push in a

precise way until a chemical reaction happens right where you want it. This happens in a vacuum, so you don’t have

water molecules bumping around. It’s a lot more controllable that way.

So, if you want to add an atom to a surface, you start with that atom bound to a molecule called a “tool tip” at the

end of a mechanical manipulator. You move the atom to the point where you want it to end up. You move the atom

next to the surface, and make sure that it has a weaker bond to the tool tip than to the surface. When you bring them

close enough, the bond will transfer. This is ordinary chemistry: an atom moving from one molecule to another when

they come close enough to each other, and when the movement is energetically favorable. What’s different about

mechanochemistry is that the tool tip molecule can be positioned by direct computer control, so you can do this one

reaction at a wide variety of sites on the surface. Just a few reactions give you a lot of flexibility in what you make.

79

Is nanotechnology bad or good?

Nanotechnology offers great potential for benefit to humankind, and also brings severe dangers. While it is

appropriate to examine carefully the risks and possible toxicity of nanoparticles and other products of nanoscale

technology, the greatest hazards are posed by malicious or unwise use of molecular manufacturing. CRN’s focus is on

designing and promoting mechanisms for safe development and effective administration of MM.

STUDY OF APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

Devendra Prasad

Research Scholar, B.N. Mandal University, Madhepura

Microstrip antenna consist of very thin metallic strip patch placed a small fraction of a wave length above a ground

plate. It is separated by di-electric sheet, radiating elements and the feed lines are usually photo-attached on

di-electric. It is wireless communication system. There is a requirement for light, low profile antenna. The radiating

patch may be square, rectangular and circular, elliptical or any other configuration. Uses as whip, Antenna on a car,

single turn loop for UHF T.V. reception, roof mounted long periodic TV antenna and satellite paraboloidal reflector

receiving antennas. For specialized and higher performance communication links, radar systems; navigational

system the future trends for antennas and the propagation in space programme play prominent role in the areas.

Information transfer, energy transfer and remote vision-sensing. Associated with these application of

electromagnetic waves are propagation scattering and visualization and simulation. In the terrestrial environment,

the ionosphere and atmosphere provide unique interaction with electro magnetic radiation.

80

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81

AN ECOLOGICAL PERPECTIVE OF BEHAVIOUR—NEED OF THE HOUR

Dr. Manju Sharma & Dr. Madhuri Devi*

Prof. & Head Deptt. of psychology*Reader Deptt. Of Botany, G.B.M College , Gaya

The advances made in various fields of science and technology are an indication of man’s endeavour to

understand, predict and control the environment. Since last four decades study on man-enviornment relations has

given a boost th the study of environment. Environmental Psychlogy studies the interrelationship between physical

environment and human, behaviour and experience. In the 1990s, human factors have emerged as a distinct force in

all the interdisciplinary area of environmental science, with the emphasis on the study of perceptual and cognitive

processes. Environmental Psychlogy places grater emphasis on utilization of science strategies inn devrloping

solution to community environmental problems.Environmental psychology has now reached new heights with an

adequate taxonomy of the environment. Different inventories have been developed to study personality adaptaion to

different kinds of environment. Psychological measures of sensitivity thresholds to noise toxicity etc. Have been

obtained along with psychological measures of frustration, tolerance and coping behaviour. Envirionmental

assessment has been made through perceived Environmental Quality of Indeces (PEQI) for comfort, pleasantness

safety, etc. based on place visits or photography observation. St. Okals (1978) recongnised the theme of human –

environment optimization which assumes that people strive to achieve an environment that fulfills their needs

maximally and romotes accomplishment of their goals. The prominent environmental concerns are found to be

conservation of resources and pollution control, pollution of air, noise, water and pollution of mind and characters

also. It is suggested by the studies that a need for commencing enviornmental education in the school curriculum is

necessary from the beginning. Physical, social and the sociophysical dimensions are found to the major area for

study. Ecological psychology follows an environmintal focuses on behaviour. Uday Jain (1987) found in his study

crowding as a stressful transaction between man and environment. Stressors like noise exrreme temperature, air

pollution crowding work place strss, misunderstanding and so many directly affedts human behaviour. Built

environment also affects our behaviour like architecture (Vastu) housing midels, territory, personal space,

furniture, interior design, clothing and neighbourhood etc. Newman (1973) found in his studies that size and height

of the building jjointly pridicted the crime rate. In the study it is suggested through different techniques that a field

of environmental psychology ie, ecopsychology provides new perspective to mental health. It develops the capacity to

live in balance with nature and it is also necessary to human emotional and spiritual will-being.

Varibility In Potato Charcoal Rot Fungus and Disease Control

B.Singh & Archna Kumari

Dept. of BotanyJ. J. College, Gaya

The incidence of charcoal rot incited by Macrophmis phaseolina (Tassi) shrivastava was surveyed in the plains

of West Bengal, Bihar and Punjab during 1989, 1990 and 1991 during harveset of the crop and after cold-storage.

The incidence of charcoal rot in the field varied from 0.4 to 40 percent at harvest. Green tubers of different varieties

were less prone to the pathogen junder natural conditions of inoculation but inoculation by toothpick eid not show

any difference. On the basis of growth rate on different midia and time required for symptom production. The

isolates of Macrophomia phaseolina obtained from different sources were grouped in to three types viz fast moderate

and slow. There was positive correlation between grwth rate and virulence . the isolates were grouped into 5 types on

the basis of micelial and sclerotial characters.

Preplanting application of soil a mend ments viz sawdust and mustard cake and tuber treatment with Agallo

1-3 (0.5%) for 10 minutes were found to reduce the disease in both field and atorage. Immunity to the disease was

found in Solanum chacoence (s.s.No.- 365-1) S Vereii (P.T.No. –230-562) and clones from breeding population for foot

knot nima todes.

82

HYDROPONICSA Tool For Teaching Biological Sciences

Md. Jawed Alam

CoordinatorNature Club of india, Patna 20

Hysroponics is the science of growing plants without using soil by feeding them on solution of water and mineral

salts. Given a minimum supply of water, hysroponics units may be set up in towns and cities for learning biological

science with fun by the urban population. House woves, flat and apartment dwellers , backyard or window box

gardeners or those possessing roof space can now use hydroponics to fulfill their beeds in respect of growing

decorative/ flowering/ vegetables plants.

In this technique, plants are supported in the inorganic/ organic elements necessary for growth and

development. Premixed nutrient solutions are now available from a number of sources. A person familiar with this

hydroponics technique may make his/ her own nutrient solution.

In hydroponics, the desired amount of food is directly available to the root. Thus, plant growth and yield per

area are increased. There is one more added attraction in hydroponics that roots of the cultivated plants can be seen .

the benefits of hydroponics that roots of the cultivated plants can be seen. The bebefits of hydroponics that roots of

the culivared plants can be seen . The benefits of hydroponics are easy food production and maintenance of

environmental health. It also provided a scope for study of plant life, job training and employment. Plants grown in

hydroponics medium gives us beauty all the time for indoor decoration and mintal peace .It satisfies consumers

demand (in form of decorative/ flowers/ vegetables plants). Finally persons associated with this technique become

systematically educated in the sphere of plant and aquatics lives in the wrelm of biological sciences.

ROLE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY

Chinmay Prasoon

B.Tech (Electronics and intrumentation Engg.)Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin

E-mail : dr_aksinha@rediffmail.com

The nanotechnology is the technology that is best on the scale of nanometers. One nanometer is iqual to one-billionth

(10-9) of a meter. It is 5000 to 50,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Compared to a meter, one

nanometer is roughly of the same proportion as a golf ball is, Chemistry, Biology and Engineering.

The term nanotechnoligy was coind in 1974 by Prof, NARIO TANIGUCHI at the Tokyo Science Laboratory.

The goal of nanotechnology is the control of indiviual atoms and molecules the creation of computer chips and

other devices which are many a times smaller than those created by the usage of current technology.

There are three main divisions in Nanotechnology

1. Nanomaterials

2. Nanoelectronics

3. Nano biotechnology

All major sectors be it environment, aerospece , telecommunications, solar energy or computing are impacted

upon by nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has mainly more appoocations, it can help to detect narcotics and

fingerprints of suspects in crimes. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary subject which essentially combines

Physics , Chemistry, Bio-informatics and Bio-technology etc.

There are many essentials new fields which will open up for the nanotechnology experts including,

Health industry research and consulting –Pharmaceutical, Medical, Agriculture food and beverage,

environment industries.

Research and development in Government, Universities and private research institutes.

Management and investment advisors in bio-technology and research and development industry.

Product development and asvising.

83

Insight into CARBON NANOTUBES

Amit Kumar

M.Sc. in Electronics(Final Year)

E-mail- aamitece@gmail.comPost Graduate

Department of electronics, Anurag Narayan College, PatnaMagadh university, Bodhgaya (Bihar)

It has been more than 15 years since the carbon nanotubes (CNTS) are the subjuct of intense research world over.

The reason for this has been the oretical predictions that carbon nanotubes possess chemical and physical properties

that are much more compared to many other materials. Thus various processes for synthesis of carbon nanotubes

have been studied, refined an din some cases developed.

Elemental carbin demonstrates unusually cimplocared behavior, foming a number of allotropes. Carbon

allotropes of diamond and graphite (three dimensional structures) are known since ancient times. Recently

discovered fullerenes (zero-demensionl structures), nanotubes (one-dimensional structures) and graphene (two

dimendionl structures)are being studied by physicists and chemists.

Carbon nanotubes or cnts are tubes of carbon atoms of about a nanometer- one billionth of a meter in diameter .

We can say that cnt is a one-cimensionl wire or a seamless cylinder with diameter of the order of a nanometer made

by rolling a sheet of graphene, which is another allotrope of carbon with two-dimensional structurecarbon nanotubes

have length to diameter ratio of more than 10,000.

Diameter of cnts has been observed to lie between less than a nanometer and about a few nanometers.

However, their length varies from 1 micron to diw cintimeters .

Types of crbon nanotubes

Ideal cnts mat be described as nanoscale graphene cylinders that are closed at dach end by half a fullerene.Sidewalls

of cnt cylinders consist of only hexagonal carbon rings of graphene, whereas the end caps are made of pentagons and

hexagons of fullerene.This configuration helps to mintain curvature .

Carbon nanotubes are placed in two broad categories, viz, singlewalled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multiwalled

nanotubes (MWNTs). The structures comprising one cylinder are termed as SWNTs and structures with two or more

than two concentric cylinders are termed as MWNTs

SWNTs of 0.4 nm have successfully been synthesised.

84

MWNTs with lingth up to a centimetre and diameters 5-100nm have been synthesised by manufacturers and

researchers.

CNT properties are dependent on their configuration. As an example , one can say that for typocal diameters,

all armchair SWNTs and one–third of all zigzag nanotubes are metallic, the rest are semiconducting.

It has been shown by many researchers that CNTs can act as field –effect transistors. Vertically aligned CNTs

are ideal low-resistance wires for use as interconnect.These properties make CNTs as ideal an dattractive candidate

for application nanoelectronics , quantum computing, as gas sensors or fillers in polymer, ceramic or metal

composites. The much awaited break through of individual CNTs in electronic devices is yet to be achieved the

values of the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of CNTs very widely.

Armichair Zigzag Chira

Fig:- Armichair, Zigzag and Chire Nnotibe

Carbon Nanotube SynthesisCNTproduction requires three things: carbon feed, a metal catalyst and heat. Some of the prominent methods for

CNT syntheses are:

1. Carbon are discharge.2. Laser- vaporization technique.3. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD).4. Electrolysis.

Progress so farToday , a large number of procucts use carbon nanotubes∴To name a few popular ones are tennis rackets, golf clubs,

X-ray tubes, Li-ion batteries, vehicle fenders, etc.

It is also try to develop a fast transition of electron in carbon nanotubes. This method will make faster of

communixation system.

STRUCTURE OF A MULTIWALLED NANOTUBE

85

EMPOWERING THE UNIVERSITY TEACHERS IN E- LEARNING PEDAGOGY

Dr. Kumar Sanjeev

LecturerDepartment of EducationPatna University, Patna

Teaching is one of the challenging professions in a knowledge society, as it is directly associated with the moulding of

students’ behaviour playinga pivotal role in the process of teaching learning system at school stage, a teacher is

expected to have skills of using e- learning tools and technologies that will lelp him to acquire meaningful technical

knowledge of contents and pedagogies and to use their metacognitive skilis to teach effectively through way ahe can

use power point that provides opportunity to uncorporate multimedia . To enliven the presentation, best owing the

ability to bring in many different kinds of media including grahhic images, colored backgrounds, photographs, sound

clips, video clips, animations and of course texts. The virtual in classroom facelity helps the teacher for conducting

online tutorial and consulting sessions. The virtual unversity can be seen as a metaphor for electromic teaching

learning and research environment created by the convergenge of several relatively new technologies including, but

not restricted to internet, world wide web(WWW) , computer mediated communication. In the present paper, the

vital beed of change has been sugested to bring about raradigm shift in the pedagogical approach of teacher

empowerment from thaditional teaching! Learning to e-learning.

AN INTRODUCTION TO : CR’ TOGRAPI

Saumya Priyadarshini, Akanksha Anand

E-MAIL: priyadarshini anand @rediff.com

Cryptography

Today when internet provides essential communication between millions of people and is being increasingly used as

a tool for commerce, security becomes a remarkably important issue one essential aspect for secure communications

is that of cryptogrphy.

Cryptography is an ancient ary to encrypt and decrypt data in midern times, cryptography is considered to be a

branch of both mathematics and computer science, and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer

security, and engineering. It enables us to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks (like

internet) so that it cannot be read by anyone except the intended redipient.

Density of states and Effective Mass from Pseudopotential Theory

Raj Kumar

Research Scholar

The electronic structure of metal be described by knowing the nature of electromic states. For simple metal, under

free electron approximation we consider electron energy as a small pertubation in ¦ h¦ motion of the electromic.

Actually the energy in any band is quasicontinios function En(k) , where l is a wave number and is band index, and

each state is associated with momentum or wave number. The interaction between electrons give more content to

the idea of energy – band structure. In real sense the pseudopotententiol from factors represent a most important

aspect of the electromic structure and they are independent of the crystal structure. In this approach this method

requires the calculation of and average dispersion relation En (k) through pseudopotentiol theory, which ignores

triplit correlation and producess the density of states, almosy free from structure.

We have considered first order correction, second order corredtion and combined effect in the electron energy

for these coefficient in liquid as well as solid phase and found that non- local approximation of the potential presents

significant result. The electron mass ratio (m*/m) has been calculated using second order pseudopotentiol

perturbation theory. The ratio of m*/ for liquid metals is not less than unity. This ratio liquid metal is closer to the

ratio m*/m for solid phase.

86

A Brief View of Nanorobotics

Shashi Kumar

Persuing PG Diploma In Industrial Safety ManagementDept. of PMIR

Patna Univ., PatnaEmail : shikashashk

A new approach within advanced graphics simulations is presented for the problem of nano- assembly automation

and its application for medicene. The problems under study condentrates its main focus on nanorobot control design

for molecular manipulation and the use of evolutionary agents as a suitable wat to enable the robustness on the

propesed medel. Thereby the presented works summarize as well distinct aspects of some techniques required to

achieve successful intergrated system design and 3d simulation visualization in real time.

Intial uses of nanorobots in health care are likely to emerge within the next ten years with potentially broad

biomedical applications. The ongoing developments of molecular-scale electronics, sensors and motors are expected

to enable mecroscopic robots with dimensions comparable to bacteria. Recent developments in the field of

biomolecular computing has demonstrated positively the feasibility of processing logic tasks by bio-computers,

which is a promising first step tp enable future nanoprocessors with increasing complexity. Studies in the sense of

building biosensors and nano-kinetic devices, which is required to enable nanorobots operation and locomotion, has

been advanced recently too. Moreover, classical objections related to the real feasibility of nanotechnology, such as

quantum mechanics, thermal motions and friction, has been considered and resolved and discussiond about the

manufactruing of nanodevises is growing up. Developing nanoscale robots presents deficult fabrication and control

challenges. The control design and the development of complex integrated nanosystems with high performance can

be well analysed and addressed via simulation to help pave the way for future use of nanorobots in biomedical

engeineering problems.

87

Non-Voltile Static RAM [NVSRAM]

Vikadh kumar

(Final Year) M.Sc. in ElectronicsPost Graduate Department of Electronics

Anurag Narayan College, PatnaMagadh University,Bodh Gaya (Bihar)

Memory is an internal part of any electronic system application it can be broadly classified into volatile mimories

(lose mimory contents on power loss) and non-volatile (retain memory content on power loss) popular volatole

mimories include static random memory (SRAM dynamic ram (DRAM) etc. Popular non- volatile memories in

EEPROM, Flash etc.

Mimories that offer a combination of SRAM features along with non-volatility have several advantages in a

system . Many of today’s applications require a fast memory device that can also offer non-volatility. Several memory

technologies offer such solution. These include NVSRAM , BBSRAM (Battery- Backed –up SRAM), FRAM

(Feroelectric

NVSRAM Vs Other Memories

Parameters Mesurement NVSRAM BBSRAM FRAM MRAM

Performane access times (ns) 15-25 70-100 100-150 35

Realiability Years of Retention 20 10 10 10

Current/power ctive®100ns(ma) 20 22 22 30

Typical standby (fla) 750 200 20 9000

Denmsity max.density 4 16 1 4

Today(mb)

Packing board space small large small small

Raquirements

Kgd support yes no yes

88

The badics

NVSRAM is a high-speed, high-performancre non-volatile memory that combines the performance characteristice of

a high-speed SRAM with that of a nonj-volatile cell. The data is retained in the non-volatile cell integrated with each

SRAM cell.

NVSRAM are available in the density range pf 16 kbits to 4 mbits, feature the industry’s fastest access speeds

pf 15to 45NS, and can operate in both commercial an dindustrial temperature ranges. These are offered in small

–footprint SSOP,SOIC and TSOP packages.

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of a imbit NVSRAM. As can be seen from the fegure, the address lins (ao

through A16), data lins (dqo through dq7) and control lines (oe,ce and we ) provide exactly the same interface as a

high- speed sram.. The power control block detects variations on the power supply v cc for autostore operation. The

store/recall control block is used for hardware store operation using HSB pin and for recall operation. The software

detect block is used for softwarestore and recall operation.

The only external component required for NVSRAm operation is a capacitor connected to the V CAP pin . This

capacitor gets chatged by the supply voltage huring the power–on condetion. This xharge provides the energy

pequired for an autostore operation (Transferring the contents of SRAM to non–volatileelements on power oft).

Endurance (number of store cycles to the non-volatile elements).

The SRAM elements of the NVSRAM provide unlimited read and write cycles. The NVSRAM guarantes a

minirriium of 500,000 dtore cycles to the non-volatile elements.

Target applications

1. Raid controlletr

2. Mobile data terminal

3. Point-of –sale(PAS) terminal

4. Printer /copier

5. Power/energy meters

6. Industrial automation (remote terminal units)

7. Dashboard/ instrumrnt panel clusters

8. Single–board computers

9. Routers

10. Wan interface card

89

Science through Low-cost/no-cost experiments: Some Demonstration Experiments

in Optics

Amarendra Narayan & Rakesh Kumar Singh

Deptt. of Physics, Patna UniversityDeptt. of Physics, Patna Womens College, Patna University

Scientific culture is the need of today. The present-day physics curriculum, especially, especially the laboratory part,

is far-romoved frm real life and correlation between laboratory activities and real life is poor. The present paper

discusses some of the low-cost innovative experiments that we have developed to briidge this gap between physics

theory and laboratory experience. The idea is (1) to arouse the curiosity of students, Researchers and teachers

through demonstration and query-based classroom teaching . (2) to provide a platform for students to investigate the

phenomena based on the principles taught in the class through interesting and manageable activities and project ,

and (3) to learn the scientific teachinque of enquiry through first hands on experience of investigative study. It is

expected that in such a teaching environment the science lover will get a better opportunity to express his native

creativity, which is a necessrry means for development of scientific culture in the society. Bearing this fact in mind,

we have tried to develop a teaching methodology using low cost / no cost physics demonstrations and hands –on

experimemts. These experiments are absorbing and they encourage the students to observe nature more closely an

darise questions.

Key words- Low cost experiments, Science Curiosty, Scientific Culture.

“Effect of Electric Field Stress and Thermal Aging on Electrical Conductivity of

Polyethylene Terphthalate Film”

Ajoy Singh & N.A.Karimi

S.K.Womens College, Nambol, ManipurDept. of Physics, B. N. College Patna Univ., Patna

Electrical conductivity of Polyethylene Terephthalate film of thickness 100 micron has been investigated under

electic field stress upto 1.5 x 107 V Im and temperature varied from room to 373K. From LnJ versus E112plots, the

value of f3 sand f3 pf (richardson scottly an poole Frenkel constants) were calculated an dfound that in unpolarized

sample Poole- Frenkel mechanism of conduction is operative but after the sample is polarized under apploed voltage

E = 1000V at 338k for one hour, the Poole – Frenkel mechanism of conduction changes to Richardson-Sxhottly

mechanism. The electrical conductivuty of unpolarized (cr u> sample was found greater than that of the sample after

being polarizes (cr p) . This was explained on the basis of two charge theory of Gross 8(1949* 1964) where the

resultant current in polarized dielectric’ is given by

1 = 1 horn + 1horn

where 1 horn = hetrocurrent caused by volume polarization & reorientations of dipoles.

1 horn = homocurrent (ionic current) depends upon injected charge carriers and work function of electrodes.

Since ihet and I ham are of opposite sign so the net current is 1het –1horn *

The effect of homocharge is minimised and hence the conductivity is enhanced, when the electrodes were

coated. This result gets further support from the value of B, which is smaller and coincides with the theoretical value

of schottky constant (Bs)

90

Some Non-Static Solutions of Einstein-Maxwell Fields for Conformally Flat

Spherically Symmertic charged Fluid Distribution in General Relativity

Ajay Kumar & R.P.Singh

M.phil ScholarDeptt. of Mathematics,

Vinayka Missions University,Salem (Tamilnadu)

Dept.of Mathematics, NIT, Patna

In this paper solutions of Einstein-Maxwell’ field equations representing Spherically Symmetric charged perfect

fluid distribution which are conformally flat have been obtained. The explocit expressions for pressure, density,

expansion and non-vanishing components of flow vector have also been obtained. It is found that model is expanding.

It is also shown that shear and rotation come out to be zero !.e., model is non-rotating an d non-shearing. We have

also shown that many previously known solutions are in our solution. We have also discussed reality conatitions

1. p + p > O

2. P + 3p > O

Where p and p denote pressure and density respectively.

SURFACE TO VOLUME(S/V) RATIO; CONFINEMENT FOR STABILITY,

SYMMETRY AND BENEFICIAL ASPECTS OF NATURAL EVENTS.

Permendra Ranjan & Rakesh Kumar Singh

Deptt of Physics, Jagdamb College Chapra, J .P. Univesity.Deptt of Physics, Patna Women, s College, Patna University.

The ratio of surface/ volume is one of basic law of nature, whose variance(high or low) defines the stability,symmetry

and beneficial aspects of natural events in all discipline of life. Whether it is the physical, chemical, Mathematical,

Biological or Economical. The S/V ∝ 1/r; where r is linear Dimension.ln Nanomaterials high S/V ratio gives

confinement of drastically Changed properties in comparison to bulk size. Ln nuclear fission, like cell, the heavy

nuclii become smaller in size and retores its ratio(S/V), thereby establoshing stability. The porous or finely divided

forms of adsorbents adsorb large quanties of adsorbate, due to greater specific area. In surface tension due to large

surface are the loquid duops assumes spherical shape. In Biological World, long cells like neurons have large number

of projections, which increases surface area, hence accounting for high S/V ratio. This helps in rapid conduction of

signals along the nerve fibres.

Key words: S/V ratio, stability, Symetry.

Chaos : The Science of Complexity and change

Akash Ranjan

M.Phil. research Scholar, Faculty of Physical ScienceMadurai Kamraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu

There are various circumstances where chaos exists. This reveals how simple physical laws such as Neston’ s

Law of Motion acting on simple physical system, such as pendulum, can turn out an irregular and seemingly random

motion, whixh is too complex to predict or compute at any given degree of accuracy in the long period of time. It

underlines the long term unprodictability of whether an dseems to be implocared in the fluctuations of share prices

like up and sown in stock exchange or stock market. The chaotic regime looks like a regime of disorder, when

population of the species fluctuates randomly. So, chaos is then just another name for randomness. In niw science,

chaos is only apparent as pseudo- randomness, in general. All motions in physics and reactions in chemistry turn

chaotec for some initial conditions when driven hard enough, far from equilibrium, to the nonlinear regime when

more becmes defferent. Thus, chaos is the rule rather than the exception, or mere oddity.

91

Thermodynamic Properties and Alloying Behavior of Liquid Binary Alloy

Ashwani Kumar & S. M. Rafique

University deptt.of physics, T.M.B.U., Bhagalpur

The complex formtion model first proposd by Bhatia and Hargrove [1] assumes the existence of chemical complexes

or pseudomolecules in liquid binary alloys. On the basis of this concipt singh and his coworkers [2-5] have studied

various thermodynamical properties of different binary alloys. We have also studied different allots wothin this

framework [6-8] .The present paper envisages the study of some thermodynamic properties viz.Gibbs free energy of

mixing(GM) , Enthalpy of mixing (HM) and entropy of mixing (SM) of the alloy under study . The results are in

reasonable agreement with experiment and throw loght on the ionoc interactions of the constituent atoms leading to

the alloying behaviour of the alloys under investigation.

Reference:1. AB Bhatia and W H Hargrove, Lett. Nuovo Om.8, 1025 (1973) .

2. RN Singh, “Thermodynamics of Alloy Formation” (ed.Y.A.Chang & F.Sommer, The Minerals, Metals andMaterials Society, pp.229,1987)

1. Akinladge, RN Singh F Sommer, Jalloys and Compounds 299,163(2000).

2. RN singh and I Kmishra , “Advances in Condensed Matter physics” (403 Willey Eastern Ltd.., NewDelhi,1990).

3. F Sommer ,RN Singh and V Witusiewiz , J.Alloys and Compounds 325,118(2001).

4. Ashwani kumar,S M Rafique,N Jha and AKMishra ,Physics B 357,445(2005).

5. Ashwani Kumar, S M Rafique and N Jha, Physics B 373,169(20060.

6. Ashwani kumarand S M Rafique, Indian J*Phys. 81(1)35 (2007)

Analysis of Hamiltonian Dynamics of a Cosmological System

Dr. Dineh Prasad

Ward No.3 , Madhepura

The hamiltonian dynamics of a cosmological system has been presented. It is possible to have a pair canonical

conjugate variables so as to get. Hamiltonian that describes the dynamics of a cosmological system. It opens the door

of thecnique of quantisation. This communication presents a generalization o fa variety cosmologies . a general

schrodinger wave equation has been deived and exact solution have been found for some cosmological midels.

Index terms : Cosmological, Hamiltonian formulation, Quantisation, Schrodinger wave equation.

Study of Proton in a 3-Quark Model Using Hyperspherical Harmonics (HH) Method

Dr. Sanjeet Kumar & Prof. S. P. Verma

Physics Deptt., Patna UniversityRetd Prof. & Head, Physics Deptt. Science College, P.U.

The particle proton jhas been described as made up of up. Up & down quarks an da three particle formalism has been

developed by describing the system in a six dimensional hyperspace.

Using HH techniques the schridinger equation can be separated into hyperradial an dhyperangular parts and

the system of one demensional second order coupled partial defferential equations can be numerically solved using

the q-q potentials . The three body wave function is expanded in a complete set of hyperangular fundtions and the

ecoupling terms comes out to be the matrix elements of two-body potentials in jbetween various states of the thre

body system.

We have utilized various forms of two-body potentials (e.g.Quigg-Rosner q-q interaction0 containing forms of

the type of harmonic oscillator, Gaussian and a constant term. We find that the binding energy of proton is

reproducible utilizing a few HH (hyperangular momentum values of 0, 2, 4, 6) only in jthe expansion to get a

convergent value.

The potentials which reproduces the B.E. of proton we” e used to find out the scattering lenghs and effedtive

ranges which confirms that the 3 –quark description gives a bound structure.

Keywords : Nuclear Structure, Proton, Three –body problem, HU method, Quark, Binding Energy

92

Simplicity of QDs in term of its energy scale

Himanshu Kumar Pandey & Dr. Permendra Ranjan Singh

Research Scholar, J. P. UniversityDepttt. of Physics, Jagdam College, J. P. University , Chapra

The strong separtion of energy scales in QDs make it startlingly simple. The largest relevant energy is the coulomb

interaction energy ∼1 mev in lateral dots while ∼10 mev in vertical dots. All energies larger than this value are frozen

out and play no role in the dynamics of dots. The next relevant energy scale is the single particle level spacing, ∼0.1

miv in lateral dots and ∼miv in vertical dots last is the coupling energy beween the dot and the leads which for

opaque tunnel barriers is ∼0.01 mev. The energy scale set by the temp, merely determines which of these other scales

can be resolved in transport of electons through the cluster of dots.

As a result of separation of energy scales, the behavior of electrons in dots can of ten be understood in simple

hlerachlcal fcriay. First the no. of electrons on the dot is

Determined by minimizing the direct coulomb interaction energy.second, the state of these electrons on the dot

is determined by balancing their kinetic energy against the

residual part of the coulomb interaction, including correlation and exchange effects. Finally, the transition

rates among such states are detemined by the small hybridization energy to the leads. When this hierarchical

scheme is applied, agreement between the experment and theory is obsrved to be startlingly good eg.

Solution of the field equations of Relativstic Static Gaseous Spheres

Dr. Md. Jawed Ikbal Khan

Deptt. Of MathematicsMirza Galib College, Gaya

In this paper we have obtained solutions of Einsteins field dquations for static geseous sphere in general relativity

by msking an adhoc assumption for the energy density p in such a way that p is finite and positive at the centre and

decreases outwards to vanish at the surface. “Gaseous” here means that the density p vanishes at the outer

boundary conditions various physical and geometrical properties of the model have been also discussed. The Enstein

‘s field equations, it is defficult to find exact solutions of field equations in closed analytic form as the gravitational

field can serve as part of its own source. In particular the problem of constructing a static model sphere pf a perfect

fluid is usually slved by numerical methods using the Tolman-oppenheimer –volhoff equations With an rquation of

state specified. This is a straight forward procedures but yields results expressed incumbersome numerical from

Misner[lo]. A small number of Analytic solutions which have been odtained are valuable and interesting because

one May study their poperties in complete detail and with comparative case, specially their Behavior at high field

intensity or high pressure and density.

As a matter of fact to get pressure and density are then found from field equations.hoever Most of the solutions

obtained by *is method are not physically realistic. Moreover, the heavenly bodies generally are gaseous sphere

where the density vanishes at the surface of the sphere . new classes of staticgtaseous models have been pointed out

by pant and sah[6] . For those models, however, the pressure and the density both diverge at the centre.

Mehra [4] and pandey[5] and Gupta have found a solution of the Einstein’s field equations for a spherically

symmetric distribution of a perfect fluid of variable density. The study with variable density has been also carried

out earlier by Max Wyman [8] . He assumed the law of density to be p=ar N-2, where a and N are constants. The

study of Mehra [4]and Pandey and Gupta [5] differs from that by Wyman in the sense that the density is zero ay the

surface of the fluid sphere. Knutsen [3] has studied the relativistic gasesous spheres by making arbitrary choice of

variable energy density. The sound speed squared is geven by, s’ where S denotes the entropy per beryon. The

equations of state at ultra high dendities given in jthe literature [9] have the property that the sound apeed is

decrasintg outwards. This property is also whown in the solution due to Kuntsent (3)

93

The Study of Statistic of surface Flow structures on Decaying Grid Turrbulence

Rajnish Kumar and Pramod Kumar

Department mathematic, PatnaUniversity , Patna-5, Bihar

The surface flow pattern of decaying turbulence generated by a vertical bar grid in a towing tank has been studied.

The velocities and positions of about 2xi04 Al aluminium filing tracers following the surface motion has been

measured and statistically analyzed from ten photo series, each of 10 mesh wodth span and 40 mesh widths long,

2000 surface eddies were identified and studied. The flow field is decomposed into “closed” rotating flow structures

(the surface eddies ) and “open” flow structures (rivers) of predominantly translational motion. There are also

relatively stagnant areas that grow in number and size with time. Immediately behind the grid the average energy

ensities of the surface eddies and the rivers er are about equal but ee decays at a greater rate than er. The eddy size

destribution gradually shifts to larger eddies and an increasing fraction of the fluctuating kinetic energy is

transferred into the rivers. In the collision dominated iquilibrium region, the eddy and the rever energy

destributions can be described by Boltzmann tyoe functions . these distributions may then be characterized by

“tempreature” 8e and 8r for eddies and rivers. There temperatures decay steadily throughout the observation

period, but remain approximately equal to each other. The relationship between the surface flow dynamics and the

subsurface and bulk turbulent grid-flow is examined.

An Optical Instrument : To Study the tempreature dependence properties of

transparent liquid “water”

Sanjeev kumar & Rajmani Prasad Sinha

Deptt. Of PhysicsPatna University, Patna

The temperature dependence anomalies of liquid water is an old problem which has received much attention now

these days as water os most wanted ingredient for the existence of life on this planet. It has been a question of long

debate for 40 long years about the possible existence of thermal anomalies in the physical properties of water nea5r

15,30,45 and 60 degree centigrade. It is widely agreed that the unusual properties of loquid water are due to

presemce of the hydrogen bond netwoek among the variors cluster units. To study the temperature dependent

thermal anomalies in different temperature regios , an optical instrument, based on the interference principal of

light waves, is developed and fabricated which can be able to sense very small changes in the optical properties of the

experimental loquid water. Woth the help of plane mirrors (two), converging lenses (two) and a biprosm, along with a

source, a Michelson interfermiter type arrangement is setup on a vibration isolated label. Biprism is used instead of

an ordinary partially solvered plate to isolate the reflected waves from the front and the back surfaces. A low

power(5mW) He-Ne laser having wavelength 6328A is used as a source. A static fringe pattern so obtained is made to

fall on a screen with the help of the lenses. A spectroscopic cell (water cell) is developed specially for the experimental

purpose having thickening 0.6cm and put acrosss one of the mirrors and the beam splitter. Woth the He-Ne as a

source and the spectroscopic cell of thickness 0.6cm, the sensitivity of the system is reprted as high as 52ppm(part

per million) . Electronic method is used to increase the temperature of the loqued water in a control way. An

experimental arrangement is made to record the temperature of water and the correcponding time for the change of

optocal path bye. A digital temperature sensor is used to record the variation in the temperature of the loquid water.

Average temperature and the corresponding time difference which leads to change in optocal path by e is calculated

and a graph curve is frawn against time difference ‘At’ (in second ) verses the average temperature ‘’(in degree

centigrade). The observation is repeated with hot water when temperature of the liquid water falls gradually and

also with rise raise and fall of temperature in different temperature regions too. All measurements are recorded at

constant room temperature (752 mm of Hg ) and at room temperature. Repeated obervation hd confirmed peaks near

30 and 45 degrees.

94

Transient Absorption Due To self Trapped excitons in NaBr and Nal

Dr. Shashi Shekhar Yadav & Dr. Ramnayan Prasad*

Dept. of PhysicsK.P.College, Murahganj (Madhepura)

*Sahugarh

The excitionic relaxation process in alkali halide crystals is one of the most attractive paradigms of strong

exciton-phonon interaction and its succeeding defact formation process in solid. The relaxed state of the exceton in

alkali halide crystals in well known as a self- trappes exciton (STE) . a traditional modal of the STE proposed by

kabler is So-called on center type, which consists of a halogen molecule ion and an electron trapped by it, although

this model explains various ecperimental results. It has been difficult to understand the special position of the

Transient band due to electronic transition in the STE.Recently er found on elecronic transition band due to the STE

localized at an iodine dimmer in Kel. 1 at 3.36 ev. And suggested the on-center configuration of the STE. Also in

NaBr and Nal may be classified as the on-eenter type. Thus the search for the electronic transition bankds of the

STE in NaBr and Nal is very integrating an dintegrating and important for the study of the STE configuration and

its succeeeding relaxation process.

Key words—Transient absoption Self-Trapped exciton on centre

CHAOS : A Brief Introduction

Swetamber Prakash Das

Patna Science College Patna University

Chaos theory is a rapidly growing branch of science and applicable to most of the other scientific disciplines

including basic seiences, midical & engineering, social science, environment and even in misic. This comparatively

new theory has revolutionized the modem era of Science an dtechnology by claming the same’ importance on

Macroscopec level as “ The Uncertainty Principle’ has on the Microscopoc level.

Literal meaning of ‘Chaos’ is complete disorder or confusion’ . However, Chaos Theory is not about disorder. It

is focused on jthe study of complex system as its mathematical model is non- linear. The non-linear mathematical

model of a system ensures that the system under consideration is a complix one. Started with a certain set of initial

conditons, a non-linear dynamical system can show a quite complex behavior and may lead to chaotic fluctuations

later on. These kinds of fluctuations are intrinsic to the system an dnot due to environment. Therefore, the

phenomenon of Non linearity is regarded as the heart of chaos .

In my presentation, I would like to inruoduce the Chaos Thwory woth its most fundamental characteristics

“Sensitivity to the initial conditions” otherwise known as ‘The BUTERFLY EFFECT’. This feature is likely to be

used in India ‘s Lunar mission Chandrayaan. In addition, I would also include a brief examination of the Ligistic

Map-the sim;lest model of Chaos and a glimpse of the Lorenz’s Butterfly. Finally, I would end up reflecting on

some philisophical implocations of Chaos Theory.

On Recurcive Ddators and D’S Consequences

Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Dr. Vikash Kumar Raju* & A,K,Sinha**

Lecturer in MathematicsGovt. Polytechnic, Gulzarbagh, Patna

*Lecturer in MathematicsGovt. Ploytechnic, Gilzaebagh, Patna

**GWP, Patna

The main ciim here is investigate the properties of recursive dilator on uniformly definable admissible sets. The

main thrust is on its inductive implications which generalises the notion of bounded ness of recursive functions of

ordinals.

Key words : (Admissible Sets E-recursion, director , ordinals,Transitive , isomorphic , partial function)

95

A Study of plasma electron–density with ARC-current authors.

Dr. G. S. Yadav, Prof. (Dr.) R. P. Sinha* & Dr. B. Narayan**

Deptt. Of Physics, R. J.College, ChapraDeptt. Of Physics Patna University*

Deptt. Of Physics, D. C. College , Hajipur (Vaishali)**

Plasma is the fourth state of matter. It carries charge as electrons and ions. Besides, it also consists of neutrals aswell as positively charged particles. But it is fifficult to have plasma on earth. With the help of electric arc plasmahas been produced, and the study done . Although, in this study all the concerned plasma parameters have beenobtained but the emphasis given here is on the study of plasma electron density at different arc-currents. This studyhas been done applying single probe method (SPM) (Langumuir Probe) . Observation obtained by this method hasfurther been compared with ‘that obtained by the Double Probe Method’ (DPM) . the method of SPM and DPM inthiscase are not applied . the midification is related with the probe only. Since the arc plasma is a high temperatureplasma the probe in both the methods. I.e. the SPM and DPM is kipt moving through the burning arc so that it doesnot milt. A Ballistic Galvanometer in association with the Lamp and scale arrangement is used as a detector for theplasma particles. After recording obeservation analysis is done and it is found that perceptible plasma electrondensity changes with arc-current. It must be mentioned that burning arc is maintained at a particular arc currentfor complete duration for which the observations are taken. The graph plotted between electron –density and arccurrent is given below.

ObservationArc Current(amp)

ElectronTempreture (K)

Electron Density(per m3)

Ion Density(per m3)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.6

2.8

2.65 x 104

4.06 x 1.4

4.32 x 104

2.75 x 104

5.08 x 104

3.56 x 104

6.74 x 104

2.96 x 104

2.37 x 104

3.42 x 1016

1.8 x 1016

1.094 x 1016

1.123 x 1016

2.58 x 1016

7.91 x 1016

2.175 x 1016

3.986 x 1016 x 5.156 x 1016

5.1156 x 1016

2.71 x 1016

0

41 x 1016

1.34 x 1016

3.19 x 1016

3.79 x 1016

10.61 x 1016

4.58 x 1016

3052 x 1016

Impact of eigenvalues on the pseudopotntial calculation of superconducting

paramenters of metals

Jaiprakash yadav, S. M. Rafique & Md. Tauhid Alam

University Deptt. Of Physics, T.M.B.University, Bhagalpur

In the present paper some superconductiong orthogonalizaton hole parmeters os simple metals Mg, Al,Zn, Ga , Cdand in have been studied through Harrison’s forst pronciple (HFP) pesudopotental techniqe (1) using MC Millan’sformalism(2) .The impact of choosing two different sits o fcore energy eignvalues viz, Herman-Skillman (3) andClementi (4) has been studied it has oserved that the choice of eigenvalue has appreciable impact on the form factorand consiquently on SC state transition parameter viz, electron phonon coupling strength (e) and superconductingtransition temperature TC. Hence the choice of suirable eigenvalues is essential for these computations. Reasonableagreement with experimental and theroretical data has been obtained.

Reference:

1. Harrison W.A. “Pseudopotential in the theory of metals “(Benjamin Inc. NY) 1966

2. Mc Millan W.A. Phys , Rev. 187, 331 (1968)

3. Herman F& Skillman J. “Atomicb structure calculure calculations” (1963)

4. Clemeenti E 18M.J. Res and dev. 92 (1956)

5. Super conducting parameters of metals and ellots: HFP technique I.J.P.81 (1) 161-165 (2007)

96

Some Exact Static spherical Solution of Charged Fluds

R.B.S.Yadav & Shailendra Kumar

Reader, P.G.Deptt. of MathsM.D.Bodh-GayaResearch scholar

P.G.Deptt. of Maths

In this paper, considering spherically symmetric line element we have obtained an exact static spherical solution of

Einstein- Maxwell field iquations for charged fluid distribution. The field equations are solved using different

assumptions and specific choice of metric functions A and V. various physical properties e. g. pessure, matter

density, electric field and charge density for the distribution have been also found . we have also discussed the

central and boundary conditions and constants appearing in the solutions o fthe field equations are fixed up.

The boundary conditions are—

1. e- A is continuous across the boundary of the fluid space.

2. e v is continuous across the boundary of the boundary of the fluisphere.

3. dev is continuous across the boundary of the fluid sphere.

Our solution includes many previously known solutions as particular cases.

Study of equilibuium positions of the motion of a system of two cable- connected

artificial satellites in an elliptical orbit

Sangam Kumar & U. K. Srivastva

P. G. Deptt. of physics , L. S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, MuzafferpurDeptt. Of Mathematics, R. S. S. College, Chochahan, Muzaffarpur

The present work deals with the study of equilibrium positions of the motion of a system of two artificial satellites

connected by a light, flexible and extensible cable under the influende of solar redeiation pressure, earth’s oblateness

and shadow of the earth. Actually the paper is a physical and mathematical idealization of real space system,

shadow of the earth is taken to be cylindrical and the system is allowed to pass through th eshadox beam. Central

attractive force of the earth will be the main force and all other forces, being small enough are considered here as

perturbing forces. Since masses of the satellites are small and destances bettween the satellites and other celestial

bodies are very large, the gravitaional forces of attraction between the satellites and other celestial bodies including

the sun have been neglected. We discuss the case of elliptical orbit of centre of mass of the system. We derive

defferential equations of motion of the system. To obtain the general solutions of the defferential equations is beyond

our reach.. On the other hand, the general solutions do not serve our purpose. Hence we are compelled to make our

approaches woth certain limitations .In addition to this, we are interested only to consider the maximum effect of the

earth’s shadow on the motion of the system. Jacobian integral of the system has been obtained. Threafter

equilibrium positions of the motion of the system have been obtained.

Key words—Elliptical orbit / two cable-connected satellites/ equilibrium positions

97

UE of blue laser diode for cd writing

Satish Chandra Thakur & Mahesh Chandra Mishra

Deptt. Of PhysicsMillat College, Darbhanga

Key words: Threshold voltage, threshold current , electron hole recombination

A new technique in the field of laser technology based on semiconductores has been developed. The transition from

red laser to blue laser has enabled to store much more dara in the same space whichb has changed the scenario in CD

writing technology. In this laser, amplified coherent emission of photons is obtained by electron hole recombination

and avalanche multiplication. Hence the optical signal is fed back many times whilst receiving amplification as it

passes through the medium . The isotype heterojundtions provide a potential barrier within the structure that is

useful for the confinement of majority carriers to a small active region. To effectively redueds the carrier –diffusion

length and thus the volume within the structure where rediatove recombination may take place. The isotype

heterojunctions are also ectensively used in LED to provide a transparent layer close to the active region that

substantially reduces the absorption of light emitted from the structure. A typical relationshio between the optical

output power and the dilde driver current is obtained . A double heterojunction lasers have been fabricated with an

active layer as 2nm instead of the typical 0.1 to 0.3 um of conventional double heterojunction structures. Finally the

current voltage and light output current characteristecs of In Ga N /GaN DBR laser deide with active area of 2 x

500nm2 under pulsed current conditions with a pulse width of 200 ns at 1 kHz repetition frequency is obtained. The

threshold current corresponding to threshold current density of 66 kA /cm2 and threshold voltage of 11.2volts is also

obtained.

Impact of eigenvalues on the pseudopotntial calculation of superconducting

paramenters of metals

Jayprakash Yadav, S. M. Rafique & Md. Tauhid Alam

University Deptt. Of Physics, T. M. B. University, Bhagalpur

In the present paper some superconductiong orthogonalizaton hole parmeters os simple metals Mg, Al,Zn, Ga , Cd

and in have been studied through Harrison’s forst pronciple (HFP) pesudopotental techniqe (1) using MC Millan’s

formalism(2) .The impact of choosing two different sits o fcore energy eignvalues viz, Herman-Skillman (3) and

Clementi (4) has been studied it has oserved that the choice of eigenvalue has appreciable impact on the form factor

and consiquently on SC state transition parameter viz, electron phonon coupling strength (e) and superconducting

transition temperature TC. Hence the choice of suirable eigenvalues is essential for these computations. Reasonable

agreement with experimental and theroretical data has been obtained.

Reference:

1. Harrison W.A. “Pseudopotential in the theory of metals “(Benjamin Inc. NY) 1966

2. Mc Millan W.A. Phys , Rev. 187, 331 (1968)

3. Herman F& Skillman J. “Atomicb structure calculure calculations” (1963)

4. Clemeenti E 18M.J. Res and dev. 92 (1956)

5. Super conducting parameters of metals and ellots: HFP technique I.J.P.81 (1) 161-165 (2007)

98

3D-QSAR Studies of Soluble 2- substitued Pyrimidin derivatives as potent

compound against non- receptor c-src Tyrosine Kinases.

Syed Abul Afsah & Jawaid Ahmad*

Dept. of Chemistry, Centre for post Graduate studies, R.K.Coolege.Madhubani 847211, India

*GVK bio , Hyderabad 500016, India.E-Mail : ja_res@rediffmail.com

Non –receptor C-Src Kinases have attracted much attention in recent time & in the design of new agents to treat

proliferative diseases. 3D –QSAR Studies on 2- Substituted aminopyrido 2,3-d Pyrimidin – ureas as a novel class of

soluble, potent, broadly active tyrosine kinsase inhibitors. Compounds of thisb series displayed submicromolar to

low nano molar potency against non – receptor C-Src Classes. 3D- QSAR studies have been performed on a series of

pyrimidin derivatives by using the receptor surface analysis (RSA) method . The RSA analysis have been carried out

on 42 analogues of which 37 were used in the training set and the rest five molecules were test sets. This study

produced reasonably good predicted models with good cross- validated and conventional r2 values in both the midels.

The main objective of the work is to provide a detailed understanding of the molcular mechanism of the Src

family of non receptor tyrosine kinases . The human form of the C-Src NRTK, the prototipocal Src family of TK will

be used a model system to study the mechanism of phosphoryl transfer from ATP to tyrosine. Using a transient state

kinetic analysis as well as standard biochemicl and biophysical approaches and to investigate the

autophosphorylation mechanism of C- src , examine the phosphorylation of a protein substrate by C-Src , explore the

mechanism o fdown regulation of C-Src activity and elucidate the contribution of the SH4 , Unique , SH3 and SH2

domains C-Src to catalysis.

RSA of 3D –QSAR study an analogue-based rational durg design method will provide a foundation for further

studies that will focus on structre-function correlation, substrate specificity, structure – activity relationship for

small molecules inhibitors and mechanistic analysis of other Src family tyrosine kinases.

regions of the recpector surface

Reference

1. Thomson ,A.M; et al . Syntheseis and structure Activity

Relationship of 7 – subsitutd 3 (2,6, - Dichlorophenyl) 1,6 – Naphthyridin –2 (1H) –

ones as selective inhibitors of pp60 S-Src, J.Med .chem .2000,43,3134-3147.

2. Moasser ,M.M; et al . Inhabition of Src kinases by a selective Tyrosine kinase Inhibitor causes Mitotic arrest.

Cancer res. 1999,59,6145-6152.

99

Human diseases and their genetic basis

Jainendra Kumar

Professor & Heafd Department of Botany & BiotechnologyCollege of Commerce, Patna 800 020, Bihar (India)

Vast number of ailments that the human suffers with may be mainly categorized into thre froups viz . (A) ailments

resulting from body’s advese reactions in response to pathogenic infections such as from bacteria, viruses ets., (B)

ailments that are symptomatic of some physilogical imbalances, and (C) ailments that are due to inborn genetic

defects. Even several of the afictions belonging to group A and group B are also caused due to some pre-disposing

factors that have genetic basis. Genetic ailments of group C are caused directoly due to the inborn errors fo

metabolism resulting from the lack of or under-production of some enzyme /protein which is required to carry out

some specific biochemical reaction of a metabolic pathway. It is because fo the fact that disables it to function

correctly.

A number of such defect-prone genes have now been successfully located in terms of their position on our 24

types of chromosomes . For example, glaucoma and prostrate cancer causing genes have their loci on chromosome 1

while Duchenne muscular dystrophy and SCID genes are located on the X chromosome . The knowlidge of the

locations of such mutant genes is expectedly going to help us in the prevention and management of many of the

genetic ailments in time to come.

100

Project model for avoiding train collisions by using application of electronics and

laws of physics.

Amit kumar

B.E. (Electronics & communication)Student of R P Sharma Institute of Technology, Patna

This paper presents the model of technique for avoiding collision between trains using application of electronics

and laws of physics. We can see in the figure below, a traffic screen/board is placed on the center of the railway track

at the fixed height, which will be placed at every 7 km distance. An electronic weight measurer will be fixed under

the railway track. A computerized machine will be fixed beside railway track and eah screen will be divided into two

parts, namely 1. Back side Reader and 2. front side reader. Each side reader will be divided into three parts namely

1. TIME READER, 2. RED SIGNAL, and 3. WEIGHT READER

101

BBSC’s Global Scientific Council The Global Scientific council was formed during first Bihar Science conference, 2008 (BSC 2008) for the purpose of organizing science conferences, starting science magazines/journals, seminars, workshops, orientation programs and establishing R&D centers etc. Aims and Objectives:

1. To advance and promote the cause of Science in Bihar

2. To hold Annual Conferences and Scientific festivals at suitable places in Bihar

3. To hold seminars, workshops, orientation programs as regular feature

4. To publish proceedings, journals for popularizing Science and scientific achievements

5. To provid guidance to BB Society to start and execute the scientific projects and help/support at any stage of the execution of the project.

6. To form research groups and recommend society to help those groups for their research projects from our global networks.

7. To provid guidance, support and consultancy to Govt. and non Govt. agencies.

Projects and Events under Scientific Council

A. Annual events:

1. Bihar Science Conference: February Every Year

2. SciTech Fest: November every year

B. Regular Events: To organize seminars, workshops, orientation programs on cutting edge technology.

C. Regular Courses: Personality development courses, Chip design courses, Bioinformatics courses, Nano science courses, Software /Hardware courses, e-learning courses or any other courses recommended by the council.

D. Scientific Journals/Magazines: To start science magazines/journals (Print and online version).

E. To assist R&D center/Institutes/Universities/Companes in association with Govt or any other groups or individuals.

F. To establish Center for learning, discussions, seminars, workshops, orientation programs with all basic infrastructures in other cities of Bihar

G. To establish Placement and consultancy centers

H. To establish Development projects Execution Center

I. To help needy students, researchers of Bihar and providing guidance and support to them.

Criteria of Membership of the Global Scientific Council

On the basis of the local meeting under chairmanship of Prof J.Thakur (other members who attended the meeting were Prof. R. P. Sinha - Former VC, Mithila University, Prof. R. K. Sinha –Professor of Zoology, P. U., Dr. B. K. Sharma Head, Electronics, N. I. T., Patna, Dr U. N. L. Mathur, Head, Physics, Science College, Patna, Prof. S. P. Verma, Retd. Prof. of Physics, Science College, Patna, Shri S. N. Sandhwar-Manager, Operation, BBSC and Shri Vijay Sharan – P. R. O. BBSC) at Dept of Physics, Patna University on Sept 6, 2007 and then global conference meeting, the following criteria were decided for the Global core Scientific Council.

• The core Scientific Committee will comprise of 15 members from India in general and Bihar in particular. Each stream of science will have maximum three members. 10 more members (preferably 2 from each stream) from foreign countries will be a part of this committee.

• The committee has categorized all streams of S&T into 5 streams as per CSIR, Govt of India, viz; Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Mathematical Sciences and Computers, Life Sciences and Earth Sciences.

• The minimum educational qualification decided for the core committee members is a PhD. However, non-PhD will also be considered based on their academic profile, interest in the pursuits of science and commitment to work for creating a scientific research environment in Bihar.

• All members should be registered members of BiharBrains society.

Membership Fee:

S.N Category I: INDIAN (In Rs) N: NRI/Foreigners (in USD)

1 Lifetime 1500 501

2 Yearly 501 201

3 Student Yearly 201 101

Nominated Members of the Global Scientific Council

(Category: Abroad)

S.N Name Designation/Address Subject

1. Dr. Manis Kumar Jha Invited Scientist, KIGAM, S.KOREA

Chemical Science

2. Dr. Sudhir Ranjan Scientist, Pittsburgh,USA Chemical Science

3. Prof. Brajendra Mishra Director, Colorado School of Mines, USA

Chemical Science

4. Dr. Abul Farah Research Scientist, Chosun University, S. Korea

Biotechnology/Life Sciences

5. Dr. Dinesh kumar Singh Green Center for system Biology, Texas, USA

Biotechnology/Life Sciences

6. Dr. Bhaskar Choubey, Univ of oxford, UK Electronic Science

7. Prof Animesh Jha Univ of Leeds, UK Physical Science

8. Prof. Upendra. N. Mishra Chief Technologist, Systems Engineering Directorate, NASA, USA

Physical Science

9. Dr. Ajay Kumar Jha Colorado state Univ, USA Agriculture Science/Earth Science

10. Prof.Dr. Hari Shankar Sharma Upsala Univ, Sweden Medical Science

11. Mr. Ashish Kumar Univ of Oxford, UK Medical Science

12. Dr. Rajesh Kumar Mishra Assistant to the president, A-1 Specialized Services Inc, USA

Advisor

Category (India)

S.N. Name Address Subject Post 1 Prof. J. Thakur Former VC, PU Patron 2. Prof. I Ahson, Pro VC PU Patron 3. Prof. A. Yadav Former VC,

BRABU Advisor

4. Prof Rajmani Pd. Sinha

Former-VC, Mithila University & Prof at Dept of Physics, Patna Univ, Patna

Chairman

5. Prof. Dolly Sinha Dept of Physics, M.M. College Patna Univ, Patna

Physical Science Convener

6. Prof. (Dr.) H. C. Verma

Prof. Of Physics Physical Science Member

7. Prof Vijay Singh TIFR, Mumbai Physical Science Member 8. Prof Raman Jha HOD,

Dept of Physics, SMU, Sikkim

Physical Science Member

9. Dr. Santosh Kumar

Dept of Physics, BS College, Danapur

Physical Science Co-convener

10. Prof. K. V. Srinivasan

Former head, Dept. of Chemistry, Patna University, Patna

Chemical Science Member

11. Prof M.K.Mishra HOD, Chemistry, IIT Mumbai

Chemical Science Member

12. Prof Jainendra Kumar

HOD, Biotechnology, College of Commerce, Patna

Biotechnology/Life Science

Member

13. Prof. R.K. Sinha Dept. of Zoology, Patna University, Patna

Biotechnology/Life Science

Member

14. Prof A.K. Ghosh Department of Botany, A.N. College, Patna

Biotechnology/Life Science

Member

15. Prof Santosh Kumar,

Former head CWRS, NIT Patna

Agriculture/Earth Science

Member

16. Dr. B.K. Sharma, HOD Electronics, NIT Patna

Electronic Science Member

Note: ‘Member’ means Subject wise convener

Programs and Events: In Brief

(OCT 4-2004 TO March 2008)

Science and Technology

• Seminar on Data base management: April 5,2005 • 5 days orientation program on VLSI Technology:July 2005 • 3d modeling course:Oct 1-2,2005 • SciTechFest,2005 , A first symposium on Contemporary Electronics & Computer Technology:

Dec 24-25,,2005 • Career Counseling Program,06: Feb 8-9 ,2006 • One week evening course on VLSI Technology:Feb 5-12,2006 • Work shop on Embedded system : Feb 6,2006 • Work shop On Embedded system at Magadh Mahila College, Patna: Feb 11,2006 • BTS System Installation and Commissioning course,:March -April, 2006 • DISHA :Opportunities for IT Professionals in Bihar:June 3-4,2006 • Seminar on Chip Design: Dec 26,2006 • Two days workshop on VLSI Technology: Jan 5-6,2007s • NRIs-Students Interaction Programs: Jan 23,07 • Scientific Foresight,2007: Dec 22-24,2007 • Sweden India Scientists Interaction Program: Jan 17,2008

Human Resource and Development

• School level competition: July 2005. • Events and Programs on Demand of IISER in Bihar, Please see the link

http://www.biharbrains.org/bihar-brains-demand-NISC-IISER.php • Inter Block School Level Competition : March 25,2006, please see link

http://www.bbjanipurschool.blogspot.com/ • Water Harvesting Project Demonstration : Dec 26,2006 and Jan 21,2007 , please see link

http://in.youtube.com/profile?user=biharbrains • Global Meet for Resurgent Bihar: Jan 19-21,2007

http://www.biharbrains.org/global_meet_patna.php • NRIs-Students Interaction Programs: Jan 22,07 • Several meetings on Demand of Indian Institute for science education and research, IISER

in Bihar • Sohagara School Yojna for needy talents of Primary school in Siwan Dist: July 2007

Organizational meet and programs

• BiharBrains Group formed on yahoo: Oct 4, 2004 • First BB Meet in Korea: Oct 21, 2004

• First BB Delhi Meet: Nov 23, 2004

• Meeting with CEO Synergy, BIZ in Korea: Nov 23, 2004

• First BB Patna Meet: Nov 28, 2004

• First BB Bangalore Meet: Dec6, 2004

• First BB UAE Meet: Dec16, 2004

• First Global Conference Meet: Jan 9, 2005

• Second Phase of Global Conference Meet: Jan 16, 2005

• Third phase of Global Conference Meet: Jan 23, 2005

• BB Meet and Presentation at Patna Science College: April 9, 2005

• BB Second UAE Meet: May 5, 2005

• BB First Founder meet on global conference: June 25, 2005

• MOU Signed wityh Science for Society: July 27, 2005 BB First Mumbai Meet: July 23, 2005

• BiharBrains Scholastic Center Inaugurated: July 30, 2005

• BiharBrains First anniversary: Oct 2 and Oct 4, 2005

• BiharBrains Got place in national dailies: Feb 3, 2006

• Patna Resource Center Inaugurated & Manthan Released: Feb 15, 2006

• BB First Village Chapter Established: Feb 19, 2006

• BB Patna chapter Meet: March 30, 2006

• Meeting with Hon’ble Science & Technology Minister: March 30, 20

• BB Delhi Meet Organised: April 2, 2006

• BB Korea Chapter meeting: Sept 30, 2006

• BB First Singapore Meet Organised: Oct 1,2006

• BB Korea Chapter meeting: 18 November, 2006

• Meeting with Sri Kamala Prasad Organized: Dec 24,2006

• Workshop on Science communication through cultural Events: Dec 24, 2006

• Global Bihar Meet Organizers Meeting at Bihar Chamber of Commerce: Dec 26, 2006

• BB Patna chapter Meet on Global Bihar Meet & other issues: Dec 27, 2006

• BB Janipur Chapter Meet: Jan 4, 2007

• Telephonic Conversation With Hon’ble DYCM on Global Bihar Meet and IISER in Bihar: Jan 6, 2007

• Meeting with Hon’ble Minister for S & T on IISER: Jan 6, 2007

• BB Patna Meet: Jan 6, 2007

• BB Bhutan Chapter Established: Jan 7, 2007

• BB Delegation Meet with Hon’ble DYCM on IISER & Global Bihar Meet: Jan 8, 2007

• BB Korea Meet: Feb 3, 2007

• BB Korea Meet: March 10, 2007

• BB Motihari chapter established: June 2007

• Meeting with Mr. Mukkushwar Chunni, Hon’ble high commissioner of Mauritius at New Delhi: June 2007

• Meeting of the scientific council at Patna: Sept 8, 2007

• Global conference meeting on recommendations of local scientific council: Sept 12, 2008

• Bihar Foundation UK joins hands with BiharBrains: Nov 6, 2007

• BB stalls in Patna Book fair: Dec 6-13, 2007

• BACA joins hands with BiharBrains: Dec 2007

• Members agreed for the formation of Global Scientific Council formed: March, 2008.

BBSC and its Development Plan

BiharBrains Scholastic Center is a unit of BBrains Development Society popularly known as BIHARBRAINS, a non-profit organization registered under society Act with special focus on awareness building on education and creating environment for research and development in Bihar. It was established in June 2005 with following aim and objectives

• To provide platform for NRIs and also erudite of this region who wish to execute their own ideas of projects as an individual or as a group

• Work for building work environment in the state by starting R&D houses & giving work to the local experts.

• Start popular lecture series & seminars, organize orientation programs & impart knowledge through Short terms and long term courses etc to guide our youngsters to build their career strong as per group/individuals capacity

• To establish R&D Institution in areas of science & Technology

In a very short span, the popularity of BBSC has gained momentum; Since its inception, this scholastic center organized around 15 scientific events, 10 events on human resource and development and more than 30 global meeting at different chapters of BiharBrains in India and Abroad(The list has been given in Program and events section of the souvenir); This center also organizes Bihar Science conference, SciTechFest, started Manthan (an online international magazine) organizes workshops and seminars on the cutting edge technologies as regular and occasional parts of its curriculum. The global core scientific council formed by BBSC is a major achievement under which these activities are being carried out.The Center for personality development and Human Resources (CPDHR) is going to be established in association with digital footprints Pvt. Ltd, UK which will start functioning from Nov 2008. Development Plan:

In order to establish a unique “gyan Kendra, the idea is to start many Training, design and development centers in the field of science and technology, finances and personality development. The placement and Consultancy center will be established for providing educational consultancy and help in getting employment in India and abroad to the needy aspirants. Local Students, Professors, Researchers, scientist will be provided basic infrastructure like computers, Internet with unlimited accessibility and all multimedia facility, free online international and national journals and get free consultancy for higher studies and employment in abroad. Likewise above mentioned established centers, many other wings of the scholastic center are in pipeline to be established in the future. To name of few are Placement and consultancy center, Chip Design Research & Development Center, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology Research Lab, Nano-Sciences and Nano technology Research Lab, Unique Online Library and study center etc.

BBSC will act like nodal center for development projects execution in Bihar. The details about this project can be seen on our website. www.bbscindia.com.

Join Hurry up! Admission Open

Center for Personality Development and Human Resource

BiharBrains Scholastic Center is establishing “Center for Personality development and Human resource in association with Digital Footprints Pvt Ltd, India at its office premises from November 2008. The main aim of this center is to develop interpersonal and soft skills among youngsters which is necessary to have in everybody to compete with fast changing world market where students of Bihar really lack in. This center will provide special training to those who wants to opt for higher studies in abroad, who are working or eligible for working as software professionals, Engineers, BPOs, Call Centers, Managers (MBA or non MBAs) and govt.

Eligibility criteria: under graduation & Graduation in any field, MBA aspirants, Engineers, Software professionals, Govt employee, private sector employee etc.

PERSONA (JET COURSE)

Aim The training module is aimed at the promotion of the strategies for the personality development of the participants. The rationale behind this endeavor is the recognition of the multifaceted influence of the personality of the participants.

Objective The objective of the training program is to bring about personality development with regard to the different behavioral dimensions that have far reaching significance for the participants.

PERSONA (Crash course)

Aim Polishing the language of students, and Enable the students to speak in a concrete way, and Picking up their vocabulary. Objective The courses aim to give students sound knowledge on the nuances of spoken and written English. The teacher uses a variety of modern teaching techniques. Students are given maximum opportunity to take an active part in the lessons and enhance their ability and confidence.

PERSONA (Detail course)

Aim Vocabulary, phrases, expressions necessary for participating in group discussions. Better expressions in English and tips to face interviews successfully. Objective This course has helped the shiest, quietest and the most diffident students - many of who had problems even with English as a language - to gain confidence and to speak without notes. You will also speak with much better English diction, and use better idioms and expressions. You will be taught good etiquette, so that you can behave with confidence in public. In fact, what you learn from this course will help you to apply for a variety of jobs and attend interviews with great self-confidence. The first batch will be started from Nov 15, 2008. Please contact us at BiharBrains Scholastic Center(Under BBrains Development Society), 201, OmVihar Commercial complex, Kadam Kuan, Patna-4, tel: +91-612-2670455, 91-9835279360. Email: bbsc@biharbrains.org website: www.bbscindia.com/cpdhr

A Q u a r t e r l y M a g a z i n e P u b l i s h e d b y B i h a r B r a i n s

For more details please visit magazine website www.bbmanthan.info

Send your articles to bbmanthan@gmail.comPublishing Office

BiharBrains Scholastic Center (under BBrains Development Society)

201, OmVihar Apartment, Opposite Hotel Apsara Kadam Kuan, Patna 800003

Web : www.bbscindia.com, www.biharbrains.org Tel: +91-612-2670455, Mobile: +91-9835279360

Bibhuti Bikramaditya Chief Editor Seoul, Korea

Dr. Mohammad Abul Farah

Executive Editor Gwangju, Korea

Editorial Board

Prof. S. P. Verma

Patna, India Email: verma1946@yahoo.com

Dr. Sudhir Ranjan

Pittsburgh, USA Email: ransud@yahoo.com

Dr. Manis Kumar Jha

Daejeon, Korea Email: maniskrjha@gmail.com

Alok Kumar Jha

Pune, India Email: alok_jha_2000@yahoo.com

Shabi Hashmi

Cardiff, UK Email: shabihashmi@yahoo.com

Main Features New developments in Science & Technology

Economy, Business, Social Developments etc Special section for young talents Indian Development Perspectives

Recent Advancements and Breakthroughs

Available FreeOnline !!

Manthan is an international magazine published by BiharBrains Scholastic center, a unit of BiharBrains. This magazine has been started with the objectives of

making a pool of educated peoples who can share ideas, knowledge and achievements that can be benefited to the

whole community Manthan publishes multidisciplinary research articles of

exceptional interest

A n n o u n c e m e n t

2 n d B I H A R

S C I E N C EC O N F E R E N C E

J an u ary 30 to F ebru ary 1, 2 0 0 9

P G C e n te r C o lle ge o f C o m m e rc e

M a g a d h U niv e rsi ty P atn a

O rga niz ed b y

B ih arB rain s D ev e lo p m en t S o c ietyH os ted by

M a g ad h U n ive rs ityPa tn a

F o r o n go in g a c tiv i tie s p le a s e v is i t w w w .b ih a rb ra in s .o rg

Patrons Prof. S. E. Hasnain, SAC, PM & VC, Hyderabad University, Hyderabad

Prof B.N. Pandey, VC, Magadh Univ, Bodh Gaya Bibhuti Bikramaditya, Global Chairman, BiharBrains

Chairman Prof Jainendra Kumar, Head, PG Dept of Botany and Biotechnology, College of Commerce,

Patna Vice –Chairman

Dr. Kumar Virendra Sinha, HOD, Dept of Physics, BS College, Danapur Dr. Kalpana Shahi, Dept of Chemistry, JD Womens College, Patna

Convener Dr. Santosh Kumar, BS College, Danapur

Prof. R. P. Sinha , (ex-VC LNMU) Chairman, Global Scientific Council, BiharBrains

Abstract will be submitted preferably by email or it can be sent to the address below:

BiharBrains Scholastic Center (under BBrains Development Society)

201, OmVihar Apartment, Opposite Hotel Apsara

Kadam Kuan, Patna 800003 Web : www.bbscindia.com,

www.biharbrains.org Tel: +91-612-2670455, Mobile: +91-

9835279360 Email :- bsconference@gmail.com

Abstracts are invited for oral and poster presentation from the research areas such as

Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Mathematical Science,

Medical Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Earth Sciences, Electronics and Information

Technology

Last date for Abstract Submission: Jan 1, 2009

Last Date for Advanced Registration: Jan 15, 2009

For Complete Details Please visit Conference Website: www.bbscindia.com/ScienceConference