Absolutism (Part II)10. Russia, Sweden, Poland, Austria, Prussia,

Wars of the 18th centuries

Early influences

•Isolation

•Byzantine Empire ties

•Viking origins

•Mongol influences

•Romonovs

Themes

•Violence/brutality

•autocratic rule--secret police

•expansionist policies--desire for a warm-water port

Isolation of Russia

•Eastward orientation

•Eastern Orthodox Christianity

•Cyrillic alphabet

•Geography

Icons•An image or symbolic representation often with sacred significance.

•A representation or picture of a sacred or sanctified personage venerated in the Eastern Church. (Webster)

•“ Tiny bits of heaven snatched down for the faithful to admire and inspire piety.”

Geography•“landlocked”

•rivers:

•climate

•rainfall/agriculture difficulties:

Byzantine Empire• Constantinople 330 A.D.

• 1054 A.D.

• Eastern Orthodox Christianity

• Kiev--988 A.D.

• 1453 Moscow as the “Third Rome”

• “the true faith”--suspicions of West

• Russian Tsars inherit autocratic powers

• “Only God and the Tsar Knows”

• patriarchal relationship

Viking Origins•8-9th c. Swedish Vikings

•Finnish word: the Russ

•Baltic to Black Seas via the Dvina and Dnieper Rivers

•fortified towns: Kiev (880), Novgorod (950), Moscow

•Kievan Russia

•Grand Dukes (Princes)

•boyars

Mongol Influences

•1237-1480

•Golden Horde

•results:

•Tartars

Pre-Romonovs

•Grand Princes of Moscow

•Kremlin

•Ivan III (1462-1505) “The Great”

•title of Tsar

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

•1530-1584•crowned Tsar•background:•Anastasia Romonova•Oprichniks

Time of Troubles

•follows rule by advisor Boris Gudunov (1598)•Tsar Boris until 1605•(sister married tsarvich)•Resurgence of nobles/anarchy•Romanov dynasty established•Michael Romanov (1613-1645)•dynasty lasts until 1917

Russia•“backward” culturally and

economically

•Slavic language

•Great Russians (Muscovites)

•Siberia

•Archangel

•White Russians (Byelorussians)

•Little Russians (Ukrainians)

•society:

•peasants:

•western influences:

•Orthodox church:

•Old Believers

•19th century:

•1672-1725•background/childhood:•convinced of 2 things:

•1697-1698 Grand Embassy•where

•goals of westernization:•streltsy

•“All mad, all jesting, all drunken Assembly”•military budget

Peter the Great

•military:

•government administration

•meritocracy

•foreign experts

•landowner requirements:

•Table of Ranks

•mercantilism

•monopolies:

Western Customs

•etiquette•beards•coats•women

•Battle of Narva 1700

•Great Northern War (1700-1721) vs King Charles XII

•Battle of Poltava•conquered territories:•significance:

Sweden

St. Petersburg

•1703•“window to the west”•symbol of:•layout of city:

Family issues

•first wife Eudoxia

•son Alexei

•second wife Catherine I

•death in 1725

•legacy:

•Peter died 1725

•Catherine I (1725-1727)

•Peter II (1727-1730)

•Anna (1730-1740)

•1709-1762 (reigned 1741-1762)

•background:

•Seven Years War

•influences:

•(Tsarskoye Selo)

Empress Elizabeth

Catherine II•The Great•1729-1796•background:•marriage to Peter III•1752 birth of son Paul•1762 palace coup•absolute in name•major reforms:•Enlightenment influences:•Pugachev Rebellion 1773-1775•Russo-Turkish Wars 1760’s-70’s•1783 annex of Crimea•1790’s Partition of Poland

•Baltic Sea

•16th c.

•world power in 17th c.

•Gustavus Adolphus

•Thirty Years War & Treaty of Westphalia

•Christina (1633-1654)

•Charles XII (1697-1718)

•Great Northern War results:

Background•840’s Poland emerges

•962-992

•Christianity

•1000-1300 disorder and invasion (plains)

•Mongols

•German colonists:

•Jewish refugees 1300’s:

•Lithuanian union 1386

•Roman Catholicism

•zenith of power

•1000 miles east

•Republic of Poland to 1795

•problems:

•Polish liberties:

•towns

•middle class

•Latin and Roman Catholic

•1572 Polish nobles/gentry

•8% population--Assembly called Sejm (Polish diet)

•liberum veto

•“exploding the diet” (1652-1764 )

•significance:

•Partition of Poland--1794

Background•War of Spanish Succession

•after 1648

•empire to east and southeast

•territories in a personal union

•House of Habsburg

•hereditary provinces (Austria, Tyrol)

•Bohemia (Moravia, Silesia)

•Hungary (Transylvania, Croatia, Slovenia)

•Turks in 1526

•1683 (Poland, Pope, Prince Eugene of Savoy)

•1687 (with Venice) (Parthenon)

•1699 Treaty of Karlowitz

•Vienna court

•seeds of nationalism

•peasants

•1685 (reign 1711)-1740•Pragmatic Sanction 1713

•succession of Maria Theresa•reason:

•death in 1740•Frederick II of Prussia seizes Silesia•Maria Theresa age 23

•16 children

Charles VI

Background•HRE after 1648

•300 autonomous and sovereign Germanys

•free cities, ecclesiastical states, margraves, duchies, kingdoms

•population 20 million to 13 million to 20 million

•Voltaire said:

•elector states:

•Golden Bull of 1356

•3 ecclesiastical: archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, Trier

•4 lay states: Palatinate, Saxony, Brandenburg, Bohemia

•later: Bavaria and Hanover = 9 electors

•after 1438:

•House of Austria

•Habsburg--Vienna

•House of Prussia

•Hohenzollern--Berlin

•elector: after 1415 Hohenzollern family

•Brandenburg lands:

•Berlin

•1609 Rhine lands to west

•1618 Duchy of east Prussia & Pomerania

•1718 dominates south Baltic Sea lands

Prussia

Prussia’s origins•goal to unite lands:

•defensive state (Thirty Years War)

•uniqueness of Prussia:

•army as the first “all Prussian” thing

•taxes

•economy (government and immigrants)

•new industries:

•middle classes:

•landed aristocracy--the Junkers (von)

•service as virtue:

•absolute rulers

•peasants:

•1620-1688•Great Elector•lessons of Thirty Years War:laid foundation of modern Prussia:•vulnerable lands led to emphasis on military•strong military=balance of power player•foundation for absolutism:•diplomacy not war•Huguenots immigrants

Frederick William

Frederick I

•1657-1713•first king “in” Prussia from 1701•how he gained title of King “in” Prussia:

Frederick William I

•1688-1740•King from 1713•peculiarities of Prussian state•characteristics:•“royal drill sergeant”•2,547 thalers on coronation•wears uniform•Potsdam guard•expansion of army:•#3 military power•signed Pragmatic Sanction

Frederick II•1712-1786•king in 1740•enlightened despot•background:•moved into Silesia as part of First Silesian War•results for Prussia:•military genius during Seven Years War from 1756-1763•“the Great”

•Partition of Poland 1772•Prussia as a World Power

Introduction•War of the Austrian Succession--

1740-1748

•also known as:

•War of the Pragmatic Sanction

•Silesian Wars

•King George’s War (French and Indian War)

•Seven Years’ War--1756-1763

Issues of 2 wars

•War of Austrian Succession

•Prussia vs Austria for territory and military power in central Europe

•Seven Years’ War

•Britain vs France for colonies, trade, and sea power

Background Issues

•self-interest-- “reason of state” concept

•balance of power

•international rivalry

•taxes and standing armies

•peace from 1715-1740

Warfare•classical warfare:

•soldiers:

•chess game strategy:

•war for: and not for:

•civilians:

•sue for peace:

•war--treaty; rearrangement of alliances led to more war--treaty

War of Austrian Succession•1740-1748

•Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction

•Frederick II

•First Silesian War (1740-1742)

•“reason of state”

•Maria Theresa--“that man in Vienna”

Bavaria

•did not recognize Pragmatic Sanction

•Elector Charles wanted:

France

•allies with Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Spain

•opportunity to:

•wanted:

•hoped for:

•goals:

Others

•Spain wanted:

•Saxony wanted:

Maria Theresa

•Background:

•Hungary and Bohemia:

•allied with Great Britain, United Provinces, Piedmont-Sardinia (Savoy)

•1742 loss of lower Silesia due to French/Spanish-German (Saxony, Bavaria, Prussia) alliance

Alliance switches•Saxony allies with Austria/Hungary

along with Britain (&Hanover)

•1745 HR Emperor dies and Bavaria supports MT’s husband Francis as HR Emperor

•France takes Austrian Netherlands but not central Europe

•referred to as the “Struggle for Supremacy”

•battle shift to the Americas:

Russia•complicated due to anti-Prussian &

Austrian attitudes in general

•Empress Anna--pro Austrian court

•Empress Elizabeth

•foreign minister was anti-French and Prussian (Frederick & Louis XV tried to influence his removal)

•30,000 troops sent against Prussia leads Bourbons to push for peace treaty in 1748

1748 Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle (Aachen)

•Austrian losses:

•Maria Theresa:

•Prussia:

•Austrian Netherlands:

•French weakness:

•German dualism:

•Silesia as keystone:

•peace of 1748 as only a truce

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

•reversal of alliances

•discord:

•Austrian Foreign Minister: Count Kaunitz

•proposal:

•encouraged France:

•arranged marriage of Maria Antonia to dauphin Louis

•leads to Seven Years’ War

Seven Years’ War

•1756-1763

•where?

•goal in Europe:

•Prussia & Frederick the Great:

•France:

•Louis XV “lose/lose situation”

•coalition

•Russia

•Empress Elizabeth dies in 1762

•Peter III pro-Prussia policy implemented:

•Britain and France in India

•1756-1763

•Hindu vs Moslem

•French vs British East India Company

•Battle of Plassey 1757

•Results:

•French and Indian War•St. Lawrence River valley and Ohio River valley•French:•British:

America

Treaties

• Treaty of Paris 1763:

• terms:

• 1763 Peace of Hubertsburg between Austria & Prussia (5 days later)

• terms:

Importance of 1763

•Britain:

•Prussia:

•Austria:

•France:

•balance of power:

•result:

Austria

•“rape of Silesia”

•reforms:

•son Joseph II:

•died 1780

First Partition•Russian expansion leads to war--1772

•Prussia & Austrian proposal:

•Russia, Prussia, Austria gains:

•importance to Prussia

•Maria Theresa takes Galacia territory

•Frederick said “she cries but she takes”

•also some Ottoman Territory

•significance:

Second Partition

• Catherine the Great:

•Russian and Prussian occupation:

•1793

Third Partition

•1795 partition

•Russia gets:

•Prussia and Austria get:

•Poland disappears

•Under foreign control for 125 years