Absolutism in Europe
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Transcript of Absolutism in Europe
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Absolutism in Europe
Chapter 7, Section 3
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What is Absolutism?
• Absolutism is a system in which the ruler holds total power
• Tied closely with the divine right of kings– God determines king, king
only answers to God
• Were our three branches of government rolled into one– Legislative, Executive, Judicial
• Best example of absolutism is France under Louis XIV
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The Cardinals• Remember, France was
almost 50%/50% Protestant (Huguenots)/Catholic
• Cardinals, serving as royal ministers (and employees of the Church) presided over the kingdom if the king was too young to inherit the throne
• Louis XIII had Cardinal Richelieu
• Louis XIV had Cardinal Mazarin
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Louis XIII• Inherits the throne in 1601 at
age 8 from his father, Henry IV, or Henry of Navarre
• Cardinal Richelieu holds power while the king is young– Took away political and
military rights of Huguenots– Set up spy networks to catch
plots of nobility to harm throne
• King during the Thirty Years’ War– Joined Protestants in fight
against rival Hapsburgs
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Louis XIV
• Inherits the throne in 1643 at age 4
• Cardinal Mazarin holds power for the young king– Negotiated the Peace of
Westphalia to end the Thirty Years’ War
– Ended a revolt to overthrow the crown known as the Fronde• Nobles wanting to protect
feudal aristocracy from centralized government
• With his passing in 1661, Louis XIV took supreme power
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Louis XIV Comes to Power• Louis XIV wanted to be a close,
personal king– Ordered nothing to be signed without
asking
• Established a royal court at Versailles– Personal household of the king– Chief offices location– Powerful allies and enemies had to
come here to see Louis XIV
• If enemies emerged within his council, Louis XIV removed them– Ensured royal ministers obeyed his
every command– Gave him control of foreign policy, the
Church, and taxes
• Louis XIV would become known as the Sun King– A source of light for all of his people
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Power at the Local Level• Absolute power could only go so
far…what about the local level?– Local politics controlled by
nobles, local officials, and councils
• How would you reach areas controlled by nobles, local officials, and town councils?– Louis XIV used bribes to ensure
he controlled local politics
• Religious control (Remember Philip II??)– Louis XIV destroyed Huguenot
churches, closed their schools, and drove them out of France
– Wanted no objection to his authority
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Funding the Kingdom
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert was controller-general of finances– Responsible for funding for
wars, building palaces, and maintaining the court
• Followed practices of mercantilism to bring in money to throne– Export more than you import
• Because of this, Louis XIV could hold a standing army– Waged four wars throughout
his reign
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Legacy of Louis XIV
• Louis died in 1715 at the age of 76
• Creates an absolute kingdom in France
• Added to the kingdom through war
• Left France with a great debt
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Absolutism in Prussia• The Thirty Years’ War created
several new Central European states…among them Prussia and Austria
• Frederick William the Great Elector was leader
• Known for large standing army– 40,000 men (4th largest in
Europe)
• Made money through taxes levied by the General War Commissariat– Eventually became a part of the
government– Made up of nobility known as
Junkers
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Not-So-Absolutism in Austria
• Led by the Hapsburg family of the Holy Roman Empire
• Started small, but gradually grew through conquest
• Never reached true absolutism– Too many different groups
of people to govern– Each region had its own
laws and regulations
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Peter the Great and Russia
• Czar is the Russian word for caesar– Ivan IV (1547-1598)
• Crushed the Boyars, or Russian nobility
– Michael Romanov (1613-1645)• Chosen after the “Time of
Troubles”
– Peter the Great (1682-1725)
• Peter the Great claimed the divine right to rule– Made Russia an absolutist
state
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Military and Government
• Military– European and Russian
officers– Drafted peasants into 25-
year military service– Increased the army to over
200,000 men– Constructed Russia’s navy
• Government– Divided Russia into
“provinces”– Hoped to maintain rule
through police states– Had administrators that
ruled each state
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Cultural Changes• Wanted to “westernize”
Russia– A book of etiquette was written
to tell people how to act– St. Petersburg is created as a
“window to the West”
• Dress and appearance was changed to fit European standards– Cutting of beards on men– Removal of women’s facial
shrouds– Trimming of traditional clothing
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Impact of Peter the Great
• Introduced Russia to the West– Traveled and visited with
leaders of European nations
• Introduced the West to Russia– Changing of customs and
clothing
• The “window to the West” was opened– St. Petersburg
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Exit Slip
• How did absolutism change Central Europe? Did it affect all of the nations in Central Europe?
• How did Peter the Great rule Russia differently than his predecessors?
• Would you consider Peter the Great an absolutist ruler? Why or why not?