Absolute Monarchs In Europe

Chapter 21: 1500-1800

Vocabulary I Philip II: King during Spain’s Golden Age of Empire (Spanish

Netherlands, American Colonies, Portugal, Africa, Indies) Defended of Catholicism vs. Muslims/Protestants.

Absolute Monarch: Kings/Queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries. Control every aspect of society

Divine Right: Chosen by god, power given by god, acts as a “God’s Representative” earth. (Almost God like…. But doesn’t challenge God)

Edict of Nantes: Declaration of religion toleration in France

Cardinal Richelieu: Strong minister who “ruled” France for the weak king Louis XIII.

Vocabulary II Skepticism: Idea that nothing can ever be known for certain

(critic) attitude of doubt towards churches. “First step in finding the truth”

Louis XIV: The Sun King, “I am the State” Strongest King of his time. King at 4. Grand style

Jean Baptiste Colbert: France’s minister of Finance. Made France Self-Sufficient (no imports) encouraged people to move to French Canada (Fur Trade)

War of the Spanish Succession: War from 1701-1713 in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family control Spain as well as France.

Vocabulary III Thirty Years’ War: European conflict over religion and

territory and for power among ruling families (Hapsburg Dynasty)

Maria Theresa: Austrian Ruler (Female ruler) daughter is Marie Antoinette who is the wife of Louis XVI (religious)

Fredrick The Great: King of Prussia (militaristic)

Seven Years’ War: Conflict in Europe/Americas/India, forces of Britain and Prussia battled Austria, France, Russia and other Countries (French and Indian War)

Vocabulary IV Ivan the Terrible: Absolute ruler of Russia (Czar), Good and

Bad Periods (after his wife Anastasia died) . Rode around and killed “traitors”

Peter the Great: Absolute ruler of Russia, modernized Russia by ending serfdom, “Grand Embassy of Europe” Reforms Russia by Westernizing Russia.

Westernization: Adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western-especially European/American countries.

SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM

CHAPTER 21:1

Questions

1. What was the significance of England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada?

2. Why did the Dutch revolt against the Spanish?

3. Why did absolute monarchs believe that they were justified in exercising absolute power?

4. Identified the causes the Age of Absolute Empire.

A Powerful Spanish Empire

Philip II’s Empire Most Powerful Empire in the World

Gold Mines + Colonies + Encomiendas

Includes Spain, Spanish Netherlands, Americas, parts of Indies

Deeply religions Took over Portugal (no heir to

throne) American Mines

400,000 lbs of Gold 10 years span 16,000 lbs of Silver

Defender of Catholicism Against Muslims (Africa) and

Protestants (Europe)

Philip II’s Palace: The Escorial

Reflection of Wealth and Religion

Monasteries

Built to demonstrate power/prestige of the Spanish Empire

Supported by Gold/Silver from Americas

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Philip II challenged Queen Elizabeth I to a war

Punish England for being Protestant Elizabeth supported Spanish Protestants

who challenged Philip II’s Power/Dutch Rebels

Spanish Armada has the Most powerful Navy Most ships Lacked cannons and trained men British were skilled sailors/private interests Used “Fire Ships”

Results of the Battles Steady decline in Spanish Power. England asserts itself as Powerful Country

Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature

Great Wealth Supported the Arts: Writers/Artists El Greco: Brilliant colors,

distorted the human figure, expressed emotion symbolically (Deep Catholic Faith of Spain) Topics: Martyrs

Diego Velazquez 50 years after Greco Philip IV’s royal painter Portraits of Royal family

and “court life” Used rich colors

Don Quixote de la Mancha

“Birth of the Modern European Novel”

Author: Miguel de Cervantes

Wrote about a poor Spanish nobleman who went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights

Rusty Suite of Armor/Feeble Horse

Windmills = Giants

Wishbone 1

Wishbone 2

The Spanish Empire Weakens

1. Gold and Silver from Americas made the Spanish rich!!!

1. Lead to Long-Term Problems

2. Severe Inflation (decline in the value of money)

1. Spain's Population growing

2. Merchants raise prices

3. Silver flooded market and value dropped

3. Expelled the Jews/Moors (Muslims)

1. Lost businessmen/Merchants

2. Tax Burden put on the lower classes

3. NO MIDDLE CLASS

1. Guilds (Labor Unions) used old methods of production

1. Cost more to manufacture cloth/goods

2. Bought more from France, England and Netherlands

2. Financing Wars (Barrowed Money)

1. Barrowed from German and Italian Bankers!!

2. Spain declared Bankruptcy 3x’s

3. Dutch Revolt

1. Little in common: Netherlands are “Calvinist”

2. 1,500 Dutch Protestants died

3. 11 year fight

1. Northern States: Netherlands (Protestant)

2. Southern States: Belgium (Catholic)

The Independent Dutch Prosper

United Provinces of Netherlands

Religious toleration/elected governors

Best Art and Banks (Florence of old)

Rembrandt van Rijn The Night Watch

Jan Vermeer Domestic paintings

(everyday life)

Dutch Trading Empire The Merchant class grew

Solid farm production Sold to highest bidder

Control of Trade Routes

Largest Fleet In The World 4,800 ships

Dutch East India Company (Trading company owned by the

Dutch Government) Dominated Spice Trade

$$$$$$$

Absolutism In Europe Theory of Abolitionism

Kings/Queens have complete control over everything in their country!

ABSOLUTE POWER! Control every aspect of

society.

Divine Right Theory

Growing Power of Europe's Monarchs

Centralized Authority Decline of Feudalism Rise of Cities Growth of National Kingdoms Breakdown in Church Power Religious/Territorial battles High tensions (taxes/wars) made

strong rulers

“Their goal was to free themselves of those who challenge their power and authority!”

AbsolutismCauses

Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty

The growth of armies to deal with conflicts cause rulers to raise taxes to pay troops

Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolt

Effects Rulers regulated religious

worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas

Rules increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful

Rulers created bureaucracies (people who work for gov.) to control their countries economies

Absolute Emperors Long Term Effects

Long Term Effects Revolution in France Western European

Influence in Russia English political

reforms influence U.S. Democracy

Questions

1. What was the significance of England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada?

2. Why did the Dutch revolt against the Spanish?

3. Why did absolute monarchs believe that they were justified in exercising absolute power?

4. Identified the causes the Age of Absolute Empire.

The Reign of Louis XIVChapter 21:2

Religious Wars and Power Struggles

France: Religious Wars Create a Crisis (1562-1598) St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris Huguenots vs. Catholics Henry of Navarre

Took the throne of France in 1589 Converted to Catholicism to end religious warfare Edict of Nantes: Allowed to Huguenots (French Protestants)

freedom of religion, ending religious warfare

Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

Weak ruler/king and needed help

Cardinal Richelieu becomes a “Prime Minister”

Catholic Church Official is ruler of France Moved against

Huguenots/Hapsburg Dynasty rulers that surrounded France

Louis XIV: The Sun King

“I Am The State” Louis, the Boy King

King at the age of 5 Real power rested with

Cardinal Mazarin

Louis Takes Control (1661) Was determined to be a

strong leader unlike his father

Excluded nobles from all royal councils

Intendants

Jean Baptiste Colbert Financial Minister Self-Sufficient France

High tariffs on imports

Grand Style 8:30 wake up 100 servants Nobles lived in Palace

The Palace at Versailles

: $2 Billion Dollars

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars

Expanding Boarders

20 Million people

Strongest army

Attacked the Dutch

European Wide alliance against France (why?)

War of the Spanish

Succession Charles II of Spain died. No Heir

Louis XIV’s grandson chosen (Bourbons)

European Countries blocked this (14 years)

Britain Strengthens Gibraltar slave trade rights American Colonies (North

East)

Louis’s Death and Legacy:Pain and Suffering NO more!

Positives

France is the best example of an Absolute Monarch

Powerful

Above all in art, literature, statesmanship

Military leader

Strong colonies (goods/trade)

Negatives

Constant warfare

Palace at Versailles

Staggering debt

High taxes

Abuse of power

Lead to French Revolution

Main Ideas1. How is Louis XIV a great example of an

Absolute Emperor? (5 reasons/examples)

Central European Monarchs Clash

Chapter 21:3

The Hapsburg Family:

Spain, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Italy

The Thirty Years’ War Germany’s Differences in Religion: Catholics vs. Protestants

Caused by Martin Luther and the Reformation

Catholics, Protestants and Calvinists Catholic League and Protestant Union

Causes of The Thirty Years’ War Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II (Catholic) became ruler of a

Protestant area; Bohemia

Two phases of War Hapsburg victories and Hapsburg defeats (You win some….You loose

some…) France Backed the Protestants b/c they did not other European rulers

to be as powerful as the French king!

Effects of the Thirty Years’ War

Destroyed the Central Europe: Germany

4 million died

Germany’s trade, agriculture, economy was ruined (100 years)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) Weakened Hapsburg Dynasty of Spain and Austria France gained German lands (WWI) Ended religious wars in Europe New Peace Negotiations: Everyone meets in one area to discuss

peace treaty States move away from identity based on religion and more on

Nationalism!!

States Form in Central Europe

Three major Empires Kingdom of Poland, Holy

Roman Empire and Ottoman Empire

Differences in Economy Western European Serfs:

Looser Laws, More Freedom Old Serfs become

capitalists: $$$$ Central European Serfs:

Stronger Laws, Less Freedom Weaker Kings b/c nobility

limited their power

Central Europe: Austria and Prussia

Grow Austria Grows

Hapsburgs in Austria

Won territory during Thirty Years’ War

Centralized Government/Strong Army

Maria Theresa Strong female ruler For the People

Prussia Grows

Unified small kingdoms after the Thirty Years’ War

Frederick William: Great Elector

Strong Army 80,000

Frederick the Great Militaristic and fair

Rulers of Central Europeans

Maria Theresa Frederick The Great

War of Austrian Succession

Maria Theresa takes over Austria: 1740

Frederick the Great takes over Prussia: 5 months later

Frederick Invades Austria War of Austrian Succession

Austria defeated the Prussians Hungary/France/Russia/

Austria England/Prussia

Seven Years War (FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR!!) Europe, North America,

India France lost colonies in

North America England gained sole

possession of India (Jewel In The Crown)

Absolute Rulers of Russia Chapter 21:4

Absolute Rulers In Russia

From Ivan to the Romanovs Ivan The Terrible

Married Anastasia 1st to use “Czar” (Absolute) Competed for power with

Boyars, or landowning nobles

Police Force to find “traitors” killed his son

Rise of the Romanovs In 1613, Michael Romanov

was chosen to be Czar

Peter The Great Comes to Power

PETER THE GREAT (1696) Great Reformer!!!

Tall with a Temper

Russia’s Differences From Europe Russia’s peasants lived as serfs

until the 1800s Had been isolated from the

West after the Mongol Conquest Russia followed Eastern

Orthodox Christianity Russia looked to

Constantinople not Rome! No Seaports!!! (ice)

Peter Visits the West Peter was fascinated by the

“West”

Russia needed a “Warm” Water Port

Grand Embassy to learn about the Western cultures Westernization: To Make

Russia Stronger/Updated

Peter Forces Changes On Russia

“For you know yourself that, though a thing be good and necessary… our people will not do it unless forced to.”

1. Controlled Eastern Orthodox Church

1. Abolished the Patriarch

2. Reduced the Power of the Nobles (Boyers)

3. Hired European soldiers to train his army

1. Lifetime job, 200,000 men

1. Introduced potatoes

2. Established Newspapers

3. Increased the status of women

4. Nobles to dress like westerners

5. Schools: Navigation, science and technology

1. Forced to study abroad

A New Capital St. Petersburg

Fought Sweden for a port on the Baltic Sea “Window to Europe” 21 year war St. Petersburg became

Russia’s new capital Swamp Land 25,000-100,000 serfs

died

Finally….. Warm Water!!

Parliament Limits The English Monarchy

Chapter 21:5

Parliament Limits English Monarchy

Monarchs Defy Parliament Monarchs try to rule absolutely

Strong monarchy built by Queen Elizabeth James I and Charles I attempt to rule absolutely Parliament forces Charles to sign Petition of

Right (see page 614)

English Civil War 1642-1647

Cavaliers (supported King) vs. Roundheads (supported Parliament)

Oliver Cromwell leads Roundheads to victory in 1647

Charles I is beheaded for treason against Parliament

Oliver Cromwell’s Rule Cromwell became a

Puritan dictator, invaded Ireland and passed laws against sports, theatre, and dancing NO FUN PURITANS!

Established Commonwealth (republic)

In 1659, Cromwell died, was replaced by Charles II

Charles II Reigns Replaces Cromwell

and Reestablishes a Monarchy

Signed into law habeas corpus Right to Jury

England’s Catholic Problem

James II Brother of King Charles II of England

Catholic King in a Protestant Country English (Anglicans) did not like him!

Parliament Feared Catholic Kings (Pope)

James II oldest Daughter Mary is married to William of Orange (Netherlands)

In 1688, William of Orange and his wife Mary invaded England

Glorious Revolution James II left England Bloodless Revolution!

Limits on Monarch’s Power

English Bill of Rights William and Mary signed an

agreement with Parliament making England a

Constitutional Monarchy: “Parliament and Monarch were equals” Freedom of Speech No taxes without Parliaments

approval No penalty for petitioning the king King cannot disband Parliament Protects Citizens/Parliament from

Absolute Rulers!