About the Authors

Marcy Bauman is an Assistant Professor of Composition and Rhetoric at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. Her primary research interests are in investi­gating the ways in which writing ability can be acquired (in the way other language abilities are acquired), and in creating contexts which foster that acquisition. Her interest in computer contexts for writing stems from her belief that they catalyse the acquisition process for writers. She has presented several papers at American national and regional conferences on various aspects of using computers to teach writing.

Eric Crump is a net scholar, which mainly means his credentials in printed matter are on the skimpy side. His interests include developing learning environ­ments on-line and studying the rhetorical and cultural effects of computer net­work technology. He is the Learning Technologies Coordinator at the University of Missouri Learning Center, manages a dozen or so electronic mailing lists, is the founder and editor of Rhetnet: a cyberjournal for rhetoric and writing, and is under the tutelage of two small but very spirited daughters who are teaching him much about life and art.

Robert Dale currently leads the Natural Language Processing Research Unit at the Microsoft Institute in Sidney, Australia.

Jane Dorner edits The Electronic Author for the Society of Authors and is the Society representative on the Board of the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS). Involvement with these organisations has led to close concern with the techniques and problems of electronic publishing as it affects authors and journalists. She has written and published fourteen books, the most recent being Writing on Disk: Terms and Tips for Authors and Publishers (1992). This was based in part on a research project published as Authors and Information Technology (1991). She has written extensively for the press on a wide variety of subjects from porcelain, poetry and music to computer software reviews, and has a portfolio of papers in scholarly journals.

Shona Douglas is a researcher in the University of Edinburgh's Human Communication Research Centre.

Thea van der Geest works with a thriving group of researchers and teachers of communication at the University of Twente, in the Netherlands. She designed, developed and evaluated software for writing instruction in secondary schools, a project funded by the Dutch Ministry of Education (reported in Tools for teaching writing as a process, 1991). In 1992-3 she was at Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, USA) as a Fulbright Scholar, for a research project on professional writing processes. She conducted and is conducting various studies of writers in organisations, in order to assess needs and describe writing processes as a basis for designing and evaluating software for writers. Her interest in computers and

257

258 The New Writing Environment

writing resulted in such articles as Hypertext: writing and reading in a non-linear medium (1994) and The computer as means of communication for peer-review groups, with T. Remmers (1994). She is a member of the editorial board of Computers & Composition.

Angela Glover is a schoolteacher with a BA in Applied Linguistics and English from Carleton University in Ottawa, a BEd from the University of Toronto, and an MA in Computer Applications in Education from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. The research reported here formed part of her master's thesis.

Graeme Hirst is a professor in the Department of Computer Science, Uni­versity of Toronto. His research in computational linguistics includes issues in the representation of nuances of meaning and style in language understanding and generation. He is the author of Semantic interpretation and the resolution of ambi­guity, and a book review editor for Computational Linguistics.

Russell Hunt is Professor of English at St Thomas University, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. His main interests are in the processes oflanguage learn­ing as they apply to adult language, literacy learning, and the reading and under­standing of literature, and in classroom and curricular practice in higher educa­tion. He teaches introductory courses in language and literature, and upper-level courses in eighteenth-century literature, children's literature and literary criti­cism. He has published on these matters in a number of journals and in various collections of essays.

Eva-Maria Jakobs is a researcher and lecturer in the German Language and Literature department at the University of Saarbrucken, in Germany. She is a member of the Special Interest Group Writing of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARll) and co-initiator of the German group, 'Academic text production in the electronic age'. Her fields of research are text communication in science and text production from external information sources. Publications are: Text und Quelle. Wissenschaftliche Textproduktion unter dem Aspekt der Nutzung externer Wissenspeicher (Text and source: Scientific text production using external information sources) (1995); and Wissenschaftliches Schreiben am Computer. Ein professionelles Muss? (Scientific writing with word processor - a professional obligation?) with D. Knorr (1995).

Dagmar A. Knorr graduated in German Language and Literature, Philosophy and Geography at the University of Hamburg, in Germany. Her work deals with questions of information management and the role of electronic media in the aca­demic world. In her PhD thesis she analysed in what respect the storage medium for bibliographical data influences organisation and retrieval processes in acade­mic writing. Her research is part of the doctoral programme in cognitive science at the University of Hamburg. From 1992-4 she was the programme's coordinator. She is a member of the Special Interest Group Writing of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARll) and co-initiator of the German group, 'Academic text production in the electronic age'. Publications: Elektronische Medien im wissenschaftlichen Alltag (Electronic media in everyday life) (1995). Wissenschaftliches Schreiben am Computer. Ein professionelles Muss?

About the Authors 259

(Scientific writing with word processor - a professional obligation?), with E.-M. Jakobs (1995).

Agnes Kukulska-Hulme is a lecturer in Computational Linguistics and French in the Department of Languages and European Studies at Aston University, Birmingham, UK. Areas of special interest include computerised dictionaries and special subject languages (specialised terminologies, professional jargon). Her PhD thesis, completed in 1993, dealt with aspects oflearning from a user manual, particularly with the non-effectiveness of the manual's access devices (index, table of contents, retrieval aid in on-line documentation). A forthcoming book will pre­sent essential language and communication concepts to designers of user inter­faces and documentation.

Niels P. van der Mast is a PhD student at the Centre for Language and Communication, Utrecht University, in the Netherlands. His current research is in the field of collaborative text production in non -academic settings, policy writing in particular, and in text analysis as an instrument for text production research. Articles on his research include: Onderzoek naar collaboratieve tekstproduktie: over de integratie van tekst, context en cognities (Research into collaborative text produc­tion: on the integration of text, context and cognitions), with D. Janssen (1994) and Collaborative writing for the Dutch government. Towards an integrated approach in collaborative text production research, with D. Janssen (to appear in 1996).

Peter Medway teaches in Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Carleton University, Ottawa. Formerly a high school English teacher in Britain and lecturer in education at the University of Leeds, UK, he conducts research on writ­ten and spoken language in professional contexts and particularly in architecture. He is co-editor, with Aviva Freedman, of two recent books, Learning and Teaching Genre (1994) and Genre and the New Rhetoric (1994).

Karen Schwalm is a faculty member in the English Department at Glendale Community College, one of the ten Maricopa Community Colleges, in Phoenix, Arizona, US. She was co-developer of the Electronic Forum, a computer confer­encing programme designed to support communication between and among stu­dents and teachers in conventional college classes. Her research interests have grown out of that experience and currently focus on how electronic communica­tion can change teaching and learning by addressing issues of power and control.

Mike Sharples is a senior lecturer in the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex. He has led an interdisciplinary approach to the study of writing through projects to provide computer support for children's development of writing abilities, to develop a cognitive account of the writing process, to design a computer-based 'Writer's Assistant', and to study the practices of collaborative writing. He is a founder and committee member of the Writing and Computers Association and editor of the Writing and Computers Newsletter. He is editor of Computers and Writing: Issues and Implementations (1992), and Computer Supported Collaborative Writing (1993).

Kim Veltman began writing on the problem of conceptual navigation in 1979. His project led him to become Canada's first Getty Scholar at Santa Monica for

260 The New Writing Environment

1986-7 and to be named a Canada Research Fellow {1987-92). Presentations of his project in the past two years include CEBIT (Hannover), Learntec '94 (Karlsruhe), COMDEX (Toronto), the Canadian Council, Multimedia '95, the G7 International Exhibition of the Information Society in Brussels, a delegation at the European Community in Brussels and the G7 Summit in Halifax. Basic articles are available on the Internet at http://www.mcluhan.utoronto.ca.

J. Randal Woodland is Assistant Professor of Composition and Rhetoric at the University of Michigan Dearborn, where he directs the Writing Program. He received his PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has taught at the University of California, Los Angeles. His article 'Queer Spaces, Modem Boys, and Pagan Statues: Gay/Lesbian Identity and the Construction of Cyberspace' was published in Works and Days (1995).

Subject Index

Accessibility 28 Accuracy 63 Acquisition of knowledge 74 Addressivity 222 Affordances 27 ALCS, see Authors' Licensing and Collecting

Society American Psychological Association 90 Animations 185 Annealing Parser for Realistic Input Language

(APRIL) 137 Annotation 28,99,100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106,

182 Anti-nuclear coalition 249 APC, see Association for Progressive

Communications Apple Computer 185 APRIL, see Annealing Parser for Realistic Input

Language APSG, see augmented phrase structure grammar Archie 194 Architects 6, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36,

37,39 Argument structure 101 Argumentative text 100 Artificial intelligence 121 ASCII imperialism 252-3 AskSam 81 Assassination of John F Kennedy, Zapruder film

185 Association for Progressive Communications

(APC) 244,245,247,248,251,254 Associative network 106 Audience 13,17,20 Audiographic annotation 211 Augmented phrase structure grammar (APSG)

136 Authenticity 87 Author identification 149-51,152,154, 156 Author-as-rhetor 202 Authorial voice 57 Authoring environments 208 Authoring package 207 Authorisation lists 174 Authoritarianism 89 Authority 89, 94 Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society

(ALCS) 91, 95 Authorship 14, 204 Automatic hypertag 211

BBS, see Bulletin Board System Beowulf 194 Berne Convention 91 BibEdit 142 Bibliography v, 78, 82, 83, 105,207, 209

combination users 79 conventional users 79 electronic users 79

Bibliographyaids 122 Biographical dictionaries 210 Bodleian Library 194 Bookmark 31 Brainstorming 19,59, 106, 109 Brilltagger 156,157 British Standards Institution 62 Browsing 195 Bulletin board 20,91,182 Bulletin Board System (BBS) 241,250 Bulletins 232 Business reports 9

CableTV 92 CAD-CAM 67 Capitalisation 125 Captions 38, 39 Case 125, 130, 132 CASE, see Computer Aided Software

Engineering

261

CD-based texts 202 CD-ROM 78,89,183, 188, 189, 192, 195, 200, 207,

208 Censorship 88, 248 Citation 204 Citizen networking 181,237,249 Classifications 209 CLAWS, see Constituent-Likelihood Automatic

Word-tagging System CMC, see computer-mediated

communication Co-authors 50, 103

collaboration with 17,108 Codex 183,184,191,192,193,195,196,197,201 Cognition 12

mediation of 99 Cognitive account of writing 8 Cognitive dimensions 28 Cognitive maps 184,194 Cognitive modes 112 Cohesion 199

262

Collaboration 9,10,17,18,43-51,57,104,181 dialogic modes of 44 hierarchical modes of 44 See also Co-authors, collaboration with

Collaborative decision support 213 Collaborative documents 122,148,153 Collaborative work 211 Collaborative writers 152, 163 Collaborative writing vii, 51, 67,102-4, 113,

147-66 case studies 103, 153-65 communication between writers 110 coordination of work 108-9 informal, distributed collaborative writing 98 of policy documents 43-50 practices of writing 99 setting and meeting of constraints 107 social, cognitive and textual aspects 44 stylistic inconsistencies 147,148-9,151-7,

162, 164-5 tools 112

Collocation 150 Commentary 49, 91 Communication 6,35, 36, 63, 103, 105,236

asynchronous 21 between authors 66,104,109,110 communication patterns in different

disciplines 78 synchronous 21 written v. spoken communication 28, 29, 30,

33,34 Communicational events 28 Communicators 62 Community Memory 240 Composers 88 Composition 60, 62, 99 Compuserve 93 Computational linguistics 127 Computational stylistics 149 Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

67,68,69,70 Computer documentation 169, 176 Computer networks 98, 182,239 Computer support 59, 64 Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

67,212 Computer writing tools 7-8, 60 Computer-assisted technical writing 169 Computer-mediated communication (CMC)

182,237-54 availability of technology 243 decision making 239 group behaviour 239 information load 239 media substitution 239 productivity 239 use in collaborative writing 107 utopian uses 237-54

Association for Progressive Communications (APC) 244-5,247, 248-9,251,254

The New Writing Environment

group interaction 246 networking 238,239,248,249-51 networks 242 obstacles to 252-3 Tiananmen Square 89, 245

Computers and Writing Conference 217 Concept map 105,106 Conceptual navigation 207 Conference call 219 Conferences 217-36

academic conferences 223 boardroom conferencing 212 conferencing 244 dynamics of 223 electronic conferences 219 intellectual functions of 227 multimedia conferencing 212 on-line conferencing 181, 182,217,218,219,

220,221,224,226,228,229,230,231, 232,233,235

on-site conferencing 217,219,220,221,225, 226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233, 235,236

social functions of 226, 227 video conferencing 67,212

Confidentiality 170 Conflict 109,148 ConflictNet 251 Consensus 6,43,45,50 Constituent-Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging

System (CLAWS) 137 Constraints 21,99,101,106,107,110,144

constraint checking 107 local constraints on writing 62 of computer-supported writing 98 on feature values 136, 137 PATR 138 relaxation 139, 140, 141

Content knowledge 18 Content planning 18-19 Controlled English 62-3 Controlled languages 65 Conversations 61 Coordination 59,99, 109

parallel etc 108 Copy-editing 123, 133, 134 Copy-editing assistance 133 Copyright 58,87,89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 88,91 Creativity v, 181 Creators' Copyright Coalition 94 CSCW, see Computer Supported Cooperative Work Cyberspace 89, 94, 220, 221, 223 Cycle of engagement and reflection 108

Data flow diagrams 68 Databases 67,78, 79-80,81,82,83,84,109,210,

244,246 bibliographic databases 105 literature databases 82

Subject Index

Database Directive 92 dBase 80 Deadlines 18 Decisions 29 Deconstructionists 203 Definitions 209 Delayed gratification 28 Democrazine 91 Design 25, 29, 34 Design guidelines 97 Designers 88 Diachronic language change 149 Diagram interpretation 111 Dialog 93 . Dialogic reader 228 Dictionaries 60, 126,209 Digital copying 92 Digital Future Coalition 94 Digital publication 90-2

payment 90 Digital text 183 DigitalDesk 111 Digitisation 87,90 Disambiguation 125 Discourse 26, 34, 35 Discourse communities 236 Discourse knowledge 18 Discussion group 220 Distribution 92 Documentation 59-66,68-70,171,173,175

documentation process 65, 70 documentation writing 66 product -oriented 62 task-oriented 62

Documents v, 9-14, 17, 19-22,32,59,62-3,99, 103, 105, 108, 112, 113

evolution 59, 103 maintenance 60, 64, 113 multiplication of 32 production 9-13,17,19,21 purpose of 62 reuse 22, 112 structure 62, 105, 108 text 99 versions 21

Domain experts 69 Domain knowledge 67 Doodles 35, 99, 105, 106 Dow Jones News Retrieval 93 Downloading 89 Downsliding 108 DRAFTER 59, 67 Drafts v,45-50, 99, 100, 102,103, 105,109

computer assistance 105 drafting instructions 70 drafting process 63 free drafting 104 reviewing 10 use of draft versions 45, 46-50, 63 use of resources 17

Drawing packages 64

Drawings 6,26,27,28,34,35,36,37,39,40 permanent drawings 29

DTP packages 64 Dynamic documents 113 Dynamics of the workplace 57

263

E-mail v.vli.20.57.67.93.98.110.113.194.244 as a source oftext 104 as a tool of social change 182 coordination of work 109 democratisation of information 89 e-mail discussion groups 220,221 for circulation of drafts 108 local e-mail networks 64 use in on-line conferences 217,224,227,230,

235,236 E-zines 91 Editing v, 8, 44, 88,108,122,207

hierarchical 44 tools 207

Editor's Assistant vi, 121, 124, 128, 133, 137, 144 Editor mode 112 Editors 126 Electronic bulletin board 154, 155, 240 Electronic data management systems 79 Electronic discussion 218,227 Electronic Forum 221,224 Electronic journal 90 Electronic libraries 181 Electronic literature management 80 Electronic mail, see E-mail Electronic mailboxes 217 Electronic media 73, 75, 78-80, 84, 93 Electronic networks 225 Electronic newsgroup 217 Electronic retrieval media 83, 84 Electronic storage 80, 82, 207 Electronic texts 183-204

authors of 190, 195 books 183,197 interactivity 182, 184, 201, 202 non-fiction 183 structural design 183 structural guide 197

Emacs 80 Emma 151 Encryption 93 Encyclopredia Britannica 194 Encyclopaedias 193,209 END, see European Nuclear Disarmament EndNote 81, 105 Engagement 108 Entity-relationship diagrams 68 Epistle 136, 137, 138 Esoteric literature 91 Ethnographic studies 102 Ethos 188,189 European Commission 90, 95 European Nuclear Disarmament (END) 249 Expanded Books 184, 192

264

Explanations 209 External analyses 209 External information 18, 19-20 External representations 15,17,20-1,99,104,

105, 106, 110, 111, 112, arrangements of 106 instantiated 106 of the planning process 15, 17 uninstantiated 106

External supporting services 17 Externalisation 35

Face-to-face interaction 182,217,234 Facsimiles 209 Fax 26,27,29,32,57,104 Feature transport 140 Feedback 66 FidoNet 241 File cards 82 FileMaker 80, 81 Formal representations 102, 105 Formality 28 Format 10, 13, 22, 68, 106, 148 Fourth Framework programme 95 Fourth UK Computers and Writing Conference

102 Freelance writer 19 Ftp 217,218,230 Functional specification 57,68

Generation of ideas 14,15,18 Genre 18, 148 Geographical arrangement 190 GEONET 251 Gestural expression 28, 33 Ghost writer 19 GIST 59 Given/new structure 101 GlasNet 247 Global information networks 94 Goals 15, 100 Good Forms Guide 170 Gopher 181,194,218,224,231 Gopherspace 194 Grammar 123, 127, 129 Grammar checker v-vi, 8, 63, 64, 65, 107, 123,

124, 143, 162 Grammar rule 138 Grammatical context 121 Grammatical error 128, 142, 143 Grammatical knowledge 128 Graphic design 13, 113 Graphical notation 28 Graphical productions 27 Graphics 104 Group 44 Group discussions 102 Group dynamics 103 Group membership 102

Group profiles 174 Guidebooks 199 Guidelines 11 0

The New Writing Environment

lIacker 237,240,241,242 lIandbooks 60 lIandwriting recognition 111 lIeuristics 127, 128, 149, 204 lIierarchical codex 196 lIolocaust 192 lIomepage 209 lIouse style 22, 133, 141 IITML, see lIypertext Markup Language lIuman computer interaction 111 IIURIDOCS 250,251 lIyperCard 81, 184 lIypertext 64,91,106,113,184,185,188,190,

200,201,202,209 lIypertext authoring tools 65 lIypertext Markup Language (IITML) 208 lIypertextuallinks 188, 192

IAR, see Infortunios de Alonso Ramirez Icon 187, 192 Ideas 15,19,35,75,99,102,103,106,112,122

generation of 19, 35, 99, 103 idea labels 106 idea organisers 122 idea sketching 102 linearisation of 75

If Monks had Macs 184 Illocutionary act 41 Importance structure 101 IMPRIMATUR 95 INCRES 81 Indexes 28, 121, 122, 169-76, 190, 191, 194

design of 169 electronic indexing 176 indexing assistants 122 indexing tools 65, 173 multi-level 175 user-customised 175

Industrial environment 8 Info-bahns 253 Information Access Company 93 Information artefact 28 Information designer 66 Information from external sources 73 Information gathering 61 Information highway 207 Information ideology 242 Information representations 105 Information retrieval 73, 77, 80, 246 Information Service Managers 92 Information technology 57, 239 Informed opportunism 105 Infortunios de Alonso Ramirez (IAR) 151 Inkshedding 222,224,225,232,233,234 Institute ofIntellectual Property 95

Subject Index

Intellectual property 87, 90, 93 Intelligent agent 142 Intelligent search engine 211 Intelligent text processing 121, 123, 124, 141, 143 Intelligent tools 59 Inter-organisational networking 238 Interactive books 181 Interactive rhetoric 203 Interactive video 214 InterDoc 250 Interleaving of tasks 7,101,105 Internal analyses 209 Internal communication 20 Internal information 20 Internal knowledge 73 Internal representations 8, 13 Internal supporting services 17 Internet v, vii, 57, 90, 91, 92, 95, 98, 181, 183, 190,

194,201,207,208,209,213,230 Internet browsers vi Internet Electronic Forum 182 Internet writing tools 181 Intertextuality 27,32,39,40,41 Interviews, see Writers, interviews with

Journalists 87, 90 Jurassic Park 192

Knowledge acquisition 60 Knowledge analysis 171 Knowledge base 67, 68, 133 Knowledge engineering 60,69-70 Knowledge needs 172 Knowledge packages 207 Knowledge representation 68 Knowledge representation language 68 Knowledge types 122,171 Knowledge-based systems 129 Knowledge-based tools 122 Knowledge-telling 18 Knowledge-transforming 18

Labels 37,39 Language 36,37,38 Language categories 122, 172 Language needs 171, 172 Language sensitivity 123, 125, 126 Language understanding 121 LARS 81 Leadership 102 Learning through collaborative visualisation 213 Levels of knowledge 209,210 Lexical confusions 135 Lexical indicators 153 Lexical information 125, 130 Lexical knowledge 128 Lexicon 124, 133, 134, 138 Librarians 17,92

Libraries 84,94, 182,210,213 Library Association 92 Licensing Act 88 LiDat 81 LiDos 81 Life from Death Row 189 Linear organisation 190 Linear scrolls 183 Linear structure 189 Linear text 199 Linear View 106, 112 Linearity 197 Linguistic analysis 6, 150 Linguistic processing 127 Linguistic structures 121 Linnean classification 190 Listening word processor 111 Lists 82 Listserv list 229 LitBank 81 Literary ownership 88 Literature management 80, 83 Literature management systems 81,82 Literature research 75 LiTi 81 Littera 81 Logos 188 189 Long-term memory 7, 18,73

Machine Translation 67 Macintosh 188, 189 MacSource 81 Magazines 94 Mail distribution list 217 Manual 63,64,65,169 Mature writer's strategy 62

265

Media 15,26,27,28,30,35,36,39,82,99,78-9, 101, 110

Media integration 11 0 MediaMoo 224 Mediating representations 33, 101, 102 Mediation 32, 102 Medium 20,26,27,81 MedLine 78 Meetings 104, 109 Memory search 18 Mental model 18,61 Mental processes 99 Merging of drafts 104, 109 Merging styles 148 Meta-comments 101 Meta-level discussions 15 Meta-text 31, 106, 11 0 Metaphors 38 Microfllms 208 Microsoft Access 81 Microsoft art gallery 187,195,196,202,205 Microsoft musical instruments 195,202,205 Microsoft Word 104, 105, 112, 113 MILO 112

266

Mindmaps 99 Minimal systems 112 Minority literature 92 MLA, see Modern Language Association Mobility 31 Modality 33,37 Modern Language Association (MLA) 78 Modes 28 Modular systems III Monitoring 59 MOO, see MUD, Object-Oriented MUD, Object-Oriented (MOO) 181, 183,218,

221,223,230,231,233,235 MUD, see Multi-User Dungeon and Multi-User

Domain Multi-authored documents, see collaborative

documents Multi-dimensional access 207 Multi-User Domains (MUD) 218. See also Multi­

User Dungeon Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) 181, 183,218. See

also Multi-User Domains Multi-window system 65 Multimedia 6,95, 177, 181,182, 190, 203, 208, 209 Multimedia rights management 95 Multiple authorship 147 Multipleviews 105,106,110 Museums 210,213 Music 196 Musical narrative 197 Musical notation 188

Narrative text 188 National Gallery 195 National parks of America 195 National Writers' Union (NWU) 93, 95 Natural Language Generation (NLG) 67-8,70 Natural Language Processing (NLP) 123, 126, 127 Navigation 194,209,213 Negation 45-6 Negotiation 6, 10, 12, 13, 14,21,43, 102, 103 N etscape 218 Netweaver 248,253 Network mode 112 Networkers 253 Networking 239 Networks 177,181,246 Neural networks 211 New York Times 93 Newspapers 94 Newsreader program 201,220 NGO, see Non-Governmental Organisation NLG, see Natural Language Generation NLP, see Natural Language Processing Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) 237,

238,244,252,253 Non-linear organisation 28 Non-linear structure 106, 183, 193 NordNet 247 Notes 15,30,60,82,99, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106

The New Writing Environment

Notes network 105 Notes Network View 112 NWU v Harcourt Brace 93 NWU, see National Writers' Union

On-line 104,230 On-line dialogic language 236 On-line dictionaries 144 On-line documentation 64 On-line museums 182 On-line participants 232 On-line worlds 233 On-site event 230,232 On-site worlds 233 Online delivery 93 OpenDoc III Optical character recognition III Oral poem 93 Organic copyright 92 Organisation culture 44 Organisation of ideas 15, 18 Organisation of work 102,106 Organisation structure 44 Organisational policy 10 Organisational structure 73, 190, 200 Out of step phenomenon 109 Outliner v, vi, 7, 20, 64, 65,101 Outlines 15,19,21,99,102,106,108, Ill, 112 Overlapping domains 171 Overview 98, 108 Overwriting 63

Page layout 106 Paper-trail 29 Paralinguistic 33 Parallel coordination 103 Parser 127, 163 Parsing 137, 139, 154 Part-of-speech tagger (POST) 156, 157, 160 Pathos 188 PATR 137, 138, 139 Pattern-based rules 131 PAULINE 149 Peer review 91 People's information technology 240 Perceptual clues 28 Pericles 150 Phrase structure grammar 137,142 Pictograms 35 Planning 5,7-22,60,62,99,100,104

computer manual 9 document production 9, 60 document structure 13 format 13, 22 graphic design 13 product planning 17-18 project planning 15,17,21,62 within a social context 15 writing project planning 13, 14

Subject Index

Plans 6, 15,99, 101, 105, III Policy documents 43-51 policy issue 45 policy issue papers 44 policy writing 50 Polyphony 45,46,47,50 PopTel 251 Pornography 91 POST, see Part -of-speech tagger Post-It notes 26, 31. See also Sticky notes Post-modernism 89 Pre-writing 75 Precedence relationship 125 Premature commitment 28 Privacy 93, 176 Pro-Cite 81 Problem solving 7,8,30, 104 Procedural structure 101 Procedural text 100 Professional practices 7 Professional writing 43 Profitability 87 Project management tools 67 Proof checkers 122 Proof editing vi Proof marks 105 Proofreading 123, 134 Prop redia 194 Protocol 101 Psycoloquy 90 Publication 75,77, 181 Publishing 90,91,92,181

academic publishers 91 commercial 90 special interest 90 writer-publishers 91

Punctuation 125, 127, 129, 148, 161, 162 Punctuation checker 65

Quality 63 Questionnaire studies 75,76,102, 155 Questionnaire surveys 100 Quotations 83

Rapid prototyping 19 Reader control 182 Real-life writing 21 Reciprocal working 109 Reconstructions 209 Recursion 7,12,90, 130 Refer 81 Reference aids 104 References 83 Referential identity 105 Reflection 108 Reflection-in-action 99 Reflective thought 18 Reflexive communication 102 Regulation 58

Relaxation algorithm 140, 141 Reordering 28 Representation 25 Representational structures III Research 78 Resources 51,59,99,100 Restorations 209 Restructuring 101 Retrieval 31, 77 Reverse outliner vi Reviewing 7, 10, 12,21,45, 108

267

Revision v, vi, 7, 8, 9, 12,48-50,64,98,99, 101, 103, 104, 105, 148

Rhetoric 18,28,94,99, 181, 182, 183, 188, 189, 201,202,203

Rhetorical force 37 Rhetorical functions 6 Rhetorical goals 187 Rhetorical problem 7, 13 Rhetorical situations 184 Rhetorical structure 67, 101 Rhetorician 35, 185 Routine 18 Rules, see Text processing, rules

Sanditon 151 Scrolling document 192 Search 83,91,92,210 Security 176 Semantic features 128 Semantic networks 105 Semantic potential 33, 39 Semantic type 130 Semi-structured interviews 104 Semiotics 26,27,28,39,40 Sense and Sensibility 151 Sequential 109 Setting 14 SGML, see Standardised General Markup

Language Shared cognition 102, 113 Shared drawing software 67 ShrEdit 112 Signs 25, 33, 37 Signum 81 Simulated annealing 137 Simultaneous working 109 Situated cognition 18 Sketches 6,15,27,29,30,35,37,38,99,105,192 So I've heard 187 Social change 182 Social contexts 8, 104 Social environment 15 Social interaction vii, 74, 98, 234 Social relationships 74 Socio-cognitive research 43 Socio-cognitive system design 97, 112 Sofh¥are 65,68,69 Sofh¥are design 58 Sofh¥are designers vi, vii, 9

268

Software documentation 60, 63, 68-9 Software engineering 14 Software manuals 17, 19 Software supported documentation 65 Software validation 14, 20 Source texts 20 Spatial memory 188 Spatial metaphor 199, 200, 201 Specification 30, 61 Specification of supporting services 17 Speech 6,25-41

choice of speech over writing 34 speech act 29,37,41 speech recognition 111 speech synthesis III spoken communication 29, 33 spoken discourse 26-7 See also Talk, Discourse and Communication

Spelling checker v-vi, 8, 65, 107, 109, 123, 124, 126,127

Spelling correction 126 Spreadsheets 17, 21 Standardised General Markup Language (SGML)

65,208 Stationery 31 Statute of Anne 88 Stereolithography 211 Sticky notes 20, 31. See also Post-it notes Storage media 81 StorySpace 106 Structural information 125 Structure charts 68 Structure of text 15, 18 Structure view 106, 112 Structuring of information 20, 195 Style 123, 124, 148, 149

computer-assisted analysis 149 grammatical aspects of 154 homogeneity of 157 merging 149 rules of 133

Style advisors 122, 123 Style checker vi, 65, 121, 126, 127, 131, 135 Style guides 127 Style sheets 19-20,65 Stylistic consistency 148,151-2,159 Stylistic features 154 Stylistic inconsistency 121, 147-66

author identification 149-51, 152, 154, 156 detection techniques 152-4 problems of merging styles 148-9, 165 questionnaire study 155 See also Collaborative writing, stylistic

inconsistencies Stylometry 149, 161 SUMS, see System for Universal Media Searching Symphonic structure 199 Symphony No.9 (From the New World) 189,197 Synchronous chat 217 Syntactic category 130 Syntactic errors 134, 136, 137

The New Writing Environment

Syntactic information 133 Syntactic structure 128 System for Universal Media Searching (SUMS)

207,209,210,211,213,214

Tags 156, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166 Talk 35, 98, 109 Talmud 184 Tasini v Times Warner 93 Task analysis 100,101 Task environment 51 Task partitioning 109 Technical writing 57,59-70,169,176

as a profession 66-7,70 automatic document generation 67-8 computer-assisted technical writing 59, 169,

176 technical documentation 59,60-4,68-9 technical language 170

Telecommunications 20, 30 Teleconferencing 213 Telephone 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 45, 60, 104 Telepresence 211 Telnet 217,218,220 Templates 10,65 Temporal metaphor 201 Terminology 65,68,172 Terseness 28 Text generation 68, 105-6

reuse of text 20, 98 revision 45 stylistic inconsistencies 149 See also Drafts

Text planning 7-22,68 content planning 18-19 hierarchical structure 129 overall organisation of 191, 199 product planning 17-20 structure 15,18,19,62,196 structure guides 122 writing project planning 15-17

Text processing 123-44 Editor's Assistant vi, 121, 124, 128-9, 133,

137,144 removing gender bias 142 rules 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 142,

144 style checker vi, 65,121,126,127-8,131,135 text preprocessing 129-31,134 Writer's Workbench (WWB) 127 See also Drafts and Tools

Text editor 124, 144 Text production processes 5-6 Text scanner 65 Text transmission 87, 88 Text types 104 Text, symphonic 197 Text -based virtual reality system 183 The complete Maus 189,192 The family doctor 188

Subject Index

The imitation of Christ 184 The name of the rose 193 The rite of spring 188 The San Diego Zoo presents ... The animals! 187 The Twilight Zone 155 The Voyager Company 184, 185, 187, 189 Thesaurus 7-8,65,169 Think-aloud protocols 51 Three Tone Poems 188 Tiananmen Square 89, 245 Titles 209 Tooh 6,7-8,20,21,57,58,59-70,194

editing tools 207 grammar checker v-vi, 8, 63, 65, 107, 123,

124, 143, 162 Hypertext authoring tools 65 indexing tools 65, 173 intelligent tools 59 Internet writing tools 181 knowledge-based tooh 122 outliners v, vi, 7, 20, 64, 65,101 project management tools 67 punctuation checker 65 SGML translators 65 spelling checker v-vi, 8, 65, 107, 109, 123,

124,126, 127 text scanner 65 thesaurus 7-8,65,169 writing tooh 6, 8, 97, 99, 112

Topic map 106 Topic structure 101 Topics 15,19 Tourism 213 Trace 39 Transference Ill, 113 Transferring knowledge 202 Transformation-based error-driven learning 156 Translation 7, 62-3, 67, 68 Tree mode 112 Tutoriah 65 Type/token ratios 154 Typography 102,125,128,131,132,133

Unification-based grammars 137 Uninstantiated representational items 33 Universal media searching 207 University of Minnesota 194 University of Pennsylvania tag set 156 University of Southern Mississippi 194 Updating 60, 62 US Computers and Writing Conference 182 USENET 91, 245, 250 USENET newsgroups 201 User advocate 66 User Interface Watchdog 66 User-oriented view-point 207

Validation 60, 63 Verbal protocols 100

Video editing 113 Viewpoint 46 Views 111 Virtual reality 95, 211, 220 Viscosity 28 Visual cues 199 Voice annotation vi,211 Voice mail 30 VOLNET 251 Voyager 189, 192 Voyager CD Companions 188, 197, 199

Warner New Media 187 Web ofideas 106 White Paper on the National Information

Infrastructure 88, 90 Who built America? 187,189,190 Word 80, 81, 121 Word processing v, Ill, 192

269

Word processors 7-8,57,80,81,83,84, 104, 181 intelligent text processing 123,124,143, 144 recording of bibliographic information 78 specific functions of 121,122 use in collaborative writing 98 use in product planning 20 use with other writing environments 22

WordPerfect 80,112 Working life 97 Workplace 21,58,82,84,99,113 World Intellectual Property Organisation 90 World Wide Web (WWW) 91, 108, 181, 183,200,

208,217,218,224,231 World Wide Web browser 209, 218 Writers 7-22,75-84,87-95, 100-4, 181

academic 87,90,91 attention of 13 book writers 87 cognitive processes of 7 commercial writers 91,93 freelance writers 19 ghost writer 19 interviews with 11, 22 minority interest writers 91 professional writers 87,95, 181 status of 14 strategies of 108 studies of 100 style of working 82 surveys of 76

Writer's Assistant 97, 106, 112 Writer's culture 99 Writers' unions 88 Writer's Workbench (WWB) 127 Writing 5,7,9,13, 17-18,21,75, 104, 105, 113,

174 academic 73,74-5, 84, 90 as a profession 87 as a social practice vi-vii, 5, 8, 73, 104 cognitive processes in 5,6,9,15,17,99 cognitive studies of 20, 21

270

Writing (continued) computer support for 97 context of vii, 44 dialogic model of 227 dynamics of 98 empirical studies of 58 from sources 21-2 in the workplace 73 interactive 44 models of 73, 97, 99 organisational context of vi-vii,6, 11, 99, 104 orientation to 99 performative purpose of 39 permanence of 29 phenomenology of 30 practices of 58 process model 19 proficiency 44 real-life writing 21 rhythms of 108

The New Writing Environment

role of writing in academia 228 single person writing 104 strategies 100 style 122, 155, 161, 165 talk during 103 tools 6, 97, 99 workplace writing 9-10,97 writing groups 99,103,108, 109 See also Technical writing

Writing assistant 181 Writing Environment 112 WWB, see Writer's Workbench WWW, see World Wide Web

Xerox EuroPARC III Xerox PARC 93

Yellow Pages 190,191

Name Index

Abu-Jamal M. 189,204 Adams D. 192,200,204 Ahmad K. 169,176 Allen N. J. 44,51 Anderson E. 189,203 Andreessen M. 209 Andrews R. 34, 41 Association for Progressive Communication

244,246,247,248,249,251,254,255 Apple Computer 111,185,203,204,243 Applebee A. 34, 42 Atwell E. 137, 145 Austin J. 41, 42 Austin Jane 150, 151 Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society 91,95

Bacon F. 150, 193 Bagdikian B. H. 238, 252, 255 Bakhtin M. M. 27,33,39,42,51,222 Barabas C. 8, 9, 23 Barrett E. 71 Baum F. L. 202 Bauman M. 182,217,218,223,259 Baumert J. 75, 85 Bazerman C. 73,74,85 Beck E. E. 15, 17,24, 102, 103, 104, 108, 114 Becker J. 238, 255 Beer M. 112, 114 Belotti V. M. E. 103, 114 Bereiter C. 7, 12, 18, 24, 75, 85 Bitzer L. F. 28, 42 Black J. E. 136, 145 Blair D. C. 169,176 Blakeslee A. M. 9, 23, 44, 51 Blyer N. R. 15, 24 Bohle K. 73, 86 Bolter J. D. 183, 200, 204 Bond J. T. 44, 52 Book M. 238, 248, 255 Boston Computer Society 199,204 Braden-Harder L. C. 136, 145 Brainerd B. 157, 167 Brand S. 201,204 Branthwaite A. 99, 114 Brennan S. E. 105, 114 Brier S. 187,205 Brill E. 156, 167 British Standards Institution 62, 71 Broadhead G. J. 9, 10, 18, 23

Brockmann R. J. 65, 71 Brown G. 41,42 Brown J. 187,205 Bruckheim A. 188, 204 Burke K. 190, 191,204 Burnett R. E. 43,51 Byrd R. J. 136,145

271

Carey L. 60, 71 Carroll L. 201,204 Carwardine M. 192,204 Chandler D. vi, vii, 30, 42, 98, 99, 110, 114 Chikofsky E. J. 68, 71 Chisholm R. M. 66, 71 Chodorow M. S. 136,145 Christensen W. 241 Clark H. H. 105, 114 Clark J. 209 Clark K. 51 Claussen H. 239,255 Cluett R. 153, 167 Clutterbuck A. 106, 112, 115 Collins A. 108, 114 Collison R. 193, 204 Constantine L. L. 68, 71 Couture B. 9,22,23,43,44,51 Creators' Copyright Coalition 94 Crichton M. 192,204 Cronin B. 74, 86 Cross G. A. 9,18,23,44,51 CrumpE. 217,218,220,232,259 Crystal D. 154, 167

Dale R. vi, vii, 121, 123, 133, 137, 140, 142, 145, 257

Davy D. 154, 167 de Beaugrande R. 73, 85 de Certeau M. 39, 40, 42 Defoe D. 88, 94 DeweyJ. 235 Diaper D. 112, 114 Dias P. 34, 42 Digital Future Coalition 94 Dillon A. 185, 204 DiMarco C. 149, 153, 167 Dixon P. 154, 167 Dobrin D. 8, 24, 28, 42, 45, 52 Doheny-Farina S. 9,23,66,71

272

Dorff D. 1. 9, 23 Dorner J. v, vi, vii, 58, 87, 98, 114,257 Douglas S. 121, 123, 137, 140, 144, 145,257 Ducrot O. 45,51 Duffy T. M. 69,71,169,176 Duin A. H. 9, 23

Easterbrook S. M. 15, 17,24, 108, 115 Eco U. 193,204 Ede 1. 43,44,51, 99, 114, 148, 167 Edelman M. 249, 255 Editors of Time 199,204 Eigler G. 73, 85 Einstein E. 183, 204 Eklundh K. S. 98, 99, 114 Emerson C. 222 Emig J. 34,42 Enkvist N. E. 148, 167 English Today 95

Fai S. 41 Faigley 1. 8, 15,23 Fairclough N. 40, 42 Farkas D. K. 148, 167 Felsenstein 1. 241, 255 Flower 1. 7,9,12,13,14,15,17,19,23,44,51,

60, 71, 99,112, 114 Flower 1. S. 73, 85, 148, 167 Forman J. 44,51 Frase 1. T. 127, 145 Fraser J. 41 Frederick H. H. 238, 239, 245, 246, 255 Freed R. C. 9, 10, 18, 23 FreedmanA.34,42259

Gabel-Becker I. 73, 86 Galbraith D. vi, vii Garside R. 137, 145 Gee J. P. 34,42 Gentner D. 108, 114 Glock B. 81,85 Glover A. 121,147,157, 166, 167,258 GMD 212, 214,215 Goldschmidt G. 41, 42 Goodlet J. 15,17,24,44,52,64,72,103,106,108,

112,115 Gorman 1. 57,59 Gould S. J. 189, 204 Grabowski J. 73, 84, 85 Green S. J. 149, 167 Green T. 28,42, 113 Grice R. A. 66, 71 Griffin S. 169,176

Haas C. 15,23,60,71,73,85 Habel C. 84 Haigh R. 137, 145

The New Writing Environment

Halliday M. 33, 42 Hamelink C. J. 238, 255 Hansen M. 63,71 Hanson T. 81, 85 Harnad S. 90 Hartley A. 57,59 Hartley J. 99, 114, 169, 176 Hayes J. R. 7,9,12,13,14,15,17,19,23,60,71,

73, 85, 99, 112, 114, 148, 167 Heidorn G. E. 136,142,145 Herrington A. 15, 24 Herrmann T. 73, 85 Hill C. A. 73, 85 Hill Duin A. 43,51 Hiltz S. R. 239,255 Hirst G. 121, 147, 149, 152, 153, 166, 167, 168,

258 Holquist M. 51,222 Hoppe-Graff S. 73, 85 Hovy E. H. 149,167 Hoyt P. 149, 167 Hunt R. A. 217,218,222,223,224,230,258,259 Hymes C. M. 112, 114

IBM 136,243 Ingwersen P. 169,176 Institute ofIntellectual Property 95 Interdoc 248, 255 Iordanskaya 1. 68, 71 IPS 238,255 Irizarry E. 151, 167

Jakobs E-M. 57,73,74,75,76,78,79,83, 85, 258, 259

Janssen D. 44,45,51,52,259 Jechle T. 73, 85 Jensen K. 136, 142, 145 Jones S. 110, 112, 114

Karis W. M. 44,52,67,71 Kaufer D. S. 99,114 Kay A. R. 108, 109, 114, 115 KelloggR. 12,13,15,18,24,44,52 Kelter S. 84 Kenny A. 149,167 Kiesler S. 67,72 Kim M. 68,71 Kiniry M. 193, 204 Kittredge R. I. 68, 71 Kleimann S. 9, 24 Knorr D. A. 57, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85,

258 Kolb M. 73, 86 Kristeva J. 27, 39, 42 Kukich K. 126, 145 Kukulska-Hulme A. 122,169,170,172,176,

259 Kwasny S. C. 136,145

Name Index

Landow G. 184,204 Lane G. 238, 255 Langer S. K. 35, 36, 42 Lanham R. A. 185, 188, 201, 204 Lansman M. 64, 72, 112, 115 Lavoie B. 68, 71 Lay M. M. 44, 52, 67, 71 Lee A. 63, 65, 71 Lester R. 199, 205 Levine 1. B. 64, 72 Levy S. 240, 255 Li T. 245, 255 Library Association. 92 Longuet G. 238, 255 Lunsford A. 43,44,51,99, 114, 148, 167

MacDonald N. H. 127, 145 Maciuszko K. 1. 78, 86 Mah K. 149, 167 Makuta-Giluk M. 149, 167 Mannion D. 154,167 Marcus A. 185, 205 Matheson C. A. 142,145 McColly W. B. 151, 167 McGee W. 222 Medway P. 6, 25, 34, 42, 259 Mehlenbacher B. 169,176 Merzinger G. 73, 85 Meteer M. 156, 168 Meuffels B. 44,51 Microsoft 195, 196 Microsoft art gal/ery 187,195,196,202,205 Microsoft musical instruments 195, 202, 205 Milic 1. T. 149,154,167 Miller 1. A. 136, 145 Miller R. 8, 19, 24, 28,42, 45, 52 Minsky M. 189,205 Molitor S. 75, 86 Morton A. Q. 149, 150, 151, 168 Mosteller F. 154, 157, 168 Moxey 1. M. 162, 168 Mrazek D. 66, 71

National Writers' Union 93 Nattiez J-J. 26,42 Naumann J. 75,85 Negroponte N. 188 Nelson T. 184,202,205 Neuwirth C. 99,114 Newman W. M. 111, 114 Nickels Shirk H. 44, 52 N0lke H. 45,52 Norman D. A. 51,52,66,71,189,205 Nunberg G. 125, 145

O'Brien Holt P. 169,176 O'Malley C. 100, 114 Oakley H. 14,24

Odell 1. 15, 24 Olson G. M. 112, 114 Osborn A. F. 109,114

Palmer J. 169, 176 Palmucci J. 156, 168 Paradis J. 8, 24, 28, 42, 45, 52, 73, 85 Pare A. 34, 42, 74, 86 Payette J. 152, 153, 168

273

Pemberton 1. 28,30,33,42,57,59,64, 72, 81, 86, 106, 110, 112, 115

Plowman 1. 9, 15, 17,24,33,42,44,52, 103, 107, 108, 109, 114, 115

Pogue D. 188,205 Polguere A. 68, 71 Polman M. 252, 253, 254, 255 Pomerenke P. J. 9, 24 Pope A. 88, 89 Power R. 57, 59 Preece W. E. 193,204 Pym.P. J. 63, 65, 71

Quarterman J. S. 237,239,251,255

Rafeld M. 66, 71 Ramage M. 9, 24 Ramshaw 1. 156,168 Ravin Y. 136, 145 Reece J. lll, 115 Reinhardt W. 214 Reither J. 222 Remmers T. 258 Rich A. 187,205 Richardson S. D. 136, 142, 145 Riehm U. 73,86 Riley J. 109, 115 Rimmershaw R. 98, 108, 115 Robertson D. 41 Robinson E. J. vi, vii Roeder P. M. 75, 85 Rogers E. 239, 255 Rogers Y. 9, 24 Rose M. 193, 204 Rosenzweig R. 187,205 Rossney R. 194,205 Roszak T. 240, 241, 243, 255 Rubenstein B. 1. 68, 71 Rymer J. 9,22,23,43,44,51

Sallin S. 244, 255 SampsonG. 137,145 Sanford A. J. 162, 168 Scardamalia M. 7, 12, 18, 24 Schilperoord J. 45, 52 Scholz J. 63, 71 SchOn D. 99, 115 Schriver K. A. 60, 71

274

Schwalm K. 217,218,220,229,235,259 Schwartz R. 156, 168 Searle J. 41,42 Shakespeare W. 150,210 Sharples M. 15,17,24,28,30,33,42,44,52,58,

64,72,81,84,86,97, 103, 106, 108, 110, 112, 115, 259

Shieber S. M. 137,145 Shneiderman B. 185, 205 Sides C. 170, 176 Skulesky D. 214 Smagorinsky P. 35, 42 Smith J. B. 64,72,112,115 Smith M. W. A. 149, 150, 168 SmithR.84 Sondheimer N. K. 136, 145 Spiegelman A. 189,192,205 Spilka R. 9, 24, 44, 52, 74, 86 Sproull L. 67, 72 Steinberg R. 188, 205 Stenfield C. W. 239, 255 Stotsky S. 14, 24 Swales J. M. 73,74, 86

Tamor L. 44, 52 Thomas B. 184, 205 Thomas G. V. vi, vii Thompson J. D. 99, 115 ThyssenO.237,256 Torrance M. vi, vii Trommer L. 75, 85 'furoff M. 239, 255

van den Bergh H. 44,51 van der Geest Th. M. 5,7,21,23,73,84,257 van der Mast N. P. 6, 43, 44, 52, 259 van Emden J. 170,176 van Gernert L. 21,23 Veltman K. 182, 207, 215, 259

Verhagen A. 51 Vipond D. 73, 86 Vosse T. 127, 145

The New Writing Environment

Voyager Company 184, 185, 187, 188, 192, 197, 199,202,203

Vygotsky L. S. 33, 35, 42

Walch J. 182,237,254 Wallace D. L. 73, 85, 154, 157, 168 Warner New Media 187 Waterhouse K. 98,115 Weber J. R. 9, 24 Weingarten R. 79, 86 Weinrich H. 74, 75, 86 WeirS. 41 Weischedel R. M. 136,145,156,168 Wellner P. lll, 114 Wilkin L. 66, 72 Williams N. 169, 176 Wingert B. 73, 86 Winsor D. A. 9, 24, 74, 86 Winter A. 73, 85, 86 Wmter R. 188,189, 190, 196, 197, 198,201,205 Witte S. 8, 15, 23 Wolf G. 202, 209, 214 Wood C. C. 15, 17,24,27,28,30,33,42, 101,

108,115 Woodland J. R. 102, 181, 183,260 Wozniak S. 241 Wulff W. 66, 72 Wurman R. S. 190, 191, 193, 195, 199,

Young J. E. 237, 256 Yourdon E. 68, 71 Yule G. 41,42

Zagar C. 220, 235 Zuboff S. 239, 256