About the Authors...Concord Community Schools 5,314 4,651 663 Covington Community Sch Corp 1,002 991...
Transcript of About the Authors...Concord Community Schools 5,314 4,651 663 Covington Community Sch Corp 1,002 991...
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 1 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
About the AuthorsSrikant Devaraj, PhD, is a research assistant
professor at Ball State CBER. He holds master’s
degrees in business administration and information
and communication sciences from Ball State and a
doctorate in health economics from IUPUI.
Dagney Faulk, PhD, is director of research and a
research professor at Ball State CBER. Her research
focuses on state and local fiscal tax policy, local
government structure, and regional economic
development issues. She received her doctorate in
economics from the Andrew Young School of Policy
Studies at Georgia State University.
Michael J. Hicks, PhD, is director of Ball State CBER
and the George & Frances Ball distinguished professor
of economics in the Miller College of Business. His
research interest is in state and local public finance
and the effect of public policy on the location,
composition, and size of economic activity. Hicks
earned doctoral and master’s degrees in economics
from the University of Tennessee and a bachelor’s
degree in economics from Virginia Military Institute. He
is a retired army reserve infantryman.
About Ball State CBERThe Center for Business and Economic Research
(CBER) conducts timely economic policy research,
analysis, and forecasting for a public audience. We
share our insight with the community through the
Indiana Economic Outlook and the Ball State Business
Roundtable. The CBER Data Center offers primary
data sets, data resources for grant writers & economic
developers, and a projects & publications library at
www.cberdata.org.
Center for Business and Economic Research
2000 W. University Ave. (WB 149)
Muncie, IN 47306
765-285-5926 • [email protected]
www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
facebook.com/BallStateCBER
twitter.com/BallStateCBER
CENTER FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH
Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University
• Srikant Devaraj, PhD, research assistant professor, CBER
• Dagney Faulk, PhD, director of research and research professor, CBER
• Michael J. Hicks, PhD, director, CBER; and the George & Frances Ball distinguished professor of economics
Tags: #Education #Indiana
Appendix
School Corporation Size & Student Performance:
Evidence from Indiana
Thank you to Kera Fenimore, undergraduate research assistant, for her contributions to our research, and to Stephanie Davidsen and
Nathan Law, graduate research assistants, for their work with GIS maps.
Prepared for the Indiana Chamber of Commerce Foundation
August 15, 2017
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 2 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table A1: Student Enrollment by School Corporation, IndianaSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Department of Education datasets
School Enrollment, Summary Statistics, & Performance by Size Category
School Corporation Name 2014 Total Enrollment
2006 Total Enrollment
Difference 2006-2014
Adams Central Community Schools 1,228 1,144 84
Alexandria Com School Corp 1,582 1,658 -76
Anderson Community School Corp 7,079 10,020 -2,941
Argos Community Schools 611 703 -92
Attica Consolidated Sch Corp 822 949 -127
Avon Community School Corp 9,115 7,243 1,872
Barr-Reeve Com Schools Inc 786 744 42
Bartholomew Con School Corp 11,575 10,918 657
Batesville Community Sch Corp 2,154 1,949 205
Baugo Community Schools 1,880 1,838 42
Beech Grove City Schools 2,986 2,366 620
Benton Community School Corp 1,864 2,022 -158
Blackford County Schools 1,761 2,299 -538
Bloomfield School District 921 1,112 -191
Blue River Valley Schools 645 832 -187
Bremen Public Schools 1,471 1,454 17
Brown County School Corporation 2,089 2,272 -183
Brownsburg Community Sch Corp 8,295 6,726 1,569
Brownstown Cnt Com Sch Corp 1,655 1,764 -109
C A Beard Memorial School Corp 1,208 1,397 -189
Cannelton City Schools 240 249 -9
Carmel Clay Schools 15,971 14,446 1,525
Carroll Consolidated Sch Corp 1,153 1,173 -20
Caston School Corporation 731 833 -102
Center Grove Com Sch Corp 7,796 7,259 537
Centerville-Abington Com Schs 1,789 1,701 88
Central Noble Com School Corp 1,269 1,467 -198
Clark-Pleasant Com School Corp 6,351 4,666 1,685
Clarksville Com School Corp 1,357 1,503 -146
Clay Community Schools 4,315 4,742 -427
Clinton Central School Corp 1,001 1,098 -97
Clinton Prairie School Corp 1,082 1,056 26
Cloverdale Community Schools 1,244 1,442 -198
Community Schools of Frankfort 3,195 3,195 0
Concord Community Schools 5,314 4,651 663
Covington Community Sch Corp 1,002 991 11
Cowan Community School Corp 779 651 128
Crawford Co Com School Corp 1,645 1,818 -173
Crawfordsville Com Schools 2,465 2,365 100
Crothersville Community Schools 533 588 -55
Crown Point Community Sch Corp 8,075 6,766 1,309
Culver Community Schools Corp 860 1,151 -291
Daleville Community Schools 913 673 240
Danville Community School Corp 2,531 2,540 -9
Decatur County Com Schools 2,133 2,252 -119
DeKalb Co Ctl United Sch Dist 3,734 4,192 -458
DeKalb Co Eastern Com Sch Dist 1,353 1,532 -179
Appendix A:
School Corporation Name 2014 Total Enrollment
2006 Total Enrollment
Difference 2006-2014
Delaware Community School Corp 2,579 2,826 -247
Delphi Community School Corp 1,453 1,722 -269
Duneland School Corporation 5,858 5,666 192
East Allen County Schools 9,094 10,268 -1,174
East Gibson School Corporation 932 1,042 -110
East Noble School Corp 3,720 3,807 -87
East Porter County School Corp 2,420 2,163 257
East Washington School Corp 1,471 1,771 -300
Eastbrook Community Sch Corp 1,565 1,742 -177
Eastern Greene Schools 1,268 1,415 -147
Eastern Hancock Co Com Sch Corp 1,177 1,123 54
Eastern Howard School Corp 1,465 1,303 162
Eastern Pulaski Com Sch Corp 1,283 1,385 -102
Edinburgh Community Sch Corp 955 895 60
Elkhart Community Schools 13,083 13,490 -407
Elwood Community School Corp 1,559 1,930 -371
Eminence Community School Corp 384 551 -167
Evansville Vanderburgh Sch Corp 22,474 21,854 620
Fairfield Community Schools 2,102 2,057 45
Fayette County School Corp 3,748 4,231 -483
Flat Rock-Hawcreek School Corp 868 1,147 -279
Fort Wayne Community Schools 30,429 31,342 -913
Franklin Community School Corp 5,123 4,779 344
Franklin County Com Sch Corp 2,699 3,117 -418
Franklin Township Com Sch Corp 8,748 7,818 930
Frankton-Lapel Community Schs 3,036 2,389 647
Fremont Community Schools 978 1,206 -228
Frontier School Corporation 741 831 -90
Garrett-Keyser-Butler Com 1,759 1,694 65
Gary Community School Corp 7,566 15,119 -7,553
Goshen Community Schools 6,598 6,107 491
Greater Clark County Schools 10,591 10,690 -99
Greater Jasper Con Schs 3,204 3,207 -3
Greencastle Community Sch Corp 1,989 1,986 3
Greenfield-Central Com Schools 4,576 4,542 34
Greensburg Community Schools 2,283 2,162 121
Greenwood Community Sch Corp 3,757 3,803 -46
Griffith Public Schools 2,417 2,677 -260
Hamilton Community Schools 421 659 -238
Hamilton Heights School Corp 2,271 2,182 89
Hamilton Southeastern Schools 20,825 14,231 6,594
Hanover Community School Corp 2,128 1,696 432
Huntington Co Com Sch Corp 5,467 6,377 -910
Indianapolis Public Schools 30,097 37,554 -7,457
Jac-Cen-Del Community Sch Corp 842 968 -126
Jay School Corp 3,463 3,850 -387
Jennings County Schools 4,487 5,297 -810
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 3 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table A1 continuedSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Department of Education datasets
School Corporation Name 2014 Total Enrollment
2006 Total Enrollment
Difference 2006-2014 School Corporation Name 2014 Total
Enrollment2006 Total
EnrollmentDifference 2006-2014
John Glenn School Corporation 1,905 1,810 95
Kankakee Valley School Corp 3,464 3,413 51
Knox Community School Corp 1,898 2,008 -110
Kokomo-Center Twp Con Sch Corp 6,546 7,027 -481
Lafayette School Corporation 7,616 7,027 589
Lake Central School Corp 9,633 9,375 258
Lake Ridge Schools 1,966 2,256 -290
Lake Station Community Schools 1,449 1,461 -12
Lakeland School Corporation 2,112 2,243 -131
Lanesville Community School Corp 706 654 52
LaPorte Community School Corp 6,778 6,380 398
Lawrenceburg Com School Corp 1,988 1,552 436
Lebanon Community School Corp 3,573 3,549 24
Liberty-Perry Com School Corp 1,177 1,194 -17
Linton-Stockton School Corp 1,412 1,392 20
Logansport Community Sch Corp 4,220 4,302 -82
Loogootee Community Sch Corp 920 1,077 -157
M S D Bluffton-Harrison 1,547 1,506 41
M S D Boone Township 1,190 1,078 112
M S D Decatur Township 6,202 6,028 174
M S D Lawrence Township 15,164 16,209 -1,045
M S D Martinsville Schools 5,028 5,584 -556
M S D Mount Vernon 2,177 2,615 -438
M S D North Posey Co Schools 1,400 1,500 -100
M S D of New Durham Township 935 830 105
M S D Perry Township 14,955 13,840 1,115
M S D Pike Township 11,278 10,751 527
M S D Shakamak Schools 822 915 -93
M S D Southwest Allen County 7,052 6,375 677
M S D Steuben County 2,913 2,959 -46
M S D Wabash County Schools 2,234 2,613 -379
M S D Warren County 1,147 1,363 -216
M S D Warren Township 12,100 11,771 329
M S D Washington Township 11,348 10,005 1,343
M S D Wayne Township 15,758 14,278 1,480
Maconaquah School Corp 2,325 2,408 -83
Madison Consolidated Schools 2,894 3,421 -527
Madison-Grant United Sch Corp 1,302 1,607 -305
Manchester Community Schools 1,625 1,633 -8
Marion Community Schools 3,645 5,367 -1,722
Medora Community School Corp 263 299 -36
Merrillville Community School 6,608 6,984 -376
Michigan City Area Schools 5,757 6,826 -1,069
Middlebury Community Schools 4,456 4,007 449
Milan Community Schools 1,189 1,271 -82
Mill Creek Community Sch Corp 1,571 1,609 -38
Mississinewa Community School Corp 2,551 2,159 392
Mitchell Community Schools 1,667 2,039 -372
Monroe Central School Corp 1,034 990 44
Monroe County Com Sch Corp 10,953 10,801 152
Monroe-Gregg School District 1,465 1,343 122
Mooresville Con School Corp 4,486 4,411 75
Mt Vernon Community Sch Corp 3,556 3,359 197
Muncie Community Schools 6,106 7,567 -1,461
Nettle Creek School Corp 1,107 1,256 -149
New Albany-Floyd Co Con Sch 11,396 11,659 -263
New Castle Community Sch Corp 3,515 4,030 -515
New Prairie United School Corp 2,974 2,737 237
Nineveh-Hensley-Jackson United 1,798 1,856 -58
Noblesville Schools 9,947 7,775 2,172
North Adams Community Schools 1,793 2,231 -438
North Central Parke Comm Sch Corp(Rockville & Turkey Run) 1,287 -- 1,287
North Daviess Com Schools 1,175 1,131 44
North Gibson School Corp 2,072 2,159 -87
North Harrison Com School Corp 2,194 2,303 -109
North Judson-San Pierre Sch Corp 1,169 1,462 -293
North Knox School Corp 1,339 1,493 -154
North Lawrence Com Schools 5,065 5,397 -332
North Miami Community Schools 953 1,220 -267
North Montgomery Com Sch Corp 1,961 2,160 -199
North Newton School Corp 1,396 1,637 -241
North Putnam Community Schools 1,521 1,942 -421
North Spencer County Sch Corp 2,020 2,199 -179
North Vermillion Com Sch Corp 714 826 -112
North West Hendricks Schools 1,881 1,691 190
North White School Corp 870 1,055 -185
Northeast Dubois Co Sch Corp 962 964 -2
Northeast School Corp 927 1,496 -569
Northeastern Wayne Schools 1,256 1,129 127
Northern Wells Com Schools 2,388 2,585 -197
Northwest Allen County Schools 7,010 5,854 1,156
Northwestern Con School Corp 1,440 1,582 -142
Northwestern School Corp 1,753 1,667 86
Oak Hill United School Corp 1,688 1,475 213
Oregon-Davis School Corp 596 709 -113
Orleans Community Schools 840 847 -7
Paoli Community School Corp 1,542 1,634 -92
Penn-Harris-Madison Sch Corp 10,409 10,408 1
Perry Central Com Schools Corp 1,195 1,176 19
Peru Community Schools 2,174 2,290 -116
Pike County School Corp 1,939 2,118 -179
Pioneer Regional School Corp 926 1,048 -122
Plainfield Community Sch Corp 5,298 4,199 1,099
Plymouth Community School Corp 3,766 3,463 303
Portage Township Schools 7,853 8,390 -537
Porter Township School Corp 1,429 1,646 -217
Prairie Heights Com Sch Corp 1,308 1,724 -416
Randolph Central School Corp 1,569 1,722 -153
Randolph Eastern School Corp 932 1,055 -123
Randolph Southern School Corp 483 655 -172
Rensselaer Central School Corp 1,693 1,820 -127
Richland-Bean Blossom C S C 2,888 2,760 128
Richmond Community Schools 5,298 5,466 -168
Rising Sun-Ohio Co Com 803 980 -177
River Forest Community Sch Corp 1,462 1,421 41
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 4 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table A1 continuedSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Department of Education datasets
School Corporation Name 2014 Total Enrollment
2006 Total Enrollment
Difference 2006-2014 School Corporation Name 2014 Total
Enrollment2006 Total
EnrollmentDifference 2006-2014
Rochester Community Sch Corp 1,895 1,953 -58
Rossville Con School District 1,019 1,006 13
Rush County Schools 2,401 2,650 -249
Salem Community Schools 1,932 2,139 -207
School City of East Chicago 4,988 6,017 -1,029
School City of Hammond 13,691 14,628 -937
School City of Hobart 4,047 3,756 291
School City of Mishawaka 5,068 5,307 -239
School Town of Highland 3,179 3,461 -282
School Town of Munster 4,025 4,101 -76
School Town of Speedway 1,735 1,696 39
Scott County School District 1 1,268 1,467 -199
Scott County School District 2 2,671 2,888 -217
Seymour Community Schools 4,515 3,961 554
Shelby Eastern Schools 1,302 1,598 -296
Shelbyville Central Schools 4,015 3,726 289
Shenandoah School Corporation 1,384 1,406 -22
Sheridan Community Schools 1,060 1,110 -50
Shoals Community School Corp 577 714 -137
Smith-Green Community Schools 1,204 1,354 -150
South Adams Schools 1,311 1,460 -149
South Bend Community Sch Corp 19,308 21,861 -2,553
South Central Com School Corp 925 849 76
South Dearborn Com School Corp 2,656 3,002 -346
South Gibson School Corp 1,966 1,902 64
South Harrison Com Schools 3,175 3,252 -77
South Henry School Corp 779 818 -39
South Knox School Corp 1,218 1,145 73
South Madison Com Sch Corp 4,589 3,839 750
South Montgomery Com Sch Corp 1,660 2,041 -381
South Newton School Corp 894 969 -75
South Putnam Community Schools 1,165 1,402 -237
South Ripley Com Sch Corp 1,178 1,334 -156
South Spencer County Sch Corp 1,332 1,453 -121
South Vermillion Com Sch Corp 1,773 2,059 -286
Southeast Dubois Co Sch Corp 1,316 1,482 -166
Southeast Fountain School Corp 1,121 1,328 -207
Southeastern School Corp 1,394 1,606 -212
Southern Hancock Co Com Sch Corp 3,354 3,233 121
Southern Wells Com Schools 844 821 23
Southwest Dubois Co Sch Corp 1,774 1,849 -75
Southwest Parke Com Sch Corp 969 967 2
Southwest School Corp 1,820 1,779 41
Southwestern Con Sch Shelby Co 627 744 -117
Southwestern-Jefferson Co Con 1,387 1,424 -37
Spencer-Owen Community Schools 2,662 3,108 -446
Springs Valley Com School Corp 895 980 -85
Sunman-Dearborn Com Sch Corp 3,886 4,384 -498
Switzerland County School Corp 1,540 1,584 -44
Taylor Community School Corp 1,259 1,582 -323
Tell City-Troy Twp School Corp 1,481 1,654 -173
Tippecanoe School Corp 12,391 11,012 1,379
Tippecanoe Valley School Corp 1,954 2,196 -242
Tipton Community School Corp 1,765 1,873 -108
Tri-Central Community Schools 848 1,046 -198
Tri-County School Corp 727 813 -86
Tri-Creek School Corporation 3,406 3,539 -133
Triton School Corporation 927 1,116 -189
Tri-Township Consolidated School Corp (Dewey, Prairie & Cass Township) 384 384
Twin Lakes School Corp 2,319 2,619 -300
Union Co/Clg Corner Joint Sch Dist 1,450 1,673 -223
Union School Corporation 336 476 -140
Union Township School Corp 1,525 1,664 -139
Union-North United School Corp 1,112 1,333 -221
Valparaiso Community Schools 6,260 6,188 72
Vigo County School Corp 15,409 16,420 -1,011
Vincennes Community Sch Corp 2,711 2,867 -156
Wabash City Schools 1,466 1,481 -15
Wa-Nee Community Schools 3,029 3,258 -229
Warrick County School Corp 10,140 9,354 786
Warsaw Community Schools 7,142 6,791 351
Washington Com Schools 2,567 2,461 106
Wawasee Community School Corp 3,154 3,433 -279
Wes-Del Community Schools 841 880 -39
West Central School Corp 872 906 -34
West Clark Community Schools 4,724 3,600 1,124
West Lafayette Com School Corp 2,244 2,048 196
West Noble School Corporation 2,464 2,611 -147
West Washington School Corp 817 1,020 -203
Western Boone Co Com Sch Dist 1,716 1,886 -170
Western School Corp 2,632 2,468 164
Western Wayne Schools 996 1,179 -183
Westfield-Washington Schools 6,913 5,245 1,668
Westview School Corporation 2,321 2,264 57
White River Valley Sch Dist 794 901 -107
Whiting School City 1,170 850 320
Whitko Community School Corp 1,535 1,999 -464
Whitley Co Cons Schools 3,565 3,546 19
Yorktown Community Schools 2,463 2,312 151
Zionsville Community Schools 6,424 4,820 1,604
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 5 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
County Land Area (sq. mi.) 2014 Population # of Public School
Corporations*
Adams 339 34,756 3
Allen 657 365,701 4
Bartholomew 407 80,220 2
Benton 406 8,697 1
Blackford 165 12,401 1
Boone 423 61,805 3
Brown 312 14,932 1
Carroll 372 19,904 2
Cass 413 38,336 3
Clark 375 114,301 3
Clay 358 26,483 1
Clinton 405 32,672 4
Crawford 306 10,627 1
Daviess 431 32,745 3
DeKalb 363 49,423 3
Dearborn 305 26,511 3
Decatur 373 42,508 2
Delaware 393 117,201 7
Dubois 430 42,364 4
Elkhart 464 201,739 7
Fayette 215 23,466 1
Floyd 148 76,233 1
Fountain 396 16,723 3
Franklin 386 22,898 1
Fulton 369 20,483 2
Gibson 489 33,845 3
Grant 414 68,631 4
Greene 542 32,733 5
Hamilton 398 303,278 6
Hancock 306 71,963 4
Harrison 485 39,238 3
Hendricks 408 156,083 6
Henry 393 49,072 5
Howard 293 82,693 5
Huntington 383 36,686 1
Jackson 509 43,803 4
Jasper 560 33,464 2
Jay 384 21,147 1
Jefferson 361 32,529 2
Jennings 377 27,996 1
Johnson 320 147,489 6
Knox 516 37,845 3
Kosciusko 538 78,445 4
LaPorte** 598 111,695 6
LaGrange 380 38,462 3
Lake 497 490,574 16
Lawrence 449 45,615 2
Table A2: Number of School Corporations by County, IndianaSource: Land area from U.S. Census Bureau; Population from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis regional data; Number of school corporations from U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments
County Land Area (sq. mi.) 2014 Population # of Public School
Corporations*
Madison 452 129,999 5
Marion 396 934,531 11
Marshall 444 47,013 5
Martin 336 10,209 2
Miami 376 35,983 4
Monroe 394 143,571 2
Montgomery 505 38,060 3
Morgan 406 69,590 4
Newton 402 14,072 2
Noble 411 47,595 3
Ohio 87 6,008 1
Orange 400 19,686 3
Owen 385 21,034 1
Parke** 445 17,227 2
Perry 381 19,387 3
Pike 336 12,641 1
Porter 418 167,308 7
Posey** 409 25,520 2
Pulaski 434 12,979 2
Putnam 480 37,660 4
Randolph 453 25,341 5
Ripley 446 28,548 4
Rush 408 16,834 1
Scott 190 23,678 2
Shelby 413 44,531 4
Spencer 399 20,831 2
St. Joseph 457 267,679 5
Starke 309 23,037 3
Steuben 309 34,406 3
Sullivan 447 21,003 1
Switzerland 221 10,490 2
Tippecanoe 500 183,670 3
Tipton 260 15,429 2
Union 162 7,225 1
Vanderburgh 235 181,918 1
Vermillion 257 15,694 2
Vigo 403 108,201 1
Wabash 413 32,282 3
Warren 365 8,330 1
Warrick 384 61,267 1
Washington 514 27,904 3
Wayne 404 67,447 5
Wells 370 27,827 3
White 505 24,408 4
Whitley 336 33,412 2
Indiana** 35,867 6,597,880 289
* The Census Bureau uses the term “school districts.” We use the term “school corporation” because that term is commonly used in Indiana.
** The number of public school corporations reflects recent mergers.
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 6 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table A3: Other Educational Outcomes in Indiana School Corporations by Enrollment Level, 2014Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports
2014 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations
2014 % Students... 2014 % HS Graduates... 2014 % Students...
Taking SAT
Taking ACT
Who Met ACT/SAT College Readiness Benchmark
Taking AP Exam
Attending College
Passing ISTEP Math (4th)
Passing ISTEP ELA (4th)
Passing ISTEP Math (8th)
Passing ISTEP ELA (8th)
240 to 999 53 53.91 8.97 34.55 19.79† 61.07 63.31 69.27 45.41 58.18
1,000 to 1,499 60 57.98 13.88 35.68 19.83 60.54 65.75 71.36 53.77 62.82
1,500 to 1,999 44 57.13 16.00 37.76 21.59 60.07 65.52 70.12 53.19 63.20
2,000 to 2,999 40 56.29 13.64 41.69 23.45 61.66 67.49 74.53 54.54 65.85
3,000 to 4,999 35 61.11 18.88 40.92 22.23 61.82 67.13 71.53 55.76 65.02
5,000 to 9,999 35 61.76 21.05 43.48 25.92 65.25 68.65 73.42 56.16 64.36
10,000 to 20,000+ 22 58.34 28.27 40.71 26.08 64.94 62.24 66.75 54.08 61.45
Total 289 57.76 15.84 38.58 22.17 61.79 65.76 71.15 52.81 62.79
† Sample size was 45 instead of 53 for this variable. Corporations reporting zero students taking AP exams or not reporting are not included in the calculation. We assume that no students took AP exams in these school corporations.
Table A4: Frequency Distribution for General Calculus— Non-AP TrackSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering Calculus % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 1 4.17 1.85
1,000 to 1,499 6 25.00 10.34
1,500 to 1,999 7 29.17 15.91
2,000 to 2,999 1 4.17 2.44
3,000 to 4,999 1 4.17 2.78
5,000 to 9,999 5 20.83 15.15
10,000 to 20,000+ 3 12.50 13.04
Total 24 100.00 8.30
Table A5: Frequency Distribution for AP Calculus AB— Equivalent to One Semester of Calculus at Most Colleges & UniversitiesSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering AP Calc AB % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 36 16.14 66.67
1,000 to 1,499 42 18.83 72.41
1,500 to 1,999 32 14.35 72.73
2,000 to 2,999 31 13.90 75.61
3,000 to 4,999 31 13.90 86.11
5,000 to 9,999 28 12.56 84.85
10,000 to 20,000+ 23 10.31 100.00
Total 223 100.00 77.16
Table A6: Frequency Distribution for AP Calculus BC— Equivalent to One Year of Calculus at Most Colleges & UniversitiesSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering AP Calc AC % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 0 0 0.00
1,000 to 1,499 6 10.91 10.34
1,500 to 1,999 5 9.09 11.36
2,000 to 2,999 4 7.27 9.76
3,000 to 4,999 7 12.73 19.44
5,000 to 9,999 20 36.36 60.61
10,000 to 20,000+ 13 23.64 56.52
Total 55 100.0 19.03
Table A7: Frequency Distribution for Physics ISource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering Physics I % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 30 13.16 55.56
1,000 to 1,499 44 19.30 75.86
1,500 to 1,999 36 15.79 81.82
2,000 to 2,999 34 14.91 82.93
3,000 to 4,999 29 12.72 80.56
5,000 to 9,999 32 14.04 96.97
10,000 to 20,000+ 23 10.09 100.00
Total 228 100.00 78.89
Table A8: Frequency Distribution for Physics IISource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering Physics II % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 1 3.45 1.85
1,000 to 1,499 4 13.79 6.90
1,500 to 1,999 4 13.79 9.09
2,000 to 2,999 3 10.34 7.32
3,000 to 4,999 2 6.90 5.56
5,000 to 9,999 7 24.14 21.21
10,000 to 20,000+ 8 27.59 34.78
Total 29 100.00 10.03
Table A9: Frequency Distribution for AP Physics 1 and 2Source: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering AP Phys 1, 2 % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 5 5.81 9.26
1,000 to 1,499 9 10.47 15.52
1,500 to 1,999 10 11.63 22.73
2,000 to 2,999 9 10.47 21.95
3,000 to 4,999 17 19.77 47.22
5,000 to 9,999 19 22.09 57.58
10,000 to 20,000+ 17 19.77 73.91
Total 86 100.00 29.76
Notes for Tables A4-A9: (1) AP Physics I is a full-year course that is the equivalent of a first semester introduction college course in algebra-based physics.(2) Eight school corporations, seven of which have 3,000 or more students, also offer AP Physics II, which is a full-year course equivalent to a second-semester introductory college course in physics.
The course covers fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, quantum, atomics, and nuclear physics.(3) Thirty-two school corporations with 2,000 or more students also offer AP Physics C, which is a two-course sequence focusing on mechanics and on electricity and magnetism.
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 7 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Estimation Method & Results
Our model is a straightforward exposition of the relationship between scale and educational outcomes (quality), taking the form:
Qi,t= α +δ1 (ln(Zi,t))+ XB + µt + αi,t
...where the quality measure of school corporation, i, in year t, is a function of a common intercept, α, the natural log of enrollment, Z, the matrix of control variables X, year fixed effects, µ and error terms containing both corporation-specific random effects and a white noise idiosyncratic error term distributed identically and independently.
The control variables X in the model include share of free and reduced lunch students, share of African American students, and share of Hispanic students. We also include eight categories of USDA’s rural-urban continuum code dummies where counties with populations of one million or more as the omitted category. We also include year fixed effects to account for unobserved factors that vary across time common to all school corporations.
The panel nature of the analysis is motivated by an interest in accounting for the unobserved heterogeneity across schools. Due to very clear theoretical guidance, a cost model may be estimated in a cross-sectional setting, but performance models lack some of the specification guidance that cost models provide. For that reason, we opt for estimation of a straightforward panel model using generalized least squares random effects. We assume that the school corporation-specific effect in the error term is a random variable that is uncorrelated with the enrollment in the past, present and the future time periods of the same school corporation. Because there is not much variation in key variables over time, random effects model estimates are expected to have much smaller variances than fixed effects estimates making this the preferred modeling strategy (Wooldridge, 2010).
Table B1: Summary StatisticsSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
VariablesOverall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Mean Std.
Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std.
Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
Dependent variables
SAT Composite Score among HS graduates 972.86 52.70 764.80 1223.20 953.11 43.46 964.05 44.28 969.70 45.50 971.73 48.97
Share of HS graduates passing AP exam 0.37 0.22 0.00 1.00 0.22 0.21 0.30 0.21 0.33 0.21 0.35 0.22
English ECA pass rate among HS graduates 0.79 0.09 0.40 0.98 0.79 0.09 0.79 0.08 0.79 0.08 0.79 0.08
Algebra ECA pass rate among HS graduates 0.72 0.15 0.16 0.98 0.67 0.16 0.70 0.15 0.72 0.14 0.72 0.14
Biology ECA pass rate among HS graduates 0.45 0.15 0.04 0.96 0.39 0.16 0.42 0.14 0.44 0.14 0.45 0.15
ACT Composite Score among HS graduates 21.98 2.00 13.00 33.00 21.56 2.09 21.85 2.02 21.98 1.93 22.03 1.94
Share of HS graduates with honors diploma 0.31 0.09 0.00 0.66 0.30 0.10 0.30 0.09 0.31 0.09 0.31 0.09
Share of students who passed ISTEP in 4th grade 0.82 0.10 0.38 1.00 0.81 0.12 0.82 0.10 0.82 0.10 0.82 0.10
Share of students who passed ISTEP in 8th grade 0.72 0.11 0.25 0.96 0.69 0.13 0.71 0.11 0.72 0.11 0.72 0.11
Independent variables
Total enrollment in school corporation 3,477 4,247 142 31,999 765 199 1,239 420 1,686 845 2,316 1,710
Log of total enrollment in school corporation 7.71 0.89 4.96 10.37 6.59 0.35 7.05 0.41 7.30 0.53 7.51 0.69
Share of free and reduced lunch in school corporation 0.46 0.15 0.05 0.95 0.46 0.12 0.45 0.12 0.45 0.13 0.45 0.14
Share of black students in school corporation 0.04 0.11 0.00 0.93 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.07
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.63 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.09
County in metro areas of 1 million population or more† 0.34 0.47 0.00 1.00 0.14 0.34 0.24 0.42 0.27 0.44 0.31 0.46
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 0.07 0.25 0.00 1.00 0.02 0.15 0.04 0.20 0.04 0.20 0.05 0.21
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.14 0.35 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.37 0.12 0.33 0.13 0.33 0.14 0.35
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.08 0.27 0.00 1.00 0.10 0.30 0.09 0.29 0.09 0.29 0.09 0.28
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.04 0.20 0.00 1.00 0.01 0.12 0.06 0.23 0.05 0.22 0.05 0.21
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.28 0.45 0.00 1.00 0.46 0.50 0.36 0.48 0.355 0.48 0.31 0.46
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.03 0.18 0.00 1.00 0.11 0.31 0.05 0.22 0.05 0.21 0.04 0.19
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, adjacent to a metro area 0.02 0.14 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.19 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.15
† Omitted variable in the model
Appendix B:
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 8 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B2: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on SAT Composite ScoreSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 22.68***(2.798)
5.603(13.02)
20.53***(6.341)
20.77***(3.948)
22.12***(3.003)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -183.9***(19.00)
-151.3***(40.54)
-169.0***(22.78)
-159.6***(25.21)
-170.9***(20.96)
Share of African American students in school corporation -129.6***(35.98)
207.6(670.3)
104.7(315.9)
45.78(190.0)
-143.1***(35.00)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -32.53(21.93)
60.70(95.93)
-39.33(40.57)
-43.28(28.35)
-29.57(21.78)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 2.293(6.974)
46.46***(9.309)
6.786(12.29)
9.052(10.52)
7.721(8.781)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 17.00**(7.060)
7.859(12.88)
7.387(8.589)
18.45**(9.323)
15.71**(7.744)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 10.44*(5.901))
-1.139(14.89)
6.711(8.074)
10.84(6.654)
9.957*(5.963)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 20.01***(6.588)
-4.221(14.54)
19.76**(8.930)
22.80***(6.967)
20.24***(6.534)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 6.448(4.802)
10.75(11.57)
6.013(5.996)
8.068(5.123)
5.834(4.845)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 12.74*(7.680)
20.40*(11.90)
6.633(8.016)
14.85**(7.406)
12.41*(7.469)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, adjacent to a metro area -6.302(8.117)
-5.805(9.295)
-3.509(8.794)
-6.409(8.379)
Constant 883.2***(23.58
980.2***(91.89)
893.2***(46.67)
884.7***(29.30)
882.1***(24.07)
Observations 1,081 151 550 800 964
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.545 0.244 0.319 0.347 0.469
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B3: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on ACT Composite ScoreSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.516***(0.103)
0.314(0.793)
0.379(0.352)
0.553***(0.192)
0.621***(0.136)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -5.461***(0.612)
-1.074(2.362)
-4.391***(1.006)
-4.584***(0.833)
-5.174***(0.677)
Share of African American students in school corporation -3.985***(0.811)
-14.21(35.35)
-7.455*(4.328)
-4.168(2.915)
-4.471***(0.925)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -1.625*(0.834)
-7.438(8.516)
-2.551(1.752)
-2.442**(1.135)
-1.341(0.850)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 0.0992(0.262)
-1.840(1.185)
-0.0175(0.462)
-0.0528(0.367)
0.230(0.318)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.630***(0.208)
-0.491(0.979)
0.106(0.275)
0.602**(0.260)
0.655***(0.221)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.360(0.265)
-0.128(1.060)
-0.0937(0.368)
0.269(0.295)
0.338(0.265)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.685*(0.351)
-1.174(1.352)
0.348(0.469)
0.715*(0.387)
0.687**(0.347)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.460**(0.201)
-1.173(1.011)
0.159(0.280)
0.401*(0.221)
0.458**(0.206)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.699(0.534)
-0.207(1.323)
0.292(0.665)
0.625(0.514)
0.706(0.519)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.230(0.412)
0.0221(0.445)
0.175(0.424)
0.239(0.417)
Constant 20.55***(0.836)
21.38***(5.208)
21.39***(2.490)
20.02***(1.408)
19.65***(1.038)
Observations 1,069 141 538 788 952
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.352 0.107 0.164 0.204 0.287
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 9 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B4: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Taking and Passing an AP ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.113***(0.0128)
0.0681(0.111)
0.149***(0.0413)
0.122***(0.0244)
0.127***(0.0164)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.487***(0.0756)
-0.349(0.270)
-0.360***(0.122)
-0.416***(0.104)
-0.440***(0.0844)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.189*(0.106)
-4.324(3.957)
0.419(0.637)
0.574(0.405)
-0.159(0.145)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.111(0.0885)
-0.373(0.362)
-0.187(0.152)
-0.0585(0.117)
0.101(0.0963)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 0.0149(0.0374)
0.122(0.108)
0.119**(0.0463)
0.117***(0.0412)
0.100***(0.0351)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.00499(0.0305)
-0.0605(0.123)
-0.0387(0.0514)
0.00471(0.0437)
0.00764(0.0343)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.0197(0.0373)
-0.0348(0.119)
-0.0576(0.0446)
0.0144(0.0400)
0.0245(0.0364)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0458(0.0588)
0.0127(0.125)
0.0295(0.0755)
0.0498(0.0615)
0.0552(0.0576)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.00852(0.0272)
-0.0284(0.0978)
0.0112(0.0336)
0.0131(0.0295)
0.000144(0.0278)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00451(0.0533)
0.0233(0.122)
0.0212(0.0668)
0.0230(0.0542)
0.0161(0.0544)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0170(0.0537)
-0.0296(0.0597)
-0.00154(0.0558)
-0.00747(0.0543)
Constant -0.322***(0.113)
-0.0395(0.767)
-0.621**(0.309)
-0.430**(0.193)
-0.455***(0.138)
Observations 1,039 125 513 758 922
Number of school corporations 278 47 147 210 251
R-squared 0.289 0.116 0.136 0.161 0.244
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B5: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the English End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment -0.00113(0.00377)
0.00794(0.0295)
-0.00356(0.00992)
-0.00339(0.00668)
-0.000243(0.00465)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.340***(0.0197)
-0.176**(0.0826)
-0.323***(0.0296)
-0.315***(0.0235)
-0.333***(0.0210)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.199***(0.0449)
-2.540***(0.949)
-0.377**(0.157)
-0.248**(0.123)
-0.196***(0.0564)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0497(0.0391)
-0.214(0.178)
0.123*(0.0630)
0.0932**(0.0450)
0.0617(0.0411)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0161*(0.00952)
0.00985(0.0487)
-0.0105(0.0166)
-0.0233*(0.0131)
-0.0151(0.0123)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.00680(0.00687)
-0.0134(0.0234)
0.00188(0.0106)
0.00224(0.00834)
-0.00519(0.00744)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0208**(0.00945)
-0.0566(0.0407)
-0.0202(0.0132)
-0.0185*(0.0106)
-0.0206**(0.00953)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0164*(0.00958)
-0.0561(0.0470)
-0.0256***(0.00932)
-0.0187**(0.00946)
-0.0156(0.00952)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0165**(0.00738)
-0.0363(0.0247)
-0.0180*(0.00946)
-0.0160**(0.00801)
-0.0160**(0.00745)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00125(0.0213)
0.0133(0.0343)
0.0194(0.0249)
0.00234(0.0216)
0.00212(0.0216)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0223(0.0149)
-0.0174(0.0170)
-0.0196(0.0155)
-0.0212(0.0150)
Constant 0.959***(0.0316)
0.874***(0.205)
0.963***(0.0719)
0.961***(0.0508)
0.947***(0.0376)
Observations 1,085 155 554 804 968
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.577 0.341 0.350 0.377 0.489
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 10 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B6: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the Algebra End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0264***(0.00834)
0.0526(0.0434)
0.0427**(0.0194)
0.0526***(0.0132)
0.0415***(0.00982)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.434***(0.0439)
-0.335**(0.164)
-0.443***(0.0735)
-0.374***(0.0588)
-0.410***(0.0475)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.283***(0.0588)
-2.814(1.862)
-0.550(0.663)
-0.530(0.416)
-0.283***(0.0691)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.132(0.0824)
-0.399(0.319)
0.145(0.144)
0.155(0.101)
0.170**(0.0759)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0722***(0.0227)
-0.200***(0.0694)
-0.0998**(0.0465)
-0.0780**(0.0316)
-0.0571**(0.0268)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.00238(0.0199)
-0.0494(0.0750)
-0.0216(0.0294)
0.00932(0.0234)
0.0197(0.0193)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.00547(0.0223)
-0.0926(0.0677)
-0.0271(0.0277)
0.00481(0.0245)
0.00757(0.0218)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0156(0.0303)
-0.0921(0.200)
-0.0447(0.0388)
-0.0295(0.0324)
-0.0111(0.0297)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0131(0.0186)
-0.0285(0.0660)
-0.0316(0.0236)
-0.0208(0.0197)
-0.00817(0.0187)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.00194(0.0288)
-0.0385(0.0694)
-0.0171(0.0368)
-0.00410(0.0303)
0.00703(0.0293)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0407**(0.0199)
0.0272(0.0237)
0.0331(0.0203)
0.0471**(0.0195)
Constant 0.706***(0.0702)
0.507(0.314)
0.595***(0.148)
0.492***(0.103)
0.574***(0.0790)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.311 0.264 0.207 0.214 0.263
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B7: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the Biology End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0437***(0.00835)
0.0388(0.0568)
0.0436**(0.0214)
0.0515***(0.0145)
0.0498***(0.0103)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.544***(0.0471)
-0.655***(0.158)
-0.543***(0.0657)
-0.488***(0.0612)
-0.524***(0.0512)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.249***(0.0568)
1.724(1.065)
-0.188(0.161)
-0.220(0.182)
-0.267***(0.0764)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0709(0.0544)
0.407(0.285)
0.177**(0.0836)
0.153**(0.0644)
0.0898(0.0570)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00490(0.0272)
0.0354(0.129)
0.0620(0.0464)
0.0222(0.0403)
0.0241(0.0325)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.00649(0.0165)
-0.0610(0.0468)
-0.00453(0.0272)
0.00973(0.0222)
0.000831(0.0180)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.00798(0.0212)
-0.0842*(0.0465)
-0.0171(0.0272)
-0.00573(0.0238)
-0.00528(0.0213)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00624(0.0342)
-0.137(0.110)
0.0146(0.0448)
0.00963(0.0362)
0.0109(0.0338)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0170(0.0155)
-0.0316(0.0430)
-0.0135(0.0193)
-0.0145(0.0170)
-0.0131(0.0157)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0503(0.0405)
0.00408(0.0683)
0.0329(0.0421)
0.0557(0.0396)
0.0561(0.0398)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0272(0.0344)
0.0336(0.0351)
0.0328(0.0359)
0.0319(0.0349)
Constant 0.358***(0.0694)
0.444(0.413)
0.344**(0.163)
0.268**(0.112)
0.299***(0.0816)
Observations 1,080 151 549 799 963
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.442 0.321 0.307 0.297 0.393
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 11 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B8: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates with an Honors DiplomaSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0197***(0.00559)
-0.0375(0.0386)
0.00288(0.0174)
0.0158(0.0101)
0.0185***(0.00709)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.323***(0.0336)
-0.240***(0.0901)
-0.233***(0.0455)
-0.264***(0.0411)
-0.316***(0.0374)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.0964*(0.0492)
0.713(1.842)
-0.0209(0.232)
0.0396(0.148)
-0.102**(0.0471)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -0.0157(0.0302)
-0.0620(0.127)
-0.0726(0.0500)
-0.0747*(0.0382)
-0.00679(0.0299)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00862(0.0119)
-0.0318(0.0352)
-0.00781(0.0214)
0.00365(0.0179)
-0.00361(0.0144)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0312**(0.0124)
0.00175(0.0369)
0.0217(0.0179)
0.0423***(0.0163)
0.0338***(0.0129)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.00742(0.0124)
0.0297(0.0346)
-0.00486(0.0169)
0.00313(0.0134)
0.00830(0.0124)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0519***(0.0162)
0.136***(0.0489)
0.0593**(0.0238)
0.0595***(0.0188)
0.0531***(0.0164)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.0203**(0.00974)
0.0390(0.0296)
0.0132(0.0138)
0.0243**(0.0109)
0.0212**(0.00979)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0469***(0.0173)
0.0638(0.0393)
0.0513**(0.0234)
0.0507***(0.0179)
0.0478***(0.0174)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0207(0.0199)
-0.0216(0.0234)
-0.0167(0.0224)
-0.0194(0.0201)
Constant 0.269***(0.0463)
0.587**(0.280)
0.352***(0.130)
0.270***(0.0772)
0.274***(0.0554)
Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.398 0.129 0.200 0.259 0.341
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B9: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed the ISTEP during 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0126**(0.00537)
-0.00189(0.0361)
0.0127(0.0149)
0.00852(0.00896)
0.0164**(0.00694)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.315***(0.0304)
-0.340***(0.120)
-0.304***(0.0556)
-0.306***(0.0427)
-0.307***(0.0340)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.126**(0.0565)
1.137(1.285)
0.362***(0.125)
0.198(0.137)
-0.0838(0.109)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -0.00534(0.0532)
0.383*(0.204)
-0.0146(0.0922)
-0.0528(0.0677)
0.0131(0.0612)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00963(0.0122)
-0.0229(0.0324)
0.00908(0.0240)
0.00182(0.0170)
-0.000734(0.0134)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0158(0.0117)
-0.0573(0.0378)
-0.0277(0.0197)
-0.0125(0.0153)
-0.0128(0.0129)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0315**(0.0134)
-0.0476(0.0515)
-0.0281(0.0200)
-0.0294*(0.0154)
-0.0300**(0.0134)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0308(0.0219)
0.0134(0.0960)
0.0523*(0.0299)
0.0414*(0.0247)
0.0332(0.0222)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00864(0.0109)
0.0335(0.0402)
0.0236(0.0151)
0.0179(0.0118)
0.0113(0.0112)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0155(0.0159)
0.0614(0.0390)
0.0377*(0.0200)
0.0235(0.0163)
0.0193(0.0167)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0322(0.0306)
0.0397(0.0317)
0.0409(0.0312)
0.0355(0.0306)
Constant 0.789***(0.0449)
0.874***(0.249)
0.782***(0.106)
0.810***(0.0688)
0.754***(0.0556)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.623 0.557 0.572 0.577 0.599
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 12 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B10: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed the ISTEP during 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0335***(0.00577)
0.0470(0.0406)
0.0507***(0.0168)
0.0455***(0.0102)
0.0372***(0.00732)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.425***(0.0279)
-0.502***(0.113)
-0.448***(0.0474)
-0.405***(0.0366)
-0.417***(0.0296)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.280***(0.0481)
-0.471(2.261)
0.179(0.317)
0.0953(0.201)
-0.267***(0.0551)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0303(0.0424)
0.619***(0.187)
0.113(0.0705)
0.0479(0.0525)
0.0329(0.0460)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0123(0.0119)
0.0285(0.0654)
-0.00484(0.0216)
-0.00252(0.0159)
-0.00685(0.0132)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0187*(0.0110)
-0.0185(0.0470)
-0.0154(0.0209)
-0.00872(0.0151)
-0.0170(0.0124)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0328**(0.0129)
-0.0427(0.0448)
-0.0270(0.0189)
-0.0317**(0.0146)
-0.0328**(0.0130)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0127(0.0157)
-0.0808(0.0560)
-0.0157(0.0202)
-0.0125(0.0165)
-0.0120(0.0155)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.00229(0.0115)
-0.0216(0.0412)
0.00104(0.0157)
0.00230(0.0122)
-0.00128(0.0116)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00199(0.0228)
-0.00374(0.0557)
0.0124(0.0291)
0.00835(0.0228)
0.00374(0.0227)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0663***(0.0256)
0.0606**(0.0308)
0.0709***(0.0261)
0.0673***(0.0257)
Constant 0.632***(0.0488)
0.556*(0.309)
0.511***(0.129)
0.530***(0.0807)
0.600***(0.0605)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.733 0.671 0.667 0.687 0.715
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 13 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B11: Summary Statistics of Other MeasuresSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
VariableOverall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Mean Std.
Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std.
Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
Other outcome measures
Share of HS graduates taking SAT exam† 0.60 0.15 0.10 1.20 0.59 0.16 0.59 0.15 0.60 0.15 0.60 0.15
Share of HS graduates taking AP exam 0.25 0.13 0.00 0.71 0.18 0.14 0.23 0.13 0.23 0.13 0.24 0.13
Share of HS graduates taking ACT exam† 0.21 0.17 0.00 1.15 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.19 0.16 0.19 0.16
Share of HS students who took and met benchmark among HS graduates 0.41 0.12 0.09 0.90 0.36 0.10 0.38 0.10 0.40 0.10 0.40 0.11
Share of HS graduates planning to attend any college 0.62 0.09 0.33 1.00 0.62 0.10 0.61 0.09 0.62 0.09 0.62 0.09
Share of students who passed ISTEP ELA in 4th grade 0.79 0.12 0.27 0.99 0.79 0.14 0.79 0.13 0.79 0.12 0.80 0.12
Share of students who passed ISTEP MATH in 4th grade 0.72 0.13 0.20 0.98 0.71 0.15 0.72 0.14 0.72 0.13 0.73 0.13
Share of students who passed ISTEP ELA in 8th grade 0.75 0.17 0.12 0.99 0.71 0.19 0.75 0.18 0.75 0.17 0.75 0.17
Share of students who passed ISTEP MATH in 8th grade 0.64 0.16 0.11 0.95 0.60 0.17 0.63 0.16 0.64 0.15 0.64 0.15
† These variables also include students taking the test multiple times and/or non-seniors taking the exam.
Table B12: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took the SAT ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0163*(0.00950)
-0.0193(0.0637)
0.0124(0.0225)
0.0144(0.0143)
0.0189*(0.0104)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.451***(0.0552)
-0.378**(0.163)
-0.238***(0.0866)
-0.379***(0.0741)
-0.442***(0.0569)
Share of African American students in school corporation 0.00198(0.0764)
-1.004(1.864)
-1.183(0.729)
-0.379(0.507)
0.0598(0.100)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.258***(0.0711)
0.516(0.449)
0.427***(0.0970)
0.283***(0.0972)
0.282***(0.0722)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00641(0.0301)
-0.271***(0.0452)
0.0161(0.0572)
-0.0272(0.0470)
-0.00315(0.0390)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0305*(0.0161)
0.0223(0.0480)
0.0465**(0.0236)
0.0525***(0.0202)
0.0390**(0.0169)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0317(0.0258)
0.0239(0.0496)
-0.0319(0.0384)
-0.0239(0.0293)
-0.0299(0.0260)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.00690(0.0293)
-0.0374(0.0564)
-0.00317(0.0350)
-0.00886(0.0322)
-0.00358(0.0294)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.0264(0.0177)
0.0183(0.0527)
0.0267(0.0244)
0.0280(0.0200)
0.0295(0.0180)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0161(0.0445)
0.0495(0.0774)
0.0506(0.0538)
0.0155(0.0459)
0.0194(0.0448)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0563(0.0491)
-0.0549(0.0522)
-0.0547(0.0498)
-0.0520(0.0492)
Constant 0.651***(0.0763)
0.856*(0.444)
0.581***(0.170)
0.630***(0.113)
0.620***(0.0841)
Observations 1,073 145 542 792 956
Number of school corporations 282 51 151 214 255
R-squared 0.215 0.157 0.131 0.154 0.197
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 14 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B13: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took an AP ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Table B14: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took the ACT ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0339***(0.00761)
0.0297(0.0311)
0.0628***(0.0209)
0.0398***(0.0144)
0.0350***(0.00987)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.259***(0.0482)
-0.320**(0.134)
-0.159**(0.0788)
-0.201***(0.0671)
-0.250***(0.0539)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.00222(0.0512)
-4.523***(1.702)
0.0511(0.404)
0.111(0.281)
0.0297(0.0636)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0965(0.0605)
0.656**(0.292)
0.133*(0.0810)
0.144**(0.0729)
0.0913(0.0656)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0607***(0.0199)
-0.125**(0.0572)
-0.0176(0.0316)
-0.0276(0.0282)
-0.0368(0.0233)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0136(0.0218)
-0.111**(0.0497)
-0.00575(0.0304)
0.00890(0.0305)
-0.00822(0.0244)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0203(0.0218)
-0.0460(0.0675)
-0.0299(0.0320)
-0.00700(0.0259)
-0.0163(0.0221)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0129(0.0232)
-0.0542(0.0771)
-0.0188(0.0295)
-0.000457(0.0269)
-0.00836(0.0235)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.00608(0.0166)
-0.0266(0.0398)
-0.0104(0.0239)
0.00349(0.0190)
-0.00158(0.0170)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0996***(0.0304)
-0.138***(0.0442)
-0.118***(0.0321)
-0.0883***(0.0304)
-0.0947***(0.0306)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0172(0.0305)
0.00536(0.0343)
0.0288(0.0311)
0.0218(0.0306)
Constant 0.134**(0.0653)
0.190(0.218)
-0.114(0.156)
0.0496(0.114)
0.117(0.0807)
Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.244 0.245 0.182 0.164 0.213
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0319**(0.0126)
-0.0661(0.0728)
-0.00735(0.0371)
0.0124(0.0216)
0.0200(0.0151)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.326***(0.0620)
-0.157(0.144)
-0.304***(0.0931)
-0.278***(0.0780)
-0.306***(0.0666)
Share of African American students in school corporation 0.166(0.112)
5.008(4.212)
1.762***(0.290)
0.988**(0.462)
0.112(0.125)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0955(0.0872)
-0.120(0.242)
-0.00574(0.180)
0.0292(0.120)
0.114(0.0920)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0394(0.0258)
0.0300(0.133)
-0.0480(0.0365)
-0.0158(0.0365)
-0.0299(0.0313)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0739***(0.0201)
-0.0294(0.0615)
-0.0682**(0.0276)
-0.0731***(0.0208)
-0.0766***(0.0189)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0206(0.0287)
-0.0413(0.0633)
0.00175(0.0373)
-0.0174(0.0338)
-0.0190(0.0286)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0130(0.0286)
0.0958(0.0817)
0.0193(0.0365)
-0.00145(0.0317)
-0.0106(0.0290)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0351(0.0214)
0.0146(0.0643)
-0.0110(0.0298)
-0.0209(0.0229)
-0.0354*(0.0215)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0402(0.0325)
-0.00917(0.0727)
-0.0458(0.0410)
-0.0314(0.0345)
-0.0432(0.0336)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0343(0.0486)
-0.000882(0.0529)
-0.0195(0.0490)
-0.0331(0.0489)
Constant 0.139(0.0977)
0.680(0.487)
0.382(0.253)
0.241(0.157)
0.217*(0.111)
Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.227 0.211 0.188 0.171 0.193
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 15 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B15: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Students Who Took and Met the ACT/SAT College Readiness BenchmarkSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0354***(0.00706)
-0.0599(0.0522)
0.00848(0.0233)
0.0260**(0.0130)
0.0335***(0.00898)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.552***(0.0429)
-0.478***(0.109)
-0.438***(0.0535)
-0.487***(0.0542)
-0.532***(0.0467)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.0666(0.0725)
2.982(2.068)
0.257(0.301)
0.317*(0.187)
-0.0787(0.0671)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0592(0.0475)
0.160(0.212)
0.0743(0.0870)
0.0361(0.0664)
0.0781(0.0477)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00574(0.0135)
0.0676**(0.0318)
0.000885(0.0246)
-0.000421(0.0196)
0.00393(0.0179)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.00935(0.0131)
-0.00812(0.0389)
0.0105(0.0190)
0.0226(0.0175)
0.0128(0.0144)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.00436(0.0131)
0.0141(0.0393)
-0.00346(0.0167)
-0.00167(0.0139)
-0.00360(0.0130)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0109(0.0249)
0.121***(0.0357)
0.0201(0.0297)
0.0164(0.0277)
0.0129(0.0249)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00365(0.00946)
0.0365(0.0288)
0.00779(0.0123)
0.00989(0.0104)
0.00428(0.00953)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0159(0.0149)
0.0205(0.0358)
-0.0111(0.0206)
-0.00987(0.0155)
-0.0149(0.0152)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0309(0.0266)
-0.0174(0.0286)
-0.0219(0.0272)
-0.0289(0.0267)
Constant 0.399***(0.0548)
0.963**(0.379)
0.532***(0.163)
0.429***(0.0931)
0.402***(0.0664)
Observations 818 123 421 608 730
Number of school corporations 282 52 151 214 255
R-squared 0.581 0.263 0.318 0.415 0.530
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B16: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Students Who Plan to Attend CollegeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.00792(0.00690)
-0.0476(0.0447)
-0.0208(0.0208)
-0.0104(0.0119)
-8.49e-06(0.00832)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.365***(0.0314)
-0.216**(0.105)
-0.293***(0.0413)
-0.318***(0.0363)
-0.355***(0.0333)
Share of African American students in school corporation 0.179***(0.0590)
1.521(1.151)
0.162(0.251)
0.468***(0.163)
0.217***(0.0600)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -0.00940(0.0517)
-0.298(0.221)
0.0383(0.0956)
-0.0556(0.0783)
-0.00646(0.0542)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 0.00434(0.0159)
0.0408(0.0861)
0.00542(0.0327)
-0.000787(0.0233)
0.00142(0.0199)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0323***(0.0105)
0.0650(0.0495)
0.0381**(0.0175)
0.0418***(0.0144)
0.0332***(0.0114)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.00922(0.0133)
0.0515(0.0508)
-0.00491(0.0183)
-0.00491(0.0142)
-0.00786(0.0131)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.102***(0.0117)
0.148**(0.0638)
0.107***(0.0155)
0.113***(0.0141)
0.104***(0.0121)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.0176*(0.00942)
0.0766*(0.0445)
0.0294**(0.0140)
0.0245**(0.0104)
0.0181*(0.00949)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0550*(0.0334)
0.109*(0.0647)
0.0613(0.0400)
0.0593*(0.0325)
0.0541(0.0330)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00402(0.0274)
0.0193(0.0301)
0.0129(0.0285)
0.00541(0.0276)
Constant 0.695***(0.0547)
0.972***(0.333)
0.859***(0.152)
0.803***(0.0894)
0.749***(0.0639)
Observations 1,078 150 547 797 961
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.417 0.181 0.270 0.337 0.382
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 16 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B17: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP ELA in 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.00658(0.00469)
-0.00286(0.0389)
0.00150(0.0163)
0.00551(0.00888)
0.00972(0.00632)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.235***(0.0246)
-0.225**(0.107)
-0.224***(0.0473)
-0.228***(0.0354)
-0.226***(0.0280)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.0807**(0.0387)
1.902*(0.993)
0.323***(0.105)
0.131(0.122)
-0.0635(0.101)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -0.0267(0.0421)
0.347**(0.172)
-0.0139(0.0780)
-0.0430(0.0545)
-0.00309(0.0512)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00647(0.0101)
-0.0633**(0.0282)
0.00791(0.0199)
0.00337(0.0134)
0.00130(0.0104)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0123(0.00924)
-0.0574*(0.0337)
-0.0143(0.0161)
-0.00772(0.0117)
-0.0101(0.0102)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0303***(0.0112)
-0.0784*(0.0416)
-0.0238(0.0170)
-0.0297**(0.0128)
-0.0295***(0.0113)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0313**(0.0128)
0.00519(0.0406)
0.0518***(0.0176)
0.0371***(0.0144)
0.0331**(0.0131)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00186(0.00863)
-0.0107(0.0304)
0.0174(0.0124)
0.00759(0.00942)
0.00358(0.00897)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0126(0.0101)
0.0136(0.0318)
0.0241(0.0148)
0.0184*(0.0108)
0.0154(0.0104)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0136(0.0181)
0.0240(0.0190)
0.0196(0.0185)
0.0162(0.0181)
Constant 0.890***(0.0365)
0.942***(0.255)
0.912***(0.111)
0.891***(0.0634)
0.861***(0.0473)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.588 0.514 0.533 0.538 0.563
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B18: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP Math in 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.00721(0.00482)
0.00978(0.0310)
0.0111(0.0128)
0.00334(0.00792)
0.0112*(0.00607)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.240***(0.0277)
-0.263**(0.105)
-0.233***(0.0512)
-0.230***(0.0383)
-0.227***(0.0311)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.138**(0.0556)
0.926(1.318)
0.283**(0.120)
0.161(0.119)
-0.129(0.104)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.00805(0.0436)
0.209(0.172)
-0.00185(0.0585)
-0.0351(0.0548)
0.0236(0.0499)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0108(0.0126)
-0.00947(0.0282)
0.0121(0.0266)
0.00244(0.0192)
2.06e-05(0.0149)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0144(0.0107)
-0.0408(0.0325)
-0.0218(0.0178)
-0.0119(0.0139)
-0.0112(0.0118)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0246*(0.0130)
-0.0164(0.0488)
-0.0196(0.0196)
-0.0209(0.0152)
-0.0236*(0.0131)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0132(0.0204)
0.00814(0.111)
0.0294(0.0280)
0.0248(0.0230)
0.0153(0.0208)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00359(0.00998)
0.0378(0.0354)
0.0159(0.0137)
0.0121(0.0108)
0.00547(0.0102)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0127(0.0151)
0.0689**(0.0337)
0.0360**(0.0177)
0.0203(0.0154)
0.0158(0.0160)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0298(0.0293)
0.0363(0.0309)
0.0381(0.0297)
0.0323(0.0294)
Constant 0.869***(0.0415)
0.838***(0.220)
0.837***(0.0947)
0.890***(0.0628)
0.832***(0.0506)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.593 0.525 0.537 0.549 0.569
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 17 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org
Table B19: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP ELA in 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Table B20: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP Math in 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0250***(0.00493)
0.0635(0.0412)
0.0507***(0.0132)
0.0425***(0.00857)
0.0311***(0.00633)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.337***(0.0253)
-0.375***(0.117)
-0.350***(0.0413)
-0.310***(0.0325)
-0.328***(0.0272)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.264***(0.0421)
-0.362(2.133)
0.0138(0.196)
-0.0527(0.152)
-0.254***(0.0512)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0192(0.0427)
0.593***(0.186)
0.143**(0.0599)
0.0396(0.0547)
0.0195(0.0479)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00946(0.0100)
0.0218(0.0228)
-0.00387(0.0156)
-0.00230(0.0127)
-0.00480(0.0107)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0206**(0.0103)
-0.0259(0.0352)
-0.0101(0.0180)
-0.00741(0.0134)
-0.0194*(0.0117)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0337***(0.0108)
-0.0437(0.0324)
-0.0255*(0.0135)
-0.0356***(0.0125)
-0.0343***(0.0107)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0140(0.0160)
-0.0320(0.0414)
-0.0182(0.0208)
-0.0153(0.0165)
-0.0138(0.0156)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0159(0.0100)
-0.0379(0.0292)
-0.00738(0.0131)
-0.0132(0.0106)
-0.0153(0.0101)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0242(0.0203)
-0.0345(0.0434)
-0.00861(0.0244)
-0.0188(0.0203)
-0.0223(0.0201)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0290(0.0198)
0.0285(0.0244)
0.0312(0.0207)
0.0295(0.0201)
Constant 0.717***(0.0422)
0.457(0.313)
0.526***(0.102)
0.573***(0.0680)
0.668***(0.0526)
Observations 1,083 153 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.606 0.496 0.480 0.508 0.565
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0295***(0.00642)
0.0886*(0.0517)
0.0590***(0.0192)
0.0390***(0.0114)
0.0310***(0.00810)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.371***(0.0298)
-0.420***(0.124)
-0.399***(0.0535)
-0.368***(0.0399)
-0.367***(0.0317)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.280***(0.0624)
0.665(2.067)
0.426(0.330)
0.222(0.240)
-0.310***(0.0696)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0369(0.0546)
0.319(0.204)
0.0273(0.0860)
0.0498(0.0685)
0.0472(0.0564)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0235*(0.0123)
-0.0407(0.0369)
-0.0311(0.0198)
-0.0189(0.0173)
-0.0204(0.0143)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0149(0.0109)
-0.00607(0.0485)
-0.00861(0.0214)
-0.00628(0.0149)
-0.0116(0.0123)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0249*(0.0147)
-0.00784(0.0467)
-0.0164(0.0223)
-0.0202(0.0173)
-0.0241(0.0149)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.000495(0.0212)
-0.0663(0.110)
0.00617(0.0278)
0.00208(0.0234)
0.00143(0.0212)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00923(0.0125)
-0.00945(0.0427)
0.0101(0.0171)
0.0153(0.0133)
0.0102(0.0127)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0112(0.0206)
-0.00177(0.0478)
0.0209(0.0264)
0.0187(0.0207)
0.0124(0.0207)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0831***(0.0246)
0.0694**(0.0308)
0.0892***(0.0252)
0.0841***(0.0247)
Constant 0.758***(0.0529)
0.372(0.383)
0.561***(0.146)
0.683***(0.0886)
0.746***(0.0654)
Observations 1,083 153 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.748 0.738 0.718 0.724 0.739
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1