Abiotic Environment
Transcript of Abiotic Environment
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Abiotic Environment
• Objectives – Overview of the ecological importance of:
• Solar Radiation • Temperature • Wind • Water
– Implications of the abiotic environment for forest management
– First, thoughts, insights or questions from the reading assignment
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• Global Distribution of Vegetation Types
Abiotic Environment
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• Global Distribution of Vegetation Types
Abiotic Environment
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• Local Distribution of Vegetation Types – Topography
Abiotic Environment
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• Solar Radiation
Abiotic Environment
CO2 H2O (& O2)
Sunlight
6CO2 + 6H2O -------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light
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• Solar Radiation
Abiotic Environment
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Abiotic Environment
• Solar Radiation – Global Energy Budget Over ~1 yr, Earth is in a state of radiative equilibrium in = out (100% = 31% + 69%)
Absorbed Short = Emitted Long (17 + 3 + 23 + 26% = 69%)
Absorbed Surface = Emitted Surface (23 + 26 + 95% = 114 + 7 + 23%)
(% of energy received as incoming solar radiation)
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Abiotic Environment
• Solar Radiation - Global Energy Budget
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Abiotic Environment
• Solar Radiation - Albedo
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• Solar Radiation - Ecological Effects
Wet Tropical
Western Conifer
Aspen
Abiotic Environment
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• Solar Radiation - Ecological Effects
Abiotic Environment
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• Solar Radiation – Forest Management – Nursery management (plant growth & morphology) – “Planting shock” – Thinning techniques – Natural regeneration – Management of species composition – Tree form – Management of light condition in the stand to give
trees of desired form and timber quality, and to obtain desired species composition and stand structure, is a major objective of silviculture (Kimmins 2004).
Abiotic Environment
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• Temperature
Abiotic Environment
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Abiotic Environment
• Temperature
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Abiotic Environment
• Temperature
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Abiotic Environment
• Temperature - Clearcuts (Energy Budget)
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Abiotic Environment
• Temperature – Forest Management – Extreme temperatures and rapid changes – Soil temperature – Nurseries and winter hardening – Microsites (Macro- vs. microclimate) – DIPs – Matching species with optimal temperature – Most of the world’s timber supply is grown and
harvested in environments where either macroclimatic or microclimatic temperatures influence forest land management in some manner (Kimmins 2004).
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• Wind - Global & Local Patterns
Abiotic Environment
Day
Night
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• Wind - Ecological Effects
Abiotic Environment
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• Wind – Forest Management
Abiotic Environment
Wind
Compression
Tension
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• Wind - Ecological Effects – Transport H2O vapor to land from lakes and oceans – Friction of turbulent air masses – Deposition of dust and air particles – Impacts on evaporation and transpiration (ET) – Moderates temperatures – Reproduction and dissemination of plant propagules – Natural disturbance agent – Wood anatomy and quality
Abiotic Environment
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• Water - The material that makes life possible Water is the very essence of life, and it is almost
impossible to discuss the ecology of any organism without reference to its adaptations to the moisture conditions of its environment (Kimmins 2004).
Abiotic Environment
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• Precipitation
Abiotic Environment
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Abiotic Environment
• Water - Budgets
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Abiotic Environment
• Water - Influence of Vegetation
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Abiotic Environment
• Water - Influence of Vegetation
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Abiotic Environment
• Water - Transpiration
Typical Hydraulic Lift
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Abiotic Environment
• Water – Plant adaptations
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Abiotic Environment
• Water – Forest Management – Forest managers must consider:
• Competition for water • Controls on nutrient cycling and availability • Regeneration • Socioeconomic factors
– Management often leads to: • Major impacts on water cycle • Alterations to soil physical properties • Erosion and sedimentation