Abdul Wahab - tumkuruniversity.ac.intumkuruniversity.ac.in/oc_pg/msw/Decision Making.pdf ·...
Transcript of Abdul Wahab - tumkuruniversity.ac.intumkuruniversity.ac.in/oc_pg/msw/Decision Making.pdf ·...
Abdul Wahab
“Be sure you are right -- then go ahead.”
Davy Crocket.
DECISION MAKING
• CRITICAL THINKING – The ability to
question philosophically and exercise
careful judgement when evaluating a
situation.
• DECISION: a conclusion or resolution
reached after consideration
• PROBLEM SOLVING – A process whereby a dilemma is identified and corrected.
• CREATIVITY – Intellectual
inventiveness.
• SATISFICING – A decision making
strategy whereby the individual chooses a less than ideal alternative that meets minimum standards of acceptance.
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
DECISION MAKING.
Definition
Decision Making:
The process of examining your possibilities options, comparing them, and choosing a course of action.
DEFINITION
Decision & Decision Making
A decision is a choice made between two or more available alternatives. Decision making is the process of choosing the best alternative for reaching objectives.
(Samuel C. Certo, 2003)
Decision making can be defined as a process of choosing between alternatives to achieve a goal. It is the process by which an individual chooses one alternative from several to achieve a desired objective.
(Manmohan Prasad, 2003)
Making Effective Decisions
Factors:
Perception.
Priority.
Acceptability.
Risk.
Resources.
Goals.
Values.
Demands.
Style.
Judgement.
Six C's of Decision Making
1. Construct.
2. Compile.
3. Collect.
4. Compare.
5. Consider.
6. Commit.
Six C's of Decision Making
Construct a clear picture of precisely what must be decided.
Compile a list of requirements that
must be met.
Collect information on alternatives
that meet the requirements.
Six C's of Decision Making
Compare alternatives that meet the requirements.
Consider the "what might go
wrong" factor with each alternative.
Commit to a decision and follow
through with it.
TYPES OF
1. Basic Decision or Strategic Decisions
Types of Decisions
2. Administrative Decisions
3. Organisational or Personal Decisions
Types of Decisions
4. Policy of Decisions
Types of Decisions
5. Individual & Group Decisions
6. Routine Decisions
7. Adaptive Decisions
1.Basic Decision or Strategic Decisions
• All basic decision is strategic decisions involving large range commitments and large investments.
• Slight or small mistakes in these decisions would seriously injure the entire organizations.
2. Administrative Decisions • Herbert Simon had classified all decisions in
two classes;
• Programmed decision:
It involves organizations which an develop specific process for handling these decision.
• E.g. standing operating procedures and policies.
• Non – Programmed Decisions:
They relate to general problem solving process. They involve judgment, intuition and creativity.
3. Organisational or Personal Decisions
• Organizational decisions reflect company policy. Theycan be delegated of transferred to others.
• While personal decisions refer to those made by a manager as an individual and these can’t be delegated.
4. Policy of Decisions
• Policy decisions are taken by the top, management.
• e.g. the declaration of bonus in a company is a policy matter which is to be decided by the top ,management, while calculation and distribution of bonus is an operating decision which is taken as the lower levels.
5. Individual & Group Decisions
• The decisions taken by the an individual in the organization is known as individual decisions
refer it • Group decisions which are
the decisions taken by a
organizational members (board group of
of directors, committer of experts)
6. Routine Decisions
• The type of decisions made when problems are relatively well defined and common & when established rules, policies and procedures can be used to solve them.
7. Adaptive Decisions
• The type of decisions made when problems and alternative solutions are somewhat unusual and only partially understood.
Characteristic of Decision Making Process
• From various courses of action, it is a process
of choosing a particular course of action.
• It is a human process which involves the
application intellectual abilities.
• It is a rational process which is proceeded by
deliberation and reasoning. It may also be
called as end process.
Characteristic of Decision Making Process
• It is always related to situation in which a
manager may take one decision in a
particular set of circumstances and another
in a different set of circumstances.
• This involves certain specific purpose in
which these may just be decisions not to
decide.
PRINCIPLES OF DECISION MAKING
• Principles of autonomy
• Principle of beneficence
• Principle of paternalism
• Principle of utility
• Principle of justice
TECHNIQUES OR BASIS FOR DECISION MAKING
TECHNIQUES OR BASIS OF DECISION MAKING
1.INTUTION:Decision making by intuition is characterized by inner feeling of the person. He takes a decision as per the dictates of his conscious
2.FACTS :It is considered to be the best basis of decisions making. Such decisions will be sound and proper
3.Experience : Past experience of a person becomes a good basis for taking decisions. When a similar situation arises the manager can rely on his past decisions and takes similar decisions.
4.Operations research: It helps managers by providing scientific basis for solving organized problems involving interaction of components of the organization.
5.Values : Being confused and unclear about one‘s values may affect decision- making ability. Overcoming a lack of self- awareness through values clarification decreases confusion.
6.Individual Preference : Overcoming this area of vulnerability, involves self- awareness, honesty and risk taking.
STAGES OF DECISION MAKING PROCESS
Problems
Information
Objectives
Data Collection
Alternatives
X
Y
Z
Evaluation
Implementation
Selection
Feedback Information
Testing
Decision Making Process
DECISION MAKING MODELS
1.Normative Model
• Seven steps are identified in the analytical precise model.
2.Descriptive model of decision making (Lancaster & Lancaster, 2002)
Establish satisfactory goal or value
Define subjective perception of problem
Identify acceptable alternatives
Evaluate alternatives
Select satisfactory alternatives
Implement decision
Follow up
3.Decision tree model
Every path through the tree corresponds to a possible sequence of actions and events, each with its own distinct consequences. Probabilities of both positive and negative consequences of each action and event are estimated and recorded on the appropriate branch. Additional options and consequences of each action event sequence can be depicted on the decision tree.
Possible events
Increased demand for procedures
Decreased demand for procedures
Increased demand staff
Decreased demand for staff
Alternative events
Hire regular staff
Pay over time and on call wages
Decision point
Decision tree model (Marquis and Huston, 2002)
4.Strategic model
The three crucial elements in decision making are represented by three inter- connected circles.
Strategic model (Swansburga 2002)
Identifying
the
problems
Developing
potential
solutions
Selecting
the single
best
choice
Supporting
activities in
decision
making
Successful strategies for decision making
• Building extensive networks of individuals and groups who could provide them with resources
• Searching the nursing, hospital and business
literature • Being knowledgeable and involved in the politics
• Communicating regularly and repeatedly about
decision activities to organization members
• Directing the majority of their time and energy
towards the accomplishment of their plan.
5. Nursing Process Model (Marwuis&Huston, 2002 )
6.Intuitive decision making model
Romiszowski built on the nursing process in creating the intuitive decision making model.
In this model, the decision maker consciously incorporates recall or cumulative knowledge that comes from education, both formal and informal as well as experience, in planning the decision.
Inexperienced or notice decision makers spend more time in the assessment, recall and planning phases
Intuitive decision making model (Marquis and Huston, 2002)
Gather patient data
Possible nursing
diagnosis and
intervention
Implement
Follow through
Evaluate
Analyze
Synthesize
Exercise
judgment
1. Assess 2. Recall
4. Implement/evaluate 3. Plan
7.Econological model
It is an ideal view of economic man, in which a manager who is faced with a problem weighs the economic aspects of all possible courses of actions and chooses the action that is expected by the yield, the greatest net gain or the least loss.
Econological model (Basavanthappa .B.T, 2006)
Develop alternatives
Determine all outcomes
Set goal or define the problem Develop criterion
Select alternatives
Act or implement decision
8.Moral Model
• A -
• L -
• M - Massage the dilemma.
• O - Outline options.
• R - Review criteria and resolve.
Affirm position and act.
Look back, evaluate the decision making.
9.Ethical decision making
According Murphy, this
to Murphy and model is specifically
geared for ethical decision making as it helps the individual clarify the basic beliefs and values of those involved.
Ethical decision making model
Identify the problem
Determine why the problem is an ethical one.
Identify the people involved in the ultimate decision. Define the role of decision maker.
Consider the consequences of each alternative.
Make the decision. Compare the decision with the philosophy of the decision
makers ethics.
Follow-up on the results of the decision
10.Problem solving model
Problem solving and decision making are vital abilities for nursing practice.
Nurses at all levels must posses the basic knowledge and skills required for effective problem solving and decision making. Problem solving and decision making skills require critical thinking which is a higher cognitive process and both can be improved upon with practice
Problem solving model
Decision Making
Creativity
Problem solving
• Decision making It is a purposeful and goal directed effort using a systematic process to choose directed effort using a systematic process to choose among options. The hallmark of decision making is the identification and selection of options.
• Problem solving
Problem solving is focused on trying to solve an immediate problem.
• Creativity
It is essential for generation of options or solutions. Creativity individuals are able to conceptualize new and innovated approaches to a problem by being more flexible and independent in their thinking.