Abbott Animal Hospital - Dictionary Listing of Common Veterinary Terminology

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DictionaryListingOfCommonVeterinaryTerminology

A

AAFCOAssociationofAmericanFeedControlOfficialsanorganizationwhichsetsstandardsforpetfoodingredientsandminimumdailyrequirements.

AbdomenAregionofthebodybetweenthechestandthepelvisbelly.

AbdominocentesisTheinsertionofaneedleintotheabdominalcavitytoremovefluids.

AbscessAlocalizedaccumulationofpususuallyassociatedwithinfection.

ACEinhibitorAngiotensinconvertingenzyme(ACE)inhibitor:Drugwhichdecreasesthefunctionofthisparticularenzyme.TheangiotensinconvertingenzymechangesacompoundcalledangiotensinItoangiotensinII.AngiotensinIIisapotentbloodvesselconstrictor.ACEinhibitors,then,havetheeffectofdilatingbloodvessels,sincelessAngiotensinIIisproduced.

AcidAfluidcontainingahighproportionofhydrogenions,givingtheliquidasourtaste.MeasuredbypHunits,with1themostacid,and14theleastacid.Chemicalreactionsinthebodyhavetotakeplaceatornearneutrality,pH7.

ACTHAdrenocorticotropichormone.Ahormone,secretedbythepituitarygland,whichstimulatestheadrenalglandtowork.

ActivatedcharcoalCharcoalwhichhasbeentreatedtoincreaseitsadsorptivepower(abilitytohavechemicalsadheretoit)usedtotreatvariousformsofpoisoning.



ActiveimmunityImmunityproducedwhenananimalsownimmunesystemreactstoastimuluse.g.,avirusorbacteria,andproducesantibodiesandcellswhichwillprotectitfromthediseasecausedbythebacteriaorvirus.Comparewith'passiveimmunity.'

AcuteHavingasuddenandgenerallysevereonset.SeealsoChronic.

AddisonsdiseaseAddison'sdiseaseisalsoknownashypoadrenocorticism.Itisadiseasethatresultsfromadecreaseincorticosteroidsecretionfromtheadrenalgland.Seearticle:Addison'sDisease(Hypoadrenocorticism)inDogs.

AdjuvantAsubstanceaddedtokilledvaccinestostimulateabetterimmuneresponsebythebody.Commonadjuvantscontainaluminumcompounds.

AdrenalglandsTwosmallglandsnearthekidneysthatproducemanyhormonesrequiredforlife.

AdrenalineAhormoneproducedbytheadrenalglandsthatelevatesheartandrespirationratesalsocalled'epinephrine.'

AdrenergicCommunicationbetweenthenervesandmusclesthatusesepinephrineasthe'messenger.'Adrenergicstimulationiswhatisinvolvedinthe'flightorfight'response,whichmeansthebodyisalertedtoadangerofsomesortandpreparestobasicallyrunorfight.Adrenergicstimulationresultsinanincreasedheartrate,sweating,andincreasedbloodpressure.

AdsorbentAsolidsubstancewhichattractsothermoleculestoitssurface.

AdulticideMedicationformulatedtokilladultformsofaparasite.

Aerobic



Needingoxygentolive.SeealsoAnaerobicbacteria.

AerobicbacteriaBacteriathatrequireoxygentosurviveandgrow.

AgglutinationClumpingtogether.

AlbinoAnanimalthatiscompletelywhitebecauseitlackstheabilitytomakepigment.Itseyesarepaleblueorpink.

AlbuminAproteininthebloodresponsibleforthemaintenanceofosmotic(water)pressureinthebloodalsobinds(attaches)tolargemoleculesinthebloodandservestotransportthemproducedbytheliveralsocalled'serumalbumin.'

AldosteroneAhormonesecretedbytheadrenalglandthatstimulatessodium(andthereforewater)retentionandpotassiumexcretionimportantinbloodpressuremaintenance.

AlimentaryPertainingtofoodorthedigestivetract.

AlkalineAsubstancewithveryfewhydrogenions,andapHover7.Lyeisstronglyalkaline.

AllergenAsubstancethatcausesanallergicreaction,e.g.,pollen.

AlopeciaAlossofhairorbaldness.

AlveoliThetinymicroscopicareasofthelungwheretheactualexchangeofoxygenandcarbondioxideintoandoutofthebloodoccurs.Alsocalledalveolusandalveolarsacs.

Aminoglycoside



Aclassofantibioticswhichactbyinterferingwithbacterialproteinsynthesiswithinthebacteriawhichresultsinthedeathofthebacteria.Antibioticsinthisclassincludegentamicin(Gentocin),kanamycin,neomycin,streptomycin,tobramycin,andamikacin.Manyoftheseantibioticsarenotwellabsorbedfromtheanimal'sdigestivesystem,soareoftenadministeredasinjections,orusedtopically.

AmylaseDigestiveenzyme,producedbythepancreaswhichbreaksdowncarbohydratesandstarches.

AnabolicsteroidAtypeofsteroid(notacorticosteroidlikeprednisone,cortisone,ordexamethasone)whichpromotesthebuildingoftissues,likemuscle.

AnaerobicbacteriaBacteriawhichonlyliveinanenvironmentinwhichthereisnoorlittleoxygen,e.g.,Clostridiumtetaniwhichcausestetanus.

AnalgesiaPainrelief.

AnamnesticresponseThefasterandgreaterimmuneresponseproducedbyananimalwhohaspreviouslyencounteredthatspecificantigen.Memorycellsareresponsibleforthismoreefficientresponse.Alsocalled'secondaryresponse.'

AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxisisarare,lifethreatening,immediateallergicreactiontosomethingingestedorinjected.Ifuntreated,itresultsinshock,respiratoryandcardiacfailure,anddeath.Seearticle:AnaphylaxisinDogsandCats.Mayalsobereferredtoasanaphylacticshockoranaphylactoidreaction.

AndrogenAhormonewhichproducesmalesexualcharacteristics,e.g.,testosterone.

AnemiaAconditioninwhichthenumberofredbloodcellspresentinthebloodislowerthannormal.

Anesthesia



Lossofsensationorfeelinginducedartificiallywithdrugstopermitpainfulproceduressuchassurgery.

AngiographyThexrayofvesselsafterinjectingacontrastingfluid.

Angiotensinconvertingenzymeinhibitor(ACEinhibitor)Drugwhichdecreasesthefunctionofthisparticularenzyme.TheangiotensinconvertingenzymechangesacompoundcalledangiotensinItoangiotensinII.AngiotensinIIisapotentbloodvesselconstrictor.ACEinhibitors,then,havetheeffectofdilatingbloodvessels,sincelessAngiotensinIIisproduced.

AnisocoriaAconditioninwhichthepupilsoftheeyesarenotofequalsize.

AnorexiaLossofappetite.

AnteriorPositionedinfrontofanotherbodypart,ortowardstheheadoftheanimal.Oppositeofposterior.

AnthelminticMedicationwhichkillscertaintypesofintestinalwormsdewormer.

AntibioticsUsuallyreferstodrugsadministeredtokillorinhibitthegrowthofbacterianoteffectiveagainstviralinfections.

AntibodySmalldiseasefightingproteinsproducedbycertaintypesofcellscalled'Bcells.'Theproteinsaremadeinresponseto'foreign'particlessuchasbacteriaorviruses.Theseantibodiesbindwithcertainproteins(antigens)onforeignparticleslikebacteria,tohelpinactivatethem.SeealsoAntigen.

AntibodytiterAmeasurementoftheamountofantibodiesintheblood.Thetesttomeasureantibodiesisusuallyperformedbymakinganumberofdilutionsofthebloodandthenmeasuringatwhatdilutionthereissufficientantibodytoreactinthetest.Forexample,atiterof1:8(onetoeight)meansthebloodcanbedilutedtoonepartbloodandseven



partssalineandstillproduceapositivereactioninthetest.Thehigherthetiter(1:16ishigherthan1:8),themoreantibodyispresent.

AnticholinergicStoppingthecommunicationsbetweencertainnervesandmusclesofthebodyincludingthoseofthegastrointestinaltractandheart.Thesenervesarecalled'parasympathetic'nervesanddosuchthingsasconstrictthepupilsoftheeye,stimulatecontractionsofthemusclesintheintestine,andslowtheheartrate.Anticholinergicdrugswouldhavetheeffect,then,ofdilatingthepupil,slowingcontractionsoftheintestines,andincreasingtheheartrate.

AnticholinesteraseAdrugthatblockstheenzymeacetylcholinesterasethisresultsinstimulationoftheparasympatheticnervoussystem.

AnticoagulationStoppingthebloodclottingprocess.

AnticonvulsantAdrugusedtopreventordecreasetheseverityofconvulsions.

AntidiuretichormoneAhormoneproducedbythepituitaryglandthatreducestheproductionofurineinthekidneysandthereforepreventswaterlossalsocalled'vasopressin.'

AntiemeticAnagentthatdecreasesorstopsvomiting.

AntifungalDrugsadministeredtokillorinhibitthegrowthoffungi(pluraloffungus).

AntigenAmolecularstructureonsurfacesofsuchparticlesasbacteriaandviruses.Thisstructureisrecognizedbythebodyas'foreign'andstimulatesthebodytoproducespecialproteinscalledantibodiestoinactivatethisforeigninvader.SeealsoAntibody.

AntiprotozoalAnagentthatkillsprotozoa,whichareonecelledorganismssuchasGiardia.



AntipruriticRelievesitching.

AntipyreticAsubstanceusedtorelievefever.

AntisepticAsubstancewhichinhibitsthegrowthofbacteria,butdoesnotkillthem.

AntispasmodicAnagentthatrelievesordecreasesspasmsinmuscle.Themusclecouldinclude'smoothmuscle'whichisthetypeofmuscleinintestinesthatcausesthemtocontractandmovefoodthroughthedigestivesystem.

AntitussiveCoughsuppressant.

AnuriaTheconditionofcompletefailureinthefunctionofthekidneyssuchthatnourineisproduced.

AnusAmuscularopeningattheendofthedigestivetractwherefecalwasteisexpelled.

AplasticanemiaAseriousconditioninwhichredbloodcells,whitebloodcells,andplateletsarenotproducedinsufficientquantity.

AqueoushumorThefluidfoundwithintheeyeballwhichprovidesnourishmenttotheinterioreyestructuresandkeepstheeyeballinflated.

ArrhythmiaAvariationfromnormalheartrhythm.

ArteriesThickwalledvesselsthatcarrybloodawayfromthehearttothelungsandbodytissuesthepulmonaryarteriescarrydeoxygenatedbloodtothelungs,butallotherarteriescarryoxygenatedblood.



ArthritisInflammationandswellinginthejointshasmultiplecausesincludinglameness.

ArticularPertainingtoajoint.

AscaridRoundworm.Seearticle:RoundwormsinDogsandCats.

AscitesFluidaccumulationintheabdomen.

AspirateWithdrawfluidorcellsthroughtheuseofsuctionusuallythesuctionproducedbypullingbackontheplungerofasyringeattachedtoaneedlewhichisinsertedintotheareatobesampled.Alsothebreathinginofafluidorforeignsubstances.

AsymptomaticAtermusedtodecideaconditioninwhichnosymptomsarepresent.

AtaxiaAlackofmusclecoordination,usuallycausinganabnormalorstaggeredgait.

AtopyAnallergytosomethingthatisinhaledsuchaspollenorhousedust.Alsocalled'inhalantallergy.'SeearticlesintheAllergiessection.

ATPAdenosinetriphosphateacompoundusedforenergybycells.

AtrialfibrillationAheartconditioninwhichtheatria(chambersoftheheartthatreceivetheblood)contractrapidly,irregularly,andindependentlyoftheventricles(thechambersoftheheartthatpumptheblood).Thisgreatlydecreasestheefficiencyoftheheartanditsabilitytomoveblood.

Atrialflutter



Aheartconditioninwhichtheatria(chambersoftheheartthatreceivetheblood)contractrapidly,irregularly,andindependentlyoftheventricles(thechambersoftheheartthatpumptheblood).Thisgreatlydecreasestheefficiencyoftheheartanditsabilitytomoveblood.

Atrium(Pluralatria)Thetwochambersoftheheartthatreceiveblood.Therightatriumreceivesbloodfromthebody.Theleftatriumreceivesoxygenatedbloodfromthelungs.

AtrophyAnabnormaldecreaseinsizeofanorganortissue.

AttenuatedWeakened.Anattenuatedvirusisonewhichhasbeenchangedsuchthatitwillnolongercausedisease.Anattenuatedviruswouldbeusedinamodifiedlivevaccine.

AuscultateTolistenforsoundsproducedwithinthebody,usuallywiththeaidofastethoscope.

AutoimmuneAconditioninwhichtheimmunesystemattacksthebody'sowntissues.Toproperlyfunction,theimmunesystemmustidentifyforeignsubstancessuchasbacteria,viruses,parasites,slivers,etc.,anditmustbeabletodistinguishnormalbodytissuefromtheseforeignsubstances.Ifitfailstodistinguishthedifference,itattemptstodestroythetissueitwronglyidentifiesasforeign.Forexample,inautoimmunehemolyticanemia,thebodydestroysitsownredbloodcells.Inrheumatoidarthritisitattacksthecellsinthejoints.

AxillaArmpit.

AzotemiaThepresenceofincreasednitrogenous(containingnitrogen)wasteproductsinthebloodasaresultofkidneymalfunction.

B

BcellAlsocalled'Blymphocyte.'Thetypeoflymphocytewhichproducesantibody.



Comparewith'Tcells.'

BacteriocidalAdescriptionofanagentthatkillsbacteria.

BacteriostaticAdescriptionofanagentthatstopsthegrowth(reproduction)ofbacteria,butdoesNOTkillthem.

BacteriumMicroscopicorganismsthatlacknucleiandotherorganellespathogenicspeciescausedisease,whilenonpathogenicspeciesareharmless.

BariumStudyAprocedureinwhichapetisgivenbariumtoswalloworasanenema,followedbyxrayexamstolocatedisordersoftheesophagus,stomachorintestine.

BenignAmildillnessornonmalignantformofatumor.Benigntumorsusuallyhavewelldefinededgesandtendtogrowslowly.

BetablockersHeartmedicationswhichblockcertainreceptorsintheheartcalledbetareceptors.Thebetareceptorsreceivesignalswhichgenerallyincreasetheheartrate.Iftheheartrateisabnormallyfastanduneven,betablockerswillhelpstabilizetherateandrhythmofcontractions.

BetacaroteneAplantpigmentwhichcanbeconvertedtoVitaminAbymanyanimals,butnotbycats.

BetalactamasesEnzymesproducedbysomebacteriawhichinactivatecertaintypesofpenicillin,thusmakingthebacteriaresistanttothem.

BilateralOnbothsides.

Bile



Aliquidproducedbytheliver,storedinthegallbladder,anddispensedintothesmallintestineasneededaidsinthedigestionandabsorptionoffats.

BileacidsCertaincompoundsproducedbytheliver,boundtoaminoacids,andexcretedinthebiletoaidinthedigestionoffats.

BilirubinAnorangeyellowpigmentinbilethatisaproductofredbloodcellbreakdownitisnormallyexcretedwiththeurineorfeces,andabuildupinthebodycancausejaundice.

BiopsyThesurgicalremovalofasmallamountofabnormaltissue,usuallyoftumors,fordiagnosis.

BitchAfemaledog.

BladderAsacthatreceivesandholdsaliquiduntilitisexcreted,e.g.,urinarybladder,gallbladderinfish,theswimbladderholdsair.

BlepharospasmSpasmoftheeyelidsoftenresultingincompleteclosureofthelidsduetoeyepain,suchasseenwithascratchonthecornea.

BloatFillingofthestomachwithair.

BloodgasesGases,suchasoxygenorcarbondioxide,thatareintheblood.

BloodglucoseAgraphofbloodglucoselevelsovertime.Atthetimeofinsulininjection,andatregularintervalsthroughouttheday,thelevelofglucoseinthebloodisdeterminedthroughlaboratorytesting.

BonemarrowAsofttissuecomposedofbloodvesselsandconnectivetissuesfoundatthecenterof



bonestheprimaryfunctionisbloodcellproduction.

BonemarrowsuppressionAconditioninwhichthecellsofthebonemarrowwhichproduceredbloodcells,whitebloodcells,andplateletsareinhibited.Thismayresultfromtheuseofcertaindrugs,suchasanticanceragents.

BorborygmusThesoundofgasmovingthroughtheintestinebowelsounds.

BradycardiaAnabnormalslowingoftheheartrate.

BronchiThepluralofbronchus,thelargeairpassagesofthelungs.

BronchioleThesmallairwaysinthelungthatcomeoffofthelargerbronchusbronchiolesare1mmorlessindiameter.

BronchodilatorMedicationwhichopensupthemainairpassagestothelungs.

BronchoscopeAtooldesignedtofacilitateinspectionofthetracheaandbronchiusedinbothdiagnosticandtherapeuticprocedures.

BronchoscopyTheinternalinspectionofthetracheaandbronchiusingabronchoscope.

BronchospasmAconditioninwhichthemusclessurroundingtheairpassagestothelungscontract,narrowingthepassages.

BUNShortfor'bloodureanitrogen,'abloodtestthatestimateskidneyfunction.

C



CachexiaExtremeweightloss.

CalcifiedThehardeningoftissuethroughtheinfluxofcalcium,usuallyasaresultofchronicinflammation.

Calculus(Pluralcalculi)Abnormalstonelikestructure(s)usuallycomposedofmineralsalts,e.g.,abladdercalculusisthesamethingasabladderstone.

CalorieTheunitofmeasurementofenergyderivedfromdigestedfood.Fatcontainsabouttwiceasmanycaloriespergramasproteinorcarbohydrate.

CancerAmalignanttumor.

CandidaAcertaingenusofyeastwhichcancausediseaseinhumansandanimalsaninfectionwithCandidaiscalledcandidiasis.

CaninePertainingtodogs.

CarbohydrateCompoundsmadeupofchainsofsugarunits.Simplecarbohydratesincludetablesugar(sucrose),milksugar(lactose),andfruitsugar(fructose).Complexcarbohydratesareverylongchainsheldtogetherbybondsthatmaynotbedigestibleinthestomachandintestineofacarnivore.Starchisadigestiblecomplexcarbohydrate.Seedhullssuchasoatbranaredigestiblebyruminantsandhorses,butnotcarnivores.

CarcinogenAsubstancewhichcausescancer.

CarcinomaAmalignantcancerthatarisesfromtheepithelialtissuesofthebodysuchastheskin,intestinaltract,andbladder.



CardiacRelatedtotheheart.

CardiomyopathyDiseasesoftheheartmuscledoesnotincludediseasesofthevalvesoftheheartorcongenitaldefects.

CardiopulmonaryRelatingtotheheartandlungs.

CardiovascularRelatedtotheheartandbloodvessels.

CarnivoreAnanimalwhosenaturaldietincludesmeat.

CarpusThewrist(frontleg)ofdogsandcats.

CarrierAnanimalwhichharborsaninfectiousorganism,suchasavirus,bacteria,orparasite.Theanimaldoesnotappearill,butcanstilltransmittheorganismtootheranimalsbydirectcontactorreleasingtheorganisms(bacteria,protozoa,viruses)intotheenvironmentinthestool,urine,respiratorysecretions,orvaginaldischarges.

CastrationTheremovalofthesexorgansmakingtheanimalincapableofreproductionthecorrectuseofthewordcanbeusedtodescribebothmaleandfemaleanimals,butitiscommonlyusedtodescribeonlymales.

CataractAcloudinessofthelensoftheeye,reducingvisionandgivingtheeyeapearlyappearance.

CaudalAdirectionaltermusedtorefertoanareamoretowardthecauda,ortailregionoppositeofcranial.



CavalsyndromeDiseasecausedbylargenumbersofwormsintherightsideoftheheartandvenacava,whichresultsinbloodcirculationproblemsintheliverleadingtothebreakdownofredbloodcells,anemia,weakness,andcollapse.

CecumAblindsacthatopensintothecolonfoundinmanyanimals.

CellmediatedimmunityTheimmunitythatistheresultofeitherspeciallymphocytesdirectlykillingtheforeigninvader,orlymphocytes(Tcells)releasingspecialchemicalswhichactivatemacrophagestokilltheinvader.Comparewith'humoralimmunity.'

CentrifugeAmachinethatrapidlyspinsliquidsamplesandseparatesouttheparticlesbytheirdensity.

CerebellumAportionofthebrain,locatedonthebrainstem,thatcontrolscoordination.

CerebralRelatingtothepartofthebrainknownasthecerebrum.

CerebrumThelargestportionofthebrainthatperformsallhighercognitivefunctionsandissituatedinthefrontpartofthecranialcavity.

ChelationBindingofasubstancetoametal,thushelpingthebodytoremoveit.

ChemotherapyTreatmentofadiseasewithchemicalagents(drugs)thetermismostcommonlyusedtodescribethetreatmentofcancerwithmedication.

CholangiohepatitisInflammationofthegallbladder,bileducts,andliver

CholangitisInflammationofabileductseecholecystitis.



CholecystitisInflammationofthegallbladderseecholangitis.

ChondroitinDecreasestheactivityofenzymeswhichbreakdowncartilageinajoint.

ChondroprotectiveagentAnutritionalsupplementthatprotectscartilage.

ChronicOfalongduration:achronicillnesspersistsforweeks,months,orevenforthelifeofanimal.Seealsoacute.

ChronicsuperficialkeratitisAchronicconditionoftheeyeinwhichbloodvesselsgrowacrossthecornea(theclearsurfaceoftheeye).Thecornealookshazyandsometimesreddeneditmayeventuallytakeonadarkpigment.Thisconditionisalsocalledpannus.

CirrhosisAliverdiseasecausedbythereplacementofdamagedcellswithconnectivetissueseverescarringcaneventuallycauseliverfailure.

ClassI,II,III,IVmedicationsDrugsareclassifiedbytheDrugEnforcementAdministrationoftheDepartmentofJusticedependinguponsuchcriteriaasthepotentialforhumanabuse.

ClinicalstudyAplannedexaminationoftheeffectivenessofanewdrugortreatmentforadiseaseascomparedtoacontrolgroupnotreceivingthetreatmentalsocalledaclinicaltrial.

ClottingfactorsProteincomponentsinthebloodwhichhelpittoclot.Clottingisacomplexmechanism.Inadditiontoplatelets,clotformationistheresultofalongchainofchemicalreactionscarriedoutbyindividualmoleculescalled'clottingfactors.'EachfactorisnumberedsuchthatfactorIleadstoareactionwithfactorIIforminganewsubstance.ThisthenreactswithfactorIIIandsoontofactorXII.

CNS



Centralnervoussystem.Includesthebrain,spinalcord,andthenervesleadingfromthem.

CoagulationTheprocessofclotting.

CoagulopathyAconditionaffectingtheblood'sabilitytoformaclot.

CoccidiaAonecelledparasiteinthecategoryofprotozoa.Indogsandcats,coccidiaaregenerallyparasitesoftheintestinaltract.Seearticle:CoccidiainDogsandCats.

CognitivedysfunctionAcommonmedicalconditioninolderdogsthatresultsfromabnormalbrainfunction,causingcertainbehaviorchangessuchasdisorientation,housebreakingproblems,andchangesinsleepingpatternsandinteractionswithothers.

ColitisAninfectionorinflammationofthecolon.

ColonApartofthedigestivetract,specificallythepartoflargeintestinethatextendsfromthececumtotherectum.

ColostrumTheantibodyrichfirstmilkproducedimmediatelybeforeandaftergivingbirth.

ComaBeinginastateofunconsciousness.

ComedoAblackhead,usuallytheresultofapluggedglandwithintheskin.

CompletebloodcountAcountofthetotalnumberofcellsinagivenamountofblood,includingtheredandwhitebloodcellsoftenreferredtoasa'CBC,'itisoneofthemostcommontestsdonetocheckforabnormalitiesoftheblood.



Computerizedtomographyscan(CTscan)Aradiologicalimagingprocedurethatusesxraypicturestoproduce"slices"throughapatient'sbodyalsocalledacomputerizedaxialtomography(CAT).

ConceptionTheonsetofpregnancy,whenthefertilizedeggattachestotheuterus.

CongenitalAcharacteristicofananimalthatispresentatbirth.Itmaybeinheritedorinducedbyeventsthatoccurduringpregnancy.

ConjunctivaAthinmembranewhichlinestheinsideoftheeyelidsandcoverspartoftheeyeball.

ConjunctivitisAninflammationoftheliningoftheeyelidsmaycausepain,redness,itching,andadischarge.

ConstipationAconditioninwhichthemovementoffoodthroughthedigestivesystemislongerthannormaloftenresultsinhard,drystool.

ContrastagentsAsubstancegivenorallyorinjectedintoapatientthatmakestheaffectedtissueeasiertoidentifyonanxray.

ContusionAninjurytounderlyingtissueswithoutbreakingtheskinabruise.

CoprophagiaEatingdungorfecalmatternormalbehaviorinsomeanimals,suchasrabbits.

CorevaccineVaccinewhichshouldbegiventoallanimalsofcertainspecies,example,parvovirusvaccineindogsorpanleukopeniaincats(seenoncorevaccine).

CorneaTheclearpartofthefrontoftheeyewhichallowslightin.



CorticosteroidHormonesproducedbytheadrenalglandwhichareimportanttoalmosteveryfunctionofcellsandorgans.Theyaredividedintotwogroups:glucocorticoidsandmineralocorticoids.Glucocorticoidsregulateprotein,carbohydrate,andfatmetabolism.Mineralocorticoidsregulateelectrolytebalances.

CortisolThemainglucocorticoidahormonenaturallyproducedbytheadrenalglanditissynthesizedcommerciallyashydrocortisoneandisusedtoreduceinflammation.

CoumestanEstrogenlikesubstanceproducedbycertainplantssuchasalfalfatypesofphytoestrogen.

CoumestralEstrogenlikesubstancesproducedbycertainplantssuchasalfalfatypesofphytoestrogen.

CranialAdirectionaltermusedtorefertotheareanearthecranium,orheadregionoppositeofcaudal.

CrustAreaofdriedfluidorcellsontheskin.Thefluidmayhavebeenblood,serum,pus,ormedication.

CultureTheprocessinwhichasampleoffluidortissueistakenfromananimalandplacedinspecialmediawhichallowsthebacteria,virus,etc.,togrow(reproduce)inthelaboratory.

CushingsdiseaseCushing'sdiseaseisalsoknownashyperadrenocorticism.Itisadiseasethatresultsfromanincreaseincorticosteroidsecretionfromtheadrenalgland.Seearticle:Cushing'sDisease(Hyperadrenocorticism)inDogs.

CutaneousRelatingtotheskin.



CyanosisBluishorgrayishcolortotheskinandgumswhichoccurswhentheanimalhasinsufficientoxygen.

CystAnabnormalsaclikestructurethatislinedwithcellswhichproducealiquidorthickmaterial.

CystitisInflammationoftheurinarybladder.

CystocentesisAmethodtoobtainanuncontaminatedurinesampleinwhichaneedleispassedthroughtheabdomenintotheurinarybladder,andtheurineiscollectedinasyringeattachedtotheneedle.

CytokinesCompoundsproducedbycertaincells,whichactasmessengerstocontroltheactionoflymphocytesandothercellsinanimmuneresponse.

CytologyThestudyofcellsoftenreferstothemicroscopicexaminationofasampletakenfromtheskinorlesiontolookforthecauseofacondition.

CytoplasmSubstanceswhichmakeuptheinsideofacellandsurroundthenucleusofthecellwhichcontainsthegeneticmaterial.

D

DEADrugEnforcementAdministration.Thefederalagencywhichregulatesthemanufacture,dispensing,storage,andshipmentofcontrolledsubstancesincludingmedicationswithhumanabusepotential.

DecontaminateRemoveinjuriousmaterial.

Defecation



Theeliminationoffecesfromtherectum.

DehydrationAconditioninwhichthebodylosesmorewaterthanittakesin.

DermalRelatingtotheskin.

DermatitisAninflammationoftheskin.

DermatophyteFungusthatcausesringwormincludeTrichophyton,Microsporum,andEpidermophyton.

DescentingTheremovaloftheanalsacsofacarnivoretopreventtheanimalfromreleasingtheverystrongsmellingsecretion.

DextroseAcommonlyusednameforglucose(sugar)solutionsgivenintravenouslytotreatfluidornutrientloss.

DiabetesmellitusAmetabolicdiseasecausedbyfailureofthepancreastoproduceinsulin,ahormonethatallowsbloodsugar(glucose)tobetakenupbycellsthatrequireitforfunction.

DiagnostictestsProceduresruntofindthecauseofdiseaseordiscomforttestsusedtomakeadiagnosis.

DialysisAprocesswhichinvolvesremovingwasteproductsfromthebody.

DiarrheaAconditioninwhichthemovementoffoodthroughthedigestivesystemisfasterthannormaloftenresultsinthefrequentpassingofabnormallylooseorwaterystool.



DiestrusThestageoftheestruscyclewhichoccursaftertheanimalgoesoutofheat(alsocalledDiestrous).

DietaryindiscretionEatingwhatoneshouldnot.Dogswithdietaryindiscretioneatgarbage,deadfishonshore,etc.

DigestibilityExpressedasapercent,isameasureofthecontentoffoodthatisretainedinthebodyafterfoodiseaten.Thedifferencebetweentheweightoffoodeatenandtheweightofstoolproduced,dividedbytheweightofthefood.

DigestivesystemTheorgansystemincludingthemouth,teeth,tongue,esophagus,stomach,intestines,andvariousglandsthatfunctionstoingest,digest,andabsorbnutrients.

DigitalisglycosidesClassofdrugsincludingdigitoxinanddigoxin,whicharedrugsderivedfromtheDigitalispurpureaplant,andusedinthetreatmentofcongestiveheartfailure.

DilatedcardiomyopathyAheartconditioninwhichtheheartenlarges,buttheheartmusclebecomesthinner.

DisinfectionTheactofusingchemicalsorheattokillgerms.

DistemperCaninedistemperisaviraldiseasethatcausesasevereandoftenfatalsystemicillnessindogsandtheircloserelatives.Distemperisalsofatalinanimalssuchasraccoons,andmustelidsincludingskunks,mink,andferrets.

DiuresisIncreaseinurineproduction.

DiureticAgentwhichincreasesthesecretionofurine,riddingthebodyofexcessfluid.

Diurnal



Activeduringtheday,oppositeofnocturnal,whichmeansactiveduringthenight.

DNADeoxyribonucleicacid,thechemicalcompoundthatoccursincellsandisthebasicstructureforgenes.

DomesticanimalAnanimalthathasbeenhousedandfedbymanforgenerationsandhaslittlefearofmanasaresult.Somedomesticanimalslearntodependonhumanprovisionsocompletelythattheyhavelittleabilitytosurviveifreturnedtoanaturalhabitat.

DryEyeKeratoconjunctivitissicca(KCS)isthetechnicaltermforaconditionalsoknownas'dryeye.'Itoccursbecauseofinadequatetearproduction.Symptomsincludeathick,yellowishdischargefromtheeye.

DuodenumThefirstportionofthesmallintestineextendingfromthestomachtothejejunummostchemicaldigestionandabsorptionofnutrientsoccurshere.

DurationofimmunityLengthoftimeananimalisprotectedfromadisease.Vaccinesforsomediseasesprovidelongdurationsofimmunity(years),whilevaccinesforsomeotherdiseasesonlyprovideimmunitythatlastsfor6months.

DysphagiaDifficultyswallowing.

DysplasiaAnabnormaltissuedevelopment,commoninthebonesofthecanine.

DyspneaShortnessofbreath.

DystociaDifficultbirth.

DystrophicDisordercausedbyincorrectnutrition.



DysuriaDifficultorpainfulurination.

E

EarcanalThetubethatconnectstheexternalearwiththeeardrum.

EardrumThemembranethatdividestheouterearfromtheinnerear,wherethemechanismofhearingtakesplace.Themembranepreventsinfectionfromreachingtheinnerear,aswellasvibratingtoamplifysounds.

EarmitesSmallparasiticinsectsthatliveintheearcanalofananimal,andthatareabletosurviveoutsidetheearforonlyveryshortperiodsoftime.

ECGAprintoutofananalysisoftheelectricalactivityintheheart.

EchocardiogramTheimageproducedbyperforminganultrasoundexaminationoftheheart.

EctoparasiteAparasitethatlivesontheoutsidesurfaceorskinofanotheranimal.Ectoparasitesincludefleas,ticks,lice,andmangemites.

EctopicNonmalignanttissuegrowinginanunusuallocation(e.g.,anectopicpregnancyisconceptionofanormalembryooutsidethenormallocation,whichistheuterus).

EdemaAconditioninwhichthetissuesofthebodycontaintoomuchbodyfluid.Thefluidaccumulationmaycauseswellingintheaffectedarea.

EKGAprintoutofananalysisoftheelectricalactivityintheheart.



ElectrocardiogramAprintoutofananalysisoftheelectricalactivityintheheart.

ElectrocauteryAninstrumentwithaveryhottip,heatedbyelectricity,isappliedtoatissue.Electrocauterymaybeusedtomakeanincision,removeamass,ortostopbleeding.

ElectrolyteChemically,anelementwhendissolvedinwater,willcausethesolutiontotransmitelectricity.Inmedicine,certainelementsinthebloodwhicharecriticallyimportanttolife,includingsodium,potassium,chloride,calcium,andphosphorous.

ElectroretinographyTherecordingofelectricalchangesintheretinaoftheeyeinresponsetostimulationbylight.

ElizabethancollarAlarge,plastic,coneshapedcollarusedoncats,dogs,andbirdstopreventthemfromlickingorbitingatskin,wounddressings,orcasts.

EmaciationTheseverelossofbodyweightbodyweightisgenerallylessthan50%ofthatinanormalanimal.

EmesisVomiting.

EncephalitisInflammationofthebrainoftencausedbyavirus.

EncephalopathyAnydegenerativediseaseofthebrain.Causesincludeliverdiseaseresultinginthebuildupoftoxicbyproductsofmetabolism,heavymetal(e.g.,lead)poisoning,andlossofbloodsupply.

EndocrinePertainingtothesecretionofhormones.Theendocrinesystemconsistsofvariousglandswhichproducehormones.



EndoscopeAlongflexibleinstrumentwhichcanbepassedintothebodytoviewvariousstructuresthroughtheuseoffiberoptics.

EndotrachealtubeThistubeisplacedintotheanimal'strachea(windpipe)toallowtheoxygenandgasestobebreathedintothelungs.

EnteralfeedingAmethodtofeedananimalinwhichatubeisplacedthroughthebodywallintotheintestine,andanutritiousliquidisforcedthroughthetubeintotheintestine.

EnteritisAninflammationoftheintestines.

EnvenomationTheactofinjectingapoisonousmaterial(venom).

EnzymeEnzymesarespecialproteinsproducedbycellswhichcausechemicalchangesinothersubstances,butwhicharenotthemselveschangedintheprocess.

EosinophilAtypeofwhitebloodcellthatcommonlyincreasesinnumbersasaresponsetoparasitesandallergies.

EosinophiliaAconditioninwhichtherearemorethantheusualnumberofeosinophilsinthecirculatingblood.

EPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Theagencyofthefederalgovernmentwhichlicensespesticidesandherbicides.

EpidermisThetoplayeroftheskin.

Epiphora



Anoverflowoftearsuponthecheeksduetoablockageornarrowingofthetearducts.

EpistaxisBleedingfromthenose.

ErosionAshallowdefectintheskin.Whenhealed,itwillnotcauseascar.

ErythemaRednessoftheskincausedbybloodclogginginsmallbloodvessels.

ErythrocyteRedbloodcellcontainshemoglobin,whichcarriesoxygentothetissues.

EsophagealrefluxAconditioninwhichstomachcontentsmovebackwardintotheesophagus,i.e.,heartburn.

EsophagusThemusculartubeforthepassageoffoodfromthemouthtothestomach.

EstrogenAfemalehormoneproducedbytheovaries,whichresultsintheonsetofestrus.

EstrusThetimewhenafemaleanimalisfertileandreceptivetothemale.Alsoknownasaheatperiod.

ExophthalmosTheabnormaloutwardprotrusion(bulging)oftheeye.

ExoticAnanimalnotnativetothegeographicalareawhereitisliving.

ExtensorrigidityAconditioninwhichmusclescontractandtendtostraightenthelimb,preventitfromrelaxing.



ExtracranialOriginatingexternaltothecranial(brain)cavity.

ExtrahepaticOutsideoftheliver.

F

FalsenegativetestresultTheresultofadiagnostictestisnegativebuttheanimalactuallydoeshavetheconditiontestedfor.

FalsepositivetestresultTheresultofadiagnostictestispositivebuttheanimalactuallydoesnothavetheconditiontestedfor.

FDAFoodandDrugAdministration.Thefederalagencywhichapprovesdrugsandmedicationsforuseinanimalsandpeople.

FecesBodywastesexcretedthroughtheanusfromthelargeintestinealsocalledstool.

FelinePertainingtocats.

FetalPertainingtoanunbornanimal,orfetus.

FetusThedevelopingyoungintheuterusbeforebirth.

FineneedleaspirateSuctionisappliedtoahollowneedlewhichhasbeeninsertedintotissueandacoreofthetissueiswithdrawntocultureand/orexaminemicroscopically.

FirstgenerationFirstgeneration:Adescriptionofmedicationsdevelopedfromanearlierformofthe



medication.Firstgenerationmedicationsweredevelopedfromtheoriginalformofthedrugsecondgenerationmedicationsareadaptationsoffirstgenerationdrugsthirdgenerationdrugsareadaptationsofsecondgeneration,etc.

FlatulenceIncreasedstomachorintestinalgas.

FleadipAsolutionmadetokillfleas,appliedtoananimalandnotrinsedoff,toallowittohaveresidualaction.

FluoroscopyAnxrayprocedureinwhichxraysaretransmittedthroughthebodyontoafluorescentscreenbeneficialinthatmovementofjointsororgansystemscanbeobserved(e.g.,themovementofmaterialthroughtheesophagus,stomach,andintestines).

FLUTDFelinelowerurinarytractdiseaseaconditionincatscharacterizedbybloodintheurine,urinationoutsideofthelitterbox,andstrainingtourinate.Thenameforthisconditionwaspreviouslycalledfelineurologicalsyndrome(FUS).

FollicleThegroupofcellsintheskininwhichahairorfeatherdevelops.

ForeignbodyAnyabnormalsubstancewithinthebody.Examplesincludewoodslivers,ingestedclothorballs,glassinthefeet,etc.

FractureAbreakinthebonegenerallycausedbytrauma,twisting,orweakenedbonestructureduetodisease.

FreeradicalAtomwhichcarriesanunpairedelectronfreeradicalscanpotentiallyinjurecellsandmayberesponsiblefornumerousagerelateddiseases.

FungicideAdrugthatkillsfungi.



FUSFelineurologicalsyndromeaconditionincatscharacterizedbybloodintheurine,urinationoutsideofthelitterbox,andstrainingtourinate.Thenameforthisconditionisnowcalledfelinelowerurinarytractdisease(FLUTD).

G

GaitThemannerorstyleofmovementoftenusedtoassesshorsesordogsforlameness.

GastricRelatingtothestomach.

GastriclavageToflushoutthestomach.

GastritisInflammationofthestomach.

GastrointestinalAlsoknownasGI.Pertainingtothestomachandintestines.Theterm'digestivesystem'includesthemouth,gastrointestinaltract,anus,pancreas,andliver.

GermsAnymicroscopicorganismthatcanpotentiallycausediseaseincludesviruses,bacteria,andfungi.

GestationPregnancy.

GingivalRelatingtothegums.

GingivitisInflammationofthegums.

GlaucomaIncreasedpressurewithintheeyecausedbyanaccumulationoffluidscanleadto



blindnessifleftuntreated.

GlipizideAnoralmedicationthatcanbeusedtocontrolbloodglucoselevelsinsomediabeticcatswhostillhavesomeinsulinproduction.

GlomerulusThisliterallymeansasmallclustercommonlyusedtorefertotherenalglomerulus,theareaofbloodfilteringinthekidney.

GlucocorticoidHormonesproducedbytheadrenalglandwhichregulateprotein,carbohydrateandfatmetabolism,andareimportanttoalmosteveryfunctionofcellsandorgans.Theyalsostabilizecellmembraneswhichisanimportantpartoftheirfunctionintreatingallergicreactions.Alsocalledglucocorticosteroids.

GlucocorticosteroidHormonesproducedbytheadrenalglandwhichregulateprotein,carbohydrateandfatmetabolism,andareimportanttoalmosteveryfunctionofcellsandorgans.Theyalsostabilizecellmembraneswhichisanimportantpartoftheirfunctionintreatingallergicreactions.Alsocalledglucocorticoids.

GlucosamineOneofthebuildingblocksthebodyusestomakenewcartilage.

GlucosuriaGlucoseintheurine.(Alsocalledglycosuria.)

GlycogenAstorageformofglucoseinthebody.

GlycosaminoglycansCompoundswhichserveasthebuildingblocksofcartilage,whichcoverstheendsofboneswithinajoint.Glucosamineandchondroitinarenecessaryforthebodytomakeglycosaminoglycans.

GramAmeasureofweight.28grams=1oz.454grams=1lb.



GramnegativeAclassificationofbacteriabasedupontheirlackofretentionofacertainstaininthelaboratory.Thestainingqualityisbasedonthestructureofthecellwallsurroundingthebacteria.Thisstructureofthecellwallinfluenceswhichantibioticswillkillthebacteria.ThislaboratorystainingmethodwasdevelopedbyHansGramin1884.

GrampositiveAclassificationofbacteriabasedupontheiruptakeofacertainstaininthelaboratory.Thestainingqualityisbasedonthestructureofthecellwallsurroundingthebacteria.Thisstructureofthecellwallinfluenceswhichantibioticswillkillthebacteria.ThislaboratorystainingmethodwasdevelopedbyHansGramin1884.

GranulomaTheformationofanoduleasaresultofinflammation.

H

H2antagonistAcompoundwhichbinds(attaches)totheareaonacellatwhichhistaminealsobinds.Bybindingatthesamesite,theantagonistblockshistaminefrombindingandpreventshistaminefromproducingitseffects,whichincludetheproductionofstomachacid.

HalflifeThetimerequiredforthelevelofasubstanceinthebody(e.g.,adrugortoxin)tobereducedbyhalf.

HeadpressingPressingtheheadagainstawallorotherhardobject.

HeartblockAconditioninwhichtheelectricalimpulsesoftheheartarenotproperlyconductedfromtheatria(chamberswhichreceivetheblood)totheventricles(chamberswhichpumptheblood).

HeartwormAspeciesofparasiticworm(Dirofilariaimmitis)thatlivesandreproducesinthechambersoftheheartofananimal.Microscopic,immatureworms(microfilariae)circulateinthebloodandaretakeninbymosquitoesthatbitetheanimal.Microfilariaematureinthemouthpartsofthemosquitoandinfectanothersusceptibleanimalbittenbythesamemosquito.



HeinzbodyAconditioninwhichtheredbloodcellsaredestroyedandthisresultsinanemia.Thespecifictypeofanemiaiscalled'Heinzbodyanemia'becausetheredcellsdevelopanabnormalitycalleda'Heinzbody'whichcanbeseenunderthemicroscope.Thisanemiacanoccurasareactiontocertainmedicationsandalsoincatswhoeatonions.

HemangiosarcomaAmalignanttumorofthebloodvessels,usuallyoccurringintheskin,liver,spleen,rightatriumoftheheart,andmusclealsocalledangiosarcoma.

HematocritPCV(PackedCellVolume),hematocrit:Alaboratorytesttomonitorrelativenumberofredbloodcellspresentintheblood.Abloodsampleisplacedinatinyglasstubeandspuninacentrifuge.Thecellsareheavierthantheplasmaandarecompactedatoneendofthetube.Afterthetubeisspun,itisexaminedandthepackedcellvolumeisdeterminedasthepercentageoftheredcellularportionrelativetothetotalamountofbloodinthetube(i.e.remainderbeingtheplasma).Thenormalfordogsis4059andcatsis2950.

HematologyThestudyofblood,itsphysiologyandpathology.

HematomaAmassofbloodwithinthetissues.Generally,theresultoftraumatothebloodvesselsorabnormalbloodclotting.

HematuriaAconditionofbloodintheurine.

HemodialysisAprocessusedtoremovewasteproductsfromtheblood.

HemoglobinAproteininsideofredbloodcells,responsibleforthebindingandtransportofoxygentothebodytissues(Hb).

HemolyticCausingtheredbloodcellstobreakopen.

Hemoptysis



Bloodinthesputum.

HemorrhageTobleedexcessivelymaybetheresultofinjuryorbloodclottingabnormalities.

HemostatAsmallsurgicalinstrumentusedtoclampbloodvesselstopreventbleeding.

HepaticPertainingtotheliver.

HepaticfibrosisScarringoftheliver

HepatitisAninflammationorinfectionoftheliver.

HepatomegalyEnlargementoftheliver.

HerbivoreAnimalthateatsprimarilyplantsandvegetation.

HerniaTheprotrusionofanorganthroughanabnormalopening.

HightitervaccineAmodifiedlivevaccinethatcontainsahighernumberofvirusparticlesthanthe'average'vaccine.Hightitervaccinescangenerallyelicitanimmunesystemresponseinyounganimalswhohaveamaternalantibodylevelthatwouldpreventthemfromrespondingtoan'average'vaccine.

HistamineH2receptorantagonistAcompoundwhichbinds(attaches)totheareaonacellatwhichhistaminealsobinds.Bybindingatthesamesite,theantagonistblockshistaminefrombindingandpreventshistaminefromproducingitseffects,whichincludetheproductionofstomachacid.



HormoneChemicalsubstanceproducedbyonepartofthebodywhichservesasamessengertoorregulatoroftheprocessesofanotherpartofthebody.

HostTheorganisminoronwhichaparasitelives.Forexample,dogsandcatsarehostsforfleasandroundworms.

HumoralimmunityTheimmunitythatistheresultofantibodyproductionbyBcells.Comparewith'cellmediatedimmunity.'

HybridAnanimalthathasparentsoftwodifferentspecies,forinstance,amule'smotherisahorseanditsfatherisadonkey.

HydrocephalusAconditionoffluidaccumulationintheventricles(spaces)ofthebraintheswellinggenerallycreatespressureonthebraintissuesandcancauseseveredamageifnottreatedproperly.

HyperAprefixmeaningabnormallyhighorexcessive.

HypercalcemiaAnincreasedlevelofcalciumintheblood.

HyperesthesiaAbnormalsensitivitytotouch,pain,orothersensorystimuli.

HyperglycemiaHigherthannormalbloodglucoselevel.

HyperkalemiaIncreasedlevelofpotassiumintheblood.

HyperphosphatemiaElevatedbloodphosphatelevels.



HyperpigmentationAnincreaseddarkcolorintheskincausedbythepigment'melanin.'

HyperplasiaAnincreaseofthenumberofcellswithinanorgan.

HyperplasticAbnormalincreaseintheamountoftissue,e.g.,ahyperplasticearwouldhaveincreasednumbersofcellsintheearcanal,sometimestothepointofclosingofftheearcanal.Inprostatichyperplasia,theprostateenlargesduetoanincreasednumberofnormal,notcancerous,cells.

HyperreactiveProducinganexaggerated,orgreaterthannormalresponsetoastimulus.

HypersensitiveAtypeofallergicconditioninwhichthebodyoverreactstoacertainagentsuchasabeestingormedication.

HypertensionBloodpressureabovenormal.

HyperthermiaAnincreaseinbodytemperatureabovenormal.

HyperthyroidismAcondition,morecommonlyseenincats,inwhichthethyroidglandproducestoomuchthyroidhormone.Seearticle:HyperthyroidisminCats.

HypertrophyAnincreaseinthesizeofatissueororganduetotheenlargementofexistingcells.

HyperventilateAnincreaseintherateand/ordepthofrespirationsuchthatthebodylosestoomuchcarbondioxide.

HypoAprefixmeaningabnormallylowordeficient.



HypoglycemiaLowerthannormalbloodglucoselevel.

HypokalemiaLowerthannormallevelofpotassiumintheblood.

HypoplasiaInadequateordefectivedevelopmentoftissue.

HypotensionBloodpressurebelownormal.

HypothermiaAdecreaseinbodytemperaturebelownormal.

HypothyroidismAcondition,morecommonindogs,inwhichthethyroidglanddoesnotproduceenoughthyroidhormone.Seearticle:HypothyroidisminDogs.

HypovitaminosisAAconditioninwhichthebodysuffersfromadeficiencyinVitaminA.

HypoxiaLowoxygenlevelinbloodandtissues.

I

IatrogenicAconditionresultingfromtheactionofthedoctore.g.,anallergicreactionresultingfromadministrationofaninjectionbyaveterinarian.

IcterusCommonlyreferredtoasjaundice.Ayellowingofthetissues,usuallyasaresultofabnormalliverfunction.

IDDMInsulindependentdiabetesmellitus(IDDM):Aformofdiabetesinwhichsolittle



insulinisproducedthatsupplementalinsulinmustbegivenfortheanimaltolive.AlsocalledTypeIdiabetesmellitus.

IdiopathicOfunknowncause.

IleusAconditioninwhichthereisanabsenceofmuscularcontractionsoftheintestinewhichnormallymovethefoodthroughthesystemcanresultinanintestinalobstruction.

ImmunesystemThebody'sdefensesystemwhichrecognizesinfectiousagentsandother'foreign'compounds(suchaspollen),andworkstodestroythem.

ImmunemediatedImmunemediatedreactionordisease:Aconditionordiseasecausedbyabnormalactivityoftheimmunesysteminwhichthebody'simmunesystemeitheroverreacts(e.g.,immunemediatedcontactdermatitis)orstartsattackingthebodyitself(e.g.,autoimmunehemolyticanemia).Seealsoautoimmune.

ImmunityAconditioninwhichtheanimal'simmunesystemhasbeenprimedandisabletoprotectthebodyfromadiseasecausingagentsuchasacertainvirusorbacteria.Ananimalcouldhaveimmunitytooneagent,suchasparvovirus,butnothaveimmunitytoanotheragent,suchasrabies.

ImmunizationTheprocessofrenderingananimalprotected(immune)againstacertaindisease.Vaccinationisawaytoproduceimmunization.However,justbecauseananimalhasbeenvaccinated(receivedavaccine)doesnotnecessarilymeantheanimalisimmune.Ifthebodydidnotcorrectlyreacttothevaccineorifthevaccinewasdefective,immunitywouldnotoccur.Novaccineproducesimmunityin100%ofthepopulationtowhichitwasgiven.'Vaccination'isnotthesameas'immunization.'

ImmunodeficiencyReducedfunctionoftheimmunesystemofananimal,makingitmoresusceptibletoinfectiousdisease.Canbeaninheriteddefectorcausedbydrugs,radiation,orviruses.

ImmunostimulantAcompoundwhichstimulatestheimmunesystemtoworkmoreeffectivelytokillbacteria,viruses,orcancercells.



ImmunosuppressiveSomething,forinstanceadrug,hormone,orvirus,thatreducesthefunctionoftheimmunesystemofananimal.Ananimalwithreducedfunctionofitsimmunesystemiscalled'immunosuppressed.'

IncontinenceTheinabilitytocontroltheexcretionofwastesgenerallyusedtodescribetheinabilitytocontrolurination.

IncubationperiodThetimebetweentheexposuretoadisease,causingagent,andtheonsetofsignsofthedisease.

InfectionTheinvasionandreplicationofmicroorganismsintissuesofthebodygenerallycausesdiseaseorlocalinflammation.

InfectiousagentsTheorganismsthatcauseinfectioncanbeviruses,bacteria,fungi,orparasites.

InfestationAtermusedtodescribeaninvasionofparasites.

InflammationAconditioninwhichtissuereactstoinjuryandundergoeschangesduringthehealingprocess.Asanexample,atoewithasliverofwoodinitwouldbeinflamedandshowthesignsofinflammationwhichincluderedness,increasedtemperature,pain,swelling,andalossofordisorderedfunction.Thetoeisswollen,red,hot,painful,andtheanimalisreluctanttowalkonthattoe.

InheritedAtraitpassedfromonegenerationtothenextinthegenesfromeachparent.

InnateApermanentcharacteristicthatispresentbecauseofthegeneticmakeupoftheanimal.

Insolublecarbohydrate



Also,insolublefiber.Fiberthatresistsenzymaticdigestioninthesmallintestine.

InsulinAhormoneproducedbythepancreaswhichisnecessaryforglucosetobeabletoenterthecellsofthebodyandbeusedforenergy.

InsulinresistanceAconditioninwhichthebloodglucoselevelremainshigherthanitshouldataninsulindosageof2units/poundofbodyweightperdayincats.

InsulinomaInsulinproducingtumorofthepancreastheincreasedproductionandbloodlevelofinsulinresultingfromthesetumorscancauselowbloodsugar(hypoglycemia).

IntermediateHostInthelifecycleofsomeparasites,theimmatureformoftheparasitemustpassthroughadifferenttypeofhost(animal,insect,snail,etc.),calledtheintermediatehost,beforeitcanreenterandinfectthetypeofanimalitcamefrom.Anexamplewouldbeheartworms.Theadultwormlivesinthedogorcat.Theimmatureform,laidbytheadultheartworm,istakenupbythemosquito.Theimmatureformdevelopswithinthemosquito,andisthenreintroducedintoanotherdogorcatwhereitdevelopsintothematureadultandthecyclerepeatsitself.Theintermediatehostforheartworms,then,isthemosquito.

InterstitialBetweenpartsorwithinthespacesoftissue.

IntestineThepartofthedigestivesystemextendingfromthestomachtotherectumincludesboththesmallandlargeintestinesandfunctionsintheabsorptionofwaterandnutrientsalsocalledbowelorgut.

IntracellularAnactiontakingplacewithinacell.

IntracranialOriginatingwithinthecranial(brain)cavity.

IntramuscularIntothemuscle(IM).



IntranasalIntothenose.

IntravenousIntothebloodstreamviaavein.

IntussusceptionAconditioninwhichonepartoftheintestine'telescopes'intoanother.

IrisThecoloredportionoftheeyeiscalledtheiris.Aswithhumans,dogs'iriscolorsvary.Inthecenteroftheirisistheblackopeningcalledthepupil.Thisopeningcanbemadelargerorsmallerbymusclescalledciliarybodies,thatattachtothecolorediris,causingittoexpandorcontract.

IsoflavoneAnestrogenlikesubstanceproducedbypastureplantsatypeofphytoestrogen.

J

JaundiceTheconditioninwhichthereisabuildupofwasteproductsinthebodycalledbilirubin.Bilirubinisyellowincolor,therefore,ananimalwithjaundicewillhaveyellowgums,skin(oftenseenontheinsideflapoftheear),andayellowishcasttothe'whites'oftheeyes.Itcanoccurifalargenumberofredbloodcellsaredestroyed,theliverisnotfunctioningnormally,orthebileductsareblocked.

JejunumThelongestpartofthesmallintestineextendingfromtheduodenumtotheileum.

JugularReferringtotheneckspecifically,thelargejugularveinsthatreturnbloodfromtheheadandnecktotheheart.

K

KCSKeratoconjunctivitissiccaisthetechnicaltermforaconditionalsoknownas'dryeye.'



Itoccursbecauseofinadequatetearproduction.Symptomsincludeathick,yellowishdischargefromtheeye.

KeratitisInflammationofthecorneaoftheeyemaybecausedbyinfection,trauma,oranallergicreaction.

KeratoconjunctivitissiccaKeratoconjunctivitissicca(KCS)isthetechnicaltermforaconditionalsoknownas'dryeye'.Itoccursbecauseofinadequatetearproduction.Symptomsincludeathick,yellowishdischargefromtheeye.

KeratolyticSoftensandloosenscrustsandscalesontheskin.

KetoacidosisAlifethreateningconditioninwhichketones,whichresultfromthebreakdownoffatforenergy,accumulateinthebloodstreamandthepHoftheblooddecreases.

KilledvaccineVaccineswhicharemadebytakingthereal,diseasecausingviruses(orbacteria),killingthem,andputtingthemintoaliquidbase.Comparewith'modifiedlivevaccine'and'recombinantvaccine.'

KineticskullHavingmobilejointsbetweenvariouspartsoftheskull,e.g.,beingabletounhingethejaws.Thisallowsthemouthoftheanimal,e.g.,snake,toopenwidersothatitcaneatlargeprey.

L

LactatingProducingmilk.

LargeintestineThelowerpartoftheintestinaltract,usuallymadeupofthecolon,cecum,andrectum.Bacteriathatliveharmlesslyinthelargeintestinehelptodigestcomplexcarbohydrates.



LarvaThewormlikeoffspringofaninsect(plurallarvae).

LarynxThelarynxisamusculartubeintheneckthatallowsairtopassfromthethroattothetrachea(windpipe).Thelarynxcontainsthevocalcords,whichallowpeopleandanimalstomakesounds.Thelarynxhascartilagethatopenstoallowairintothetrachea.

LatentAdormantstageofdiseasethepatientisinfectedwithanorganism,butisnotyetill.

LeukopeniaAconditioninwhichthenumbersofwhitebloodcellsinthebloodarelowerthannormal.

LichenificationThickeningandhardeningoftheskin.

LipaseDigestiveenzyme,producedbythepancreas,whichbreaksdownfat.

LiverThelargestorganintheabdomen,responsibleforproducingenzymesrequiredfordigestionoffood,andbilethathelpstodigestfat.Theliveralsodetoxifiesthebloodandmaybedamagedintheprocess.

LowpassagevaccineAlowpassagevaccinecontainsvirusparticleswhichhavebeenattenuated,orweakened,lessthanthoseinthe'average'vaccine.Lowpassagevaccinescangenerallyelicitanimmunesystemresponseinyounganimalswhohaveamaternalantibodylevelthatwouldpreventthemfromrespondingtoan'average'vaccine.

LymphnodesPartoftheimmunesystemofananimal.Smallmassesoftissuethatcontainwhitebloodcellscalledlymphocytes.Bloodfromthenearbyareaisfilteredthroughthelymphnodeallowingforeignorinfectiousmaterialtoberecognizedanddestroyedifpossible.

Lymphocytes



Theclassofcellsinthebodywhichareresponsibleformountinganimmuneresponse.TwomaintypesareBcellsandTcells.

LymphokinesChemicalsproducedbyTlymphocytes.Somelymphokinessignalmacrophagesandotherphagocytestodestroyforeigninvaders.

M

MacrophageAtypeofphagocyte(cellinthebodywhich'eats'damagedcellsandforeignsubstancessuchasvirusandbacteria).

MalabsorptionsyndromeMaldigestionsyndrome:Aconditioninvolvingtheintestineinwhichfoodmaynotbeproperlydigestedorthenutrientsnotabsorbed.

MalignantAprocessthatdoesharmtonearbytissues.Usuallysynonymouswithcancer,atumorthatgrowsquicklyandspreadsintoothertissues.

MalnutritionIllhealthduetodietarydeficiencyorimbalance.

MammaryPertainingtothebreast.

MandibleLowerjaw.

MangeAnyofseveralskinandearconditionscausedbyavarietyofmites.

MAOIsMonoamineoxidaseinhibitors.Substancesthatinactivatetheenzymemonoamineoxidasewhichregulatescertaintransmitterchemicalsbetweennerves.Thesecompoundsincludecertaintypesofantidepressantsandalsoinsecticidescontainingamitraz(suchasMitabanandPreventiccollars).



MarsupialAnorderofmammalsincludingkangaroos,opossums,andsugarglidersinwhichthefemalehasapouchontheabdomenwhichholdstheyoungandhasnipplesfortheyoungtonurse.

MastcelltumorAnodulargrowth,usuallyontheskin,whichinvolvescells(mastcells)whichcontainlargeamountsofhistamineandnormallyplayaroleinallergicreactions.Allmastcelltumorsindogsshouldbeconsideredpotentiallymalignant.

MasticateChew.

MastitisAninfectionorinflammationofthemammaryglands.

MaternalantibodyAntibodyinanewbornanimalwhichthenewbornacquiredthroughtheplacentaorcolostrum(thefirstmilk).

MealWhenreferringtofoodingredients,mealmeansagrounduppreparation.Chickenmealisgroundupchicken,whichmightincludebonesandfeathers.Meatmealmeansgroundupmusclemeat.

MediansurvivaltimeTimeatwhich50%oftheanimalshaddied.

MegacolonAconditioninwhichthecolonenlargesanddilates,whichresultsinfecesaccumulatinginthecolon.Constipationthenoccurs.Thisconditionismorecommonincatsthandogs.

MelenaDarkeningofthestoolduetothepresenceofdigestedblood,whichindicatesbleedingisoccurringinthestomachand/orbeginningofthesmallintestine.Thefecesgenerallylookblackandtarry.

Memory



(Immunologic)Memory:Whenananimalmountsanimmuneresponseagainstaforeignsubstance,somecellsarecreatedto'remember'theantigensonthatsubstance.Iftheanimalisagainexposedtothesubstance,thesecellswillhelpthebodyrespondmuchfasterandtoahigherdegree.

MetabolicacidosisAconditioninwhichthepHofthebloodistooacidicbecauseoftheproductionofcertaintypesofacids.

MetabolizeTohavemoleculestransformedwithinthebodytissuethroughchemicalprocesses.

Metabolizeenergy(ME)(ME)isthenetenergyavailabletoananimalfromacertainfood.

MetacarpusThefrontlimbbetweenthecarpusandthephalanges(toes).

MetastasisSpreadofatumorfromitsoriginallocationtoaremoteone,bytumorcellsthatarecarriedintheblood.

MetatarsusThepartoftherearlimbbetweenthetarsusandthephalanges(toes).

MethemoglobinAnalteredhemoglobinwhichdoesnotcarryoxygen.

MethemoglobinemiaAconditionofthebloodinwhichtherearelargeamountsofmethemoglobinwhichisanalteredhemoglobinwhichdoesnotcarryoxygen.

MicrofilaremiaThepresenceofmicrofilariaeintheblood.

MicrofilariaThelarvalformofsomeparasiticworms,forexampleheartworms.Thesewormsdonotlayeggs,theyproducemicrofilariae(pluralofmicrofilaria)instead.



MicrofilaricideCompoundwhichkillsmicrofilaria,theimmatureformsofheartwormswhichcirculateintheblood.

MicroorganismAsinglecelledlifeformthatisinvisibletothenakedeyeandthatmaycausediseaseinmanoranimals.

MineralizationTheprocessinwhichmineralsarelaiddownwithintissueinanabnormalpatterncausingahardeningofthetissue.

MineralocorticoidsHormonesproducedbytheadrenalglandwhichregulatetheamountsofsodium,potassium,andchlorideintheblood.

MiticideAnagentthatkillsmites.

MitochondriaPartsofthecellwhichareresponsibleforprovidingthecellwithenergy.

mLShortformilliliter.Aliquidmeasure,thesamevolumeasacc.28mL=1liquidoz.

ModifiedlivevaccineVaccineswhicharemadebytakingthereal,diseasecausingvirusandaltering(attenuating)itinalaboratorytoanondiseasecausingvirus.Comparewith'killedvaccine'and'recombinantvaccine.'

Monoamineoxidaseinhibitor(MAOI):Substancesthatinactivatetheenzymemonoamineoxidasewhichregulatescertaintransmitterchemicalsbetweennerves.Thesecompoundsincludecertaintypesofantidepressantsandalsoinsecticidescontainingamitraz(suchasMitabanandPreventiccollars).

MonovalentvaccineAvaccinethatismanufacturedtostimulatethebodytoproduceprotectionagainstonlyonedisease,e.g.,rabiesvaccine.Comparewith'multivalentvaccine.'



MotilityMovement,e.g.,intestinalmotilityisthemuscularcontractionsoftheintestineswhichmovethefoodfromthestomachtotheanus.

MucolyticBreaksdownmucous.

MucopolysaccharideAcarbohydratewhichalsocontainsahexosaminemoleculeandisacomponentofmucous.

MucosaSpecializedmembranewhichcoversvariouspassagesandcavitiesexposedtotheairsuchasthemouth,nose,innerportionoftheeyelids,vagina.Examinationofthemucousmembranescanprovideimportantinformation:iftheyaredry,theanimalislikelydehydratedpale,andtheanimalmaybeanemicorinshockyellow,andtheanimalissaidtojaundicedduetoaccumulationofwasteproductswhichshouldbeeliminatedbytheliver.Mucousmembranes.

MucousmembranesSpecializedmembranewhichcoversvariouspassagesandcavitiesexposedtotheairsuchasthemouth,nose,innerportionoftheeyelids,vagina.Examinationofthemucousmembranescanprovideimportantinformation:iftheyaredry,theanimalislikelydehydratedpale,andtheanimalmaybeanemicorinshockyellow,andtheanimalissaidtobejaundicedduetoaccumulationofwasteproductswhichshouldbeeliminatedbytheliver.

MultivalentvaccineAvaccinethatcombinestwoormorecomponentstostimulatethebodytoproduceprotectionagainstallthecomponents.Most'distemper'vaccinesforpuppiesareofthemultivalenttype,andcommonlyincludedistemper,parvovirus,adenoviruscough,hepatitis,andparainfluenza.Comparewith'monovalent'vaccine.

MusculoskeletalPertainingtothemusclesandskeleton.

MyastheniagravisMyastheniagravisisaneuromusculardiseaseinwhichthereisafailureofthenerves'abilitytostimulateandcontroltheactionsofcertainmuscles.Seearticle:MyastheniagravisinPuppies.



MycosisDiseasecausedbyafungussuchasblastomycosis,histoplasmosis,andringworm.

MydriasisSmallpupilsize.

MyelogramRadiograph(xray)ofthespinalcordtakenafteracontrastingdyehasbeeninjectedintothespacearoundthespinalcord.

MyocardiumThemiddlelayerofheartmuscle.

N

NebulizeConvertintoafinesprayform.

NecropsyPostmortemexamination.

NecrosisThedeathandbreakdownofcells.

NematodesAcommonnameforanyroundwormofthephylumNematoda.

NeoplasiaAbnormalgrowthandaccumulationofcells.Neoplasiasmaybebenignormalignant.

NephropathyAnydiseaseorabnormalfunctioningofthekidney.

NephrotoxicDestructivetokidneycells.



NeuropathyAbnormalfunctioningofnerves.

NeurotransmitterChemicalusedasamessengerfromonenervecelltoanother.

NeuterSterilizationbysurgicalremovalofthetesticlesofamaleanimalorovariesofafemaleanimal.

NeutralizeTochangefromacidicoralkalinetoaneutralpH.

NIDDMNoninsulindependentdiabetesmellitus(NIDDM):Atypeofdiabetesmellitusinwhichalthoughthebloodglucoselevelsarehigherthannormal,theyarenotimmediatelylifethreatening,andtheanimalcansurvivewithoutsupplementalinsulin.AlsocalledTypeIIdiabetes.

NocturnalAnimalsthatareactiveduringthenightandsleepduringtheday.

NoduleSolidbumporlumpintheskinthatisover1/3inchindiameter.

NonsteroidalantiinflammatoryNSAIDS:Agentswhichreduceinflammation,butarenotintheclassofdrugsknownassteroids.Examplesincludeaspirin,Rimadyl,andphenylbutazone.

NoncorevaccineVaccinewhichshouldonlybegiventoanimalsatincreasedriskofexposuretoadisease,example,leptospirosisindogsorfelineleukemiaincats(seecorevaccine).

NonpathogenicNotcausingdisease.Somebacteria,suchasthosethatnormallyliveinananimal'sintestines,arenonpathogenic.

NonsepticAconditionnotcausedbyaninfection.Forexample,septicarthritisiscausedbyan



infectionwithbacteria,yeast,orotheragentacaseofnonsepticarthritismaybecausedbyinjuryorcancer.

NucleatederythrocytesImmatureformofredbloodcells.

NutraceuticalAverybroadtermdescribingcertaincomponentsinfood(plantoranimal)ornutritionalsupplements,whichcontainsubstancesnormallypresentinthebodythataidintheproperfunctioningofbodysystems.

NutrientCompoundsinfoodswhichareessentialforlife.Nutrientsincludeprotein,fats,vitamins,minerals,etc.

NystagmusConstantinvoluntarymovementoftheeye,oftenfromsidetoside.

O

ObligatecarnivoreAnanimalthatrequiresinitsdietnutrientsthatarefoundinsufficientquantitiesonlyinmeatorotheranimalproducts.

ObsessivecompulsiveAbehavioralconditioninwhichapetrepeatedlyperformsanactionoutofcontext.Itisthoughtthatthebehaviorisanexpressionofstress,frustrationand/orconflict.Certainbreedsaremorepronetothesebehaviors.Thebehaviorsincludetailchasing,somecasesofexcessivebarking,continuallicking,andbitingtheairasifsnappingataninvisiblefly.

OccultIndicatingadiseaseorconditionthatisclinicallynotapparent.

OcularRelatingtotheeye.

OfflabelTermusedtodescribetheuseofamedicationforaconditionforwhichitwasnotFDA



approved.Alargenumberofmedicationsusedinveterinarymedicineareused'offlabel.'IfveterinariansonlyusedFDAapprovedmedications,optionsfortreatmentsofcertainconditionswouldbeseverelylimitedornonexistent.Thesafetyandefficacyofofflabelusesofmedicationsisoftendeterminedinuniversityresearchsettings,butthemanufacturerofthedrugdoessubmittheresultsorgothroughtheelaborateFDAapprovalprocess.

OffalAnimalorgansrejectedatslaughterasunfitforhumanconsumption,e.g.,spleen,intestine,brain,lungs.

OmnivoreAnimalthateatsbothfleshandplants.

OpioidNarcoticdrugwhichhasanactivitysimilartothatofopium.

OralhypoglycemicAmedication,givenbymouth,whichlowersthelevelofglucoseintheblood.Example:glipizide.

OsmoticdiureticAcompoundthatincreasestheamountofurineformedandridsthebodyofexcessfluidbybeingfilteredthroughthekidneyintotheurineinconcentratedamountsandcarryingwaterwithit.

OsteomyelitisAninflammationandinfectionofthebone.

OticPertainingtotheear.

OtotoxicDestructivetothestructuresoftheear.

OverthecounterCanbepurchasedwithoutaprescription,likeaspirinandvitamins.

Ovulate



Thereleaseofaneggfromtheovaryofthefemale.

OxidizeTocombinewithoxygen.

OxytocinAhormonethatstimulatesmilkflowinlactatingmammals(femalesnursingtheiryoung),andcontractionsofthemusclesofthereproductivetractinmanyspecies.

P

Packedcellvolume(PCV),hematocrit:Alaboratorytesttomonitortherelativenumberofredbloodcellspresentintheblood.Abloodsampleisplacedinatinyglasstubeandspuninacentrifuge.Thecellsareheavierthantheplasmaandarecompactedatoneendofthetube.Afterthetubeisspun,itisexaminedandthepackedcellvolumeisdeterminedasthepercentageoftheredcellularportionrelativetothetotalamountofbloodinthetube(i.e.,remainderbeingtheplasma).Thenormalfordogsis4059andcatsis2950.

PalatableTastyreferstofoodthatisreadilyaccepted.

PalpationToexaminewiththehandsorfingers.

PancreatitisInflammationofthepancreas,asevereandsometimeslifethreateningdiseaseoftenassociatedwitheatingfattyfoods.Symptomsincludevomitingandapainfulabdomen.

PannusAchronicconditionoftheeyeinwhichbloodvesselsgrowacrossthecornea(theclearsurfaceoftheeye).Thecornealookshazyandsometimesreddeneditmayeventuallytakeonadarkpigment.Thisconditionisalsocalledchronicsuperficialkeratitis.

PapuleSolidbumpontheskin,lessthan1/3inchindiameter.

ParalysisLossofmotorfunction(movement)inacertainpartofthebody.Paralysismaybe



flaccid,inwhichmusclesareweakandhavelittleornotoneorspastic,inwhichthemusclesaretight.

ParasiticideMedicationformulatedtokillparasites.

ParasympatheticTheportionofthenervoussystemwhichstimulatesthepancreastoproducedigestiveenzymesandstimulatesmanyofthesmoothmusclesinthebodyincludingthoseofthestomachandintestine.Italsotendstoslowtheheartrate.

ParenterallyAtermusedtodescribetheadministrationofadrugbymeansotherthanbymouth.

ParesisSlightorincompleteparalysis.

ParthenogenesisAformofreproductioninwhichtheeggdevelopsintoanewindividualwithoutfertilizationbysperm.Parthenogenesishasbeenobservedinmanyloweranimals,includingsomesnailsandinsects.

ParturitionTheactofgivingbirth.

PassiveimmunityImmunityproducedbyprovidingananimalwithantibodiesorimmunologiccellsfromanothersource,suchascolostrum.Comparewith'activeimmunity.'

PathogenicCausingdisease.

PathologistAspecialistinveterinarymedicinewhoexaminesthechangesinbodytissuesandorganscausedbydisease.

PCVPackedcellvolume.PCV,hematocrit:Alaboratorytesttomonitortherelativenumberofredbloodcellspresentintheblood.Abloodsampleisplacedinatinyglasstube



andspuninacentrifuge.Thecellsareheavierthantheplasmaandarecompactedatoneendofthetube.Afterthetubeisspun,itisexaminedandthepackedcellvolumeisdeterminedasthepercentageoftheredcellularportionrelativetothetotalamountofbloodinthetube(i.e.,remainderbeingtheplasma).Thenormalfordogsis4059andcatsis2950.

PediculosisAninfestationoflice.

PenicillinaseAnenzymeproducedbysomebacteriawhichinactivatescertaintypesofpenicillinthusmakingthebacteriaresistanttothem.

PerianalfistulaAdeepinfectionaroundtheanuswhichoftenresultsinulcersanddeepdrainingtracts,mostcommonlyseeninGermanShepherds.

PerinealTheareabetweentheanusandthegenitalorgans.

PeritonealdialysisAprocessusedtoremovewasteproductsfromthebody.Electrolytefluidsareadministeredintotheabdomen,wasteproductsofthebodyenterthefluids,andthenthefluidsareremoved.

PeritoneumThemembraneliningthewalloftheabdominalcavity.

PeritonitisInflammationoftheliningoftheabdomen.

PhagocyteCellinthebodywhich'eats'damagedcellsandforeignsubstancessuchasvirusandbacteria.Amacrophageisatypeofphagocyte.

PhalangesToes.

Pheromone



Chemicalsecretedbyananimalandsensedbyanotheranimalofthesamespecies,andoftencausingbehaviorchangeinthatanimal.

PhotoperiodThenumberofhoursoflightper24hourperiod.

PhotosensitivityAconditioninwhichtheskinreactsabnormallytolight,especiallyultravioletlightorsunlight.Itisusuallycausedbytheinteractionoflightwithcertainchemicalsintheskinsuchasantibiotics,othermedications,hormones,ortoxins.

PhytochemicalSubstancesinplantswhichaffectabodysystemandmaypromotehealthanddecreasetheriskofadiseasesuchascancer.

PhytoestrogenSubstanceswhichhaveanactivitysimilartoestrogensandareproducedbyplants.

PicaCravingtoeatunnaturalarticlessuchasrocksordirt.

PlaceboAsubstancewhichisgiventhathasnotherapeuticvalueoftencalleda'dummypill'or'sugarpill.'Oftengiventohalfofthepatientsinatrialofanewdrug,tobetterassesstheeffectivenessofthenewdrug.

PlantigradestanceStandingandwalkingwiththehocksonoralmosttouchingthefloor.

PlaqueAbuildupofbacteria,saliva,andfoodontheteeth.SeealsoTartar.

PlateletsCellularcomponentsfoundinthebloodwhichhelpclotstoform.Inthebody,microscopicallysmallvesselsoftenbreakinthenormalcourseofevents.Plateletsandaproteincalledfibrinogen'plug'thebreakinthevesselandpreventbloodfromleakingout.

Polyarthritis



Arthritiswhichinvolvestwoormorejoints.

PolydactylThepresenceofextratoes.

PolydipsiaExcessivethirstresultinginexcessivedrinking.

PolyestrousDuringonesexualseason,continuingtocomeintoheatifnotbred.Catsarepolyestrous,dogsarenot.

PolypAsmallgrowthfrommucousmembranessuchasthoseliningthenasalcavityandintestinaltract.

PolyphagiaExcessiveingestionoffood.

PolyuriaExcessiveurination.

PosteriorPositionedinbackofanotherbodypart,ortowardstherearhalfoftheanimal.Oppositeofanterior.

PostoperativeAftersurgery.

PrepuceThesheathofskinwhichcoversthepenis.

ProestrusThestageoftheestruscycle,rightbeforeananimalcomesintoheat.

ProgesteroneAhormoneproducedbytheovarieswhichisresponsibleforthecontinuationofpregnancy.



PrognosisTheforecastedoutcomeandrecovery.

ProlactinHormonesecretedbythepituitaryglandthatstimulatesthegrowthofmammarytissueandtheproductionofmilk.

ProlapsedrectumBecauseofirritationorinjury,theinnerpartoftherectumispushedoutsothatitisvisibleasapinkmassprotrudingfromtheanalopening.

ProstaglandinSeveraltypesofchemicalsmadebycellswhichhavespecificfunctionssuchascontrollingbodytemperature,stimulatingsmoothmuscle,andinfluencingheatcycles.

ProteaseEnzymewhichbreaksdownprotein.

ProtozoansSinglecelledanimalsinvisibletothenakedeye.Mostarefreelivingandafewareparasitesinanimalsorman.

PruritusItching.

PulmonaryRelatingtothelungs.

PulmonaryarteriesThelargevesselsleadingfromthehearttothelungs.

PulmonaryedemaFluidaccumulationinthelungs.

PulmonaryemboliPulmonaryembolism:Bloodclotthattravelstothebloodvesselsinthelungandobstructsthem.



PupaAdormantformofaninsect(pluralpupae).Alarvaspinsacocoontoprotectitself,andbecomesapupa.Thepupadoesnotfeed,butgraduallychangesformandbecomesanewadult.

PustuleSmallelevatedareaontheskinfilledwithpus.

PyloroduodenalAnobstructionintheareawherethestomachandsmallintestinemeet.

PyodermaAninfectionoftheskinusuallytheresultofabacterialinvasion.

PyometraAninfectionoftheuterus.

Q

QueenAfemalecatusedforbreeding.

QueeningIncats,theactofgivingbirth.

R

RabiesAfatalvirusdiseaseofwarmbloodedanimalsincludingman,thataffectsthebrainandisspreadinthesalivaofinfectedanimals.Rabidanimalshaveatemperamentchange.Wildcreaturesbecomeboldenoughtoattackhumanbeings,anddociledomesticanimalsmayturnontheirowners.

RadiologyXray.

ReagentgradeAcompoundwiththepurityandqualitythatallowsittobeusedinalaboratory.



RecombinantvaccineTherearecertainantigensonvirusesandbacteriawhicharebetteratstimulatinganantibodyresponsebytheanimalthanothers.Thegenesfortheseantigenscanbeisolated,andmadetoproducelargequantitiesoftheantigenstheycodefor.Arecombinantvaccinecontainstheseantigens,notthewholeorganism.Comparewith'modifiedlivevaccine'and'killedvaccine.'

RecumbencyLyingdown.

ReflexovulatorOnlyovulatingafterbeingbred.Catsarereflexovulators,dogsarenot.

RegulationUsinginsulintomaintainthebloodglucoselevelofananimalwithintheacceptablerange.

RegurgitationExpellingfoodfromtheesophagus.

RenalPertainingtothekidneys.

RenalinsufficiencyThedecreasedabilityofthekidneystoridthebodyofwastes.

ResistanceAtermusedtodescribebacteriawhichhavemutatedorchangedsotheyarenotaffectedbyanantibioticthatpreviouslykilledthemorslowedtheirgrowth.Asmorebacteriabecomeresistanttovariousantibiotics,therearefewerantibioticswhichwillhaveaneffectonthem,thusnewerandstrongerantibioticswillneedtobedeveloped.Inappropriateuseofantibiotics(usingthemtoooften,fortooshortadurationorininsufficientdose)maypromotethedevelopmentofresistance.

ResorptionInpregnancy,aconditioninwhichthefetusdies,andinsteadofbeingaborted,thefetaltissuedissolveswithintheuterusandisabsorbedbythemother.Themotherwillshownooutwardsignsofafetalresorption.



RespiratoryRelatingtobreathingorthelungs.

RespiratorydepressionDecreaseintherateordepthofrespiration.

RetinaTherearinteriorsurfaceoftheeyeballiscalledtheretina.Theretinacontainsnervecellsreferredtoasrodsandcones.Therodsaresensitivetolightandtheconestocolor.Theretinareceivesthelightandcolorandconvertsthemintonerveimpulseswhichgotothebrain.

RingwormAtypeoffungalinfectionoftheskin.Seearticle:RingworminDogsandCats.

S

ScaleAccumulationofloosefragmentsofthetoplayeroftheskin.

SchiffScherringtonpostureAcondition,causedbyalesioninthespinalcord,inwhichthefrontlegsareheldrigidandstraight,andtherearlegsareweakorparalyzed.Sometimes,theneckmaybehyperextended,withtheheadheldupandovertheback.

SclerosisAhardeningoftissue,usuallytheresultofchronicinflammation.

SebaceousadenitisInflammationofasebaceous(oilproducing)gland.Indogs,sebaceousglandsarefoundonthetopofthetailnearitsbase,andatthejunctionofmucousmembraneswithskin.Incats,theseglandsarefoundonthechin,lipmargins,andthetopofthetail.

SebaceousglandAglandintheskinwhichproducesanoilysubstance.

SecondgenerationAdescriptionofmedicationsdevelopedfromanearlierformofthemedication.First



generationmedicationsweredevelopedfromtheoriginalformofthedrugsecondgenerationmedicationsareadaptationsoffirstgenerationdrugsthirdgenerationdrugsareadaptationsofsecondgeneration,etc.

SecondaryinfectionInfectionwhichoccursbecausethetissueanditsnaturaldefenseshavebeendamagedbyanothercondition.

SecondaryresponseThefasterandgreaterimmuneresponseproducedbyananimalwhohaspreviouslyencounteredthatspecificantigen.Memorycellsareresponsibleforthismoreefficientresponse.Alsocalled'anamnesticresponse.'

SeizurethresholdThelevelofstimulationatwhichaseizureisproduced.Raisingtheseizurethresholdmakesitlesslikelyaseizurewilloccur.

Selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitor(SSRIs),Selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors:Medicationswhichslowdowntheabilityofnervecellstoabsorbserotonin,aneurotransmitter(chemicalthatservesasamessengerbetweennerves).Example:Prozac.

SeparationanxietyAbehavioralconditioninwhichthepetbecomesanxiouswhenseparatedfromtheowner.Dogswithseparationanxietytendto'shadow'theirowners,greetthemexuberantlywhentheyreturnafterbeinggone,andsometimesvocalize,chewdestructively,andurinateordefecatewhenseparatedfromtheirowners.

SepsisThepresenceoftoxinsinthebloodorothertissuesthetoxinsareproducedbybacteriaorothermicroorganisms.

SepticAconditioncausedbyaninfectione.g.,withbacteriaorfungi,ortoxinstheyproduce.

SepticemiaAdiseaseaffectingmanyorgansystemsduetotoxinsinthebloodwhicharereleasedbybacteriaorothermicroorganisms.Signsincludefever,pinpointbruisesonmucousmembranes,andlesionsinthejoints,heartvalves,eyes,orotherorgans.



SerologyLaboratorytestingforantibodyantigenreactionsandantibodylevels.

SerotypeAsubdivisionofaspeciesofmicroorganism,e.g.,abacteria,baseduponitsparticularantigens.

SerousThinandwatery.

SerumThefluidportionofthebloodafterithasclottedandthecellshavebeenremoved.

SheddingShedding(oforganisms):Atermusedtodescribethereleaseoforganisms(bacteria,protozoa,viruses)intotheenvironmentfromaninfectedanimal.Theorganismsmaybeinthestool,urine,respiratorysecretions,orvaginaldischarges.The'shedding'animalmayormaynotbeshowingsymptomsofdisease.

SkincytologyExamination,withamicroscope,ofaskinscrapingormaterialfromswabbingtheskin.Thematerialmaybestainedandcheckedforthepresenceofyeast,bacteria,tumorcells,etc.

SkinscrapingScrapingsomematerialfromthesurfaceoftheskinandlookingatitunderamicroscope,e.g.,tocheckforskinmites.

SmoothmuscleThetypeofmusclefoundintheinternalorganssuchasstomachandintestines(nottheheart).

SolublecarbohydrateAlso,solublefiber.Easilydigestedcarbohydrateslikestarch.

SomnolenceSleepiness,aconditionofsemiconsciousnessapproachingcoma.

Somogyieffect



Aconditioninwhichthebloodglucoselevelincreasesiftoomuchinsulinisgiven.Itoccurswheninsulincausesthebloodglucoseleveltogosolowitstimulatestheproductionofotherhormonesinthebodysuchasepinephrine,whichpromotethebreakdownofglycogen(thechemicalcompoundwhichthebodyusestostoreglucose)andincreasesthebloodglucoselevelabovenormal.Itisalsocalledreboundhyperglycemiaorinsulininducedhyperglycemia.

SpaySterilizationbysurgicalremovaloftheovariesanduterusofafemaleanimal.

SphincterAringlikebandofmusclethatconstrictsapassage

Abbott Animal Hospital - Dictionary Listing of Common Veterinary Terminology

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