Abbas Rajabifard Centre for SDIs and Land Administration Department of Geomatics
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Transcript of Abbas Rajabifard Centre for SDIs and Land Administration Department of Geomatics
Marine SDI to facilitate Marine SDI to facilitate Spatially Enabled Government Spatially Enabled Government
and Societyand Society
IHO-Workshop on Marine SDI, Havana, Cuba
Abbas RajabifardCentre for SDIs and Land Administration
Department of GeomaticsThe University of Melbourne
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
IntroductionIntroduction
• World’s oceans cover approx. 65% of the surface of the earth.
• Current policy and institutional frameworks for the governing of this ocean territory are complex.
• Multifaceted relationship and interaction between overlapping and sometimes competing rights of various players in the marine environment.
• Deficiency in the availability of reliable and accurate spatial data.
Administering the Marine Environment – the Spatial Dimensions
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The Significance of DataThe Significance of Data
Spatial Data is further shaped by the decision-making process to which it is subject
Spatial Spatial DataDataPeoplePeople InformationInformation
AccessAccessPolicy Policy
StandardsStandards
Decision Making ProcessDecision Making Process
Management / Administration underpinned by access to spatial information
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The Role of the Spatial DimensionThe Role of the Spatial Dimension
• Marine administration requires…– the definition of,– access to, and– information about…
• the location (and accuracy) of… – the “coastline” and other– legally defined offshore boundaries, as well as
• the rights, restrictions and responsibilities linked to those boundaries.
RightsFishing rightsare availableIf accessto the specareas can marine safety
RestrictionsNo fishing within Marine Parks. No boating within Marine Parks.unrestrictedAccess is
ResponsibilitiesI is the responsibility of the oil company to submit an environmental report containing relevant information pertaining to the area which is beingexcavated.t T
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Spatial Complexity…Spatial Complexity…
• Marine boundaries can be more spatially complex than their terrestrial counterparts.
• Some examples :
– They are virtual rather than physical
– They may be ambulatory (time varying)
– They are defined in 3D (and sometimes 4D)
– They can delineate overlapping rights, restrictions and responsibilities.
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National and international maritime boundaries
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Number of DatasetsAvailability
Accessibility
Applicability
Data options
Availability & Accessibility of data for Availability & Accessibility of data for Decision-MakingDecision-Making
(Feeney et al. 2002)
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In response to this situation, Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) have been developed to create an environment that will enable users to access and retrieve spatial datasets in an easy and secure way.
SDI is developed to enable the use and sharing of spatial information and services to support decision-making at different scales for multiple purposes.
PeoplePeople
Access Network
Policy
Standards
DataData
Dynamic
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Current SDI DevelopmentCurrent SDI Development
• Many countries have developed SDI at national, state and local levels,
• Most of these initiatives stop at the coastline, institutionally and/or spatially. Current SDI design is mainly focused on access to and use of land related datasets as well as land related problems,
• However, decision-makers in both land and marine related areas also need to access marine related datasets in order to effectively achieve their economic, social and environmental objectives.
Organisational SDI
Global SDI
Regional SDI
National SDI State SDI
Local SDI
Land Sea
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Marine SDIMarine SDI• Development of SDI in the marine
environment would provide basis for integration of marine & terrestrial environments. The ultimate aim is to include a marine dimension to SDI models so that they work seamlessly both on land and at sea through.
• The end result is an extended model that will facilitate the development of a ‘seamless infrastructure – Seamless SDI’ which aid in facilitating sustainable management objectives across a countries entire jurisdiction.
Coastal Zone
Terrestrial Cadastre
Marine Cadastre
Spatial Data Infrastructure
Seamless SDI
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Marine Development
Coastal Management
Marine Use
ResourceManagement
Marine Administration
Marine Administration
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Marine Policies
Institutional Framework
Planning & Management
Communications
DB DB DB DB DB DB
DatasetsDatasets
Other DatasetsOther Datasets
SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURESPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE
Oil & Gas Oil & Gas DataData
Maritime BoundariesMaritime Boundaries
Navigation DataNavigation Data
SDI and Marine AdministrationSDI and Marine Administration
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Increasing realisation that the interests of a nation do not stop at the land sea interface: Environmental Economic Social Spatial
Key Factors Driving Marine SDIKey Factors Driving Marine SDI
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Key Factors Driving Marine SDIKey Factors Driving Marine SDI
• Environmental
– 9 of the world’s 17 fisheries are over-fished.
– Land-Sea interface and coastal zone management -75% of all marine pollution comes from land-based sources.
– Need to implement legal & institutional mechanisms to support sustainable development.
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• Economic
– Extension of the outer limit of a State’s continental shelf gives an extended area to exploit and explore.
– Recognition of potential economic value of resources is rapidly developing.
– Competition increasing for control over marine areas with vast arrays of natural resources (e.g. oil & gas, fisheries).
Key Factors Driving Marine SDIKey Factors Driving Marine SDI
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Key Factors Driving Marine SDIKey Factors Driving Marine SDI
• Social/Cultural
– Growing pressure to recognise the rights of indigenous people to both land & sea.
– Forced governments to change management practices.
– Varying perceptions & knowledge of coastal and marine environments.
– Varying use of oceans: • Australia – oil & gas exploration• Indonesia – major source of food• Pacific Islands – tourism/recreation
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
• Spatial Data
– Aids in effective decision making to achieve Sustainable Development objectives.
BUT– Data agencies continue to collect & disseminate
data individually & without consultation,WHICH
– Encourages data to be held in various formats, at various accuracies within ‘data silos’.
Key Factors Driving Marine SDIKey Factors Driving Marine SDI
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Key Factors Driving Marine SDIKey Factors Driving Marine SDI
• Other Factors
– Various co-management arrangements,– Multiple and unclear jurisdictional limits,– No single agency managing offshore rights
and boundaries,– Enormous maritime areas to manage.
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Marine Management InitiativesMarine Management Initiatives
To meet environmental, economic & social factors many countries such as USA, Canada, NZ and Australia are developing spatial boundary management systems.
• Titles vary:– Marine SDI– Marine Cadastre– Marine GIS
BUTaims of each system are closely aligned.
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AustraliaAustralia
• Collaborative research project which aims to define and develop a marine cadastre within the context of Australian SDI.
• Objective:– Provide a comprehensive SDI whereby rights, restrictions
and responsibilities in the marine environment can be assessed, administered and managed.
– The design of this SDI should be done in line with the terrestrial environment in order to create a “Seamless” SDI model that bridges the gap between the terrestrial and marine environments, creating a spatially enabled land-sea interface.
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Australian ConceptAustralian Concept
ASDI
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SDI and the Marine EnvironmentSDI and the Marine Environment
Webservice
Webservice
Webservice
Webservice
Webservice
Data Data Data Data DataData
ASDI standards and policy framework
User interface
USERQUERY
SYSTEMRESPONSE
THE MARINE CADASTRE
InteroperabilityInteroperability
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Marine Cadastre ResearchMarine Cadastre Research
• Four research areas
– Definition of the tidal interface
– Natural rather than geometric boundaries
– Offshore extension of the SDI
– Marine policy, legal and security issues
Low Tide
High Tide
“Land” “Sea”?
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Seamless SDI Seamless SDI ComponentsComponents
Access network (web portal)Wireless data transfer
Standards IHO S-57 data standardsAccuracy Standards for Nautical Charting Hydrographic Surveys (FGDC,2002)Interoperability standards such as Marine XML
PoliciesPricing and access PolicyNational ocean policyPrivacy PolicyQuality Policy
DataFundamental datasets are :Marine cadastre, bathymetry, water currents, salinity, water quality, protected areas, boundary data, political boundaries, oceanography….
PeopleDepartment of environment and heritage, shipping, oil and gas, fishing industry, tourism, conservation, Defense, local state and national government
Access network (web portal)Fixed line data transfer
Standards ISO TC/211 data standardsContent ,access and exchange standard
PoliciesData
Fundamental datasets are:Geodetic framework, cadastre, address,Transport, topography, administration….
PeopleLand administration, defense, and natural resource management Department of environment and heritage ,oil and gas, fishing industry, tourism, conservation, Defense, local, state and national government
Access network (web portal)Standards
•No common data standardsNational Hydrography Data Content Standard for Inland and Coastal Waterways (FGDC 2000)
PoliciesData
•Fundamental datasets are coastline, bathymetry, marine cadastre, coastal imagery, marine navigation, tidal benchmarks and benthic habitat
People•Local ,State and national government ,tourism ,conservation, fisheries, transport ,urban planning ,cadastre ,national mapping agency, hydrographic services ,agriculture, environment
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17th United Nations RCC-AP, Bangkok, 17th United Nations RCC-AP, Bangkok, 18-22 September 200618-22 September 2006
Resolution 3: Marine SDI to support marine administration
Recommendation: countries with an extensive marine jurisdiction and administrative responsibilities be encouraged to include the development of a marine administration component as part of a Seamless SDI that covers both land and marine jurisdictions to ensure a continuum across the coastal zone.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
PCGIAP-International Workshop on PCGIAP-International Workshop on Administering Marine Environment-The Administering Marine Environment-The Spatial Dimension, Malaysia, 4-7 May 2004Spatial Dimension, Malaysia, 4-7 May 2004
Resolution: Defining the Spatial Dimension of the Marine Environment
Recommends that the term “Marine Administration System” is adopted for the administration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment, with the spatial dimension facilitated by the Marine SDI,
And further recommends that a marine cadastre is defined as a management tool which spatially describes, visualises and realises formally and informally defined boundaries and associated rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment as a data layer in a Marine SDI, allowing them to be more effectively identified, administered and accessed.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
What do we need to do?What do we need to do?
• Include the Marine Environment in the sphere of National SDI initiatives.
• Understand the sustainable development factors driving the development of Marine SDI’s.
• Assess current systems in order to identify:
– Technical, legal and institutional arrangements hindering coordination & effective management.
• Consider international perspectives in order to create Global and Regional Marine SDIs that crosses jurisdictional boundaries.
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ConclusionConclusion
• SDI is a new and evolving concept;
• Research is central;
• SDI development is multi-disciplinary with policy, legal, institutional and technical dimensions;
• Need for marine component to SDI’s increasing driven by need to break down ‘data silos’ and create access to accurate and up-to-date data;
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
ConclusionConclusion
• Need to understand link between the terrestrial and marine environments – they cannot be treated isolation;
• Must have cooperation between nations as maritime actions transcend national boundaries.
Centre Centre forfor SDIs SDIs and Land Administrationand Land Administration
www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/research/SDI_research
www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/maritime
www,marineadministration.org
World Class Research
Supporting Sustainable Development
DataPeople
Access Network
Policy
Standards
Dynamic
Thank you