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Transcript of AAE 450: Laurel Brown, Project Manager; Eric Briggs, Assistant Project Manager1 AAE 450 Senior...
AAE 450: Laurel Brown, Project Manager; Eric Briggs, Assistant Project Manager
1
AAE 450 Senior DesignFormal Presentation
http://roger.ecn.purdue.edu/~aae450
AAE 450: Project Management: Laurel Brown, Eric Briggs
2
Mission Parameters
Routine transport Minimize propellant Achieve 99% reliability Replace 10% of cycler
mass every 2 1/7 years
Assumptions:Established system
Colony on MarsMartian water plentiful
04/18/23 AAE 450: Project Management: Laurel Brown, Eric Briggs
3
The Team
Project Management:Laurel Brown (PM)Eric Briggs (APM)
Aerodynamics:Ravi Mathur (GL)James Watson
Matt Adkins
Thermal Control:Brandon Owens (GL)
Eric Briggs (APM)Chris DennisKevin Miller
Dynamics & Control:Rebbecca Kacvinksy (GL)
Brenda EichelJimmy HidayatAaron Murphy
Gina PieriAmber Rist
Communications:Valerie Kost (GL)
Samantha MartinezAndrew Myer
Structures:Vicki Hoyle (GL)Jason Gromski
David PageJonah Skoog
Power:Daniel Chakraborty (GL)
Alex BohnertCristina GordonYen Ching Yu
Human Factors:Wes Dafler (GL)
Robin PinsonJames PinyerdMike Sufana
Propulsion:John Gedmark (GL)
Mark KuipersSee-Chen LeeGeoffrey OsierJoe Sherrick
Emily Vaughan
04/18/23 AAE 450: Project Management: Laurel Brown, Eric Briggs
4
In the Year 2035…
Taxi (2)
Cargo vehicle (4/synodic period)
Tanker (4)
Cycler (4)
Vehicle Images: Jonah Skoog
Planets not to scale
04/18/23 AAE 450: Project Management: Laurel Brown, Eric Briggs
5
Example of Ballistic Cycler Orbit
E4
M5
Orbit period : 4 2/7 yrs or 2 synodic periods
Time to repeat inertially: 30 yrs
Sun
04/18/23 AAE 450: Project Management: Laurel Brown, Eric Briggs
6
Following Our Crew on Their Journey
AAE 450: Laurel Brown, Project Manager; Eric Briggs, Assistant Project Manager
7AAE 450 - 1/ 17/ 03, Project Manager, Section I Presentations, Laurel Brown 2
Taxi and Cargo at Launch
1
Nuclear Thermal Rockets - 6 Liquid Engines - 2
Nuclear Thermal Rockets - 4 Liquid Engines - 1
AAE 450 – 4/22/03, Propulsion Group
Geoffrey Osier: J. Gedmark, M. Kuipers, S. Lee, J. Sherrick, E. Vaughan
AAE 450: Laurel Brown, Project Manager; Eric Briggs, Assistant Project Manager
8AAE 450 - 1/17/ 03, Project Manager, Section I Presentations, Laurel Brown 2
Engines
Fuel – LOX/LH2
Thrust = 2,072,000 N
Burn time = 42 s
99.95% Reliable, never failed in launch
Fuel – LH2
Thrust = 893,400 N
Burn time = 355 s
Nuclear Thermal Rocket
2
Credit: Boeing / Rocketdyne
SSME
AAE 450 – 4/22/03, Propulsion Group
Geoffrey Osier: J. Gedmark, M. Kuipers, S. Lee, J. Sherrick, E. Vaughan
AAE 450: Laurel Brown, Project Manager; Eric Briggs, Assistant Project Manager
9AAE 450 - 1/ 17/ 03, Project Manager, Section I Presentations, Laurel Brown 2
Abort System
Escape 4 Solid Rocket Motors Thrust = 244,000
N/motor G Forces = 3.7 - 4
Landing Thrust = 148,000 N Parachutes can handle
landing Complete System Weight
2215 kg
3
AAE 450 – 4/22/03, Propulsion Group
Geoffrey Osier: J. Gedmark, M. Kuipers, S. Lee, J. Sherrick, E. Vaughan
AAE 450: Structures: David Page, Vicki Hoyle, Jonah Skoog, Jason Gromski
10
Taxi Vehicle
14m
23.3m
Crew Capsule
Engines and Propellant
Component Mass (kg)
Vehicle Systems 13,280
Heat Shield 10,580
Support Structure 16,290
Engines 25,070
Inert Mass 65,220
Payload Mass 6,630
Propellant Mass 112,000
Liftoff Mass 183850
AAE 450: Structures: David Page, Vicki Hoyle, Jonah Skoog, Jason Gromski
11
Cargo Vehicle
Engines and propellant
Docking port
Cargo payload
Water
20 m
3 m
0.8 m
10.6 m
Component Mass (kg)
Vehicle Systems 7,640
Support Structure 32,110
Engines 25,070
Inert Mass 64,820
Payload Mass 79,300
Propellant Mass 188,000
Liftoff Mass 332,120
14 m
31.7 m
AAE 450: Dynamics & Controls: Gina Pieri, B. Eichel, J. Hidayat, R. Kacvinsky, A. Murphy, A. Rist
12
Rendezvous in LEO
Courtesy of: Jonah Skoog
Taxi + Cargo
Courtesy
of: Jonah Sko
og
Tanker
Step 1: Cargo vehicle launches Step 2: Taxi launches and docks with cargo Step 3: Taxi-cargo system docks with tanker
AAE 450: Dynamics & Controls: Gina Pieri, B. Eichel, J. Hidayat, R. Kacvinsky, A. Murphy, A. Rist
13
Courtesy
of: Jonah Sko
og
The Tanker System
Tanker reduces total propellant by 36%
Fact: less propellant required to launch off Mars than off Earth
Assumption: water available on Mars
AAE 450: Dynamics & Controls: Gina Pieri, B. Eichel, J. Hidayat, R. Kacvinsky, A. Murphy, A. Rist
14
More Dynamics and Control Issues
Hardware selection
Disturbance torques
Model vehicle motion
Attitude control
Courtesy of: B
oo-Ki S
cientific Co.
AAE 450: Human Factors: James Pinyerd, Wes Dafler, Robin Pinson,Mike Sufana
15
Taxi Flight Deck
“Work Area” Vital components Control Center
for the Taxi
Multi-Purpose Collapsible chairs Exercise equipment
ARR
Power
Water
Flight Controls
AAE 450: Human Factors: James Pinyerd, Wes Dafler, Robin Pinson,Mike Sufana
16
Taxi Mid-Deck
“Living Quarters” Personal/Hygiene Social atmosphere
Airlock Ability to fix problems Sense of safety for crew
Health WCS
Wardroom
Airlock
AAE 450: Communications: Andrew Myer, Valerie Kost, Samantha Martinez
17
Communications Links
Deep Space Network (DSN)
11-meter34-meter
Cargo
Taxi
Tanker
Cycler
Ka-Band
Ka-Band
S-Band
S-Ba
nd
X-Ban
d
S-Band
Deep Space Network (DSN)
Canberra Complex, Australia
http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/gallery/canberra4.html
AAE 450: Communications: Andrew Myer, Valerie Kost, Samantha Martinez
18
Secondary and Support Vehicle Communications
11-meter34-meter
Deep Space Network (DSN)
Cargo
Taxi
Tanker
Ka-Band
S-Band
X-Band
S-Band
http://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/Technology/xpaa.htm
http://www.allentele.com/newsrm/prodnews/iwce0222898.html
AAE 450: Dynamics & Control: Brenda Eichel, J. Hidayat, R. Kacvinsky, A. Murphy, G. Pieri, A. Rist
19
Rendezvous of Taxi with Cycler
Injection of taxi-cargo vehicle onto hyperbolic transfer orbit
Rendezvous in 1.3 days
Abort options
*Vehicle illustrations courtesy of Jonah Skoog
AAE 450: Dynamics & Control: Brenda Eichel, J. Hidayat, R. Kacvinsky, A. Murphy, G. Pieri, A. Rist
20
Docking Maneuvers
*Illustrations courtesy of Jonah Skoog
AAE 450: Laurel Brown, Project Manager; Eric Briggs, Assistant Project Manager
21
Break #1
BREAK #1
04/18/23 AAE 450: Structures: Jonah Skoog, Vicki Hoyle, David Page, Jason Gromski
22
Cycler System Layout
Nuclear Reactor
Small Hab. Module
Comm Dish Solar Panels
Ion Thruster
LargeHab.Module
Radiators
Docking Hub
Passage TubePassage
Truss
De-spin Thruster
Junction Node
Docking Passage
AAE 450: Structures: Jonah Skoog, Vicki Hoyle, David Page, Jason Gromski
23
Cycler – Module Layering & Truss Size
Material Thickness (m)Nomex 0.0010Viton + Water 0.0250Aluminum Hull 0.0052Kevlar 0.0150Polyethylene 0.2500MLI 0.0500Aluminum Shield 0.0020
Large Element Radius – 7 cmSmall Element Radius – 5 cmPassageway Radius – 1 mPassage Wall Thickness – 7.8 cm
AAE 450: Structures: Jonah Skoog, Vicki Hoyle, David Page, Jason Gromski
24
Cycler - Structural Weight
Radiation Shielding155,660 kg
Miscellaneous Structure17,580 kg
Docking Bay19,250 kg
Support Structure105,590 kg
Total Structure Mass
142,420 kg37 % of Cycler
Mass
Total Volume 2,790 m3
AAE 450: Human Factors: Wes Dafler, James Pinyerd, Robin Pinson,Mike Sufana
25
Internal Layouts
Stairs Down
Computers & Wiring
Trajectory ControlLife
Support EVA
PowerCommunications
All Workstations - 1.829 m x 0.762 m (6.0 ft x 1.5 ft)
Main Frame
Vertical Map Chart
Bookshelves
Access Panel to Crew Quarters
Computers & Wiring
Top Section – Central Command
7.3m x 4.6m x 2.3m (24ft x 15ft x 7.5ft)
Water Processor Assembly
Dresser / Per. StorageC
loset
XL Full BedDesk
Access Panel to Above Room
Sliding Door
Stairs Up
Storage Water Tank
Circular Shower
Waste Collector Subsystem
Bathroom
Fire / O
2
Top and Bottom Sections – Crew Quarters
7.3m x 4.6m x 2.3m (24ft x 15ft x 7.5ft)
Central Meeting Area Galley and Food Preparation Relaxed Environment for
Reading / Games / Movies
Top Section – Kitchen / Entertainment
7.3m x 4.6m x 2.3m (24ft x 15ft x 7.5ft)
Top Section – Medical
4.9m x 4.6m x 2.4m (16ft x 15ft x 7.5ft)
1000 kg of Medical Consumables
Emergency Room Bed / Equipment
Refrigerator for Crew Samples
Bottom Section – Electronics Bay / Back-up Command
7.3m x 4.6m x 2.3m (24ft x 15ft x 7.5ft)
Back-up Computer Consoles Training Simulations Electronics and Hardware for
Repairs
Growing Bay for 60% of Crew’s Food
Morale Booster
Bottom Section – Hydroponics Bay
7.3m x 4.6m x 2.3m (24ft x 15ft x 7.5ft)
Bottom Section – Exercise Module
4.9 m x 4.6 m x 2.3 m (16 ft x 15 ft x 7.5 ft)
Cardiovascular and Strength Training Equipment
Virtual Reality Equipment Arts and Craft Supplies
AAE 450: Human Factors: Wes Dafler, James Pinyerd, Robin Pinson,Mike Sufana
26
Food & Water
1.http://www.pansophist.com/epbts5.htm
2.http://spacelink.nasa.gov/Instructional.Materials/NASA.Educational.Products/Space.Food.and.Nutrition/station.html3. http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast13nov_1.htm
60% Hydroponics
40% Dehydrated Rations
Total Food Mass: 9120 kg
Daily Food Requirements 2.3 kg / person / day
1
2
3
Daily Water Needs
Hydroponics: 66.0 kg / day
Crew Rations: 4.1 kg / person / day
Hygiene / Appliances: 92.8 kg / day
Total Water Mass: 33610 kg
AAE 450: Human Factors: Wes Dafler, James Pinyerd, Robin Pinson,Mike Sufana
27
Atmosphere Regulation
2BMS Sabatier
ElectrolysisDehumidifierand filters
O2 and N2 Tanks
H2 Tanks
AAE 450: Propulsion: John Gedmark, Mark Kuipers, Joe Sherrick, See-Chen Lee, Emily Vaughan, Geoffrey Osier
28
Cycler Propulsion System Concept
Propulsion system corrects orbit and attitude errors, perturbations
Ion propulsion has: High performance Long lifetimes Good reliability
Distribution allows thrusting at center of mass
Design of thrusters allows precise attitude and trajectory control
AAE 450: Propulsion: John Gedmark, Mark Kuipers, Joe Sherrick, See-Chen Lee, Emily Vaughan, Geoffrey Osier
29
Xenon-Ion Thruster Design
0.3 m 1.3 m
Successfully flown on Deep Space One mission Xenon is an inert gas
Minimal interactions Safe
For each thruster: 0.162 N Thrust 170 kg Propellant 5.38 kW Power 6080 s Isp
http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds1/
AAE 450: Power: Alex Bohnert, Daniel Chakraborty, Cristina Gordon, Yen Ching Yu
30
Primary Power Source - Heatpipe Power System
Safe Affordable Fission Engine (SAFE)
Thermal energy to electrical energy through conduction
Reliability: 99.97% per synodic period
Power Needed: 119.5 kW Power Provided: 132 kW
Courtesy of Jonah Skoog
Courtesy of Poston, Kapernick, and Guffee
AAE 450: Power: Alex Bohnert, Daniel Chakraborty, Cristina Gordon, Yen Ching Yu
31
Back Up Power Source - Solar CellsWhy Solar Cells?
ReliableHigh Power-to-Mass RatioNo Consumables
How Do They Work?Convert sun’s photons into electricity
Where Are They?On side of habitats that always
faces the sun.
Reliability98.8% (15 failures in 1274 missions)
Back-up Power Needed: 95 kWMinimum Power Provided: 96.7 kWCourtesy of Jonah Skoog
www.clipart.com
AAE 450: Thermal Control Group: Brandon Owens, Kevin Miller, Eric Briggs, and Chris Dennis
32
Thermal Control The problem of heat production
QThrusters
QSUN
QNUKE
QElectronics QPeople
QLoss
CYCLER
TCS
QExcess
QExcess
AAE 450: Thermal Control Group: Brandon Owens, Kevin Miller, Eric Briggs, and Chris Dennis
33
Cycler Thermal Control System Heat capture, transportation, and expulsion system
Water Ammonia
TCS Cycler Interior Cycler Exterior
AAE 450: Thermal Control Group: Brandon Owens, Kevin Miller, Eric Briggs, and Chris Dennis
34
Internal Thermal Control Loop
IFHX
CAHX
IPA
C/P’s and Local HX’s
Air inAir out
AAE 450: Thermal Control Group: Brandon Owens, Kevin Miller, Eric Briggs, and Chris Dennis
35
External Thermal Control Loop
ExVA
Radiators
CPA
T1 T2
Tex
IFHX
Water in Water out
AAE 450: Communications: Andrew Myer, Valerie Kost, Samantha Martinez
36
34-meter
Deep Space Network (DSN)
http://www.aerial.fi/aerial-wlan.pdf
Cycler Communications
Ka-Band
S-Band
Taxi/CargoCycler
AAE 450: Aerodynamics: James Watson, Ravi Mathur, Matt Adkins
37
Approach
2 2.5 3 3.5
x 106
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 106
Taxi Vehicle Trajectory At Mars
x [m]
y [m
]
Target Periapsis Altitude Capture Window
Mars: 0–35 km Earth: 50-75 km
Direct Entry to Landing Short Time of Flight
Atmospheric Model Assumptions
AAE 450: Aerodynamics: James Watson, Ravi Mathur, Matt Adkins
38
Capture and Entry
Capture Density Dynamic Pressure
Controller Angle of Attack, α
Maximum Lift Bank Angle, β
Lift Vector ControlL/D = 0.36
AAE 450: Aerodynamics: James Watson, Ravi Mathur, Matt Adkins
39
Parachute Deployment Altitude 10 km
Engine Burn Mars Descent
Landing Velocity <10 m/s
Descent and Landing
AAE 450: Laurel Brown, Project Manager; Eric Briggs, Assistant Project Manager
40
Break #2
BREAK #2
AAE 450: Thermal Control: Chris Dennis, Kevin Miller, Brandon Owens, Eric Briggs
41
Taxi Reentry Heating
Airflow
Stagnation Point
Windward Side
Leeward Side
Nose
We need some way of Absorbing and reflecting away This heat!!!!
Significant heat load Aerodynamic heating
Heat loads are largest at earth.
At stagnation point: Peak heat load is around 1.8
MW/m2 Flux of 1 MW/m2 for around 100 s
AAE 450: Thermal Control: Chris Dennis, Kevin Miller, Brandon Owens, Eric Briggs
42
Taxi Heat Shield
6 mm thick Al2O3 Nosecone (very high temperature material)
Ceramic Tiles (thickness = 10-150 mm) (low density, high performance
material)Borosilicate Glass Coating
Advanced Flexible Reusable Surface Insulation
(10 mm thick thermal blanket)
AAE 450: Thermal Control: Chris Dennis, Kevin Miller, Brandon Owens, Eric Briggs
43
Resulting Temperatures
AAE 450: Propulsion: Mark Kuipers, John Gedmark, See-Chen Lee, Geoffrey Osier, Joe Sherrick, Emily Vaughan
44
Mars Landing and Mars Launch
Mars Landing
98 m/s Final ΔV Drop
60 s Hover Time
Mars Launch
13,000 m/s Total ΔV
250,500 kg GLOM
http://ww
w.m
sss.com/m
ars_images/m
oc/2003/04/04/limb/E
23-00100_lim
b.jpght
tp://
mar
s.jp
l.nas
a.go
v/ga
llery
/vol
cano
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PIA
0147
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ml
AAE 450: Propulsion: Mark Kuipers, John Gedmark, See-Chen Lee, Geoffrey Osier, Joe Sherrick, Emily Vaughan
45
Nuclear Thermal Rocket Engine
1,060 s Isp 893,430 N Thrust Liquid H2 Propellant 5 rem Radiation Dose
AAE 450: Propulsion: Mark Kuipers, John Gedmark, See-Chen Lee, Geoffrey Osier, Joe Sherrick, Emily Vaughan
46
Launch Safety
2. Crew Module Separation
1. NTR Engine Shutdown
3. Coast, Reentry, Parachute Deployment
4. Rocket-Assisted Parachute Landing On Mars
Contingency Plan
AAE 450: Propulsion: Mark Kuipers, John Gedmark, See-Chen Lee, Geoffrey Osier, Joe Sherrick, Emily Vaughan
47
Earth Landing Crew Module Separation Reentry and Parachute Landing
http://community.webshots.com/photo/
5010835/7958663jCdUNLEMZQ
04/18/23 AAE 450: Project Management: Laurel Brown, Eric Briggs
In the Year 2035…
Taxi (2)
Cargo vehicle (4/synodic period)
Tanker (4)
Cycler (4)
Vehicle Images: Jonah Skoog
Planets not to scale
AAE 450: Project Management: Eric Briggs, Laurel Brown
49
Propellant and Risk
Propellant is analogue for maintenance cost.
Major decisions affecting propellant Use of tanker 4-cycler system
Success rate per synodic period: 99% Major contributors to risk
Chemical boosters Vehicle rendezvous Aerocapture and aerobraking
Earth
Mars
Objects weigh 62% less on Mars.
AAE 450: Project Management: Eric Briggs, Laurel Brown
50
Laurel BrownEric Briggs
Brenda EichelJimmy Hidayat
Rebbecca KacvinskyAaron Murphy
Gina PieriAmber Rist
Alex BohnertDaniel Chakraborty
Cristina GordonYen Ching Yu
John GedmarkMark Kuipers
See-Chen LeeGeoffrey Osier
Joe SherrickEmily Vaughan
Matt AdkinsRavi Mathur
James WatsonValerie Kost
Samantha MartinezAndrew Myer
Wes DaflerRobin Pinson
James PinyerdMike SufanaChris DennisKevin Miller
Brandon OwensJason Gromski
Vicki HoyleDavid Page
Jonah Skoog
Back Home AgainThank You for Attending
http://www.cruiseweb.com/HAL-KW-BEACH-PHOTOS.HTM